Plug bush structure and socket

Abstract

The utility model provides a plug bush structure and a socket, and belongs to the technical field of sockets. The plug bush structure comprises a substrate, and a first clamping sheet, a second clamping sheet and a third clamping sheet which are connected to the substrate. At least part of the second clamping piece and at least part of the third clamping piece are arranged at intervals to form a first gap, and at least a first clamping groove is formed in the first gap; the first clamping piece is transversely located at one end of the first gap, unequal intervals are arranged between the first clamping piece and the second clamping piece and between the first clamping piece and the third clamping piece, and a second clamping groove is formed. According to the plug bush structure provided by the invention, different plug pin pieces can be clamped respectively, so that the plug bush structure can meet the plugging requirements of various plug pin pieces.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present application relates to the technical field of sockets, and in particular to a socket structure and a socket. Background Art

[0002] The socket is the part of the socket that holds the plug and transmits electrical energy. The shape of the socket needs to correspond to the shape of the plug and can provide a certain clamping force to the plug to ensure stable electrical contact. A universal socket is a socket that can accommodate a variety of plugs of different specifications, and the socket inside it needs to meet the plug-in requirements of a variety of plugs. Utility Model Content

[0003] The present application provides a socket structure and a socket, which can meet the plug-in requirements of pins of various specifications.

[0004] The technical solution is as follows:

[0005] In one aspect, a socket structure is provided, the socket structure comprising: a substrate, and a first clamping sheet, a second clamping sheet, and a third clamping sheet connected to the substrate;

[0006] At least a portion of the second clamping piece and at least a portion of the third clamping piece are arranged at intervals to form a first gap, and at least a first clamping groove is provided in the first gap;

[0007] The first clamping piece is laterally located at one end of the first gap, and unequal intervals are arranged between the first clamping piece, the second clamping piece and the third clamping piece to form a second clamping groove.

[0008] In some embodiments, the second clamping piece and the third clamping piece are both U-shaped structures, respectively including a static edge and a dynamic edge, the two dynamic edges are arranged on the inner side of the two static edges, and the first clamping groove is formed between the two dynamic edges; the two static edges are respectively connected to the base sheet, the first clamping piece is located between the two static edges, opposite to the two dynamic edges, and the intervals between the first clamping piece and the two static edges are unequal, forming the second clamping groove.

[0009] In some embodiments, the bent connection between the static edge and the dynamic edge has a slope structure.

[0010] In some embodiments, the second clamping groove is used to clamp the oblique pin, the distance between the moving edges of the first clamping piece and the third clamping piece is d2, and the distance between the moving edges of the first clamping piece and the second clamping piece is d1, satisfying d2>d1.

[0011] In some embodiments, a third clamping groove is formed between the movable edges of the first clamping piece and the second clamping piece, and the distance between the second clamping piece and the first clamping piece is smaller than the distance between the third clamping piece and the first clamping piece.

[0012] In some embodiments, the first gap is further provided with a fourth clamping groove, and the fourth clamping groove is located on a side of the first clamping groove away from the first clamping sheet.

[0013] In some embodiments, the second clamping piece and the third clamping piece are respectively connected to the second edge and the third edge of the substrate, and the first clamping piece is connected to the first edge of the substrate, and the first edge is connected between the second edge and the third edge;

[0014] At least parts of the second clamping piece and the third clamping piece extend to an outer side of the first clamping piece away from the substrate, so that the first gap is located outside the substrate.

[0015] In some embodiments, the first clamping groove is used to clamp a cylindrical pin, and arc-shaped groove structures are respectively provided on the opposite surfaces of the second clamping piece and the third clamping piece corresponding to the first clamping groove;

[0016] The arc angle of the arc-shaped groove structure on the second clamping piece is smaller than the arc angle of the arc-shaped groove structure on the third clamping piece.

[0017] In some embodiments, upper edges of the first clamping piece, the second clamping piece, and the third clamping piece are respectively provided with guide flanges.

[0018] On the other hand, a socket is provided, wherein the socket adopts the socket structure described in any one of the present applications.

[0019] In some embodiments, the socket includes two socket structures, and the two socket structures are symmetrically arranged with the substrate being relatively spaced apart.

[0020] The beneficial effects of the technical solution provided by this application include at least:

[0021] In the plug-in structure of the present application, the first clamping piece, the second clamping piece and the third clamping piece are respectively located at the edges of the base sheet, the second clamping piece and the third clamping piece are arranged at intervals to form a first gap, a first clamping groove is provided in the first gap, the first clamping piece is arranged perpendicular to the first gap, unequal intervals are provided between the first clamping piece and the second clamping piece and the third clamping piece, and the second clamping groove is arranged to clamp different latch components respectively, so that the plug-in structure can meet the plug-in requirements of various latch components. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0022] In order to more clearly illustrate the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present application, the drawings required for use in the description of the embodiments will be briefly introduced below. Obviously, the drawings described below are only some embodiments of the present application. For ordinary technicians in this field, other drawings can be obtained based on these drawings without creative work.

[0023] Figure 1 is a structural schematic diagram of the socket structure provided in an embodiment of the present application at a first viewing angle;

[0024] Figure 2 is a schematic diagram of the position of the clamping groove in the plug-in structure provided in an embodiment of the present application;

[0025] Figure 3 is a structural schematic diagram of a socket structure provided by another embodiment of the present application;

[0026] Figure 4 is a structural schematic diagram of the plug-in structure provided in an embodiment of the present application at a second viewing angle;

[0027] Figure 5 is a structural cross-sectional view of the socket structure provided in an embodiment of the present application;

[0028] Figure 6 It is a schematic diagram of the structure of the socket provided in the embodiment of the present application.

[0029] The reference numerals in the figures represent respectively:

[0030] 100. socket structure; 200. socket panel;

[0031] 1. Substrate;

[0032] 101, first edge; 102, second edge; 103, third edge;

[0033] 2. A first clamping piece;

[0034] 21. Avoidance portion; 22. Elastic electrical connection protrusion; 23. Guide flange;

[0035] 3. Second clamping piece;

[0036] 31. Arc groove structure; 32. Plane pressing structure;

[0037] 4. The third clamping piece;

[0038] 41. Inclined surface pressing structure;

[0039] 5. First gap;

[0040] 51. first clamping groove; 52. fourth clamping groove;

[0041] 6. The third clamping groove;

[0042] 7. Second clamping groove;

[0043] 8, static edge; 81, first static edge; 82, second static edge;

[0044] 9, moving edge; 91, first moving edge; 92, second moving edge;

[0045] 10. Inclined surface structure; 101. First inclined surface structure; 102. Second inclined surface structure;

[0046] 11. Arc structure; 1101. First arc structure; 1102. Second arc structure;

[0047] 12. Jack. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0048] Exemplary embodiments will be described in detail herein, examples of which are shown in the accompanying drawings. When the following description refers to the drawings, the same numbers in different drawings represent the same or similar elements unless otherwise indicated. The implementations described in the following exemplary embodiments do not represent all implementations consistent with the present application. Instead, they are merely examples of devices and methods consistent with some aspects of the present application as detailed in the appended claims.

[0049] In the description of the present application, it should be understood that the terms "center", "longitudinal", "lateral", "length", "width", "thickness", "up", "down", "front", "back", "left", "right", "vertical", "horizontal", "top", "bottom", "inside", "outside", "clockwise", "counterclockwise", "axial", "radial", "circumferential" and the like indicate directions or positional relationships based on the attached Figure 1 The orientation or positional relationship shown is only for the convenience of describing the present application and simplifying the description, and does not indicate or imply that the device or element referred to must have a specific orientation, be constructed and operate in a specific orientation, and therefore should not be understood as a limitation on the present application.

[0050] Unless otherwise defined, all technical terms used in the embodiments of the present application have the same meanings as commonly understood by those of ordinary skill in the art.

[0051] On the one hand, combined with Figure 1 , 2 As shown, this embodiment provides a plug-in structure 100 , which includes: a substrate 1 , and a first clamping piece 2 , a second clamping piece 3 , and a third clamping piece 4 connected to the substrate 1 .

[0052] At least a portion of the second clamping piece 3 and at least a portion of the third clamping piece 4 are arranged in a spaced relationship to form a first gap 5 . At least a first clamping groove 51 is provided in the first gap 5 .

[0053] The first clamping piece 2 is laterally located at one end of the first gap 5 , and unequal intervals are provided between the first clamping piece 2 and the second clamping piece 3 and the third clamping piece 4 to form a second clamping groove 7 .

[0054] In the plug-in structure 100 of the present embodiment, the first clamping piece 2, the second clamping piece 3 and the third clamping piece 4 are respectively located at the edges of the substrate 1, the second clamping piece 3 and the third clamping piece 4 are arranged at intervals to form a first gap 5, a first clamping groove 51 is provided in the first gap 5, the first clamping piece 2 is arranged perpendicular to the first gap 5, unequal intervals are provided between the first clamping piece 2 and the second clamping piece 3 and the third clamping piece 4, and a second clamping groove 7 is arranged to clamp different latch components respectively, so that the plug-in structure 100 can meet the plug-in requirements of various latch components.

[0055] In some possible implementations, the first clamping groove 51 is used to clamp the first type of bolt, and the second clamping groove 7 is used to clamp the second type of bolt. The first type of bolt and the second type of bolt may have different shapes. For example, the first type of bolt is a European standard cylindrical bolt or a British standard square column bolt; the second type of bolt is an Australian standard inclined flat bolt.

[0056] In this embodiment, the first clamping piece 2, the second clamping piece 3 and the third clamping piece 4 are formed by cutting and partially bending the same conductive metal sheet as the substrate 1, and the first clamping piece 2, the second clamping piece 3 and the third clamping piece 4 are respectively an integral structure with the substrate 1.

[0057] In another possible implementation, the substrate 1 and the first clamping piece 2, the second clamping piece 3 and the third clamping piece 4 are all made of brass material with good electrical conductivity. Compared with the existing phosphor bronze plug-in sleeve, the cost is lower and the plug-in sleeve structure has a higher clamping force on the plug pin.

[0058] In this embodiment, unequal intervals are provided between the first clamping piece 2 and the second clamping piece 3 and the third clamping piece 4, which means that the interval between the first clamping piece 2 and the second clamping piece 3 is not equal to the interval between the first clamping piece 2 and the third clamping piece 4. The two unequal intervals are utilized as the second clamping groove 7 to clamp the inclined flat pin.

[0059] refer to Figure 5 As shown, the outer side of the first clamping piece 2 facing the second clamping piece 3 and the third clamping piece 4 is provided with an elastic electrical connection protrusion 22, which can improve the elastic clamping performance of the first clamping piece 2 and improve the stability of the electrical contact between the first clamping piece 2 and the plug.

[0060] Combination Figure 2 As shown, in some embodiments, the second clamping piece 3 and the third clamping piece 4 are both U-shaped structures, respectively including a static edge 8 and a dynamic edge 9, the two dynamic edges 9 are arranged on the inner side of the two static edges 8, and a first clamping groove 51 is formed between the two dynamic edges 9; the two static edges 8 are respectively connected to the substrate 1, the first clamping piece 2 is located between the two static edges 8, opposite to the two dynamic edges 9, and the intervals between the first clamping piece 2 and the two static edges 8 are unequal, forming a second clamping groove 7.

[0061] Through the above arrangement, the movable edge 9 of the second clamping piece 3 and the movable edge 9 of the third clamping piece 4 are arranged at intervals to form the above-mentioned first gap 5, and at least the above-mentioned first clamping groove 51 is arranged in the first gap 5, and the elastic force generated by the U-shaped structure can be used to clamp the pin in the first clamping groove 51.

[0062] The second clamping groove 7 is defined by the first clamping piece 2 in cooperation with the two stationary edges 8 to achieve at least three-point clamping, thereby ensuring that the pin in the second clamping groove 7 can be clamped and has good electrical contact stability.

[0063] Among them, the static side 8 has a smaller movement amount relative to the dynamic side 9, but is not completely static, and the dynamic side 9 is the main moving part. In this embodiment, in order to ensure that the first clamping groove 51 can generate a clamping force on the bolt, the volume of the bolt is larger than the first clamping groove 51. After the bolt is inserted into the first clamping groove 51, the dynamic side 9 is squeezed and moved, which will cause the first gap 5 to increase, and the opening of the corresponding U-shaped structure to decrease. The second clamping piece 3 and the third clamping piece 4 are elastically deformed, and the two dynamic sides 9 respectively generate elastic forces to resist deformation. Under the action of the elastic forces, the two dynamic sides 9 clamp the middle bolt.

[0064] refer to Figure 4 As shown, the static edge 8 includes a first static edge 81 and a second static edge 82, the dynamic edge 9 includes a first dynamic edge 91 and a second dynamic edge 92, the second clamping piece 3 is formed by connecting the first static edge 81 and the first dynamic edge 91 in a U shape, and the third clamping piece 4 is formed by connecting the second static edge 82 and the second dynamic edge 92 in a U shape. The first static edge 81 and the second static edge 82 are arranged at intervals, the first dynamic edge 91 is located on the inner side of the first static edge 81 (i.e., the side facing the second static edge 82), the second dynamic edge 92 is located on the inner side of the second static edge 82 (i.e., the side facing the first static edge 81), and the first gap 5 is formed by the first dynamic edge 91 and the second dynamic edge 92.

[0065] Combination Figure 2As shown, in some embodiments, the bending connection of the static edge 8 and the dynamic edge 9 has an inclined surface structure 10. By using the inclined surface structure 10 arranged at the bending connection of the static edge 8 and the dynamic edge 9, when the dynamic edge 9 is subjected to force and deforms toward the side where the static edge 8 is located, the inclined surface structure 10 can transfer a part of the force directed toward the outside to the static edge 8, so that the static edge 8 bears a small part of the deformation, thereby reducing the deformation of the bending connection, which is conducive to improving the elastic recovery performance of the bending connection, improving the service life of the bending connection, and ensuring that the plug-in structure 100 still has a good clamping force after frequent plugging and unplugging of the pin.

[0066] For some possible implementations, refer to Figure 2 As shown, the bending connection between the static edge 8 and the dynamic edge 9 also has an arc structure 11, one end of the arc structure 11 is connected to the dynamic edge 9, the other end of the arc structure 11 is connected to one end of the inclined surface structure 10, and the other end of the inclined surface structure 10 is connected to the static edge 8, wherein the inclined surface structure 10 is inclined toward the inside (i.e., the location of the dynamic edge 9) along the location of the static edge 8, the inclined surface structure 10 is connected to the static edge 8 at a target angle, and the inclined surface structure 10 is tangentially connected to the arc structure 11.

[0067] Combination Figure 2 As shown, in some embodiments, the second clamping groove 7 is used to clamp the inclined flat latch (refer to Figure 2 The distance between the moving edge 9 of the first clamping piece 2 and the moving edge 9 of the third clamping piece 4 is d2, and the distance between the moving edge 9 of the first clamping piece 2 and the second clamping piece 3 is d1, which satisfies d2>d1.

[0068] Through the above arrangement, a space capable of accommodating the tilted flat latch is formed between the first clamping piece 2, the second clamping piece 3 and the third clamping piece 4. The first clamping piece 2, the second clamping piece 3 and the third clamping piece 4 are respectively pressed and contacted with the tilted flat latch to provide stable clamping for the tilted flat latch.

[0069] Combination Figure 3 As shown, in some embodiments, the third clamping piece 4 is provided with an inclined pressing structure 41 at the end facing the first clamping piece 2, and the inclined pressing structure 41 has the same angle as the inclined flat latch, so that the third clamping piece 4 presses on one side of the inclined flat latch, and the first clamping piece 2 and the second clamping piece 3 respectively press on the other side of the inclined flat latch, thereby clamping the inclined flat latch.

[0070] Combination Figure 2 As shown, in some embodiments, a third clamping groove 6 is formed between the first clamping piece 2 and the movable edge 9 of the second clamping piece 3, and the distance between the second clamping piece 3 and the first clamping piece 1 is smaller than the distance between the third clamping piece 4 and the first clamping piece 1. The third clamping groove 6 can be used to clamp a flat pin parallel to the first clamping piece 2 (refer to Figure 31 ). By way of example, the movable edge 9 of the second clamping piece 3 and the first clamping piece 2 remain parallel.

[0071] Exemplarily, the end surface of the first movable edge 91 facing the first clamping piece 2 is parallel to the first clamping piece 2 , and a rectangular space is formed therebetween. The first clamping piece 2 and the first movable edge 91 can be used to clamp the flat latch.

[0072] Combination Figure 2 As shown, in some embodiments, the first gap 5 is further provided with a fourth clamping groove 52, which is located on a side of the first clamping groove 51 away from the first clamping sheet 2. The fourth clamping groove 52 and the first clamping groove 51 may have the same or different shapes.

[0073] Optionally, the shape of the fourth clamping groove 52 is different from the shape of the first clamping groove 51 .

[0074] Combination Figure 3 As shown, in some embodiments, the second clamping plate 3 and the third clamping plate 4 are respectively connected to the opposite second edge 102 and third edge 103 of the substrate 1, the first clamping plate 2 is connected to the first edge 101 of the substrate 1, and the first edge 101 is connected between the second edge 102 and the third edge 103.

[0075] At least parts of the second clamping piece 3 and the third clamping piece 4 extend to the outer side of the first clamping piece 2 facing away from the substrate 1 , so that the first gap 5 is located outside the substrate 1 .

[0076] Through the above arrangement, the working surfaces of the first clamping piece 2, the second clamping piece 3 and the third clamping piece 4, that is, the multiple clamping grooves surrounded by the three are all located on the outside of the substrate 1. When the pin is inserted into the clamping groove, it will not be interfered by the substrate 1, so that the sleeve structure 100 can adapt to pins of different lengths.

[0077] Combination Figure 3 As shown, in some embodiments, the first clamping groove 51 is used to clamp the cylindrical plug (refer to Figure 3 The first clamping groove 51 is located at the dotted line figure), and arc-shaped groove structures 31 are respectively provided on the opposite surfaces of the second clamping piece 3 and the third clamping piece 4 corresponding to the first clamping groove 51.

[0078] The arc angle of the arc-shaped groove structure 31 on the second clamping piece 3 is smaller than the arc angle of the arc-shaped groove structure 31 on the third clamping piece 4 .

[0079] The arc-shaped groove structures 31 on the second clamping piece 3 and the third clamping piece 4 can be used to form a first clamping groove 51 that is approximately annular, thereby clamping the cylindrical plug.

[0080] Combination Figure 3As shown, in some embodiments, the fourth clamping groove 52 is used to clamp the quadrangular prism-shaped plug (refer to Figure 3 The fourth clamping groove 52 is shown in a dotted line diagram, and the second clamping piece 3 and the third clamping piece 4 corresponding to the fourth clamping groove 52 are provided with a plane pressing structure 32 respectively. The plane pressing structures 32 on the second clamping piece 3 and the third clamping piece 4 can be used to clamp the two sides of the quadrangular prism-shaped plug respectively, so as to clamp the quadrangular prism-shaped plug.

[0081] Combination Figure 1 As shown, in some embodiments, the upper edges of the first clamping piece 2, the second clamping piece 3 and the third clamping piece 4 are respectively provided with guide flanges 23. By providing the guide flanges 23 on the upper edges of the three clamping pieces, the inserted plug can be guided to facilitate the insertion of the plug.

[0082] On the other hand, in combination with Figure 6, this embodiment provides a socket, which adopts any socket structure 100 of the present application. The socket of this embodiment adopts the socket structure 100 of the present application and has all the beneficial technical effects of the present utility model.

[0083] Combination Figure 6 As shown, in some embodiments, the socket includes two socket structures 100, and the two socket structures 100 are symmetrically arranged in a manner of being relatively spaced apart from the substrate 1. Through the above arrangement, the socket can realize the plugging of various plugs with cylindrical plugs, prismatic plugs, flat plugs, oblique plugs, etc., and can ensure that a good clamping effect can still be maintained after multiple plugging.

[0084] For example, reference Figure 6 As shown, the socket further comprises a socket panel 200, on which are provided at least two sockets 12, the socket structure 100 is located inside the sockets 12, and the sockets 12 can cover the first clamping groove 51, the third clamping groove 6, the second clamping groove 7 and the fourth clamping groove 52 of the socket structure 100. Optionally, the socket is a two-hole socket or a three-hole socket.

[0085] It should be pointed out that, in the present application, unless otherwise clearly specified and limited, the first feature being "above" or "below" the second feature may include the first and second features being in direct contact, or may include the first and second features not being in direct contact but being in contact through another feature between them. Moreover, the first feature being "above", "above" and "above" the second feature includes the first feature being directly above and obliquely above the second feature, or simply means that the first feature is higher in level than the second feature. The first feature being "below", "below" and "below" the second feature includes the first feature being directly below and obliquely below the second feature, or simply means that the first feature is lower in level than the second feature.

[0086] In the description of this specification, the reference terms "certain embodiments", "one embodiment", "some embodiments", "illustrative embodiments", "example", "specific example", or "some examples" mean that the specific features, structures, materials or characteristics described in conjunction with the embodiments or examples are included in at least one embodiment or example of the present application.

[0087] The above description is only an embodiment of the present application and is not intended to limit the present application. Any modifications, equivalent substitutions, improvements, etc. made within the principles of the present application shall be included in the protection scope of the present application.

Claims

1. A socket structure, characterized in that: The insert structure (100) comprises: a substrate (1), and a first clamping piece (2), a second clamping piece (3) and a third clamping piece (4) connected to the substrate (1); At least a portion of the second clamping piece (3) and at least a portion of the third clamping piece (4) are arranged at intervals to form a first gap (5), and at least a first clamping groove (51) is provided in the first gap (5); The first clamping piece (2) is laterally located at one end of the first gap (5), and unequal intervals are provided between the first clamping piece (2), the second clamping piece (3) and the third clamping piece (4), forming a second clamping groove (7).

2. The socket structure according to claim 1, characterized in that: The second clamping piece (3) and the third clamping piece (4) are both U-shaped structures, respectively comprising a stationary edge (8) and a moving edge (9), the two moving edges (9) being arranged on the inner side of the two stationary edges (8), and the first clamping groove (51) being formed between the two moving edges (9); the two stationary edges (8) are respectively connected to the substrate (1), the first clamping piece (2) is located between the two stationary edges (8), opposite to the two moving edges (9), and the intervals between the first clamping piece (2) and the two stationary edges (8) are unequal, forming the second clamping groove (7).

3. The socket structure according to claim 2, characterized in that: The bent connection between the static edge (8) and the dynamic edge (9) has an inclined surface structure (10).

4. The socket structure according to claim 2, characterized in that: The second clamping groove (7) is used to clamp the inclined flat latch, the distance between the first clamping piece (2) and the moving edge (9) of the third clamping piece (4) is d2, and the distance between the first clamping piece (2) and the moving edge (9) of the second clamping piece (3) is d1, satisfying d2>d1.

5. The socket structure according to claim 2, characterized in that: A third clamping groove (6) is formed between the movable edge (9) of the first clamping piece (2) and the second clamping piece (3), and the distance between the second clamping piece (3) and the first clamping piece (2) is smaller than the distance between the third clamping piece (4) and the first clamping piece (2).

6. The socket structure according to claim 1, characterized in that: The first gap (5) is also provided with a fourth clamping groove (52), and the fourth clamping groove (52) is located on a side of the first clamping groove (51) away from the first clamping sheet (2).

7. The socket structure according to claim 1, characterized in that: The second clamping piece (3) and the third clamping piece (4) are respectively connected to the second edge (102) and the third edge (103) opposite to each other of the substrate (1); the first clamping piece (2) is connected to the first edge (101) of the substrate (1); and the first edge (101) is connected between the second edge (102) and the third edge (103); At least parts of the second clamping piece (3) and the third clamping piece (4) extend to the outer side of the first clamping piece (2) away from the substrate (1), so that the first gap (5) is located outside the substrate (1).

8. The socket structure according to claim 1, characterized in that: The first clamping groove (51) is used to clamp a cylindrical plug pin, and arc-shaped groove structures (31) are respectively provided on the opposite surfaces of the second clamping piece (3) and the third clamping piece (4) corresponding to the first clamping groove (51); The arc angle of the arc-shaped groove structure (31) on the second clamping piece (3) is smaller than the arc angle of the arc-shaped groove structure (31) on the third clamping piece (4).

9. The socket structure according to any one of claims 1 to 8, characterized in that: The upper edges of the first clamping piece (2), the second clamping piece (3) and the third clamping piece (4) are respectively provided with guide flanges (23).

10. A socket, characterized in that: The socket adopts the socket structure (100) according to any one of claims 1 to 9.

11. The socket according to claim 10, characterized in that The socket comprises two socket structures (100), and the two socket structures (100) are symmetrically arranged in a manner of being relatively spaced apart from the substrate (1).

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