System and method for controlled temperature charging

Abstract

System, method and software product for controllably charging at least one energy storage element of an energy storage module. The method comprises: measuring a temperature of the energy storage module; comparing the temperature to an upper threshold; when the temperature is below the upper threshold, allowing a charging current to be supplied to the energy storage module to charge the at least one energy storage element; and when the temperature reaches or rises above the upper threshold, placing the energy storage module in a charging pause mode, whereby at least one circuit component of the energy storage module is operated in a low power mode and the charging current is no longer supplied to the at least one energy storage element.

Description

[0001] Cross-references to related applications

[0002] This application claims priority and the benefit thereof to European Patent Application No. 24168890.2, filed on 8 April 2024, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. Background Technology

[0003] Battery cell packs are typically used to power electronic devices. Different combinations of battery cell packs are used to provide different output voltages. Summary of the Invention

[0004] This disclosure relates to systems, methods, and software products for controllably charging at least one energy storage element of an energy storage module. The method includes: measuring the temperature of the energy storage module; comparing the temperature to an upper threshold; allowing charging current to be supplied to the energy storage module to charge at least one energy storage element when the temperature is below the upper threshold; and placing the energy storage module into a charging pause mode when the temperature reaches or rises above the upper threshold, thereby causing at least one circuit component of the energy storage module to operate in a low-power mode and preventing charging current from being supplied to at least one energy storage element.

[0005] This disclosure also relates to a controllable output power circuit. The circuit includes means (e.g., circuitry and / or a processor) configured to perform the following operations: measuring the temperature of an energy storage module; comparing the temperature to an upper threshold; when the temperature is below the upper threshold, allowing charging current to be supplied to the energy storage module to charge at least one energy storage element; and when the temperature reaches or rises above the upper threshold, placing the energy storage module in a charging pause mode, thereby causing at least one circuit component of the energy storage module to operate in a low-power mode and no longer supplying charging current to at least one energy storage element.

[0006] This disclosure also relates to a method for operating a controllable output power circuit in a charging mode. The method includes: measuring the temperature of at least one energy storage module; calculating the difference between the measured temperature and a set point; calculating a charging current based on the difference; supplying the charging current to the at least one energy storage module; and adjusting the charging current in response to changes in the measured temperature of the at least one energy storage module, thereby maintaining the temperature of the at least one energy storage module within the range of the set point throughout the charging process. Attached Figure Description

[0007] This scheme will be described with reference to the following figures, in which the same reference numerals always denote the same items.

[0008] Figure 1A A schematic diagram of an exemplary energy storage module according to some non-limiting embodiments or aspects is provided.

[0009] Figure 1B An illustrative block diagram of the circuitry in the energy storage module is provided.

[0010] Figure 1C Circuit diagrams of energy storage modules according to some non-limiting embodiments or aspects are provided.

[0011] Figure 1D A perspective view of the energy storage module is provided.

[0012] Figure 1E An illustrative circuit diagram of a transistor active bridge circuit is provided. Figures 1A to 1E Collectively referred to as "Figure 1".

[0013] Figures 2A to 2C (collectively referred to as "Figure 2") is a schematic diagram of an exemplary energy storage module container according to some non-limiting embodiments or aspects of an energy storage module.

[0014] Figure 3A and Figure 3B (collectively referred to as "Figure 3") is a schematic diagram of an exemplary power system according to some non-limiting embodiments or aspects.

[0015] Figure 4 This is a circuit diagram of an exemplary power supply system according to some non-limiting embodiments or aspects.

[0016] Figure 5 Illustrations are provided to help understand the novel technology for controlling energy storage modules according to this scheme.

[0017] Figures 6A to 6B (Hereinafter referred to as “Figure 6”) provides a flowchart of an illustrative method in which an energy storage module is charged when the temperature of the energy storage module is within a given range.

[0018] Figure 7 A graph is provided to help understand the method in Figure 6.

[0019] Figures 8A to 8B (Hereinafter referred to as “Figure 8”) provides a flowchart of another illustrative method for charging multiple energy storage modules connected in series with each other.

[0020] Figure 9 A block diagram of an illustrative circuit is provided, which is configured to controllably charge one or more energy storage modules according to a transfer function-based scheme.

[0021] Figure 10A flowchart is provided illustrating a method for controllably charging one or more energy storage modules according to a transfer function-based scheme.

[0022] Figure 11 Provides help in understanding Figure 9 The operation of the circuit shown Figure 10 The graph shows the method.

[0023] Figure 12 This is a schematic diagram illustrating an exemplary implementation of a transaction flow in a power system according to some non-limiting embodiments or aspects. Detailed Implementation

[0024] The present invention is described with reference to the accompanying drawings. The drawings are not to scale and are for illustrative purposes only. Several aspects of the present invention are described below with reference to exemplary applications for illustration. It should be understood that many specific details, relationships, and methods are set forth in order to provide a full understanding of the present invention. However, those skilled in the art will readily recognize that the present invention can be practiced without one or more of the stated specific details or using other methods. In other instances, well-known structures or operations are not shown in detail to avoid obscuring the present invention. The present invention is not limited to the order of the actions or events shown, as some actions may occur in a different order and / or simultaneously with other actions or events. Furthermore, not all actions or events shown are necessary for implementing the method according to the present invention.

[0025] It should also be understood that the terminology used herein is for describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to limit the scope of the invention. As used herein, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise, the singular forms “a” and “the” are intended to include the plural forms as well. Furthermore, where the terms “including / includes,” “having / has / with,” or variations thereof are used in the detailed description and / or claims, such terms are intended to have an inclusive meaning in a manner similar to the term “comprising.”

[0026] Furthermore, unless otherwise defined, all terms used herein (including technical and scientific terms) shall have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this scheme pertains. It should also be understood that terms as defined in commonly used dictionaries shall be interpreted as having a meaning consistent with their meaning in the context of the relevant field, and shall not be interpreted in an idealized or overly formalized sense unless expressly defined herein.

[0027] Now refer to Figure 1AFigure 1 illustrates a schematic diagram of an exemplary energy storage module 100 according to some non-limiting embodiments or aspects. As shown in Figure 1, the energy storage module 100 may include a housing 101, at least one energy storage component 102, a module controller 103, a connector 104, a top cover 105, and a bottom cover 106. The number and arrangement of components shown are merely illustrative. In these or other non-limiting embodiments or aspects, the energy storage module 100 may include more components, fewer components, different components, or components arranged differently than those shown. Additionally or alternatively, the set of components of the energy storage module 100 (e.g., one or more components) may perform one or more functions described as being performed by another set of components of the energy storage module 100.

[0028] In these or other non-limiting embodiments or aspects, housing 101 may comprise plastic, metal, any combination thereof, and / or similar materials. For example, housing 101 may comprise a plastic housing.

[0029] In these or other non-limiting embodiments or aspects, housing 101 may be configured to accommodate at least one (e.g., multiple) energy storage components 102. For example, as shown in FIG1, housing 101 may be shaped such that six energy storage components 102 are evenly distributed within the internal space defined by housing 101.

[0030] In these or other non-limiting embodiments or aspects, each energy storage component or element 102 may include at least one of a battery, a rechargeable battery (e.g., a lithium-ion battery), a cell (e.g., a battery cell, an electrochemical cell, and / or a similar cell), a rechargeable cell, a capacitor, a supercapacitor, any combination thereof, and / or similar components. For example, as shown in FIG1, each energy storage component 102 may include a cylindrical cell (e.g., a lithium-ion battery cell).

[0031] In these or other non-limiting embodiments or aspects, module controller 103 may include a controller and associated circuitry. Optionally, module controller 103 may include a microcontroller, computing device, processor, digital signal processor (DSP), and / or any processing component (e.g., field-programmable gate array (FPGA), application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC), etc.) that can be configured to perform at least one function.

[0032] In these or other non-limiting embodiments or aspects, connector 104 can connect a terminal (e.g., an end) of each energy storage component 102 to module controller 103. Additionally or alternatively, at least one connector 104 can connect at least one terminal (e.g., an end) of one energy storage component 102 to another terminal of another energy storage component 102. For example, connector 104 may include a conductive (e.g., electrically conductive) material, such as a metal and / or similar materials. In these or other non-limiting embodiments or aspects, some or all of connectors 104 can be used for voltage measurement of the energy storage component 102 (e.g., a battery cell).

[0033] In these or other non-limiting embodiments or aspects, each of the top cover 105 and the bottom cover 106 may comprise plastic, metal, any combination thereof, and / or similar materials. For example, each of the top cover 105 and the bottom cover 106 may comprise a plastic cover. In these or other non-limiting embodiments or aspects, the top cover 105 and the bottom cover 106 may be configured (e.g., sized and shaped to) cover openings at the top and bottom ends of the housing 101, respectively. In these or other non-limiting embodiments or aspects, the top cover 105 may include a first electrical connection (e.g., S1 as described herein), a second electrical connection (e.g., S2 as described herein), and / or at least one communication connection (as described herein). For example, these connections may allow electrical and / or communication connections between the module controller 103 and external components (e.g., other components of the power system located outside the energy storage module housing).

[0034] In these or other non-limiting embodiments or aspects, the energy storage module 100 may include a battery module. For example, the battery module may include at least one energy storage component (e.g., a battery cell, such as a rechargeable battery cell). For illustrative purposes, as Figure 1A As shown, the battery module may include six energy storage components (e.g., rechargeable battery cells, such as lithium-ion cells, supercapacitors and / or similar components).

[0035] In these or other non-limiting embodiments or aspects, the energy storage components 102 (e.g., battery cells) of the energy storage module 100 may be connected in series. In these or other non-limiting embodiments or aspects, the energy storage components 102 (e.g., battery cells) of the energy storage module 100 may be connected in parallel.

[0036] In these or other non-limiting embodiments or aspects, at least some (e.g., subsets) of the energy storage components 102 may be connected in series, such that the voltage of the combination (e.g., summation and / or similar) of the series-connected components meets (e.g., equals, exceeds, and / or similarly) a target (e.g., desired) operating voltage of the energy storage module 100. In these or other non-limiting embodiments or aspects, at least some (e.g., subsets) of the energy storage components 102 may be connected in parallel, such that the capacity (e.g., current) of the combination (e.g., summation and / or similar) of the parallel-connected components meets (e.g., equals, exceeds, and / or similarly) a target capacity (e.g., the operating current of the energy storage module 100). For example, the energy storage module 100 may include multiple subsets of the energy storage components 102, such that each subset of the energy storage components 102 is connected in series (e.g., combined to output a desired module voltage) or in parallel (e.g., combined to output a desired module current).

[0037] In these or other non-limiting embodiments or aspects, the energy storage module 100 may be the same as or similar to the battery module described in at least one of U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2022 / 0037891, U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2022 / 0247030, U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2022 / 0359918 and / or U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2022 / 0360094, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.

[0038] like Figure 1B As shown, the circuit 120 of the energy storage module 100 includes a voltage (optionally, current) sensor 126 connected to the energy storage component 102. The energy storage component 102 may include, but is not limited to, [other components]. Figure 1BThe energy storage cell is shown. These sensors 126 are configured to measure the voltage and / or current of each energy storage component. Circuit 120 may also include a temperature sensor 128 and a module temperature sensor 130. Each temperature sensor 128 is configured to measure the temperature of one or more energy storage components, while the module temperature sensor 130 is configured to measure the internal temperature of the energy storage module. These sensor measurements from sensors 126, 128, and 130 are communicated to data processing circuitry 132 for processing. Data processing circuitry 132 is connected to isolator 138. Data processing circuitry 132 can perform operations to transmit sensor measurements as sensor data to module controller 103 or external circuitry, and / or perform operations to analyze sensor measurements to determine whether certain criteria are met. For example, if a parameter measurement falls outside a defined range for a given time or for a sustained period, data processing circuitry 132 causes selective circuit interrupter 134 to switch from a closed state to an off state, thereby shutting down energy storage module 100. Parameter measurements may include voltage measurements, current measurements, or temperature measurements.

[0039] Data processing circuitry 132 may be configured to access datastore(s) 136. Datastore(s) 136 may include computer-readable storage media storing one or more sets of instructions configured to implement one or more methods, processes, or functions described herein. During execution of the instructions by data processing circuitry 132, the instructions may also reside wholly or at least partially within data processing circuitry 132. Datastore(s) 136 and data processing circuitry 132 may also constitute machine-readable media. As used herein, "machine-readable media" refers to a single or multiple media (e.g., a centralized or distributed database and / or associated caches and servers) storing the one or more sets of instructions. The term "machine-readable media" as used herein also refers to any medium capable of storing, encoding, or carrying a set of instructions for execution by data processing circuitry 132 and enabling data processing circuitry 132 to perform any one or more methods of this disclosure. Data processing circuitry 132 may include, but is not limited to, one or more processors.

[0040] Circuit 120 also includes a switching circuit, shown herein in a non-limiting manner as a transistor active bridge circuit 144. The switching circuit includes at least one switching element. As some non-limiting examples, the switching circuit can be implemented as a bridge topology including the switching element, such as a full H-bridge or a half H-bridge. The switching circuit can take any form, for example, facilitating the electrical connection of one or more memory components 102 to electrical connections S1 and / or S2. The switching circuit or transistor active bridge circuit 144 includes at least one switching element (e.g., a first switching element 110-1, a second switching element 110-2, a third switching element 110-3, and / or a fourth switching element 110-4, collectively referred to as "switching element 110", individually referred to as "switching element 110"), a first electrical connection S1, and a second electrical connection S2.

[0041] In these or other non-limiting embodiments or aspects, the switching element 110 may be part of the module controller 103 (e.g., integrated thereon, connected to thereon, and / or similarly). In these or other non-limiting embodiments or aspects, the first electrical connection S1 and / or the second electrical connection S2 may be part of the module controller 103 (e.g., integrated thereon, connected to thereon, and / or similarly) and / or may extend through the top cover 105. The number and arrangement of components shown are merely examples. In these or other non-limiting embodiments or aspects, the energy storage module 100 may include more components, fewer components, different components, or components arranged differently than those shown. Additionally or alternatively, the set of components of the energy storage module 100 (e.g., one or more components) may perform one or more functions described as being performed by another set of components of the energy storage module 100.

[0042] like Figure 1B As illustrated in the examples, energy storage module 100 may include six energy storage components 102 (e.g., rechargeable battery cells and / or similar components) connected in series. In these or other non-limiting embodiments or aspects, energy storage components 102 may have other arrangements and / or other connections as described herein.

[0043] In these or other non-limiting embodiments or aspects, the switching element 110 may be switched (e.g., disconnected, closed, activated, deactivated, and / or similarly operated) to selectively connect (multiple) energy storage components 102 to a first electrical connection S1 and / or a second electrical connection S2, for example, to control the module voltage between the first electrical connection S1 and the second electrical connection S2. For example, the switching element 110 may be switched such that: (1) both the first electrical connection S1 and the second electrical connection S2 are connected to the negative side (e.g., DC negative) of one or more energy storage components 102 (e.g., storage components 102 connected in series); (2) the first electrical connection S1 is connected to the negative side (e.g., DC negative) of one or more energy storage components 102, and the second electrical connection S2 is connected to the positive side (e.g., DC positive) of one or more energy storage components 102; or (3) the first electrical connection S1 is connected to the positive side (e.g., DC positive) of one or more energy storage components 102, and the second electrical connection S2 is connected to the negative side (e.g., DC negative) of one or more energy storage components 102. In this way, the voltage between the first electrical connection S1 and the second electrical connection S2 can be zero, negative, or positive, respectively.

[0044] For illustrative purposes, several examples are given. To connect both the first electrical connection S1 and the second electrical connection S2 to the negative side (e.g., DC negative terminal) of one or more energy storage components 102, the fourth switching element 110-4 and the third switching element 110-3 can both be activated (e.g., closed, configured to act as a closed switch, switched to ON, and / or similar operation), while the second switching element 110-2 and the first switching element 110-1 are deactivated (e.g., open, configured to act as an open switch, switched to OFF, and / or similar operation). To connect the first electrical connection S1 to the negative side (e.g., DC negative terminal) of one or more energy storage components 102 and the second electrical connection S2 to its positive side (e.g., DC positive terminal), the fourth switching element 110-4 and the second switching element 110-2 can be activated, while the third switching element 110-3 and the first switching element 110-1 are deactivated. To connect the first electrical connection S1 to the positive side (e.g., DC positive) of one or more energy storage components 102 and the second electrical connection S2 to its negative side (e.g., DC negative), the first switching element 110-1 and the third switching element 110-3 can be activated, and the fourth switching element 110-4 and the second switching element 110-2 can be deactivated. In these or other non-limiting embodiments or aspects, the switching element 110 can be operated to be in states such as: a high impedance (Hi-Z) state (e.g., where all switching elements 110 are deactivated), a bypass state (e.g., where low-side switching elements 110-3 and 110-4 are activated, while high-side switching elements 110-1 and 110-2 are deactivated), and two polarity states (e.g., where one or more energy storage components 102 are connected between the first electrical connection S1 and the second electrical connection S2 in opposite polarities). Although in the example discussed, the storage components 102 are stacked between electrical connections S1 and S2, it should be understood that single cell / storage component level connections can also be implemented, for example, by providing additional switching components to the switching circuit. Therefore, each, some, or all of the storage components 102 of module 100 can be connected at electrical connections S1 and / or S2.

[0045] In these or other non-limiting embodiments or aspects, each switching element 110 may include at least one of a transistor (e.g., a bipolar transistor, a field-effect transistor (FET), a metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET), and / or similar transistors), a switch, a contactor, any combination thereof, and / or similar components. In these or other non-limiting embodiments or aspects, the energy storage module 100 may include one or more driver circuits, such as gate driver circuits, to drive each switching element 110. For example, the driver circuitry may be part of the module controller 103 (e.g., integrated thereon, connected thereto, and / or similarly).

[0046] In these or other non-limiting embodiments or aspects, each switching element 110 may be driven or controlled via a module controller 103. For example, the module controller 103 may control the switching element 110 to selectively connect one or more energy storage components 102 to a first electrical connection S1 and / or a second electrical connection S2, as described herein. For example, the module controller 103 may be connected to each switching element 110 to drive or optionally control that switching element 110. In these or other non-limiting embodiments or aspects, the module controller 103 provides signals to the gate driver circuitry to drive the switching element 110.

[0047] like Figure 1C As shown, each energy storage module 100 can be composed of Figure 1C The symbols shown are (for example, to make the following figures concise and clear). The symbol is shown on the right. On the left, a transistor active bridge circuit 144 is shown in a non-limiting manner to illustrate a possible relationship between terminals S1, S2 of symbol 100 and a switching circuit, which in this example is shown as bridge circuit 144.

[0048] Figure 1D An illustration of the energy storage module 100 is provided. Figure 1A An assembled view of the energy storage module 100 is provided. The energy storage module 100 includes a housing 101 in which energy storage components 102 are housed to maintain specific positions relative to each other. Figure 1A As shown, the energy storage components 102 can be arranged in two rows, with three energy storage components in each row. This solution is not limited in this respect. The energy storage components can have different... Figure 1A The arrangement is shown. Depending on the application, any number of energy storage components can be provided in the energy storage module. Each energy storage component may include, but is not limited to, a lithium-ion cell. The lithium-ion cell may have a cylindrical shape as shown or another shape not shown (e.g., a rectangular shape).

[0049] A top cover 105 and a bottom cover 106 are provided for the housing 101. Covers 105 and 106 can be configured to form an environmental seal with the housing 101. This environmental seal can be achieved by a sealing gasket (in the form of a pressure seal) compressible between the covers 105 and 106 and the sidewalls of the housing. Figure 1D and / or Figure 1A (Not visible or shown in the diagram) to achieve this. Module 100 also includes a power output interface 151. It should be understood that electrical connections S1, S2 may be part of the power output interface 151.

[0050] Safe and reliable operation of the energy storage module 100 may require continuous monitoring of each energy storage component 102, for example, to detect when its current (optional), voltage, and / or temperature exceeds a defined operating range(s). This monitoring can be achieved using circuitry 120, which can also be housed in the housing 101. Conductive connectors 104 are provided to connect the energy storage components 102 to the circuitry 120 for at least voltage measurement. In some non-limiting examples, conductive terminals 104 can also be used to conduct heat generated during operation away from the circuitry 120 (e.g., heat generated by the switching element 110), preferably away from the module 100. Alternatively or additionally, in some non-limiting examples, the circuitry 120 can be arranged such that the storage components 102 are also used to conduct heat generated during operation away from the circuitry 120. For example, thermal coupling (e.g., passive and / or active thermal coupling, such as gas cooling or fluid cooling) can be provided between the circuitry 120 and one or more storage components 102. Alternatively or additionally, as some non-limiting examples, the power output interface 151 (e.g., via either connection S1 or S2) can be used to conduct heat generated during operation away from circuit 120. For example, the conductive terminal 104 and connections S1 and S2 are made of a conductive material such as metal. Typically, electrical conductors are also good thermal conductors. This can be utilized to make it also act as a radiator or heat pipe to transfer heat generated during operation (e.g., heat generated when the switching components conduct current) away from circuit 120. It should be understood that employing any of these measures individually or in any combination can make module 100 more compact and, in some cases, allow for hermetically sealed module 100. This can also result in more compact systems using one or more such modules 100. These measures can also result in modules and / or systems comprising one or more modules that do not require active cooling (e.g., fans or any other type of additional components or media for cooling).

[0051] like Figure 1EAs shown in a non-limiting example, the switching circuit or transistor active bridge circuit 144 includes gate drivers 1601, 1602, voltage regulator 164, diodes 1661, 1662 (collectively referred to as "166"), optional resistors 1701, 1702, 1703, 1704 (collectively referred to as "170"), capacitors 1781, 1782, 1801, 1802, and transistor active bridge 144. Energy storage component 102 supplies a voltage waveform to transistor active bridge circuit 144. In this way, transistor active bridge circuit 144 is connected to energy storage component 102 via input lines 152, 154. Input line 152 may be referred to as the high input line, and input line 154 may be referred to as the low input line. Transistor active bridge circuit 144 is also connected between a pair of output lines 156, 158. Output lines 156, 158 are connected to... Figure 1D The power output interface 151. Referring to the foregoing figures and discussion, it should be understood that the high input line 152 can be connected to the positive terminal (e.g., the high polarity terminal) of the storage component stack 102, while the low input line 154 can be connected to the negative terminal (e.g., the low polarity terminal) of the storage component stack 102.

[0052] The transistor active bridge circuit 144 includes multiple switching elements or switches, shown in this example as N-channel field-effect transistors (FETs) 110-2, 110-3, 110-1, and 110-4. Each FET may include a metal-oxide-semiconductor FET (MOSFET), but it is also conceivable to use other types of switches or FETs (e.g., insulated-gate bipolar transistors (IGBTs), bipolar junction transistors (BJTs), gate turn-off thyristors (GTOs), or similar devices or combinations thereof) instead of the types shown. Each FET 110-2, 110-3, 110-1, and 110-4 has three (3) terminals, defined as source S, gate G, and drain D. An electrical path is provided from the source to the drain of each FET 110-2, 110-3, 110-1, and 110-4. This path is generally referred to herein as the source-drain path. The source-drain path of the first FET 110-2 is connected in series with the source-drain path of the second FET 110-3. The series-connected transistor pairs 110-2 and 110-3 form a first series transistor combination bridging input lines 152 and 154. The source-drain path of the third FET 110-1 is connected in series with the source-drain path of the fourth FET 110-4 to form a second series transistor combination bridging input lines 152 and 154.

[0053] The transistor active bridge circuit 144 may have outputs defined by output lines 156 and 158. The first output line 156 may be connected to a first series combination 110-2 / 110-3 at interconnection point 194 between the first field-effect transistor 110-2 and the second field-effect transistor 110-3. The second output line 158 may be connected to a second series combination 110-1 / 110-4 at interconnection point 196 between the third field-effect transistor 110-1 and the fourth field-effect transistor 110-4.

[0054] Gate driver 1601 is provided to drive the gate G of each FET 110-2, 110-3. Similarly, gate driver 1602 is provided to drive the gate G of each FET 110-1, 110-4. In this respect, the gate driver is configured to supply a voltage to the gate G of each respective FET at specific times to switch the FET to its "on" or "off" state. The gate driver is also configured to stop supplying voltage to the gate G of the FET at specific times to switch the FET to its "on" or "off" state. Gate driver circuitry is well known. Known or future gate driver circuitry may be used herein.

[0055] When the gate driver sends a gate control signal to the FET, FETs 110-2, 110-3, 110-1, and 110-4 are biased and switched to their "on" state. In effect, current flows between the drain (D) and source (S) of these FETs. When the gate driver stops sending a gate control signal, the FET switches back to its "off" state. The gate driver is configured to prevent two FETs in each series pair (110-2 / 110-3 and 110-1 / 110-4) from closing simultaneously or concurrently.

[0056] The FETs are alternately switched by gate drivers to provide a specific power output across output lines 156 and 158. For example, when the energy storage module is in its "on" state, one of the high-side FETs 110-2 and 110-1 switches to its "on" state over a given time period (e.g., 1 microsecond (μs) to 15 milliseconds (ms); as further non-limiting examples, several microseconds (μs), 10 μs, 20 μs, 50 μs, 0.1 ms, 2 ms, 5 ms, or even 10 ms). When the energy storage module is in its "off" state, both high-side FETs 110-2 and 110-1 are in their "off" state, and both low-side FETs 110-3 and 110-4 are in their "on" state. In effect, the two low-side FETs are on, while the two high-side FETs are not on.

[0057] A capacitor 178 is provided to store the charge used to drive the corresponding FETs 110-2 and 110-1. The corresponding capacitor 178 can be charged via its corresponding diode 166. In this respect, the supply voltage for the high-side gate driver output stages 1761 and 1762 is stored in capacitors 1781 and 1782. When the corresponding output lines 156 and 158 swing towards the low supply line 154, for example, when the corresponding low-side FET 110-3 or 110-4 is switched to the "on" state, each of the capacitors 1781 and 1782 is recharged. For example, when FET 110-3 is "on", the potential at output S2 is pulled towards the potential at the source S of FET 110-3. At this time, diode 1661 becomes on, causing current to flow from voltage regulator 164 through capacitor 1781 and transistor 110-3 to line 154. In effect, as current flows through capacitor 1781, the capacitor is recharged. When the potential at output S2 swings towards the high supply line 152, diode 1661 acts as a blocking diode, preventing charge on capacitor 1781 from flowing back to voltage regulator 164. Therefore, the charged capacitor 1781 supplies voltage to the high-side gate driver output stage 1761 to drive the gate terminal of FET 110-2. At some point, the capacitor will discharge to a level that may cause gate driver 1601 to enter an undervoltage mode, in which the gate driver ceases to operate. The capacitor is recharged before reaching this discharge level. One advantage of this teaching is that switching low-side FETs 110-3 and 110-4 can be used to simultaneously charge their corresponding capacitors 178, which are used to drive high-side FETs 110-2 and 110-1.

[0058] In gate driver circuits, it is quite common to use charge pumps or transformer-isolated (e.g., multi-channel) DC-DC converters to facilitate powering (multiple) gate drivers. These circuits tend to be relatively expensive. Figure 1E It is evident that circuit 144 lacks any charge pump, thus its cost is lower than that of conventional transistor active bridge circuits. The elimination of the charge pump is achieved by using circuit components 166, 178 to provide voltage to the high-side gate driver output stage 176 in a controlled manner to avoid or minimize the possibility of the gate driver 1601 entering an undervoltage mode.

[0059] Capacitors 1801 and 1802 serve a similar function to capacitors 1781 and 1782. However, voltage regulator 164 permanently supplies voltage signals to capacitors 1801 and 1802. In this way, low-side FETs 110-3 and 110-4 can remain "on" for any desired duration. When low-side FET 110-3 is in its "on" state, the potential at output S2 is equal to the potential at the source S of FET 110-3. Similarly, when FET 110-4 is in its "on" state, the potential at output S1 is equal to the potential at the source S of FET 110-4.

[0060] In these or other non-limiting embodiments or aspects, the housing 202 may be configured to accommodate at least one (e.g., multiple, aggregated, and / or other numbers) energy storage module 100. For example, as Figure 2A As shown, the housing 202 can be shaped such that the three energy storage modules 100 are evenly distributed within the internal space defined by the housing 202. In these or other non-limiting embodiments or aspects, any number of energy storage modules 100 as described herein can be present. For example, the housing 202 can accommodate six energy storage modules 100, nine energy storage modules 100, twelve energy storage modules 100, and / or other numbers of modules. In these or other non-limiting embodiments or aspects, such as Figure 2A The arrangement of the energy storage module 100 shown can be a multilevel inverter, for example, a cascaded multilevel inverter. When using switches such as FETs 110-1, 110-2, 110-3, and 110-4, the arrangement can be a cascaded H-bridge multilevel inverter.

[0061] In these or other non-limiting embodiments or aspects, the strip connection 204 can connect to the energy storage module 100 within the housing 202. For example, as Figure 2AAs shown, a first (e.g., left-hand) strip connection 204 can connect a second electrical connection S2 of a first (e.g., left-hand) energy storage module 100 to a first electrical connection S1 of a second (e.g., middle) energy storage module 100, and a second (e.g., right-hand) strip connection 204 can connect the second electrical connection S2 of the second (e.g., middle) energy storage module 100 to a first electrical connection S1 of a third (e.g., right-hand) energy storage module 100. In this way, the energy storage modules 100 can be connected in series. In these or other non-limiting embodiments or aspects, the energy storage modules 100 and / or the strip connection 204 may have other arrangements and / or other connections (e.g., as described herein, for connecting the energy storage modules 100 in series, parallel, in a series-parallel combination, and / or similar connections). In these or other non-limiting embodiments or aspects, the strip connection 204 may include a conductive (e.g., electrically conductive) material, such as a metal and / or similar materials. As previously mentioned, in some non-limiting embodiments or aspects, the strip connection 204 may also be used to conduct heat generated during operation away from (e.g., from the circuitry 120 of the corresponding module 100) connected to the corresponding strip connection 204.

[0062] In these or other non-limiting embodiments or aspects, electrical connections 206-1, 206-2 (collectively, "206") may include conductive (e.g., electrically conductive) materials, such as metals and / or similar materials. For example, electrical connection 206 may include wires, cables, and / or similar components. In these or other non-limiting embodiments or aspects, electrical connection 206 may allow electrical connection between energy storage module container 200 (e.g., energy storage module 100 within energy storage module container 200) and external components (e.g., other components of the power system located outside housing 202).

[0063] In these or other non-limiting embodiments or aspects, the first electrical connection 206-1 may be connected to the first electrical connection S1 of at least one energy storage module 100. For example, the first electrical connection 206-1 may be connected to the first electrical connection S1 of a first (e.g., left-hand) energy storage module 100 (e.g., the first energy storage module in a group of energy storage modules 100 connected in series). In these or other non-limiting embodiments or aspects, the second electrical connection 206-2 may be connected to the second electrical connection S2 of at least one energy storage module 100. For example, the second electrical connection 206-2 may be connected to the second electrical connection S2 of a last (e.g., right-hand) energy storage module 100 (e.g., the last energy storage module in a group of energy storage modules 100 connected in series).

[0064] In these or other non-limiting embodiments or aspects, communication connection 208 may include at least one component that allows communication between other components. For example, communication connection 208 may include a bus connection (e.g., a digital bus, such as a Controller Area Network bus (CAN-bus), an Isolated Serial Port Interface (isoSPI), any derivative thereof, any combination thereof, and / or similar structures). In these or other non-limiting embodiments or aspects, communication connection 208 may allow communication between container energy storage modules 100 within energy storage module container 200 (e.g., module controllers 103 of these energy storage modules 100) and external components (e.g., other components of the power system located outside housing 202, such as system controllers and / or similar components). The system controller may provide signals (e.g., commands) to any module controller 103 via communication connection 208 for operating its switching element 110 in a specific (e.g., controlled) manner (e.g., via one or more gate driver circuits).

[0065] Figures 2B to 2C A schematic diagram of an exemplary energy storage module container 200 according to these or other non-limiting embodiments or aspects is provided. Figures 2A to 2CAs shown, the energy storage module container 200 may include at least one energy storage module 100 (e.g., a plurality of energy storage modules 100, a collection of energy storage modules 100, and / or other numbers of modules), a housing 202 (e.g., including a top cover 202a and a retainer 202b), a strip connection 204, a first electrical connection 206-1 and a second electrical connection 206-2 (collectively referred to as "electrical connection 206," individually referred to as "electrical connection 206"), and / or a communication connection 208. The number and arrangement of components shown are merely examples. In these or other non-limiting embodiments or aspects, the energy storage module container 200 may include more components, fewer components, different components, or components arranged differently than those shown. Additionally or alternatively, the set of components of the energy storage module container 200 (e.g., one or more components) may perform one or more functions described as being performed by another set of components of the energy storage module container 200. In these or other non-limiting examples, container 200 and / or housing 202 may be made of thermally conductive materials, for example, to conduct away the operating heat generated in energy storage module 100. This, in particular, when combined with the foregoing heat transfer measures, can also allow sealing container 200 and / or housing 202, enabling the formation of a device that can operate in the presence of moisture and / or dust. Furthermore, the requirement for active cooling can be avoided. Alternatively, thermally conductive coupling (e.g., air- and / or fluid-based cooling) may be provided at one or more locations (e.g., circuitry 120, top cover 155, bottom cover 157, module housing 101, power output interface 151, strip 204, housing 202, and container 200) to improve heat flow.

[0066] Now refer to Figure 3A and Figure 3B An exemplary power system according to these or other non-limiting embodiments or aspects is shown, which is illustrated herein as power supply system 300. Figure 3A and Figure 3B As shown, the power system 300 may include at least one energy storage module container 200 (e.g., each container includes at least one energy storage module 100), electrical connection 206, communication connection 208, housing 302, system controller 304, input connection 306, at least one output connection (e.g., a first output connection 308-1 and / or a second output connection 308-2, collectively referred to as "output connection 308", individually referred to as "output connection 308") and / or choke 402. In these or other non-limiting embodiments or aspects, the power system 300 may also include a communication connection 310. For brevity and clarity, Figure 3AThe electrical connection 206 and communication connection 208 inside the energy storage module container 200 are not shown, but the energy storage modules(s) 100 may be connected to the electrical connection 206 and / or communication connection 208 as described herein. For simplicity and clarity, Figure 3A The connection between the energy storage module container 200 (and / or its multiple energy storage modules 100) and the input connection 306, multiple output connections 308 and / or communication connection 310 is not shown in the diagram, but the energy storage module container 200 (and / or its multiple energy storage modules 100) may be connected to the input connection 306, multiple output connections 308 and / or communication connection 310 as described herein. For simplicity and clarity, Figure 3A The connections between system controller 304 and input connection 306, output connection(s) 308, and / or communication connection 310 are not shown, but system controller 304 may be connected to input connection 306, output connection(s) 308, and / or communication connection 310 as described herein. The number and arrangement of components shown are merely illustrative. In these or other non-limiting embodiments or aspects, power system 300 may include more, fewer, different, or differently arranged components than those shown. Additionally or alternatively, the set of components of power system 300 (e.g., one or more components) may perform one or more functions described as being performed by another set of components of power system 300. For example, in these or other non-limiting embodiments or aspects, choke coil 402 may be included in and / or as part of system controller 304.

[0067] In these or other non-limiting embodiments or aspects, housing 302 may comprise plastic, metal, any combination thereof, and / or similar materials. For example, housing 302 may comprise a metal housing, such as an aluminum housing. Similar to the foregoing discussion, in some non-limiting examples, thermal coupling may be provided between housing 202 and / or container 200 and housing 302 to improve heat transfer / dissipation.

[0068] In these or other non-limiting embodiments or aspects, housing 302 may be configured to accommodate at least one (e.g., multiple) energy storage containers 200 and / or at least one (e.g., multiple) energy storage modules 100. For example, housing 302 may be configured to accommodate two energy storage containers 200, three energy storage containers 200, four energy storage containers 200, and / or other numbers of containers. For illustrative purposes, housing 302 may be configured to accommodate two energy storage containers 200, each of which may accommodate twelve energy storage modules 100 (e.g., a total of 24 energy storage modules 100). For illustrative purposes, housing 302 may be configured to accommodate three energy storage containers 200, each of which may accommodate eight energy storage modules 100 (e.g., a total of 24 energy storage modules 100). Other non-limiting configurations are also possible; for example, housing 302 may accommodate four energy storage containers 200, each of which may accommodate six energy storage modules 100 (e.g., a total of 24 energy storage modules 100). For illustrative purposes, housing 302 may be configured to accommodate two energy storage containers 200, each of which may accommodate three energy storage modules 100 (e.g., a total of six energy storage modules 100). In these or other non-limiting embodiments or aspects, the energy storage containers 200 and / or one or more energy storage modules 100 may have other arrangements within housing 302.

[0069] In these or other non-limiting embodiments or aspects, housing 302 may include multiple compartments separated by partitions 302d (e.g., walls, partitions, and / or similar structures). For example, the number of compartments may be equal to the number of energy storage containers 200 (e.g., each respective energy storage container 200 has a corresponding compartment). Each compartment may be separated from adjacent compartment(s) by partitions 302d. For example, one partition 302d may divide the internal space of housing 302 into two compartments, two partitions 302d may divide the internal space of housing 302 into three compartments, and so on. In these or other non-limiting embodiments or aspects, partitions 302d may be part of housing 302 and / or may include the same material as housing 302 (e.g., aluminum, metal, plastic, and / or similar materials).

[0070] In these or other non-limiting embodiments or aspects, such as Figure 3A The arrangement shown can be a multilevel inverter, such as a cascaded multilevel inverter or a cascaded H-bridge multilevel inverter.

[0071] In these or other non-limiting embodiments or aspects, such as Figure 3BAs shown, housing 302 may include a body 302a, a first end cap 302b, a second end cap 302c, and / or at least one partition 302d. In these or other non-limiting embodiments or aspects, body 302a and / or partition 302d may include a first material (e.g., a metal, such as aluminum), and first end cap 302b and / or second end cap 302c may include a second material (e.g., plastic). In these or other non-limiting embodiments or aspects, at least one of first end cap 302b and / or second end cap 302c may include the same material as body 302a and / or partition 302d. In these or other non-limiting embodiments or aspects, first end cap 302b and second end cap 302c may be configured (e.g., sized and shaped to) cover openings at corresponding ends of body 302a.

[0072] In these or other non-limiting embodiments or aspects, the first end cap 302b and / or the second end cap 302c may include (and / or may have space for accommodating) input connection 306, output connection(s) 308, and / or communication connection 310. For illustrative purposes, as Figure 3B As shown, input connection 306 and communication connection 310 may be located at the first end cap 302b, while output connection 308 may be located at the second end cap 302c. In these or other non-limiting embodiments or aspects, input connection 306, output connection(s) 308, and / or communication connection 310 may have other arrangements. For example, input connection 306, output connection(s) 308, and communication connection 310 may all be located at the same end cap (e.g., one of the first end cap 302b or the second end cap 302c). As another example, input connection 306 may be located at one end cap, while communication connection 310 and output connection(s) 308 may be located at another end cap. As another example, input connection 306 and output connection(s) 308 may be located at one end cap, while communication connection 310 may be located at another end cap. As another example, first output connection 308-1 may be located at one end cap, while second output connection 308-2 may be located at another end cap.

[0073] In these or other non-limiting embodiments or aspects, system controller 304 may include controllers and associated circuitry. For example, system controller 304 may include a microcontroller, computing device, processor, digital signal processor (DSP), and / or any processing component that can be configured to perform at least one function (e.g., field-programmable gate array (FPGA), application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC), etc.). In these or other non-limiting embodiments or aspects, system controller 304 may be communicatively connected to energy storage module container 200 and / or one or more energy storage modules 100 (e.g., their module controllers 103) via communication connection 208. In these or other non-limiting embodiments or aspects, system controller 304 may be electrically connected to energy storage module container 200 and / or their energy storage modules 100 (e.g., their energy storage components 102) via electrical connection 206. In these or other non-limiting embodiments or aspects, choke coil 402 may be included in and / or as part of system controller 304.

[0074] In these or other non-limiting embodiments or aspects, input connection 306 may include at least one connector (e.g., at least one standardized electrical plug connector, for example, for mains power and / or compatible electrical equipment). In these or other non-limiting embodiments or aspects, each output connection 308 may include at least one connector (e.g., at least one standardized electrical plug connector, for example, for mains power and / or compatible electrical equipment). For example, first output connection 308-1 may include a connector suitable for 100-127 V (e.g., a standardized electrical plug connector) (e.g., at a frequency of 60 Hz suitable for the United States, North America, etc.). For example, second output connection 308-2 may include a connector suitable for 200-240 V (e.g., a standardized electrical plug connector) (e.g., at a frequency of 50 Hz suitable for the European Union, etc.). In these or other non-limiting embodiments or aspects, communication connection 310 may include at least one connector (e.g., at least one standardized communication plug connector). For example, the communication connection 310 may include at least one of the following: a Universal Serial Bus (USB) connector (e.g., USB-A, USB-B, USB-C, USB Powered (USB-PD), mini-USB, micro-USB and / or similar structures), an Ethernet connector, a coaxial cable connector, a pin connector, a CAN-bus connector, any combination thereof and / or similar connectors.

[0075] In these or other non-limiting embodiments or aspects, the choke 402 may be electrically connected (e.g., coupled and / or similarly) to one or more energy storage module containers 200 and / or (multiple) energy storage modules 100 as described herein. For example, as described herein, a first set of first energy storage module containers 200 and / or energy storage modules 100 may be connected to a first connection of the choke 402 (e.g., a first end, a first winding, and / or similar structure). Additionally or alternatively, as described herein, a second set of second energy storage module containers 200 and / or energy storage modules 100 may be connected to a second connection of the choke 402 (e.g., a second end, a second winding, and / or similar structure).

[0076] In these or other non-limiting embodiments or aspects, system controller 304 may command module controllers 103 of the energy storage modules 100 to generate an output voltage based on a combination (e.g., summation and / or similar) of the respective module voltages of each energy storage module 100, as described herein. For example, by sequentially connecting multiple energy storage modules 100 in a time-shifted manner, the combined (e.g., summed) voltage can approximate an AC voltage waveform having a target amplitude (e.g., a voltage substantially equal to the nominal mains voltage, such as 100-127 V, 200-240 V, and / or similar voltages) and / or a target frequency (e.g., a frequency substantially equal to the nominal mains frequency, such as 60 Hz, 50 Hz, and / or similar frequencies), as described herein.

[0077] In these or other non-limiting embodiments or aspects, system controller 304 may command module controllers 103 of energy storage modules 100 to generate an output voltage based on a combination (e.g., summation and / or similar) of the corresponding module voltages of each respective energy storage module 100, as described herein. For example, by modulating the duty cycles of multiple series-connected energy storage modules 100 in different ways, the combined (e.g., summed) voltage can approximate (e.g., better approximate) an AC voltage waveform with a target amplitude and / or target frequency, as described herein. In these or other non-limiting embodiments or aspects, the duty cycle of the corresponding module voltage may relate to a switching voltage scheme (such as a pulse width modulation (PWM) type waveform). For example, system controller 304 may command module controllers 103 of energy storage modules 100 to switch their output voltages at a specific frequency and / or duty cycle. The exact value or range of the switching frequency is not necessary for the scope or generality of the teachings of this disclosure. As some non-limiting examples, the system's switching frequency can be in the kHz range (1 kHz to 999 kHz). For example, the system's switching frequency and / or PWM frequency can be between 40 kHz and 100 kHz. In some cases, the system's switching frequency and / or PWM frequency can be about 90 kHz. In these or other non-limiting embodiments or aspects, the module output can be switched at a frequency between 1.5 kHz and 7.5 kHz (e.g., PWM). For example, the module output can be switched at a frequency between 3.5 kHz and 4.5 kHz (e.g., PWM). As a further example, the module output can be switched at a frequency of about 3.75 kHz (e.g., PWM). As another example, the module output can be switched at a frequency of about 4 kHz (e.g., PWM). In these or other non-limiting embodiments or aspects, the system's switching frequency or PWM frequency can be proportional to the product of the switching frequency and / or PWM frequency of the energy storage module 100 and the number of energy storage modules 100. It should be understood that the duty cycle can be any value between 0% and 100%, depending, for example, on the duration for which the corresponding energy storage module 100 is operated. For instance, for a given energy storage module 100, a 0% duty cycle could mean that the energy storage module 100 is instructed to be deactivated or in bypass mode (the energy storage module 100 does not contribute to the output voltage but can still carry current), while a 100% duty cycle could mean that the energy storage module 100 is instructed to be switched on or activated with a given polarity.For example, by sweeping the duty cycle of a given energy storage module 100 over time (e.g., between 0% and 100%), the effective output voltage of that energy storage module 100 can be increased or decreased more finely between voltage steps associated with a complete switch between two consecutive energy storage modules 100. Each energy storage module 100 can, for example, be orchestrated by the system controller 304 to generate an output voltage based on a combination of the respective module voltages of each energy storage module 100, as described herein.

[0078] Now refer to Figure 4 This diagram illustrates a circuit diagram of an exemplary electrical system (e.g., a power transmission system such as power system 400) according to some non-limiting embodiments or aspects. In these or other non-limiting embodiments or aspects, power system 400 may be the same as or similar to electrical system 300. The number and arrangement of components shown are merely examples. In these or other non-limiting embodiments or aspects, power system 400 may include more components, fewer components, different components, or components arranged differently than those shown. Additionally or alternatively, the set of components of power system 400 (e.g., one or more components) may perform one or more functions described as being performed by another set of components of power system 400. In these or other non-limiting embodiments or aspects, such as Figure 4 The arrangement shown can be a multilevel inverter, such as a cascaded multilevel inverter or a cascaded H-bridge multilevel inverter.

[0079] In these or other non-limiting embodiments or aspects, such as Figure 4 As shown, input connection 306 can be connected to input choke 416. Input choke 416 can be connected to input capacitor 418 and / or at least one input inductor (e.g., first input inductor 420-1 and / or second input inductor 420-2, collectively referred to as "input inductor 420", individually referred to as "input inductor 420"). For example, input choke 416 can be provided for electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) reasons. Similarly, input capacitor 418 can be provided as an EMC capacitor (and / or a Class X capacitor) that can stabilize the input voltage and / or provide lower impedance at higher frequencies. For example, input inductors (multiple) 420 can be used to operate power system 400 in controlled current mode.

[0080] In these or other non-limiting embodiments or aspects, the first output connection 308-1 may be connected to the first output choke 414-1. The first output choke 414-1 may be connected to at least one of the capacitor 412-1 and / or the inductor 410.

[0081] In these or other non-limiting embodiments or aspects, the second output connection 308-2 may be connected to the second output choke 414-2. The second output choke 414-2 may be connected to the capacitor 412-2.

[0082] In these or other non-limiting embodiments or aspects, each choke (e.g., input choke 416, first output choke 414-1, and / or second output choke 414-2) may be a common-mode choke and / or similar components, for example, for EMC performance. It should be understood that further discussion of EMC inductors or capacitors is not necessary for the scope or generality of this teaching.

[0083] In these or other non-limiting embodiments or aspects, input switch 424 can selectively connect and / or disconnect input 406 from the first set 401-1 and the second set 401-2 of energy storage module 100. In these or other non-limiting embodiments or aspects, to operate in a third operating mode (e.g., a charging operating mode), input switch 424 at input 406 can be switched to a first state (e.g., closed, active, and / or similar). For example, switching input switch 424 to a first state (e.g., closed, active, and / or similar) allows current to flow from input connection 306 via input 406 to the first set 401-1 and the second set 401-2 of energy storage module 100 (e.g., to charge energy storage module 100). In these or other non-limiting embodiments or aspects, a power source (e.g., mains power, generator power, renewable energy power (e.g., solar, wind, and / or similar power) and / or similar power sources) can be connected to input connection 306. In these or other non-limiting embodiments or aspects, system controller 304 may control the module controller of energy storage module 100 to charge its energy storage component 102 (e.g., based on power from a power source).

[0084] In these or other non-limiting embodiments or aspects, in order to discontinue the third operating mode (e.g., stop charging) and / or prevent current from flowing to the input connection 306 when the power system 400 is not in the third (e.g., charging) operating mode, the input switch 424 at the input 406 can be switched to a second state (e.g., off, deactivated, and / or similar state).

[0085] In these or other non-limiting embodiments or aspects, at least one output switching element (e.g., a first output switch 426-1 and / or a second output switch 426-2, collectively referred to as “output switch 426”, individually referred to as “output switch 426”) can selectively connect and / or disconnect the output 408 from the first set 401-1 and the second set 401-2 of the energy storage module 100.

[0086] In these or other non-limiting embodiments or aspects, in order to operate in the first operating mode, in addition to switching switch 404 to the first state (e.g., closed, active, and / or similar), the first output switch 426-1 may also be switched to the first state (e.g., closed, active, and / or similar). For example, this may allow current to flow from the first set 401-1 and the second set 401-2 of the energy storage module 100 via the first output 408-1 (and the inductor 410 and / or capacitor 412-1) to the first output connection 308-1 (e.g., to power a load connected to the first output connection 308-1). In these or other non-limiting embodiments or aspects, in order to prevent current from flowing to the first output connection 308-1 when the power system 400 is not in the first operating mode, the first output switch 426-1 may be switched to a second state (e.g., open, deactivated, and / or similar).

[0087] In these or other non-limiting embodiments or aspects, in order to operate in the second operating mode, in addition to switching switch 404 to the second state (e.g., open, deactivated, and / or similar), the second output switch 426-2 may also be switched to the first state (e.g., closed, activated, and / or similar). For example, this may allow current to flow from the first set 401-1 and the second set 401-2 of the energy storage module 100 via the second output 408-2 (and capacitor 412-2) to the second output connection 308-2 (e.g., to power a load connected to the second output connection 308-2). In these or other non-limiting embodiments or aspects, in order to prevent current from flowing to the second output connection 308-2 when the power system 400 is not in the second operating mode, the second output switch 426-2 may be switched to the second state (e.g., open, deactivated, and / or similar).

[0088] In these or other non-limiting embodiments, the first and second operating modes can be used to provide multi-voltage operation via the power supply system 400. For example, in the first operating mode, the first set 401-1 and the second set 401-2 of the energy storage modules 100 can be connected in parallel, while in the second operating mode, the first set 401-1 and the second set 401-2 of the energy storage modules 100 can be connected in series. It should be understood that the first operating mode can provide an output voltage lower than that provided by the second operating mode. However, the output current provided by the first operating mode can be greater than that provided by the second operating mode. For example, the first operating mode can provide a 110 V output, while the second operating mode provides a 220 V output. This can advantageously allow the power supply system 400 to operate in multiple voltage domains. For example, the United States primarily uses the 110 V AC mains voltage domain, while Europe uses the 220 V AC mains voltage domain. Therefore, the power supply system 400 can allow flexible use of appliances rated for either voltage domain. A particular advantage of the illustrated configuration is that the output power can be similar or the same in either mode. For example, assuming the same sets (401-1 and 401-2) operate in the same manner, although the output voltage in the first mode is half that in the second mode, the output current in the first mode can be twice that in the second mode. This allows for the use of similar power levels regardless of which voltage domain the power system 400 operates in. The 110 V and 220 V examples are not limiting to this teaching, as this structure can be implemented in any voltage domain or operating frequency. Furthermore, it is not limiting to make the two domains differ from each other by integer multiples in terms of voltage and / or current. It should be understood that the duty cycle (e.g., the order of multiple modules) can be adjusted according to the operating mode of the power system 400.

[0089] In these or other non-limiting embodiments or aspects, each of the input switch 424 and the output switch 426 may include at least one of a switch, a contactor, a transistor, any combination thereof, and / or similar components. For example, each of the input switch 424 and the output switch 426 may include at least one of an SPST switch, a DPDT switch, an SPDT switch, a DPST switch, any combination thereof, and / or similar switches. For example, each of the input switch 424 and the output switch 426 may include at least one of a DPDT switch or a DPST switch. For illustrative purposes, as... Figure 4 As shown, each of the input switch 424 and the output switch 426 may include a DPST switch or a DPDT switch.

[0090] In these or other non-limiting embodiments or aspects, the power system 400 may include current sensors 422 that can communicate with a system controller 304 (e.g., a microcontroller). In these or other non-limiting embodiments or aspects, each current sensor 422 may include a shunt amplifier. For example, each shunt amplifier may reference a common potential (e.g., a reference voltage), which the system controller 304 (e.g., a microcontroller) may also reference. In these or other non-limiting embodiments or aspects, at least some (e.g., all, a subset, and / or a similar number) of the current sensors 422 may be any other suitable type of current sensor. For example, the current sensor 422 may include measuring the voltage drop across a resistor connected in series (e.g., connected in series with at least one set of a first set 401-1 and / or a second set 401-2 of the energy storage module 100), for example, to measure the current flowing through that resistor (and / or any component connected in series with that resistor). In these or other non-limiting embodiments or aspects, at least one current sensor 422 may be of a different type from another current sensor 422. For example, the current sensor 422 connected to the first set 401-1 of the energy storage module 100 may be of a different type than another current sensor 422 connected to the second set 401-2 of the energy storage module 100.

[0091] In these or other non-limiting embodiments or aspects, by measuring the current at the location of the current sensor 422, the following can be measured (e.g., by system controller 304 and / or similar components): output current (e.g., in a redundant manner), input current (e.g., in a redundant manner), and circular current (e.g., if series branches are connected in parallel). In these or other non-limiting embodiments or aspects, the current sensor can measure the current flowing through each of the first set 401-1 and the second set 401-2 of the energy storage module 100. In this way, relative measurements can be performed to detect whether a circular (e.g., loop) current flows between the first set 401-1 and the second set 401-2 of the energy storage module 100. In other words, such relative measurements can be used to detect whether the load current is evenly distributed among the sets. Such measurements can also be used to orchestrate the operation of the energy storage module 100, for example, to reduce (e.g., eliminate) the circular (e.g., loop) current. Additionally or alternatively, such orchestration may also include disabling certain energy storage modules 100 in any set 401, even if such disabling results in an unequal number of active energy storage modules 100 between sets 401. This, for example, can help the power system 400 operate even if the energy storage modules 100 between sets 401 have different charge levels. Additionally or alternatively, such orchestration may include interleaving the first module voltage of the first set 401-1 with the second module voltage of the second set 401-2. This interleaving can be achieved by phase-shifting the output voltage of one set relative to the output of the other set. Additionally or alternatively, such orchestration may include allowing, or even creating in these or other non-limiting embodiments or aspects, a voltage imbalance between the first set 401-1 and the second set 401-2. This may result in a low-frequency current tending to flow from one set 401 to another set 401, which can, for example, be used to equalize the state of charge between the two sets 401. Even in such non-limiting embodiments or aspects, the choke 402 can block high-frequency current but can allow low-frequency or DC current to flow from a collection 401 with a higher voltage than the other collection 401. In this way, the power system 400 can be more robust, flexible, and balanced. In these or other non-limiting embodiments or aspects, absolute measurements, such as determining the total current flowing through the first collection 401-1 and / or the second collection 401-2 of the energy storage modules 100, can be performed using the current sensor 422. It should be understood that the imbalance can be caused by a unequal number of energy storage modules 100 operating in one collection 401 compared to the number operating in the other collection 401. Additionally or alternatively, the imbalance can be due to unequal charging levels between the two collections 401.Similarly, the power supply system 400 may also include circuitry for performing voltage measurements in one or more networks of the power supply system 400. For the purposes of this disclosure, specifying which voltage measurement circuitry or scheme must be used is neither necessary nor limiting.

[0092] As described above, the power supply 100 has an AC input 290 for charging the internal energy storage cell 400. Charging is performed in a controlled current mode. In this respect, the power supply 100 includes control circuitry and filtering components for operating with a desired current waveform. The power supply 100 is designed to rapidly charge the energy storage cell 400 without overheating.

[0093] The energy storage module 100 can operate in two modes: a first mode and a second mode. In the first mode, the energy storage module 100 is deactivated, resulting in minimal self-discharge. In the second mode, the energy storage module 100 is activated, resulting in significant self-discharge. The transistor active bridge circuit 144 operates according to commands from the system controller 200.

[0094] In one implementation, during charging, the energy storage module 100 remains in a second mode, but the root mean square (RMS) value of the charging current can vary between two values ​​(e.g., 0 amps and 4 amps). Therefore, there are two states for current control. The first state exists when the temperature of the energy storage module reaches a first threshold and the current is set to a first value (e.g., zero amps). The energy storage module cools in the first state. The second state exists when the temperature of the energy storage module drops below a second threshold (which is lower than the first threshold) and the current is set to a higher second value (e.g., four amps).

[0095] In the first state, there are two main heat sources: the data processing circuit 132 and the transistor active bridge circuit 144. Losses are constant and independent of current. When the energy storage module operates in the second state, additional heat sources are added: the energy storage cell 400 and other resistive components (e.g., wiring and connectors). This results in: (i) ohmic losses in the energy storage cell 400 plus other resistive components; and (ii) ohmic losses plus switching losses in the power stage. Ohmic losses are quadratic with current. Switching losses tend to be approximately linear.

[0096] Ignoring switching losses and using exemplary values ​​of 11 watts constant loss, a 1 R ohm resistance for the entire system, and a 3.6 V cell voltage, the percentage loss depending on the current is obtained. Figure 5 The values ​​are plotted in the curve 500.

[0097] As can be seen from the above, the problem has two aspects. Therefore, this solution is designed with a dual purpose: (1) to charge the energy storage module as quickly as possible; and (2) to extend the lifespan of the energy storage module.

[0098] Regarding the aforementioned objective (1) of this scheme, the heat energy transferred from the equipment to the environment (among other things) depends on the temperature difference between the equipment and the environment. In other words, the higher the equipment temperature, the higher its cooling rate. Therefore, it is advantageous if the system is charged at a high temperature for the required charging time.

[0099] Figure 6 illustrates an illustrative method 600, wherein when the temperature of the energy storage module is within a given range... upper –thr lower During this period, the energy storage cell 102 is charged. Method 600 is provided from the perspective of charging a single energy storage module according to a local temperature scheme. Another method 800 will be discussed below in the case of controlling multiple energy storage modules according to a global temperature scheme.

[0100] like Figure 6A As shown, method 600 begins at 602, where, in the power system (e.g., power system 300 of Figure 3 or...), Figure 4 The presence of AC voltage is detected at the AC input of the power supply system 400. This detection is performed when the power supply system is connected to an external power source (e.g., AC mains power). Then, as shown in box 606, the power supply system can optionally be placed into charging mode.

[0101] Next, in box 608, the temperature T of the energy storage module (e.g., energy storage module 100 of Figure 1) is compared with the upper threshold thr. upper Compare. Upper threshold thr upper This may include, but is not limited to, the maximum expected temperature for charging the energy storage module. If the temperature T is not less than the upper threshold thr... upper [610: No], then method 600 continues as shown in box 612 to box 622. If the temperature T is less than the upper threshold thr upper [610: Yes], then method 600 continues to block 614, where maximum charging current is allowed to be supplied to the energy storage component (e.g., energy storage component 102 of FIG1).

[0102] While charging the energy storage module using the maximum charging current, the system continues to monitor the temperature T of the energy storage module in block 616. In block 618, the temperature T is again compared with the upper threshold thr. upper Compare the values. If the temperature T is less than the upper threshold thr... upper [620: No], then method 600 returns to box 616. If the temperature T is greater than or equal to the upper threshold thrupper [620: Yes], then method 600 continues to block 622, where the energy storage module is placed in a charging pause mode. In the charging pause mode, charging of (multiple) energy storage elements is paused or temporarily stopped.

[0103] In the charging pause mode, as shown in box 624, the selection circuit components of the energy storage module are placed in a low-power mode. The selection circuit components may include, but are not limited to, those shown in box 624. Figure 1B Data processing circuit 132 Figure 1B Transistor active bridge circuit 144 and / or Figure 1E The gate driver 160 (overall or output stage 176) and / or voltage regulator 164. Circuit components can be pre-selected based on specific criteria, or dynamically selected during charging and / or each time an upper threshold is reached. Criteria may include, but are not limited to, measured heat generated by the circuit components(s). Other components that may not be placed in low-power mode include, but are not limited to, a battery monitoring system (BMS) (e.g., 132 or a second BMS). Figure 1E(not shown) or circuitry and / or sensors. Therefore, in some cases, the first portion of the energy storage module is placed in a low-power mode (e.g., off, or operating at a power significantly lower than the normal power mode of the first portion), while the second portion of the energy storage module remains in its normal power mode. In these or other non-limiting aspects, the second portion may operate in a normal power mode (e.g., at the power at which the second portion operates in normal operation), or it may be in a non-zero reduced power mode (e.g., lower data rate, lower operating voltage, lower clock frequency, or similar or combinations thereof). One advantage of the latter is that it can further contribute to faster cooling of module 100 while keeping critical operations (e.g., safety-related operations) continuing. In these or other non-limiting aspects, the first portion of the energy storage module may be one or more components considered to be the primary and / or dominant heat source in module 100 (e.g., generating heat at a level or amount that would be considered the primary (e.g., dominant) heat source in energy storage module 100). One advantage of placing the gate driver 160 (either the overall or output stage 176) in a low-power mode (e.g., disabled or powered off) is that monitoring of the energy storage cell 102 is not interrupted, allowing any undesirable conditions associated with it to be detected and addressed, while simultaneously allowing the energy storage cell 102 to cool down more quickly (e.g., enabling earlier resumption of charging operation). To further enhance the reduction of undesirable temperatures, the data processing circuitry or BMS 132 can be operated in a reduced-power mode (e.g., lower data rate, lower operating voltage, lower clock frequency, sleep mode and wake-up at a specific time, or similar or combinations thereof). Within the scope of "sleep mode and wake-up," power-down / power-up cycles are also intended to be included. For example, the data processing circuitry or BMS 132 can enter sleep mode for a first period of time, then wake up for a second period of time to perform one or more measurements (e.g., temperature, voltage, charge, or similar or combinations thereof), optionally sending these measurements (e.g., to control unit 304), and then returning to sleep mode again. The operation during the second time period can be in a normal power mode (e.g., at the power level of the second part operating normally) or in a non-zero reduced power mode (e.g., lower data rate, lower operating voltage, lower clock frequency, or similar combinations thereof). The sequence of the first and second time periods can occur at regular or irregular time intervals, and the length of each cycle can be different or the same. For example, circuit 132 can perform the same measurement in each first time period, or it can perform different measurements in each or some of the first time periods. For example, circuit 132 can perform critical measurements more frequently (e.g., in each cycle or in most cycles), while performing other measurements less frequently.The second time period can also be adjusted as needed to process and / or transmit the amount of measurements and / or data. In these or other non-limiting aspects, the "sleep mode" may be the same as or different from the "power-off" mode. For example, a power-off mode may be a mode in which circuit 132 is completely de-energized, while a sleep mode may be a mode in which circuit 132 is in a significantly reduced power mode but not completely shut down. In these or other non-limiting aspects, control unit 304 and / or any other controller operatively coupled to module 100 facilitates a low-power mode for any, some, or all of the components as described above. Regarding the transistor active bridge circuit 144, for example, it can be switched off. Figure 1E The gate drivers 1601 and 1602 are powered to put them into a low-power operating mode. After completing the operation of block 624, method 600 continues to... Figure 6B Box 626. Another advantage of placing the gate driver 160 (e.g., overall or output stage 176) in a low-power mode (e.g., disabled or powered down) is that this also places the transistor active bridge circuitry 144 in a low-power mode. In these or other aspects, the data processing circuitry or BMS 132 of module 100 is powered directly via the battery cell 102 of module 100. In these or other aspects, other module circuitry (e.g., gate driver 160 and / or output stage 176) is powered via the voltage regulator 164 of module 100. In these or other aspects, placing the voltage regulator 164 in a low-power mode (e.g., disabled) also automatically places the selection circuitry components of energy storage module 100 (e.g., non-safety-critical components) in a low-power mode. Advantageously, by placing the voltage regulator 164 in a low-power mode, the transistor active bridge circuitry 144 is also placed in a low-power mode (e.g., disabled).

[0104] Box 626 relates to monitoring the temperature T of the energy storage module when it is in a charging pause mode. In this regard, it should be noted that the temperature of the energy storage module may be allowed to decrease when it is in a charging pause mode, wherein charging of at least one energy storage element (e.g., some or all) is paused. In box 628, the temperature T is compared with a lower threshold value thr. lower Compare the values. If the temperature T is greater than the lower threshold thr lower [630: Yes], then method 600 returns to box 626. If the temperature T is equal to or less than the lower threshold thr lower [630: No], then method 600 continues to block 632, where the selection circuit component is transitioned out of low power mode. This allows the selection circuit component to switch from low power mode to normal power operating mode or another higher power operating mode.

[0105] As shown in box 634, method 600 repeats the operations of boxes 606 to 622 until the energy storage component is charged or another event occurs. In response to the energy storage component being charged or another event occurring, as shown in box 636, the power unit is taken out of charging mode. Method 600 then continues to box 638, where it terminates or performs other operations. These other operations may include, but are not limited to, returning. Figure 6A Box 602.

[0106] Figure 7 A graph 700 is provided to aid in understanding method 600. At minute zero, the temperature of the energy storage module is below the lower threshold thr. lower In this way, the maximum charging current (e.g., 4 amps) is supplied to the energy storage components of the energy storage module. This maximum charging current is continued until the temperature T of the energy storage module reaches the upper threshold thr. upper For example, this occurs 5 minutes after the charging start time. At this time, the charging current is stopped, causing the output voltage to drop to zero volts. Additionally, the energy storage module is placed in a charging pause mode. These actions are performed to allow the energy storage module to cool down. Once the temperature T of the energy storage module reaches the lower threshold thr... lower Then, the maximum charging current is supplied again to the energy storage component of the energy storage module. This process is repeated until, for example, the energy storage component is charged. Figure 5 As can be seen from graph 500, operating at a higher current is relatively more efficient. Using this solution, the energy storage module can be charged relatively efficiently even when the passive consumers are active.

[0107] This approach offers several advantages. For instance, a significant amount of temperature input comes from the self-heating of the energy storage module 100. The total energy loss during charging (and thus the temperature rise) is a function of self-heating losses and ohmic losses, with the ohmic losses depending on the square of the current. Minimal energy loss is achieved by using a high charging current. Therefore, the maximum possible charging current is used during charging, and the energy storage module is "turned off" during cooling periods. This results in minimal energy loss and faster charging times.

[0108] Figure 8 provides a flowchart of another method 800 for charging multiple energy storage modules according to a global temperature scheme. Method 800 begins at 802 and continues to 804, where at 804, in the power system (e.g., power system 300 of Figure 3 or...) Figure 4 The presence of AC voltage is detected at the AC input of the power supply system 400. This detection is performed when the power supply system is connected to an external power source (e.g., AC mains power). Then, as shown in box 806, the power supply system can optionally be placed into charging mode.

[0109] Next, in box 808, multiple energy storage modules (e.g., Figure 2A The temperature of the energy storage modules (100) is measured. The energy storage modules are connected in series and are in charging mode. The system selects the highest temperature T from the measured temperature in block 810. greatest As shown in box 812, the highest temperature T is... greatest With upper threshold th rupper Compare them. If the highest temperature T... greatest Greater than or equal to the upper threshold thr upper [814: No], then as shown in box 816, method 800 proceeds to... Figure 8B Box 828. The operation of box 828 will be discussed below. Otherwise [814: Yes], method 800 continues to box 818, where the maximum charging current is allowed to be supplied to the energy storage component of the energy storage module.

[0110] As shown in box 820, the system continues to monitor the temperature of the energy storage module while charging the energy storage component. Next, in box 822, the highest temperature T is selected again from the measured temperatures of the energy storage module. greatest In box 824, the highest temperature T is set. greatest With upper threshold thr upper Compare them. If the highest temperature T... greatest Less than the upper threshold thr upper [826: No], then method 800 returns to box 820. Otherwise [826: Yes], method 800 continues to... Figure 8B Box 828.

[0111] Box 828 relates to placing energy storage modules, at least those associated with the selected highest temperature, into a charging pause mode. In some cases, all energy storage modules are placed into charging mode. In other cases, only modules above a certain temperature threshold are charged. upper Those energy storage modules are placed in a charging pause mode.

[0112] In the charging pause mode, the selection circuit components of the energy storage module in box 830 are placed in low-power mode. The selection circuit components may include, but are not limited to, those specified below. Figure 1B Data processing circuit 132 and / or Figure 1B The transistor active bridge circuit 144. Regarding the transistor active bridge circuit 144, for example, it can be controlled by stopping the flow of... Figure 1E The gate drivers 1601 and 1602 are powered and placed in a low-power operating mode. After the operation of block 830 is completed, method 800 continues to block 832.

[0113] Box 832 relates to monitoring the temperature of the energy storage module. In box 834, the lowest temperature T is selected from the measured temperatures. lowest In box 836, set the lowest temperature T. lowest With lower threshold thr lower Compare. If temperature T lowest greater than the lower threshold thr lower [838: Yes], then method 800 returns to box 832. If the temperature T is equal to or less than the lower threshold thr lower [838: No], then method 800 continues to block 840, where the selection circuit component exits the low-power mode. It should be noted that block 840 may involve: when the temperature reaches or falls below a lower threshold, causing the energy storage module to stop operating in the charging pause mode, thereby resuming charging of at least one energy storage element.

[0114] As shown in box 842, method 800 repeats the operations of boxes 806 to 840 until the energy storage component is charged or another event occurs. In response to the energy storage component being charged or another event occurring, as shown in box 844, the power unit is taken out of charging mode. Method 800 then continues to box 846, where it terminates or performs other operations. These other operations may include, but are not limited to, returning. Figure 8A Box 802.

[0115] Other operations of block 846 may additionally or alternatively involve: operating at least one circuit component considered a primary heat source in the energy storage module in a low-power mode when the energy storage module is not fully charged, the energy storage module is in a charging pause mode, and / or at least one other circuit component is not operating in a low-power mode (or operating in a normal power mode); and / or exiting the low-power mode in response to the energy storage module no longer operating in the charging pause mode. Other operations may additionally or alternatively involve: selecting a minimum temperature from multiple measured temperatures associated with multiple energy storage modules; comparing the minimum temperature to a lower threshold; and / or removing the energy storage module from the charging pause mode when the minimum temperature reaches or falls below the lower threshold. thereby recover At least one energy storage element Charge .

[0116] Regarding the aforementioned objective (2) of this scheme, it should be understood that high temperatures during charging will shorten the lifespan of the energy storage cell 400. Therefore, the energy storage cell 400 can be operated at a temperature below the maximum temperature during charging to extend its lifespan. This can be achieved by adjusting the charging current in a linear manner so that the losses generated are balanced with the heat transfer to the environment at the desired temperature (e.g., 40°C). A reference temperature can be fed into the transfer function G, which adjusts the current RMS value. If the temperature increases, the current decreases. This yields the optimal temperature / charging current when the goal is the fastest charging time. The transfer function G can represent a proportional (P) controller, an integral (I) controller, a proportional-integral (PI) controller, and / or a proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller.

[0117] This approach offers numerous advantages. For example, controlled-temperature charging allows operation at a given temperature to extend cell life.

[0118] Figure 9 A block diagram of an illustrative circuit 900 for implementing a transfer function-based scheme to control the charging of an energy storage module is provided. Circuit 900 includes a difference arithmetic unit 902, a transfer function arithmetic unit 904, and a charging controller 906. The difference arithmetic unit 902 is configured to calculate the difference between a setpoint value and a measured temperature of the energy storage module (e.g., energy storage module 100 of FIG. 1). The result of this calculation is called the temperature error. The temperature error is provided as input to the transfer function arithmetic unit 904. The transfer function arithmetic unit 904 is configured to calculate or otherwise determine a charging current value based on the temperature error. The charging current value is passed to the charging controller 906 to control the charging current supplied to the energy storage module. This control can maintain the charging current at its current value or adjust the charging current to keep the temperature of the energy storage module at or near the setpoint. The setpoint can be any value selected according to a given application. For example, the setpoint can be 50°C. This scheme is not limited to this specific setpoint value.

[0119] Figure 10 Provided by a power supply unit (e.g., power supply unit 300 in Figure 3 or Figure 4 The circuit of the power supply unit 400 (e.g., Figure 9The flowchart illustrates the illustrative method 1000 implemented by circuit 900. Method 1000 begins at 1002 and continues to 1004, where the power supply unit is placed in charging mode. In 1006, the temperature of the energy storage module is measured. In 1008, the system calculates the difference between the measured temperature and a setpoint. In 1010, the calculated difference is used to calculate or otherwise determine the charging current value. Therefore, the charging current value depends on the calculated difference. A transfer function can be used to calculate the charging current. Next, in 1012, the charging current is supplied to the energy storage component of the energy storage module. Then, method 1000 continues to 1014, returning to 1006 at 1014, thus repeating the process until the energy storage component is charged or another event occurs. Subsequently, as shown in box 1016, method 1000 terminates or performs other operations.

[0120] Figure 11 Provides help in understanding Figure 9 The operation of circuit 900 and Figure 10 Method 1000 curve 1100. In Figure 11 In this scenario, a charging current of four amps is supplied to the energy storage module until the temperature of the energy storage module reaches a set point. Then, the charging current is linearly reduced to a value selected to maintain the temperature of the energy storage module at or near the set point. The value of the charging current can be adjusted (e.g., increased or decreased) according to changes in the temperature of the energy storage module.

[0121] Now refer to Figure 12 The diagram illustrates exemplary components of a device 1200 according to a non-limiting embodiment. As an example, device 1200 may correspond to at least one of module controller 103 and / or system controller 304. In these or other non-limiting embodiments or aspects, such a controller may include at least one device 1200 and / or at least one component of device 1200. The number and arrangement of components shown are merely illustrative. In these or other non-limiting embodiments or aspects, device 1200 may include more components, fewer components, different components, or components arranged differently than those shown. Additionally or alternatively, a set of components of device 1200 (e.g., one or more components) may perform one or more functions described as being performed by another set of components of device 1200.

[0122] like Figure 12As shown, device 1200 may include bus 1202, processor 1204, memory 1206, storage component 1208, input component 1210, output component 1212, and communication interface 1214. Bus 1202 may include components that allow communication between the components of device 1200. In these or other non-limiting embodiments or aspects, processor 1204 may be implemented in hardware, firmware, or a combination of hardware and software. For example, processor 1204 may include a microcontroller, processor (e.g., central processing unit (CPU), graphics processing unit (GPU), accelerated processing unit (APU), etc.), microprocessor, digital signal processor (DSP), and / or any processing component that can be programmed to perform functions (e.g., field-programmable gate array (FPGA), application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC), etc.). Memory 1206 may include random access memory (RAM), read-only memory (ROM), and / or another type of dynamic or static storage device (e.g., flash memory, magnetic memory, optical memory, etc.) that stores information and / or instructions for use by processor 1204.

[0123] Continue to refer to Figure 12 Storage component 1208 may store information and / or software related to the operation and use of device 1200. For example, storage component 1208 may include a hard disk (e.g., magnetic disk, optical disk, magneto-optical disk, solid-state disk, etc.) and / or another type of computer-readable medium. Input component 1210 may include components that allow device 1200 to receive information, for example, via user input (e.g., touchscreen display, keyboard, keypad, mouse, button, switch, microphone, etc.). Additionally or alternatively, input component 1210 may include sensors for sensing information. Output component 1212 may include components that provide output information from device 1200 (e.g., display, speaker, one or more light-emitting diodes (LEDs), etc.). Communication interface 1214 may include transceiver-like components (e.g., transceiver, discrete receiver and transmitter, etc.) that enable device 1200 to communicate with other devices, for example, via a wired connection, a wireless connection, or a combination of wired and wireless connections. Communication interface 1214 may allow device 1200 to receive information from another device and / or provide information to another device. For example, the communication interface 1214 may include an Ethernet interface, an optical interface, a coaxial interface, an infrared interface, a radio frequency (RF) interface, a universal serial bus (USB) interface, a Wi-Fi® interface, a cellular network interface, and / or similar interfaces.

[0124] Device 1200 can perform one or more of the processes described herein. Device 1200 can perform these processes based on software instructions stored in a computer-readable medium (e.g., memory 1206 and / or storage component 1208) executed by processor 1204. The computer-readable medium can include any non-transitory memory device. Memory devices include storage space located within a single physical storage device or storage space distributed across multiple physical storage devices. Software instructions can be read into memory 1206 and / or storage component 1208 from another computer-readable medium or from another device via communication interface 1214. When executed, the software instructions stored in memory 1206 and / or storage component 1208 can cause processor 1204 to perform one or more of the processes described herein. Additionally or alternatively, hardwired circuitry may be used in place of or in combination with software instructions to perform one or more of the processes described herein. Therefore, the embodiments described herein are not limited to any particular combination of hardware circuitry and software. As used herein, the term "configured as" can refer to an arrangement of software, devices, and / or hardware for performing and / or implementing one or more functions (e.g., actions, processes, steps of processes, and / or similar functions). For example, "processor configured as..." can refer to a processor that executes software instructions (e.g., program code) that cause the processor to perform one or more functions. It should be understood that this teaching also discloses a software program product including instructions that, when executed by a suitable computer processor, cause the computer processor to perform the methods disclosed herein.

[0125] This method includes, for example, controlling the charging of at least one energy storage element of the energy storage module by: measuring the temperature of the energy storage module; comparing the temperature with an upper threshold; allowing charging current to be supplied to the energy storage module to charge at least one energy storage element when the temperature is below the upper threshold; placing the energy storage module in a charging pause mode to pause the charging of at least one energy storage element when the temperature reaches or rises above the upper threshold; and selecting and / or causing at least one circuit component of the energy storage module to operate in a low-power mode when the energy storage module is not fully charged and is in the charging pause mode.

[0126] Additionally or alternatively, the method includes: measuring the temperature of the energy storage module; comparing the temperature with an upper threshold; allowing charging current to be supplied to the energy storage module to charge at least one energy storage element when the temperature is below the upper threshold; placing the energy storage module in a charging pause mode in response to or when the temperature reaches or rises above the upper threshold to pause charging of at least one energy storage element and placing at least one circuit component of the energy storage module in a low-power mode; causing (i) the energy storage module to exit the charging pause mode and return to a charging mode, and / or (ii) at least one circuit component to exit the low-power mode in response to or when the temperature of the energy storage module reaches or falls below the lower threshold; and / or selecting at least one circuit component from a plurality of circuit components based on the relative heat generated by the plurality of circuit components of the energy storage module, wherein the at least one circuit component includes a circuit component whose heat generated among the plurality of circuit components is sufficient to be considered a major heat source in the energy storage module. When the energy storage module is not fully charged and is in the charging pause mode, at least one circuit component may be in the low-power mode. At least one circuit component may include one of a plurality of circuit components of the energy storage module, wherein the level or amount of heat generated by the circuit component is sufficient to be considered as the primary heat source in the energy storage module.

[0127] Although this solution has been shown and described with respect to one or more embodiments, equivalent changes and modifications will occur to those skilled in the art upon reading and understanding this specification and the accompanying drawings. Furthermore, while a particular feature of this solution may be disclosed with respect to only one of several embodiments, that feature may be combined with one or more other features of other embodiments, depending on the needs and advantages of any given or particular application. Therefore, the breadth and scope of this solution should not be limited by any of the foregoing. Rather, the scope of this solution should be determined by the appended claims and their equivalents. This teaching also discloses systems comprising components for performing the methods disclosed herein (e.g., performing the steps of any of the methods disclosed herein). Software comprising instructions, when executed via a suitable system, causes the system to perform the methods disclosed herein (e.g., performing the steps of any of the methods disclosed herein). It should be understood that the proposed electrical system or method may be implemented as a standalone product or may be part of a larger system (e.g., a hybrid vehicle, an electric vehicle (“EV”), a machine, a power tool, or similar equipment). For example, a system or arrangement (e.g., an inverter, vehicle, machine, power tool, any other type or the like) is disclosed that includes at least one or more of the circuits and / or electrical systems disclosed herein.

[0128] Without excluding other possible embodiments, the following provisions outline certain exemplary embodiments.

[0129] Clause 1: A method for controllably charging at least one energy storage element of an energy storage module (e.g., including one or more electrical storage components, such as a battery). The method includes: measuring the temperature of the energy storage module; comparing the temperature with the upper threshold; when the temperature is below the upper threshold, allowing a charging current to be supplied to the energy storage module to charge at least one energy storage element; and when the temperature reaches or rises above the upper threshold, placing the energy storage module in a charging pause mode, thereby causing at least one circuit component of the energy storage module to operate in a low-power mode and the charging current is no longer supplied to at least one energy storage element.

[0130] Clause 2: The method described in Clause 1, wherein the charging current is the maximum charging current of the energy storage module.

[0131] Clause 3: The method described in any of the preceding method clauses, wherein when the energy storage module is placed in a charging pause mode, the output voltage of the energy storage module drops to zero volts.

[0132] Clause 4: The method described according to any of the preceding method clauses further includes: allowing the temperature of the energy storage module to decrease when the energy storage module is in a charging pause mode.

[0133] Clause 4a: The method according to any of the preceding method clauses further includes: allowing the temperature of the energy storage module to decrease when the energy storage module is in a charging pause mode, wherein charging of at least one energy storage element (e.g., some or all) is paused in the charging pause mode.

[0134] Clause 5: The method described in any of the preceding method clauses further includes: when the temperature reaches or falls below the lower threshold, causing the energy storage module to stop operating in the charging pause mode.

[0135] Clause 5a: The method described in any of the preceding method clauses further includes: when the temperature reaches or falls below a lower threshold, causing the energy storage module to stop operating in the charging pause mode, thereby resuming charging of at least one energy storage element.

[0136] Clause 6: The method described under any of the preceding method clauses further includes: in response to the energy storage module no longer operating in the charging pause mode, causing at least one circuit component to exit the low power mode.

[0137] Clause 6a: The method described under any of the preceding method clauses further comprises: causing at least one circuit component considered to be a primary heat source in the energy storage module to operate in a low-power mode when the energy storage module is not fully charged, the energy storage module is in a charging pause mode, and / or at least one other circuit component is not operating in a low-power mode (or operating in a normal power mode); and / or causing at least one circuit component to exit the low-power mode in response to the energy storage module no longer operating in the charging pause mode.

[0138] Clause 7: The method described under any of the preceding method clauses further includes: allowing charging current to be supplied to the energy storage module again after exiting.

[0139] Clause 8: The method described in any of the preceding method clauses, wherein at least one circuit component includes a data processing circuit and / or a transistor active bridge circuit.

[0140] Clause 9: The method according to any of the preceding method clauses further comprises: selecting a highest temperature from a plurality of measured temperatures associated with a plurality of energy storage modules, and using the highest temperature as the temperature during the comparison. For example, the measured temperature can be determined from a plurality of measured temperatures (e.g., the highest temperature) associated with at least some or all of the energy storage components (e.g., batteries) of at least one energy storage module.

[0141] Clause 10: The method described under any of the preceding method clauses further includes: selecting a minimum temperature from a plurality of measured temperatures associated with a plurality of energy storage modules; comparing the minimum temperature with a lower threshold; and causing the energy storage modules to stop operating in a charging pause mode when the minimum temperature reaches or falls below the lower threshold.

[0142] Clause 10a: The method according to any of the preceding method clauses further includes: selecting a minimum temperature from a plurality of measured temperatures associated with a plurality of energy storage modules; comparing the minimum temperature with a lower threshold; and when the minimum temperature reaches or falls below the lower threshold, causing the energy storage modules to stop operating in a charging pause mode, thereby resuming charging of at least one energy storage element.

[0143] Clause 11: A system comprising components for performing method steps, such as method steps, of any of the methods disclosed herein.

[0144] Clause 12: A software product comprising instructions that, when executed by a suitable processor or electrical unit, cause the processor or electrical unit to perform the methods disclosed herein, such as method steps.

[0145] Clause 13: A controllable output power circuit, for example, comprising components (e.g., circuitry and / or a processor) configured to: measure the temperature of an energy storage module; compare the temperature with an upper threshold; when the temperature is below the upper threshold, allow a charging current to be supplied to the energy storage module to charge at least one energy storage element; and when the temperature reaches or rises above the upper threshold, place the energy storage module in a charging pause mode, thereby causing at least one circuit component of the energy storage module to operate in a low-power mode and ceasing the supply of charging current to at least one energy storage element. Optionally, a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium may be provided, comprising programming instructions configured to cause a processor to implement a method for controllably charging at least one energy storage element of the energy storage module. The programming instructions may include instructions for performing the listed operations.

[0146] Clause 14: The controllable output power circuit according to Clause 13, wherein the charging current is the maximum charging current of the energy storage module.

[0147] Clause 15: The controllable output power circuit according to any of the preceding circuit clauses, wherein when the energy storage module is placed in charging pause mode, the output voltage of the energy storage module drops to zero volts.

[0148] Clause 16: The controllable output power circuit according to any of the preceding circuit clauses, wherein the temperature of the energy storage module decreases when the energy storage module is in a charging pause mode.

[0149] Clause 17: A controllable output power circuit according to any of the preceding circuit clauses, wherein the component (e.g., circuitry and / or processor) is further configured (e.g., via programming instructions including instructions to perform the following operations): to cause the energy storage module to stop operating in charging pause mode when the temperature reaches or falls below a lower threshold.

[0150] Clause 18: A controllable output power circuit according to any of the preceding circuit clauses, wherein the component (e.g., circuitry and / or processor) is further configured (e.g., via programming instructions including instructions to perform the following operations): in response to the energy storage module no longer operating in charging pause mode, to cause at least one circuit component to exit low power mode.

[0151] Clause 19: A controllable output power circuit according to any of the preceding circuit clauses, wherein the component (e.g., circuitry and / or processor) is further configured (e.g., via programming instructions including instructions to perform the following operations): to allow the supply of charging current to the energy storage module again after exiting.

[0152] Clause 20: A controllable output power circuit according to any of the preceding circuit clauses, wherein at least one circuit component includes a data processing circuit and / or a transistor active bridge circuit.

[0153] Clause 21: A controllable output power circuit according to any of the preceding circuit clauses, wherein the component (e.g., circuitry and / or processor) is further configured (e.g., via programming instructions including instructions to perform the following): select the highest temperature from a plurality of measured temperatures associated with a plurality of energy storage modules, and use the highest temperature as the temperature during the comparison.

[0154] Clause 22: A controllable output power circuit according to any of the preceding circuit clauses, wherein the component (e.g., circuitry and / or processor) is further configured (e.g., via programming instructions including instructions to perform the following operations): select a minimum temperature from a plurality of measured temperatures associated with a plurality of energy storage modules; compare the minimum temperature with a lower threshold; and cause the energy storage modules to cease operation in a charging pause mode when the minimum temperature reaches or falls below the lower threshold.

[0155] Clause 23: A method for operating a controllable output power circuit in a charging mode, comprising: measuring the temperature of at least one energy storage module; calculating the difference between the measured temperature and a set point; calculating a charging current based on the difference; supplying the charging current to at least one energy storage module; and adjusting the charging current (e.g., automatically) in response to a change in the measured temperature of at least one energy storage module, thereby maintaining the temperature of at least one energy storage module within the range of the set point throughout the charging process.

[0156] Clause 24: A method comprising controllingly charging at least one energy storage element of an energy storage module by: measuring the temperature of the energy storage module; comparing the temperature with an upper threshold; when the temperature is below the upper threshold, allowing a charging current to be supplied to the energy storage module to charge at least one energy storage element; when the temperature reaches or rises above the upper threshold, placing the energy storage module in a charging pause mode to pause charging of at least one energy storage element; and when the energy storage module is not fully charged and is in the charging pause mode, selecting and / or causing at least one circuit component of the energy storage module to operate in a low-power mode.

[0157] Clause 25: A method comprising controllingly charging at least one energy storage element of an energy storage module by: measuring the temperature of the energy storage module; comparing the temperature with an upper threshold; allowing a charging current to be supplied to the energy storage module to charge at least one energy storage element when the temperature is below the upper threshold; placing the energy storage module in a charging pause mode to pause charging of at least one energy storage element and placing at least one circuit component of the energy storage module in a low power mode in response to or when the temperature reaches or rises above the upper threshold; and / or causing (i) the energy storage module to exit the charging pause mode and return to a change mode, and / or (ii) at least one circuit component to exit the low power mode in response to or when the temperature of the energy storage module reaches or falls below the lower threshold.

[0158] Clause 26: The method described in Clause 25 above, wherein when the energy storage module is not fully charged and is in a charging pause mode, at least one circuit component is in a low-power mode.

[0159] Clause 27: The method according to any of the preceding method clauses further includes: selecting at least one circuit component from the plurality of circuit components based on the relative heat generated by the plurality of circuit components of the energy storage module, wherein the heat generated by at least one or more circuit components is sufficient to be considered as a primary heat source in the energy storage module.

[0160] Clause 28: The method according to any of the preceding method clauses, wherein at least one circuit component comprises one of a plurality of circuit components of the energy storage module, the heat generated by the circuit component being sufficient to be considered as a primary heat source in the energy storage module.

[0161] Clause 29: The method according to any of the preceding method clauses, wherein the energy storage module comprises: a first portion including at least one circuit component; and a second portion (e.g., including at least one other component), and wherein the method comprises:

[0162] Put the first part into low power mode; and

[0163] This allows the second part to operate in normal power mode.

[0164] Clause 30: The method according to any of the preceding method clauses, wherein the energy storage module comprises: a first portion including at least one circuit component; and a second portion (e.g., including at least one other component), and wherein the method comprises:

[0165] Turn off (e.g., disable) the first part; and

[0166] This enables the second part to operate in normal power mode or non-zero reduced power mode (e.g., not shut down).

[0167] Clause 31: The method described in accordance with Clause 29 or 30, wherein the second part includes the battery monitoring system (BMS) circuitry of the energy storage module.

[0168] Clause 32: The method according to any one of Clauses 29 to 31, wherein the first part includes at least one component as a primary (e.g., dominant) heat source (e.g., which generates a level or amount of heat sufficient to be considered a primary heat source in the energy storage module).

[0169] Clause 33: A system (e.g., a multilevel inverter, a vehicle, a power tool, construction machinery, the like, or a combination thereof) includes components for performing the method steps of any of the foregoing method clauses.

[0170] Clause 33a: A system (e.g., a multilevel inverter, a vehicle, a power tool, construction machinery, the like, or a combination thereof) includes a plurality of energy storage modules, wherein each energy storage module operates according to the method steps of any of the preceding method clauses.

[0171] Clause 34: A software product comprising instructions that, when executed by a suitable processor or system (e.g., a circuit or electrical unit), cause the processor or electrical unit to perform the steps of any of the above method clauses.

[0172] The breadth and scope of this disclosure should not be limited by any of the exemplary embodiments described above, but should be determined solely by the following claims and their equivalents.

Claims

1. A method for controllably charging at least one energy storage element of an energy storage module, the method comprising: Measure the temperature of the energy storage module; The temperature is compared with the upper threshold. When the temperature is below the upper threshold, charging current is allowed to be supplied to the energy storage module to charge the at least one energy storage element; as well as When the temperature reaches or rises above the upper threshold, the energy storage module is placed in a charging pause mode, thereby causing at least one circuit component of the energy storage module to operate in a low-power mode, and the charging current is no longer supplied to the at least one energy storage element.

2. The method according to claim 1, wherein, The charging current is the maximum charging current of the energy storage module.

3. The method according to claim 1 or claim 2, wherein, When the energy storage module is placed in the charging pause mode, the output voltage of the energy storage module drops to zero volts.

4. The method according to any of the preceding claims further comprises: The temperature of the energy storage module is allowed to decrease when the energy storage module is in the charging pause mode, wherein charging of the at least one energy storage element is paused in the charging pause mode.

5. The method according to claim 4, further comprising: When the temperature reaches or drops below the lower threshold, the energy storage module stops operating in the charging pause mode, thereby resuming the charging of the at least one energy storage element.

6. The method according to claim 5, further comprising: When the energy storage module is not fully charged and is in the charging pause mode, the at least one circuit component is operated in the low power mode, and the at least one circuit component is considered to be the main heat source in the energy storage module; And in response to the energy storage module no longer operating in the charging pause mode, the at least one circuit component exits the low power mode.

7. The method according to claim 6, further comprising: After the exit, the charging current is allowed to be supplied to the energy storage module again.

8. The method according to any of the preceding claims, wherein, The at least one circuit component includes a data processing circuit and / or a transistor active bridge circuit.

9. The method according to any of the preceding claims, further comprising: The highest temperature is selected from multiple measured temperatures associated with multiple energy storage modules, and the highest temperature is used as the temperature during the comparison.

10. The method according to any of the preceding claims, further comprising: Select the lowest temperature from multiple measured temperatures associated with multiple energy storage modules; Compare the lowest temperature with the lower threshold; as well as When the minimum temperature reaches or falls below the lower threshold, the energy storage module stops operating in the charging pause mode, thereby resuming the charging of the at least one energy storage element.

11. The method according to any of the preceding claims, wherein, The energy storage module includes multiple electrical storage components, and preferably, the temperature is determined based on multiple measured temperatures associated with at least some of the electrical storage components.

12. The method according to any of the preceding claims, wherein, The energy storage module includes: a first part including the at least one circuit component; and a second part, wherein the method includes: Place the first portion in the low-power mode; and This allows the second part to operate in normal power mode.

13. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 11, wherein, The energy storage module includes: a first part including the at least one circuit component; and a second part, wherein the method includes: Shut down the first part; and This enables the second part to operate in either normal power mode or non-zero reduced power mode.

14. A system comprising components for performing the steps of any of the preceding method claims.

15. A software product comprising instructions that, when executed by a suitable circuit or system, cause the circuit or system to perform the steps of any of the preceding method claims.

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