Battery pack and power device

Abstract

The utility model provides a battery pack and a power device. The battery pack comprises a shell with an opening in the top, a cover plate covering the opening in the top of the shell and a battery module accommodated in the shell, and is characterized by further comprising a cold plate assembly attached to the bottom surface of the battery module, and a first liquid path is integrated in the cold plate assembly; the second liquid path is integrated in the cover plate, and the first liquid path and the second liquid path are connected to the cooling liquid circulating pipeline in parallel; and the cover plate is attached to the top surface of the battery module and forms heat transfer to the battery module together with the cold plate assembly. According to the battery pack disclosed by the utility model, the first liquid path is arranged in the cold plate assembly, and the second liquid path is arranged in the cover plate, so that the top end and the bottom end of the battery module can be subjected to contact heat exchange, the heat dissipation performance of the battery pack is improved, the heat management performance of the battery pack is favorably improved, the service life of a battery is prolonged, and meanwhile, the volume of the battery pack is also reduced; and the energy density is improved.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The utility model relates to the technical field of batteries, and in particular to a battery pack. The utility model also relates to a power device equipped with the battery pack. Background Art

[0002] With the rise of the new energy industry, the safety, lightweight, standardization, and low-cost design of battery packs have become important factors restricting many current power device industries. In order to improve the life of the battery pack, increase the cycle life of the battery pack, and improve the safety performance of the battery pack, a more efficient thermal management system is needed, and the core part of the thermal management system is the battery pack cold plate system. Therefore, the battery pack cold plate system has become a hot topic of research.

[0003] Nowadays, the high-voltage platform of batteries is an important research and development direction. The high-voltage platform can provide greater torque and power to the power unit faster, bringing better acceleration performance. Secondly, higher voltage can reduce energy loss during power transmission, so higher voltage and higher efficiency can help electric vehicles achieve longer driving range. In addition, under the same charging power, the high-voltage platform can reduce the current size and heat generation compared to the low-voltage platform, thereby improving charging efficiency.

[0004] Traditional battery packs are mostly cooled by bottom cooling, using cold plates for heat exchange to achieve a cooling effect. However, for battery packs used in high-voltage platforms, this cooling method cannot meet the requirements of heat exchange efficiency, and the battery pack has poor heat dissipation capacity, which makes it difficult for the battery thermal management system to properly control the temperature inside the battery pack, affecting the performance of the battery pack. Utility Model Content

[0005] In view of this, the utility model aims to provide a battery pack to improve the heat dissipation capability of the battery pack.

[0006] In order to achieve the above object, the technical solution of the utility model is implemented as follows:

[0007] A battery pack comprises a shell with an open top, a cover plate covering the open top of the shell, and a battery module accommodated in the shell, and the battery pack further comprises:

[0008] A cold plate assembly is attached to the bottom surface of the battery module, and a first liquid path is integrated in the cold plate assembly;

[0009] A second liquid circuit is integrated in the cover plate, wherein the first liquid circuit and the second liquid circuit are connected in parallel on a coolant circulation pipeline;

[0010] The cover plate is attached to the top surface of the battery module, and together with the cold plate assembly, forms heat transfer to the battery module.

[0011] Furthermore, the coolant circulation pipeline includes a heat exchange pipeline, and a liquid inlet tee and a liquid outlet tee arranged on the heat exchange pipeline, the liquid inlet tee connects the first liquid circuit liquid inlet end and the second liquid circuit liquid inlet end, and the liquid outlet tee connects the first liquid circuit liquid outlet end and the second liquid circuit liquid outlet end.

[0012] Furthermore, the liquid inlet tee is arranged outside the shell, and the liquid inlet tee is provided with a first extension part, and the free end of the first extension part penetrates into the shell and is plugged into the cold plate assembly to form a connection between the liquid inlet tee and the first liquid path.

[0013] Furthermore, the liquid inlet tee piece and the liquid outlet tee piece are integrally arranged.

[0014] Furthermore, the bottom of the shell is open and fixedly connected to the cold plate assembly, and the cold plate assembly serves to seal the open bottom of the shell.

[0015] Further, the cover plate includes a plane plate and a cavity plate fixedly connected to each other;

[0016] The cavity plate is recessed to form a liquid flow groove, and the side surface of the plane plate and the groove wall of the liquid flow groove together form the second liquid path.

[0017] Furthermore, a heat-conductive structural adhesive is filled between the cold plate assembly and the bottom surface of the battery module; and / or,

[0018] A heat-conducting structural adhesive is filled between the cover plate and the top surface of the battery module.

[0019] Furthermore, the coverage area of ​​the thermally conductive structural adhesive on the side wall of the battery module accounts for more than 90%.

[0020] Furthermore, the filling thickness of the thermal conductive structural adhesive is 1.5 mm to 2 mm.

[0021] Compared with the prior art, the utility model has the following advantages:

[0022] The battery pack described in the utility model can make the cold plate assembly and the cover plate jointly perform contact heat exchange on the top and bottom ends of the battery module by arranging the first liquid circuit in the cold plate assembly and the second liquid circuit in the cover plate, thereby improving the heat dissipation performance of the battery pack, which is beneficial to improving the thermal management performance of the battery pack and increasing the service life of the battery; the second liquid circuit is integrated in the cover plate, so that the battery pack can perform double-sided cooling of the internal battery module without increasing the number of cold plates, which is beneficial to the lightweight design of the battery pack, reducing the weight of the entire battery pack, and also reducing the volume of the battery pack and improving the energy density.

[0023] By providing a liquid inlet tee and a liquid outlet tee, the first liquid circuit and the second liquid circuit can be connected in parallel in the cooling circulation pipeline.

[0024] The first extension portion is provided so that the liquid inlet tee can be connected to the first liquid path even if the liquid inlet tee is far away from the cold plate assembly.

[0025] By integrating the liquid inlet tee and the liquid outlet tee, the liquid inlet and outlet positions can be centralized for unified management; it can also reduce space occupancy and make the battery pack smaller and more compact.

[0026] By sealing the cold plate assembly at the bottom opening of the shell, the cold plate assembly can also serve as the bottom tray of the battery pack without the need for an additional tray, thereby reducing the weight of the entire pack and facilitating the lightweight design of the battery pack.

[0027] The cavity plate and the flat plate together form the second liquid path, which has a simple and stable structure and good heat conduction effect.

[0028] The thermally conductive structural adhesive can form an effective heat transfer path between the cold plate assembly and the bottom surface of the battery module, and between the cover plate and the top surface of the battery module. At the same time, it can also enhance the connection strength of the two parts bonded by the thermally conductive structural adhesive and improve the overall strength of the battery pack.

[0029] Covering more than 90% of the area on the side wall of the battery module with the thermally conductive structural adhesive can ensure a sufficiently large contact surface area between the thermally conductive structural adhesive and the battery module, thereby improving the thermal conductivity and connection strength.

[0030] Setting the thickness of the thermal conductive structural adhesive to 1.5mm to 2mm can provide better connection strength without being too thick to affect the heat transfer effect of the thermal conductive structural adhesive.

[0031] Another object of the present invention is to provide a power device equipped with the battery pack as described above.

[0032] The power device described in the present invention has the same beneficial effects as the battery pack described above relative to the prior art, and will not be described in detail here. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0033] The accompanying drawings constituting a part of the present invention are used to provide a further understanding of the present invention. The illustrative embodiments of the present invention and their descriptions are used to explain the present invention and do not constitute an improper limitation on the present invention. In the accompanying drawings:

[0034] Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram of the overall structure of the battery pack according to the first embodiment of the present utility model;

[0035] Figure 2 This is an exploded view of the battery pack after the shell is hidden according to the first embodiment of the utility model;

[0036] Figure 3 It is a structural schematic diagram of the liquid inlet tee and the liquid outlet tee according to the first embodiment of the utility model;

[0037] Figure 4 This is a bottom view of the cavity plate described in Example 1 of the utility model.

[0038] Description of reference numerals:

[0039] 1. Shell;

[0040] 2. Cover plate;

[0041] 201, plane plate; 202, cavity plate; 2021, liquid flow channel; 2021a, liquid inlet section; 2021b, flow section; 2021c, liquid outlet section;

[0042] 3. Battery module;

[0043] 301, lower bracket; 302, support plate; 303, upper bracket; 304, upper mold assembly; 305, lower mold assembly;

[0044] 4. Cold plate assembly;

[0045] 5. Heat exchange pipeline;

[0046] 501, first liquid circuit; 501a, liquid inlet end of first liquid circuit; 501b, liquid outlet end of first liquid circuit; 502, second liquid circuit; 502a, liquid inlet end of second liquid circuit; 502b, liquid outlet end of second liquid circuit; 503, liquid inlet tee; 5031, first extension; 504, liquid outlet tee; 5041, second extension;

[0047] 6. Thermally conductive structural adhesive. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0048] It should be noted that, in the absence of conflict, the embodiments of the present invention and the features in the embodiments can be combined with each other.

[0049] In the description of the present invention, it should be noted that if there are terms such as "upper", "lower", "inner", "outer" and the like indicating orientation or positional relationship, they are based on the orientation or positional relationship shown in the drawings, and are only for the convenience of describing the present invention and simplifying the description, rather than indicating or implying that the device or element referred to must have a specific orientation, be constructed and operated in a specific orientation, and therefore cannot be understood as limiting the present invention. In addition, if there are terms such as "first" and "second", they are also used for descriptive purposes only, and cannot be understood as indicating or implying relative importance.

[0050] In addition, in the description of the present invention, unless otherwise clearly defined, the terms "installation", "connection", "connection" and "connector" should be understood in a broad sense. For example, it can be a fixed connection, a detachable connection, or an integral connection; it can be a mechanical connection or an electrical connection; it can be a direct connection, or it can be an indirect connection through an intermediate medium, or it can be the internal communication of two components. For ordinary technicians in this field, the specific meanings of the above terms in the present invention can be understood in combination with specific circumstances.

[0051] The present invention will be described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings and in combination with embodiments.

[0052] Embodiment 1

[0053] The present embodiment relates to a battery pack, which improves the cold plate structure in the battery pack to enhance the heat dissipation performance of the battery pack, thereby improving the performance of the battery pack.

[0054] In terms of overall structure, a battery pack in this embodiment includes a shell 1 with an open top, a cover plate 2 covering the open top of the shell 1, and a battery module 3 accommodated in the shell 1. The battery pack also includes: a cold plate assembly 4, which is attached to the bottom surface of the battery module 3, and a first liquid circuit 501 is integrated in the cold plate assembly 4. The second liquid circuit 502 is integrated in the cover plate 2, and the first liquid circuit 501 and the second liquid circuit 502 are connected in parallel on the coolant circulation pipeline. The cover plate 2 is attached to the top surface of the battery module 3, and together with the cold plate assembly 4, constitutes heat transfer to the battery module 3.

[0055] As configured above, the battery pack in this embodiment can make the cold plate assembly 4 and the cover plate 2 jointly perform contact heat exchange on the top and bottom ends of the battery module 3 by setting the first liquid circuit 501 in the cold plate assembly 4 and the second liquid circuit 502 in the cover plate 2, thereby improving the heat dissipation performance of the battery pack, which is beneficial to improving the thermal management performance of the battery pack and improving the battery life. The second liquid circuit 502 is integrated in the cover plate 2, so that the battery pack can perform double-sided cooling of the internal battery module 3 without adding an additional number of cold plates, which is beneficial to the lightweight design of the battery pack, reducing the weight of the entire battery pack, and also reducing the volume of the battery pack and improving the energy density.

[0056] Based on the above overall introduction, refer to Figure 1-Figure 4Specifically, in this embodiment, the shell 1 adopts a rectangular shell 1, and the cover plate 2 is sealed at the top open part of the shell 1, and is detachably connected to the shell 1 and follows the top of the shell 1. A part of one end of the cover plate 2 is extended to lead out the second liquid inlet end 502a and the second liquid outlet end 502b of the liquid path, so as to facilitate the connection with the cooling circulation pipeline. In this embodiment, the connection between the cover plate 2 and the shell 1 is a bolt connection, which is convenient for disassembly and assembly, and has good connection strength. As for the coolant in the cooling circulation pipeline, water is used in this embodiment, which is more convenient to handle and has lower cost. Of course, it is also possible to use ethylene glycol aqueous solution, alkylbenzene series liquid, silicone oil, etc. as the coolant.

[0057] Specifically, in order to realize the parallel connection of the first liquid circuit 501 and the second liquid circuit 502, the cooling liquid circulation pipeline in this embodiment includes a heat exchange pipeline 5, and a liquid inlet tee 503 and a liquid outlet tee 504 arranged on the heat exchange pipeline 5, the liquid inlet tee 503 connects the first liquid circuit liquid inlet end 501a and the second liquid circuit liquid inlet end 502a, and the liquid outlet tee 504 connects the first liquid circuit liquid outlet end 501b and the second liquid circuit liquid outlet end 502b. The liquid inlet tee 503 and the liquid outlet tee 504 are connected to the cooling liquid circulation supply device to form a complete cooling liquid circulation pipeline. In this embodiment, the liquid inlet tee 503 and the liquid outlet tee 504 are both three-way valves. It should be noted that the liquid inlet tee 503 and the liquid outlet tee 504 can also use three-way pipes as long as the three-way function can be realized.

[0058] In specific implementation, the coolant flows into the heat exchange pipeline 5 through the liquid inlet tee 503, and then flows into the first liquid circuit 501 and the second liquid circuit 502 respectively through the diversion effect of the liquid inlet tee 503. The coolant absorbs the heat of the cold plate assembly 4 in the first liquid circuit 501 and the heat of the cover plate 2 in the second liquid circuit 502, and then flows into the liquid outlet tee 504, and is sent out of the heat exchange pipeline 5 after confluence by the liquid outlet tee 504, thus completing a heat exchange process of the coolant.

[0059] For the position setting of the liquid inlet tee 503, refer to Figure 2 and Figure 3In this embodiment, the liquid inlet tee 503 is arranged outside the shell 1, and the liquid inlet tee 503 is provided with a first extension portion 5031. The free end of the first extension portion 5031 penetrates into the shell 1 and is plugged into the cold plate assembly 4 to form a connection between the liquid inlet tee 503 and the first liquid path 501. Through the arrangement of the first extension portion 5031, even if the liquid inlet tee 503 is far away from the cold plate assembly 4, the liquid inlet tee 503 can be normally connected to the cold plate assembly 4. The first extension portion 5031 is plug-connected with the liquid inlet tee 503. The liquid outlet tee 504 is also arranged outside the shell 1 and is provided with a second extension portion 5041. The free end of the second extension portion 5041 penetrates into the shell 1 and is plugged into the cold plate assembly 4. The second extension portion 5041 is plug-connected with the liquid outlet tee 504. Specifically, the liquid inlet tee piece 503 and the liquid outlet tee piece 504 are both arranged on the top of the outer side wall of the shell 1 and are directly connected to the first liquid path 501 on the cover plate 2 .

[0060] As a structural optimization of the liquid inlet tee 503 and the liquid outlet tee 504, the liquid inlet tee 503 and the liquid outlet tee 504 are further integrated, which can centralize the inlet and outlet positions of the coolant, facilitate unified management, and is also more convenient when connecting pipes. The liquid inlet tee 503 and the liquid outlet tee 504 are integrated into one, which can also reduce the space occupied by the two, reduce the overall volume of the battery pack, make the structure more compact, and reduce the installation space occupied by the battery pack.

[0061] Based on the lightweight design requirements for the overall structure of the battery pack, in this embodiment, the bottom of the shell 1 is open and fixedly connected to the cold plate assembly 4, and the cold plate assembly 4 constitutes a blockage for the bottom opening of the shell 1. Normally, it is necessary to set a tray at the bottom of the shell 1 to install the cold plate assembly 4. By blocking the bottom opening of the shell 1 with the cold plate assembly 4, the cold plate assembly 4 can play the role of a tray for the battery module 3. In this way, there is no need to set an additional tray at the bottom of the shell 1, which not only saves the use of materials and reduces the overall weight of the battery pack, which is beneficial to the lightweight of the battery pack, but also allows the cold plate assembly 4 to have a larger contact area with the external environment of the battery pack, which is beneficial to the heat dissipation of the cold plate assembly 4. In addition, the use of the cold plate assembly 4 as a tray can also reduce the overall volume of the battery pack and improve the energy density of the battery pack.

[0062] For the specific structural arrangement of the cover plate 2, refer to Figure 2 and Figure 4, in this embodiment, the cover plate 2 includes a flat plate 201 and a cavity plate 202 which are fixedly connected to each other. A liquid flow groove 2021 is recessed and formed in the cavity plate 202, and the side surface of the flat plate 201 and the groove wall of the liquid flow groove 2021 together form a second liquid path 502. The flat plate 201 is used to abut against the battery module 3, and the flat side surface can better perform heat exchange with the battery module 3. Two pipe fittings are arranged on the flat plate 201, which respectively serve as the inlet end 502a of the second liquid path and the outlet end 502b of the second liquid path, and can be directly inserted into the inlet three-way fitting 503 and the outlet three-way fitting 504, making the cover plate 2 easier to install.

[0063] Specifically, the liquid flow groove 2021 includes an inlet section 2021a, a flow-through section 2021b, and an outlet section 2021c. The inlet section 2021a and the outlet section 2021c are arranged in parallel. The head end of the inlet section 2021a faces the inlet end 502a of the second liquid path, and the head end of the outlet section 2021c faces the outlet end 502b of the second liquid path. The flow-through section 2021b is in a "C" shape, and the heads and tails of multiple flow-through sections 2021b are connected end to end to form a path that is spaced and coiled. The head end of the path is connected to the end of the inlet section 2021a, and the tail end of the path is connected to the end of the outlet section 2021c. When the coolant enters the inlet end 502a of the second liquid path, it successively flows through the inlet section 2021a, the flow-through section 2021b, and the outlet section 2021c and then flows out from the outlet end 502b of the second liquid path.

[0064] The cold plate assembly 4 in this embodiment has the same structure as the cover plate 2, and also has two pipe fittings serving as the inlet end 501a of the first liquid path and the outlet end 501b of the first liquid path, so as to facilitate insertion into the first extension part 5031 and the second extension part 5041. The connection method between the cold plate assembly 4 and the housing 1 is friction stir welding.

[0065] In order to improve the heat transfer efficiency between the cold plate assembly 4 and the battery module 3, a thermal conductive structural adhesive 6 is filled between the bottom surface of the cold plate assembly 4 and the battery module 3. In order to improve the heat transfer efficiency between the cover plate 2 and the battery module 3, a thermal conductive structural adhesive 6 is filled between the top surface of the cover plate 2 and the battery module 3. The thermal conductive structural adhesive 6 can form an effective heat transfer path between the cold plate assembly 4 and the bottom surface of the battery module 3, and between the cover plate 2 and the top surface of the battery module 3, so as to improve the heat transfer efficiency. Secondly, it can also enhance the connection strength of the two parts bonded by the thermal conductive structural adhesive 6 and improve the overall strength of the battery pack. The thermal conductive structural adhesive 6 in this embodiment is a polyurethane structural adhesive, which has good thermal conductivity and bonding strength. Of course, the thermal conductive structural adhesive 6 can also use other materials with similar characteristics.

[0066] Specifically, the coverage area ratio of the thermal conductive structural adhesive 6 on the side wall of the battery module 3 is greater than 90%. Covering more than 90% of the area of the side wall of the battery module 3 with the thermal conductive structural adhesive 6 can make the thermal conductive structural adhesive 6 have a large enough contact area with the battery module 3, improving the thermal conductivity effect and connection strength.

[0067] As for the thickness of the thermal conductive structural adhesive 6, further, the filling thickness of the thermal conductive structural adhesive 6 is 1.5mm to 2mm. In this embodiment, the preferred filling thickness is 1.75mm, which has better connection strength and heat transfer effect. When the filling thickness of the thermal conductive structural adhesive 6 is less than 1.5mm, its bonding strength is poor and it is easy to produce uneven distribution of the colloid. When the filling thickness of the thermal conductive structural adhesive 6 is greater than 2mm, the thickness is too thick, which will make the heat transfer path longer and affect the heat transfer effect.

[0068] In order to improve the energy density of the battery pack, some battery packs adopt a double-layer module structure, which has higher requirements for heat dissipation. Taking the battery module 3 with a double-layer module structure as an example, in order to stably maintain the battery module 3 in the shell 1, the battery module 3 includes a lower bracket 301, a support plate 302, an upper bracket 303, an upper module 304 and a lower module 305. The lower bracket 301 is vertically welded to the inner wall of the shell 1, and two are arranged in parallel, and the lower module 305 is installed between the two lower brackets 301. The support plate 302 is bolted to the top of the two lower brackets 301, and the upper bracket 303 is arranged in parallel with two, which are bolted to the corresponding lower bracket 301, and the upper module 304 is installed between the two upper brackets 303. The upper module 304 and the lower module 305 are bonded to the support plate 302 by a thermally conductive structural adhesive 6, which can improve the overall heat dissipation effect of the battery module 3.

[0069] In this embodiment, by setting a first liquid circuit 501 in the cold plate assembly 4 and a second liquid circuit 502 in the cover plate 2, the cold plate assembly 4 and the cover plate 2 can jointly perform contact heat exchange with the top and bottom of the battery module 3, thereby improving the heat dissipation performance of the battery pack. The coolant flows into the heat exchange pipeline 5 through the liquid inlet tee 503, and then flows into the first liquid circuit 501 and the second liquid circuit 502 respectively through the diversion effect of the liquid inlet tee 503. The coolant absorbs the heat of the cold plate assembly 4 in the first liquid circuit 501 and the heat of the cover plate 2 in the second liquid circuit 502, and then flows into the liquid outlet tee 504, and is sent out of the heat exchange pipeline 5 after confluence by the liquid outlet tee 504, thus completing a heat exchange process of the coolant.

[0070] Embodiment 2

[0071] This embodiment relates to a power device equipped with the battery pack of Embodiment 1. By using the battery pack of Embodiment 1, the power device of this embodiment has a better heat dissipation effect when using the battery pack, and the battery pack has excellent thermal management performance, which can improve the endurance and use stability of the power device, thereby improving the use quality of the power device.

[0072] The above description is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention and is not intended to limit the present invention. Any modifications, equivalent substitutions, improvements, etc. made within the spirit and principles of the present invention should be included in the protection scope of the present invention.

Claims

1. A battery pack, comprising a shell with an open top, a cover plate covering the open top of the shell, and a battery module accommodated in the shell, characterized in that: The battery pack also includes: A cold plate assembly is attached to the bottom surface of the battery module, and a first liquid path is integrated in the cold plate assembly; A second liquid circuit is integrated in the cover plate, wherein the first liquid circuit and the second liquid circuit are connected in parallel on a coolant circulation pipeline; The cover plate is attached to the top surface of the battery module, and together with the cold plate assembly, forms heat transfer to the battery module.

2. The battery pack according to claim 1, characterized in that: The coolant circulation pipeline includes a heat exchange pipeline, and a liquid inlet tee and a liquid outlet tee arranged on the heat exchange pipeline, the liquid inlet tee connects the first liquid circuit liquid inlet end and the second liquid circuit liquid inlet end, and the liquid outlet tee connects the first liquid circuit liquid outlet end and the second liquid circuit liquid outlet end.

3. The battery pack according to claim 2, characterized in that: The liquid inlet tee is arranged outside the shell, and the liquid inlet tee is provided with a first extension part, and the free end of the first extension part penetrates into the shell and is plugged into the cold plate assembly to form a connection between the liquid inlet tee and the first liquid path.

4. The battery pack according to claim 3, characterized in that: The liquid inlet tee piece and the liquid outlet tee piece are integrally arranged.

5. The battery pack according to claim 1, characterized in that: The bottom of the shell is open and fixedly connected to the cold plate assembly, and the cold plate assembly forms a seal for the open bottom of the shell.

6. The battery pack according to claim 1, characterized in that: The cover plate includes a plane plate and a cavity plate which are fixedly connected to each other; The cavity plate is recessed to form a liquid flow groove, and the side surface of the plane plate and the groove wall of the liquid flow groove together form the second liquid path.

7. The battery pack according to any one of claims 1 to 6, characterized in that: A heat-conductive structural adhesive is filled between the cold plate assembly and the bottom surface of the battery module; and / or, A heat-conducting structural adhesive is filled between the cover plate and the top surface of the battery module.

8. The battery pack according to claim 7, characterized in that: The coverage area of ​​the thermal conductive structural adhesive on the side wall of the battery module accounts for more than 90%.

9. The battery pack according to claim 7, characterized in that: The filling thickness of the thermal conductive structural adhesive is 1.5 mm to 2 mm.

10. A power device, characterized in that: A battery pack according to any one of claims 1 to 9 is provided.

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