Solar cell and photovoltaic module
By designing a multi-layer suede structure on the surface of the solar cell substrate, the problem of poor main gate welding is solved, the bonding fastness of metal paste and the density of photogenerated carriers are improved, and the energy conversion efficiency of solar cells is improved.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- CN202422232314.6
- Authority / Receiving Office
- CN · China
- Patent Type
- Utility models(China)
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Filing Date
- 2024-09-11
- Publication Date
- 2025-07-04
- Estimated Expiration
- 2034-09-11
AI Technical Summary
Traditional solar cells are prone to poor main gate welding.
The base surface of the solar cell adopts a multi-layer suede structure design, including setting up grooves and pyramid structures in the metal contact area, improving the permeability and bonding fastness of the metal paste, and reducing the reflectivity of the non-metal contact area.
The bonding fastness between the metal paste of the main gate and the substrate is improved, and the failure of dummy welding is reduced, while the density and energy conversion efficiency of photogenerated carriers are improved.
Smart Images
Figure CN223067455U_ABST
Abstract
Description
Technical Field
[0001] This application relates to the technical field of solar cells, and particularly to a solar cell and a photovoltaic module. Background Art
[0002] The surface texturing technology of solar cells is to fabricate a pyramid-shaped wire surface structure on the surface of solar cells through chemical etching to reduce the reflectivity of the solar cell surface. However, traditional solar cells are prone to the problem of poor main grid soldering. Summary of the Utility Model
[0003] Based on this, it is necessary to provide a solar cell and a photovoltaic module in view of the problem that traditional solar cells are prone to poor main grid soldering.
[0004] According to the first aspect of the present application, a solar cell is provided, including:
[0005] A substrate having a first surface and a second surface disposed opposite to each other, the first surface including a metal contact area and a non-metal contact area, and the metal contact area including a plurality of main grid contact areas arranged at intervals along a first direction;
[0006] A first textured structure disposed on the first surface of the substrate and located in the main grid contact area; the first textured structure has a plurality of grooves; and
[0007] A second textured structure disposed on the first surface of the substrate and located in the non-metal contact area; the second textured structure includes a plurality of first pyramid structures;
[0008] Wherein, the first pyramid structure has a first base and a first apex located at the top of the first base;
[0009] Along the direction from the first surface to the second surface, the groove has an open end and a closed end opposite to the open end;
[0010] Along the direction from the first surface to the second surface, the end surface of the closed end of the groove is lower than the first base.
[0011] In one embodiment, along the direction from the first surface to the second surface, the distance between the end surface of the closed end of the groove and the second surface is less than the distance between the bottom surface of the first base and the second surface.
[0012] In one embodiment, the depth of the groove is 1 μm - 3 μm.
[0013] In one embodiment, the radial dimension of the groove gradually decreases or decreases in a gradient manner from the open end to the closed end.
[0014] In one embodiment, along the direction from the first surface to the second surface, the cross-sectional shape of the groove is U-shaped or V-shaped.
[0015] In one embodiment, along the direction from the first surface to the second surface, the height of the first pyramid structure is 1.0 μm - 1.4 μm;
[0016] The height of the first pyramid structure is the distance from the top of the first tip to the bottom surface of the first base;
[0017] Define a plane perpendicular to the direction from the first surface to the second surface as the target plane;
[0018] The orthographic projection of the first pyramid structure in the target plane has a dimension of 1.5 μm - 1.8 μm in a direction parallel to the target plane.
[0019] In one embodiment, the metal contact area includes a plurality of sub-grid contact areas arranged at intervals along a second direction; the first direction and the second direction are perpendicular to each other;
[0020] The solar cell further includes a third textured structure, and the third textured structure is disposed on the first surface of the substrate and is located in the sub-grid contact area.
[0021] In one embodiment, the third textured structure includes a plurality of second pyramid structures.
[0022] In one embodiment, along the direction from the first surface to the second surface, the height of the second pyramid structure is 0.9 μm - 1.2 μm;
[0023] The second pyramid structure has a second base and a second tip located at the top of the second base;
[0024] The height of the second pyramid structure is the distance from the top of the second tip to the bottom surface of the second base;
[0025] Define a plane perpendicular to the direction from the first surface to the second surface as the target plane;
[0026] The orthographic projection of the second pyramid structure in the target plane has a dimension of 1.4 μm - 1.6 μm in a direction parallel to the target plane.
[0027] According to the second aspect of the present application, a photovoltaic module is provided, including the solar cell of any one of the above embodiments.
[0028] In the technical solution of the present application, on the one hand, since the end face of the closed end of the groove is lower than the first tower base along the direction from the first face to the second face, it can be understood that the groove has a certain depression depth. Thus, the groove of the first textured structure can be used to improve the penetration degree of the metal paste corresponding to the main grid on the substrate, which is beneficial to improving the bonding strength between the metal paste corresponding to the main grid and the substrate. Furthermore, the tensile force of the metal paste can be increased, the problem of poor soldering of the main grid during the welding process can be reduced, and the main grid can be better utilized for current collection. On the other hand, the multiple first pyramid structures of the second textured structure can be used to reduce the reflectivity of light in the non-metal contact area of the substrate, increase the density of photo-generated carriers, and thus improve the energy conversion efficiency of the solar cell. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0029] Figure 1 FIG. shows a schematic top view structure of a solar cell in an embodiment of the present application.
[0030] Figure 2 FIG. shows a cross-sectional view of the first textured structure, the third textured structure of a solar cell in an embodiment of the present application.
[0031] Figure 3 FIG. shows a cross-sectional view of the second textured structure, the third textured structure of a solar cell in an embodiment of the present application.
[0032] Figure 4 FIG. shows a cross-sectional view of the first textured structure, the third textured structure of a solar cell in another embodiment of the present application.
[0033] REFERENCE NUMERALS:
[0034] 10. Solar cell;
[0035] 110. Substrate; 1101. Non-metal contact area; 1102. Main grid contact area; 1103. Sub-grid contact area;
[0036] 111. First textured structure; 1111. Groove; 11111. Open end; 11112. Closed end;
[0037] 112. Second textured structure; 1121. First pyramid structure; 11211. First tower base; 11212. First tower tip;
[0038] 113. Third textured structure; 1131. Second pyramid structure; 11311. Second tower base; 11312. Second tower tip;
[0039] 120. Main grid;
[0040] 130. Sub-grid. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE EMBODIMENTS
[0041] To make the above objects, features, and advantages of the present application more apparent and understandable, the following provides a detailed description of the specific implementation manners of the present application with reference to the accompanying drawings. Many specific details are set forth in the following description to facilitate a thorough understanding of the present application. However, the present application can be implemented in many other ways different from those described herein, and those skilled in the art can make similar improvements without departing from the connotation of the present application. Therefore, the present application is not limited by the specific embodiments disclosed below.
[0042] In the description of the present application, it should be understood that if terms such as "center", "longitudinal", "transverse", "length", "width", "thickness", "upper", "lower", "front", "rear", "left", "right", "vertical", "horizontal", "top", "bottom", "inner", "outer", "clockwise", "counterclockwise", "axial", "radial", "circumferential", etc. appear, the orientation or positional relationship indicated by these terms is based on the orientation or positional relationship shown in the accompanying drawings, and is only for the convenience of describing the present application and simplifying the description, rather than indicating or implying that the device or element referred to must have a specific orientation, be constructed and operated in a specific orientation, and thus should not be construed as a limitation to the present application.
[0043] In addition, if terms such as "first" and "second" appear, these terms are only for descriptive purposes and should not be construed as indicating or implying relative importance or implicitly specifying the quantity of the indicated technical features. Thus, features defined with "first" and "second" may explicitly or implicitly include at least one such feature. In the description of the present application, if the term "plurality" appears, the meaning of "plurality" is at least two, such as two, three, etc., unless otherwise specifically and clearly defined.
[0044] In the present application, unless otherwise clearly specified and limited, if terms such as "install", "connect", "couple", "fix", etc. appear, these terms should be understood in a broad sense. For example, it can be a fixed connection, a detachable connection, or integrated; it can be a mechanical connection or an electrical connection; it can be directly connected or indirectly connected through an intermediate medium, and it can be the communication inside two elements or the interaction relationship between two elements, unless otherwise clearly limited. For those of ordinary skill in the art, the specific meanings of the above terms in the present application can be understood according to specific circumstances.
[0045] In this application, unless otherwise clearly defined and limited, if there is a description such as a first feature being "on" or "under" a second feature, the meaning can be that the first and second features are in direct contact, or the first and second features are in indirect contact through an intermediate medium. Moreover, the first feature being "above", "over" and "on top of" the second feature can be that the first feature is directly above or obliquely above the second feature, or simply means that the first feature has a higher horizontal height than the second feature. The first feature being "under", "beneath" and "underneath" the second feature can be that the first feature is directly below or obliquely below the second feature, or simply means that the first feature has a lower horizontal height than the second feature.
[0046] It should be noted that if an element is referred to as being "fixed to" or "disposed on" another element, it can be directly on the other element or there can also be an intermediate element. If an element is considered to be "connected" to another element, it can be directly connected to the other element or there may be an intermediate element at the same time. If so, the terms "vertical", "horizontal", "up", "down", "left", "right" and similar expressions used in this application are only for the purpose of illustration and do not represent the only implementation.
[0047] Through research, it is found that in traditional solar cells, the surface of the substrate of the solar cell adopts a uniform matte structure, resulting in poor bonding force of the metal paste corresponding to the main grid of the solar cell on this matte structure, and further resulting in the problem of poor soldering in the welding process of the main grid.
[0048] Figure 1 The top view structural schematic diagram of the solar cell 10 in an embodiment of the present application is shown. Figure 2 The cross-sectional view of the first matte structure 111 and the third matte structure 113 of the solar cell 10 in an embodiment of the present application is shown. Figure 3 The cross-sectional view of the second matte structure 112 and the third matte structure 113 of the solar cell 10 in an embodiment of the present application is shown.
[0049] Please refer to Figures 1-3 A solar cell 10 provided in an embodiment of the present application includes a substrate 110, a first matte structure 111 and a second matte structure 112.
[0050] The substrate 110 has a first surface and a second surface m that are oppositely arranged. The first surface includes a metal contact area and a non-metal contact area 1101. The metal contact area includes a plurality of main grid contact areas 1102 arranged at intervals along the first direction F1. The first matte structure 111 is disposed on the first surface of the substrate 110 and is located in the main grid contact area 1102. The first matte structure 111 has a plurality of grooves 1111.
[0051] The grooves 1111 of the first matte structure 111 can be utilized to improve the penetration degree of the metal paste corresponding to the main grid 120 on the substrate 110, which is conducive to improving the bonding strength between the metal paste corresponding to the main grid 120 and the substrate 110. Furthermore, the tensile strength of the metal paste can be increased, the problem of poor soldering of the main grid 120 during the welding process can be reduced, and the main grid 120 can be better utilized for current collection.
[0052] The second matte structure 112 is disposed on the first surface of the substrate 110 and is located in the non-metal contact area 1101. The second matte structure 112 includes a plurality of first pyramid structures 1121. Among them, the first pyramid structure 1121 has a first base 11211 and a first apex 11212 located at the top of the first base 11211. Along the direction from the first surface to the second surface m, the groove 1111 has an open end 11111 and a closed end 11112 opposite to the open end 11111. Along the direction from the first surface to the second surface m, the end face of the closed end 11112 of the groove 1111 is lower than the first base 11211.
[0053] On the one hand, since along the direction from the first surface to the second surface m, the end face of the closed end 11112 of the groove 1111 is lower than the first base 11211, it can be understood that the groove 1111 has a certain depression depth. In this way, the grooves 1111 can be used to improve the penetration degree of the metal paste corresponding to the main grid 120 on the substrate 110, which is conducive to improving the bonding strength between the metal paste corresponding to the main grid 120 and the substrate 110. Furthermore, the tensile strength of the metal paste can be increased, the problem of poor soldering of the main grid 120 during the welding process can be reduced, and the main grid 120 can be better utilized for current collection. On the other hand, the plurality of first pyramid structures 1121 of the second matte structure 112 can be used to reduce the reflectivity of light in the non-metal contact area 1101 of the substrate 110, increase the density of photo-generated carriers, and thus improve the energy conversion efficiency of the solar cell 10.
[0054] In some embodiments, along the direction from the first surface to the second surface m, the distance between the end face of the closed end 11112 of the groove 1111 and the second surface m is less than the distance between the bottom surface of the first base 11211 and the second surface m (which can be understood in combination with Figure 2 and Figure 3 ).
[0055] It can be understood that along the direction from the first surface to the second surface m, the open end 11111 of the groove 1111 is lower than the first apex 11212 of the first pyramid structure 1121.
[0056] Thus, the groove 1111 has a certain recess depth. By using this groove 1111, the penetration degree of the metal paste corresponding to the main grid 120 on the substrate 110 can be well improved, which is conducive to improving the bonding strength between the metal paste corresponding to the main grid 120 and the substrate 110. Furthermore, the tensile force of the metal paste can be increased, the problem of poor soldering of the main grid 120 during the welding process can be reduced, and at the same time, the main grid 120 can be better utilized for current collection.
[0057] In some embodiments, the groove depth of the groove 1111 is 1 μm - 3 μm.
[0058] Exemplarily, the groove depth of the groove 1111 is 1 μm, 2 μm or 3 μm.
[0059] The groove 1111 has a certain depth, which can make the metal paste corresponding to the main grid 120 fill in the groove 1111. Thus, it is conducive to improving the penetration degree of the metal paste corresponding to the main grid 120 on the substrate 110, which is conducive to improving the bonding strength between the metal paste corresponding to the main grid 120 and the substrate 110. Furthermore, the tensile force of the metal paste can be increased, the problem of poor soldering of the main grid 120 during the welding process can be reduced, and at the same time, the main grid 120 can be better utilized for current collection.
[0060] In some embodiments, the radial dimension of the groove 1111 gradually decreases or decreases in a gradient manner from the open end 11111 to the closed end 11112.
[0061] Specifically, along the direction from the first surface to the second surface m, the cross-sectional shape of the groove 1111 is U-shaped or V-shaped.
[0062] Figure 2 A schematic diagram of the cross-sectional shape of the groove 1111 being U-shaped is given. Specifically, in the embodiment as Figure 2 shown, the radial dimension of the groove 1111 gradually decreases from the open end 11111 to the closed end 11112. Figure 4 A schematic diagram of the cross-sectional shape of the groove 1111 being V-shaped is given. Specifically, in the embodiment as Figure 2 shown, the radial dimension of the groove 1111 decreases in a gradient manner from the open end 11111 to the closed end 11112.
[0063] Thus, the contact area between the metal paste corresponding to the main grid 120 and the groove wall of the groove 1111 can be increased, which is conducive to improving the bonding strength between the metal paste corresponding to the main grid 120 and the substrate 110. Furthermore, the tensile force of the metal paste can be increased, the problem of poor soldering of the main grid 120 during the welding process can be reduced, and at the same time, the main grid 120 can be better utilized for current collection.
[0064] In some embodiments, along the direction from the first surface to the second surface m, the height of the first pyramid structure 1121 is H1, where H1 is 1.0 μm - 1.4 μm. The height of the first pyramid structure 1121 is the distance from the top of the first apex 11212 to the bottom surface of the first base 11211. Define the plane perpendicular to the direction from the first surface to the second surface m as the target plane. The dimension of the orthographic projection of the first pyramid structure 1121 in the target plane in the direction parallel to the target plane is D1, where D1 is 1.5 μm - 1.8 μm. That is to say, the radial dimension of the first pyramid structure 1121 is 1.5 μm - 1.8 μm.
[0065] Exemplarily, the height of the first pyramid structure 1121 is 1.0 μm, 1.1 μm, 1.2 μm, 1.3 μm, or 1.4 μm, and the radial dimension of the first pyramid structure 1121 is 1.5 μm, 1.6 μm, 1.7 μm, or 1.8 μm.
[0066] In the main grid contact area 1102, the penetration of the paste needs to be considered, and the end face of the closed end 11112 of the groove 1111 is set to be lower than the first base 11211 to improve the penetration degree of the metal paste corresponding to the main grid 120 on the substrate 110; compared with the main grid contact area 1102, in the non-metal contact area 1101, more consideration is given to the light transmittance. Therefore, setting the height of the first pyramid structure 1121 to be 1.0 μm - 1.4 μm and the radial dimension of the first pyramid structure 1121 to be 1.5 μm - 1.8 μm is beneficial to making the specific surface area of the first pyramid structure 1121 appropriate, thereby ensuring light absorption, reducing the reflectivity of light in the non-metal contact area 1101 of the substrate 110, facilitating lower surface carrier recombination loss, increasing the density of photo-generated carriers, and thus improving the energy conversion efficiency of the solar cell 10.
[0067] In some embodiments, the metal contact area includes a plurality of sub-grid contact areas 1103 arranged at intervals along the second direction F2. The first direction F1 and the second direction F2 are perpendicular to each other. The solar cell 10 further includes a third texture structure 113, and the third texture structure 113 is provided on the first surface of the substrate 110 and is located in the sub-grid contact area 1103.
[0068] Exemplarily, the first direction F1 is parallel to the length direction of the substrate 110, and the second direction F2 is parallel to the width direction of the substrate 110.
[0069] It can be understood that the sub-grid contact area 1103 and the main grid contact area 1102 are arranged in a cross manner, which is convenient for the electrical connection between the main grid 120 provided in the main grid contact area 1102 and the sub-grid 130 provided in the sub-grid contact area 1103.
[0070] By using the third textured structure 113, the contact area between the metal paste corresponding to the sub-grid 130 and the third textured structure 113 can be increased. Furthermore, under the laser sintering process, the bonding strength between the metal paste corresponding to the sub-grid 130 and the substrate 110 can be improved, and the contact resistance between the sub-grid 130 and the third textured structure 113 can also be reduced. As a result, the sub-grid 130 can better collect the current generated by the photovoltaic effect, and thus the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell 10 can be enhanced.
[0071] In some embodiments, referring to Figure 2 and Figure 4 , the third textured structure 113 includes a plurality of second pyramid structures 1131.
[0072] The specific surface area of the third textured structure 113 can be increased by using the first pyramid structure 1121. Consequently, the contact area between the metal paste corresponding to the sub-grid 130 and the third textured structure 113 can be increased. Moreover, under the laser sintering process, the bonding strength between the metal paste corresponding to the sub-grid 130 and the substrate 110 can be improved, and the contact resistance between the sub-grid 130 and the third textured structure 113 can also be reduced. Therefore, the sub-grid 130 can better collect the current generated by the photovoltaic effect, and the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell 10 can be enhanced.
[0073] In some embodiments, along the direction from the first surface to the second surface m, the height of the second pyramid structure 1131 is H2, where H2 ranges from 0.9 μm to 1.2 μm. Herein, the second pyramid structure 1131 has a second base 11311 and a second apex 11312 located at the top of the second base 11311, and the height of the second pyramid structure 1131 is the distance from the top of the second apex 11312 to the bottom surface of the second base 11311. A plane perpendicular to the direction from the first surface to the second surface m is defined as the target plane. The size of the orthographic projection of the second pyramid structure 1131 in the target plane in the direction parallel to the target plane is D2, where D2 ranges from 1.4 μm to 1.6 μm. That is to say, the radial dimension of the second pyramid structure 1131 is from 1.4 μm to 1.6 μm.
[0074] Exemplarily, the height of the second pyramid structure 1131 is 0.9 μm, 1.0 μm, 1.1 μm, or 1.2 μm, and the radial dimension of the second pyramid structure 1131 is 1.4 μm, 1.5 μm, or 1.6 μm.
[0075] If the height of the second pyramid structure 1131 is too high, it will lead to poor penetration of the metal paste corresponding to the sub-grid 130. Therefore, the height of the second pyramid structure 1131 needs to be set within an appropriate range, such as 0.9μm - 1.2μm, and the radial dimension of the second pyramid structure 1131 is 1.4μm - 1.6μm. A dense and small uniform velvet surface structure can be formed in the sub-grid contact area 1103, thereby well improving the specific surface area of the third velvet surface structure 113, and then improving the contact area between the metal paste corresponding to the sub-grid 130 and the third velvet surface structure 113. Furthermore, under the laser sintering process, the bonding strength between the metal paste corresponding to the sub-grid 130 and the substrate 110 can be improved, and the contact resistance between the sub-grid 130 and the third velvet surface structure 113 can also be reduced. Thus, the sub-grid 130 can better collect the current generated by the photovoltaic effect, and then the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell 10 can be improved.
[0076] Of course, the present application is not limited to this. In some other embodiments, the second pyramid structure 1131 may be an inverted pyramid groove structure.
[0077] In some embodiments, the solar cell 10 further includes a main grid 120 disposed in the main grid contact area 1102 and a sub-grid 130 disposed in the sub-grid contact area 1103. The main grid 120 is electrically connected to the corresponding plurality of sub-grids 130 respectively, so as to collect the current collected by the corresponding sub-grids 130 by using the main grid 120.
[0078] An embodiment of the present application provides a photovoltaic module, including the solar cell 10 of any one of the above embodiments.
[0079] The manufacturing method of the solar cell 10 in the present application is as follows:
[0080] S110. Provide a substrate 110. The substrate 110 can be selected as a silicon wafer, and the silicon wafer can be cleaned for subsequent processes.
[0081] S120. Use a photolithography process to etch the first surface of the substrate 110 to form a first velvet surface structure 111 on the first surface of the substrate 110. Specifically, a first photoresist protection layer can be formed on the first surface of the substrate 110, and the main grid contact area 1102 is exposed. Then, the main grid contact area 1102 of the substrate 110 is textured to form the first velvet surface structure 111 located in the main grid contact area 1102. Then, the first photoresist protection layer is removed, and the substrate 110 is cleaned.
[0082] S130. Use a lithography process to etch the first surface of the substrate 110 to form a third textured structure 113 on the first surface of the substrate 110. Specifically, a second photoresist protection layer can be formed on the first surface of the substrate 110, and the sub-gate contact region 1103 is exposed. Then, the sub-gate contact region 1103 of the substrate 110 is textured to form a third textured structure 113 located in the sub-gate contact region 1103. Then, the second photoresist protection layer is removed, and the substrate 110 is cleaned.
[0083] S140. Use a lithography process to etch the first surface of the substrate 110 to form a second textured structure 112 on the first surface of the substrate 110. Specifically, a third photoresist protection layer can be formed on the first surface of the substrate 110, and the non-metal contact region 1101 is exposed. Then, the non-metal contact region 1101 of the substrate 110 is textured to form a second textured structure 112 located in the non-metal contact region 1101. Then, the third photoresist protection layer is removed, and the substrate 110 is cleaned.
[0084] S150. Form a sub-gate 130 disposed in the sub-gate contact region 1103 and a main gate 120 disposed in the main gate contact region 1102 on the first surface of the substrate 110.
[0085] Of course, the manufacturing method of the solar cell 10 can also be combined with the process flows of different types of solar cells 10 to manufacture corresponding solar cells 10. For example, the manufacturing method of the solar cell 10 is combined with the process flow of a TOPCon cell to manufacture a corresponding TOPCon cell.
[0086] It should be noted that the sequence of the manufacturing processes of the first textured structure 111, the second textured structure 112, and the third textured structure 113 is not limited to the sequence described in the above embodiments.
[0087] The technical features of the above-described embodiments can be combined arbitrarily. For the sake of brevity of description, not all possible combinations of the technical features in the above embodiments are described. However, as long as there is no contradiction in the combination of these technical features, it should be considered as within the scope described in this specification.
[0088] The above-described embodiments merely represent several implementation manners of the present application. Their descriptions are relatively specific and detailed, but they should not be construed as limiting the scope of the patent application. It should be noted that for those of ordinary skill in the art, without departing from the concept of the present application, several modifications and improvements can still be made, and these all belong to the protection scope of the present application. Therefore, the protection scope of the patent of the present application should be subject to the appended claims.
Claims
1. A solar cell, characterized in that, Comprising: A substrate having a first surface and a second surface disposed opposite to each other, the first surface including a metal contact region and a non-metal contact region, the metal contact region including a plurality of main grid contact regions arranged at intervals in a first direction; A first textured structure disposed on the first surface of the substrate and located in the main grid contact region; the first textured structure has a plurality of grooves; And A second textured structure disposed on the first surface of the substrate and located in the non-metal contact region; the second textured structure includes a plurality of first pyramid structures; Wherein, the first pyramid structure has a first base and a first apex located at the top of the first base; Along the direction from the first surface to the second surface, the groove has an open end and a closed end opposite to the open end; Along the direction from the first surface to the second surface, the end face of the closed end of the groove is lower than the first base.
2. The solar cell according to claim 1, characterized in that, Along the direction from the first surface to the second surface, the distance from the end face of the closed end of the groove to the second surface is less than the distance from the bottom surface of the first base to the second surface.
3. The solar cell according to claim 1, characterized in that, The depth of the groove is 1μm - 3μm.
4. The solar cell according to claim 1, characterized in that, The radial dimension of the groove gradually decreases or decreases in a gradient manner from the open end to the closed end.
5. The solar cell according to claim 4, characterized in that, Along the direction from the first surface to the second surface, the cross-sectional shape of the groove is U-shaped or V-shaped.
6. The solar cell according to any one of claims 1-5, characterized in that, Along the direction from the first surface to the second surface, the height of the first pyramid structure is 1.0μm - 1.4μm; The height of the first pyramid structure is the distance from the top of the first apex to the bottom surface of the first base; Define a plane perpendicular to the direction from the first surface to the second surface as the target plane; The orthographic projection of the first pyramid structure in the target plane has a dimension of 1.5μm - 1.8μm in a direction parallel to the target plane.
7. The solar cell according to any one of claims 1-5, characterized in that, The metal contact region includes a plurality of sub-grid contact regions arranged at intervals in a second direction; the first direction and the second direction are perpendicular to each other; The solar cell further includes a third textured structure, the third textured structure is disposed on the first surface of the substrate and located in the sub-grid contact region.
8. The solar cell according to claim 7, characterized in that, The third textured structure includes a plurality of second pyramid structures.
9. The solar cell according to claim 8, wherein Along the direction from the first surface to the second surface, the height of the second pyramid structure is 0.9μm - 1.2μm; The second pyramid structure has a second base and a second apex located at the top of the second base; The height of the second pyramid structure is the distance from the top of the second apex to the bottom surface of the second base; Define a plane perpendicular to the direction from the first surface to the second surface as the target plane; The orthographic projection of the second pyramid structure in the target plane has a dimension of 1.4μm - 1.6μm in a direction parallel to the target plane.
10. A photovoltaic module, characterized in that, Including the solar cell according to any one of claims 1 - 9.