Dynamic urine formation demonstration instrument capable of performing segmented demonstration

Abstract

The utility model discloses a urine formation dynamic demonstration instrument capable of segmentally demonstrating, which comprises a nephrology main body structure model, a display board bracket, a solution collector, a circulating water pump, an appendage part and a liquid simulation part, the renal unit main body structure model comprises a glomerulus model, a renal capsule model, a renal tubule model, a filter screen, a globular arteriole model, a globular arteriole model, a renal vein model and a capillary model; the filter screen is embedded at the bottom of a sphere of the glomerular model; the glomerulus model, the kidney capsule model, the bulblet arteriole model and the capillary model penetrate through the display board bracket and extend to the corresponding solution collectors; wherein one end of one renal tubule model passes through the display board bracket and extends to the corresponding solution collector, and the other end extends to the corresponding solution collector on the front side of the display board bracket. According to the utility model, not only can the urine formation process be visually demonstrated, but also students can understand the occurrence mechanism of diseases such as proteinuria and hematuria caused by urinary organ abnormity.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This utility model relates to a teaching tool, specifically to a dynamic demonstration device for urine formation that can be demonstrated in segments. Background Technology

[0002] "The process of urine formation" is a key and difficult part of the People's Education Press biology textbook. The textbook analyzes and compares the plasma in the renal artery, the fluid in the renal capsule, and the urine in a healthy person through data analysis. Based on the data analysis, it summarizes the filtration function of the glomerulus and the inner wall of the renal capsule, and the reabsorption function of the renal tubule. However, in the actual teaching process, it was found that: (1) it is still relatively abstract to directly construct the positional and structural relationships of the glomerulus, renal capsule, and renal tubule in the nephron with pictures and text. The classroom resources are not rich enough, and it is not possible to help students deeply understand the important core concepts of this section; (2) it is even more abstract and difficult to understand to simply summarize the filtration function of the glomerulus and the inner wall of the renal capsule and the reabsorption function of the renal tubule from the data analysis; (3) students have always been unable to remember how the substances change in the function of the glomerulus and the renal tubule, and they easily confuse the changes between substances. Conventional teaching methods either rely on pictures and text for explanation without dynamic effects, or play videos, which are not realistic enough and prevent students from deeply grasping the difficult issues of urine formation, filtration, and reabsorption.

[0003] Therefore, there is a lack of a dynamic demonstration device that can effectively solve this problem and allow students to intuitively and deeply grasp the key and difficult knowledge related to "the formation of urine". Utility Model Content

[0004] In response to the inability of existing teaching models to enable students to deeply grasp the key and difficult knowledge related to urine formation, this application proposes a dynamic urine formation demonstration device that can demonstrate in segments. The demonstration is vivid and intuitive, which helps students understand the characteristics of material changes in filtration and reabsorption, especially the dynamic simulation of the formation mechanism of hematuria and proteinuria.

[0005] The technical solution adopted in this utility model is as follows:

[0006] A dynamic urine formation demonstrator capable of segmented demonstration is proposed, comprising a nephron main structure model, a display board support, a solution collector, a circulating water pump, appendages, and a liquid simulation section. The nephron main structure model is positioned on the front of the display board support and includes a glomerular model, a renal capsule model, a first renal tubule model, a filter screen, an afferent arteriole model, an efferent arteriole model, a renal vein model, and a capillary model. The filter screen is embedded in the bottom of the glomerular model. Both ends of the glomerular model extend through the display board support to the corresponding solution collector, with one end connected to the afferent arteriole model. The bottom and sides of the renal capsule model extend through the display board support to the corresponding solution collector. Both ends of the efferent arteriole model and the capillary model extend through the display board support to the corresponding solution collector. One end of the first renal tubule model extends through the display board support to the corresponding solution collector, and the other end extends to the corresponding solution collector on the front of the display board support.

[0007] Furthermore, the solution collector includes a first solution collector, a second solution collector, a third solution collector, a fourth solution collector, a fifth solution collector, and a sixth solution collector; the first solution collector corresponds to the glomerular model, the second solution collector corresponds to the renal capsule model, the third solution collector corresponds to the efferent arteriole model, the fourth solution collector corresponds to the capillary model, and the fifth and sixth solution collectors correspond to the first renal tubule model. Each solution collector can be controlled by different switches to dynamically demonstrate the filtration and reabsorption processes in segments, achieving a segmented explanation and demonstration effect.

[0008] Furthermore, the circulating water pump includes a first circulating water pump, a second circulating water pump, a third circulating water pump, a fourth circulating water pump, and a fifth circulating water pump, which are sequentially arranged in the first solution collector, the second solution collector, the third solution collector, the fourth solution collector, and the fifth solution collector. The circulating water pump is selected with a power of 15W, which is relatively low, provides a moderate liquid flow rate, and can drive the water flow in a directional manner, offering certain advantages for dynamic demonstrations.

[0009] Furthermore, the first solution collector, the second solution collector, the third solution collector, the fourth solution collector, and the fifth solution collector are located on the back of the display board support, and the sixth solution collector is located on the front of the display board support.

[0010] Furthermore, the accessory portion includes a first speed controller, a second speed controller, a first multi-hole independent socket, and a second multi-hole independent socket. The speed controllers are used to adjust the liquid flow rate, allowing students to clearly observe the different material changes within the liquid.

[0011] Furthermore, the main structural model of the nephron also includes a second renal tubule model, which is a transparent tube with a diameter of 1.4cm * 1.8cm, connected to the bottom of the renal capsule model. The main body of the renal capsule model is a three-dimensional space formed by two 12cm * 14cm acrylic transparent hemispheres nested together. The renal capsule model satisfies the characteristics of being sac-like and transparent, which is beneficial for students to directly observe the filtration process.

[0012] Furthermore, the glomerular model is a transparent flexible tube with a diameter of 0.9cm * 1.2cm, the first renal tubule model is a transparent flexible tube with a diameter of 1.4cm * 1.8cm, and the filter screen is a nano-silicone pad with a diameter of 1.8cm and a pore size of 0.08cm. The glomerular model material has high plasticity, allowing it to be easily coiled into a glomerular model while reflecting its structural characteristics.

[0013] Furthermore, the afferent arteriole model, the efferent arteriole model, the renal vein model, and the capillary model are all transparent flexible tubes with a diameter of 1.0cm*1.2cm. They are designed and assembled using readily available commercial materials, resulting in low cost and simple operation.

[0014] Furthermore, the liquid simulation component includes protein simulation spheres, glucose simulation spheres, urea simulation spheres, inorganic salt simulation spheres, blood simulation solution, and urine simulation solution. This liquid simulation component dynamically flows within the urine formation dynamic demonstration device. By selecting different compositions of the liquid simulation component, four application scenarios are dynamically demonstrated. The liquid simulation component provides certain conditions for the dynamic demonstration requirements of this teaching aid.

[0015] Furthermore, the protein mimic spheres are 4mm diameter blue acrylic beads, the glucose mimic spheres are 2.5mm diameter green acrylic beads, the urea mimic spheres are 2mm diameter black acrylic beads, the inorganic salt mimic spheres are 2.5mm diameter orange acrylic beads, the blood mimic liquid is made of red ink, and the urine mimic liquid is made of yellow ink. Different mimic spheres are suitable for dynamically simulating the changes of different substances during urine formation, and both inks are inexpensive and easy to dilute.

[0016] The beneficial effects of the urine formation dynamic demonstration device provided in this application are as follows:

[0017] The teaching aids provided by this invention can vividly and intuitively reproduce the dynamic changes of blood, urine, and other substances during the formation of urine; they can dynamically demonstrate the filtration and reabsorption processes in segments according to actual teaching needs; and they can dynamically simulate the mechanisms of diseases such as proteinuria and hematuria caused by abnormalities in the urinary organs. The teaching aids provided by this invention have high application value in actual junior high school biology teaching, and can stimulate students' learning interest, enabling them to deeply grasp the key and difficult points of "urine formation." Attached Figure Description

[0018] Figure 1 This is a front structural schematic diagram of a urine formation dynamic demonstration device according to a specific embodiment of the present invention;

[0019] Figure 2 This is a schematic diagram of the back structure of a urine formation dynamic demonstration device according to a specific embodiment of the present invention.

[0020] Figure labels: 1-Renal vein model; 2-Capillary model; 3-Efferent arteriole model; 4-Afferent arteriole model; 5-Glomerulus model; 6-Filter screen; 7-Renal capsule model; 8-Second renal tubule model; 9-Sixth solution collector; 10-First renal tubule model; 11-Display plate support; 12-First speed controller; 13-First multi-port independent socket; 14-Second speed controller; 15-Second multi-port independent socket; 16-Fifth circulating water pump; 17-Fifth solution collector; 18-First solution collector; 19-First circulating water pump; 20-Fourth solution collector; 21-Fourth circulating water pump; 22-Third circulating water pump; 23-Third solution collector; 24-Second circulating water pump; 25-Second solution collector. Detailed Implementation

[0021] In the following detailed description, reference is made to the accompanying drawings, which form part of the detailed description and illustrate illustrative specific embodiments in which the present invention may be practiced. In this regard, directional terms such as “top,” “bottom,” “left,” “right,” “up,” “down,” etc., are used with reference to the orientation of the described figures. Because components of the embodiments can be positioned in several different orientations, directional terms are used for illustrative purposes and are by no means limiting. It should be understood that other embodiments may be utilized or logical changes may be made without departing from the scope of the present invention. Therefore, the following detailed description should not be taken in a limiting sense, and the scope of the present invention is defined by the appended claims.

[0022] Figure 1 and Figure 2 The diagrams show the front and back structures of a dynamic urine formation demonstrator capable of segmented demonstration according to an embodiment of the present invention. Figure 1 and Figure 2 As shown, the urine formation dynamic demonstration device includes a glomerular model 5, a renal capsule model 7, a first renal tubule model 10, a second renal tubule model 8, a filter screen 6, an afferent arteriole model 4, an efferent arteriole model 3, a renal vein model 1, a capillary model 2, a display board support 11, a first solution collector 18, a second solution collector 25, a third solution collector 23, a fourth solution collector 20, a fifth solution collector 17, a sixth solution collector 9, a first circulating water pump 19, a second circulating water pump 24, a third circulating water pump 22, a fourth circulating water pump 21, a fifth circulating water pump 16, a first speed controller 12, a second speed controller 14, a first multi-port independent socket 13, and a second multi-port independent socket 15. Among them, the glomerular model 5, renal capsule model 7, first renal tubule model 10, second renal tubule model 8, filter screen 6, afferent arteriole model 4, efferent arteriole model 3, renal vein model 1, capillary model 2, and sixth solution collector 9 are located on the front of the display board support 11, facing the audience; the back of the display board support 11 is equipped with the first circulating water pump 19, the second circulating water pump 24, the third circulating water pump 22, the fourth circulating water pump 21, and the fifth circulating water pump 16, which are sequentially located in the first solution collector 18, the second solution collector 25, the third solution collector 23, the fourth solution collector 20, and the fifth solution collector 17. A filter screen 6 is embedded in the bottom of the glomerular model 5. Both ends of the glomerular model 5 extend through the display plate support 11 to the first solution collector 18, with one end connected to the afferent arteriole model 4. The bottom and sides of the renal capsule model 7 extend through the display plate support 11 to the second solution collector 25, with the bottom of the renal capsule model 7 connected to the second renal tubule model 8. Both ends of the efferent arteriole model 3 extend through the display plate support 11 to the third solution collector 23. Both ends of the capillary model 2 extend through the display plate support 11 to the fourth solution collector 20. One end of the first renal tubule model 10 extends through the display plate support 11 to the fifth solution collector 17, and the other end extends to the sixth solution collector 9 on the front of the display plate support 11. This utility model has a simple structure, is easy to operate, and is intuitive for teaching.

[0023] Table 1 shows the structural material specifications for the main nephron model. The main nephron model includes the following materials: glomerular model 5, renal capsule model 7, first renal tubule model 10, second renal tubule model 8, filter screen 6, afferent arteriole model 4, efferent arteriole model 3, renal vein model 1, and capillary model 2. The first renal tubule model 10 and the second renal tubule model 8 together form the renal tubule model.

[0024] The glomerular model 5 is a sphere made of a transparent soft tube with a diameter of 0.9cm*1.2cm. The material is highly malleable and can be easily coiled to form the glomerular model 5, reflecting its structural characteristics.

[0025] The main body of the renal capsule model 7 consists of two 12cm*14cm diameter transparent acrylic hemispheres nested together. Excess material was cut away at the point where the two hemispheres were nested, and the edges were sealed with a hot-melt gel gun to create a closed three-dimensional space, simulating the structure of the renal capsule. This design satisfies the characteristics of being sac-like and transparent, facilitating direct observation of the filtration process by students. Holes with a diameter of 1.8cm were drilled at the bottom and sides of the renal capsule model 7. The bottom hole connects to the second renal tubule model 8, and the side hole connects to a transparent flexible tube.

[0026] The first renal tubule model 10 is a transparent tube with a diameter of 1.4cm*1.8cm, extending to one end of the sixth solution collector 9. A bottle opening with a diameter of 1.4cm is drilled on the inside of the sixth solution collector 9 using an electric drill, and the first renal tubule model 10 and its collector bottle opening are sealed together using a hot melt gun.

[0027] To simulate the filtration function of the glomerulus, this teaching aid is equipped with a filter screen 6, which is a nano silicone pad with a diameter of 1.8cm and a pore size of 0.08cm.

[0028] The afferent arteriole model 4, the efferent arteriole model 3, the renal vein model 1, and the capillary model 2 are all transparent soft tubes with a diameter of 1.0cm*1.2cm.

[0029] An embodiment of this utility model of a dynamic urine formation demonstrator capable of segmented demonstration further includes a liquid simulation section. Table 2 shows the structural material specifications of the liquid simulation section. The liquid simulation section includes protein simulation balls, glucose simulation balls, urea simulation balls, inorganic salt simulation balls, blood simulation solution, and urine simulation solution. This teaching aid demonstrates at both macroscopic and microscopic levels, with different materials selected for each level.

[0030] For the macroscopic demonstration, red ink was chosen as the material for the blood simulation fluid, and yellow ink was chosen as the material for the urine simulation fluid. Both inks are inexpensive and easy to dilute, meeting the dynamic demonstration requirements of this teaching aid.

[0031] The microscopic demonstration used acrylic beads of different colors and diameters to simulate proteins, glucose, urea, and inorganic salts. The protein simulation beads were 4mm diameter blue acrylic beads, the glucose simulation beads were 2.5mm diameter green acrylic beads, the urea simulation beads were 2mm diameter black acrylic beads, and the inorganic salt simulation beads were 2.5mm diameter orange acrylic beads. This method is suitable for dynamically simulating the changes in proteins, glucose, inorganic salts, urea, and other substances during urine formation.

[0032] Table 3 shows the structural material specifications of the solution collector, circulating water pump, accessories, and display board support 11. The solution collector includes a first solution collector 18, a second solution collector 25, a third solution collector 23, a fourth solution collector 20, a fifth solution collector 17, and a sixth solution collector 9. All solution collectors are fixed to the display board support 11 using a hot melt gel gun. During dynamic demonstrations, the urine simulation solution in the sixth solution collector 9 simulates the final formed urine. The circulating water pump includes a first circulating water pump 19, a second circulating water pump 24, a third circulating water pump 22, a fourth circulating water pump 21, and a fifth circulating water pump 16. The accessories include a first speed controller 12, a second speed controller 14, a first multi-hole independent socket 13, and a second multi-hole independent socket 15.

[0033] Table 1. Structural Material Specifications for the Main Structure Model of a Nephron

[0034]

[0035] Table 2 Structural Material Specifications for the Liquid Simulation Section

[0036]

[0037]

[0038] Table 3 Structural Material Specifications for Solution Collector, Circulating Water Pump, Accessories, and Display Panel Support

[0039]

[0040] Based on the above-mentioned urine formation dynamic demonstration device that can be demonstrated in segments, it is assembled. After assembly, the power is turned on and the circulating water pump is started to drive the liquid simulation part to flow in a directional manner to simulate the path changes of the blood and urine tracts during the urine formation process, so as to realize the dynamic demonstration of four different application scenarios: the process of glomerular filtration and formation of primary urine, the process of renal tubular reabsorption and formation of urine, the process of arterial blood becoming venous blood, and the simulation mechanism of proteinuria and hematuria formation.

[0041] Application Scenario 1: The process of glomerular filtration and formation of primary urine

[0042] Teaching Purpose: To demonstrate the first step in the formation of urine: when blood flows through the glomerulus, the glomerulus and Bowman's capsule perform the filtering function. Besides large protein molecules and blood cells, some inorganic salts, water, urea, and glucose in the blood plasma are filtered through the glomerulus into Bowman's capsule, forming primary urine.

[0043] Based on the application scenario demonstration of this utility model: When the simulated blood fluid enters the glomerular model 5 from the afferent arteriole model 4, it can be clearly seen that the simulated blood fluid contains protein simulated spheres, glucose simulated spheres, a large number of urea simulated spheres, and inorganic salt simulated spheres continuously circulating in the tube. When the simulated blood fluid flows through the glomerular model 5, it can be clearly seen that the glucose simulated spheres, inorganic salt simulated spheres, and urea simulated spheres are filtered into the renal capsule model 7, where they form primary urine with the simulated urine fluid. The dynamic circulation of protein simulated spheres, glucose simulated spheres, and inorganic salt simulated spheres can be clearly seen in the efferent arteriole model 3.

[0044] Application Scenario 2: The process of reabsorption and urine formation in the renal tubules

[0045] Teaching Purpose: To demonstrate the second step in urine formation. When the primary urine flows through the renal tubules, the tubules reabsorb all the glucose, some of the inorganic salts, and most of the water. The reabsorbed substances then enter the capillaries outside the renal tubules and are returned to the bloodstream. The remaining inorganic salts, water, and urea then form urine.

[0046] Application scenario demonstration based on this utility model: When the urine simulation solution flows through the first renal tubule model 10, the circulation of urea-containing and inorganic salt-containing simulated balls can be clearly seen in the renal vein model 1. The circulation of urea-containing and inorganic salt-containing simulated balls can also be clearly seen in the sixth solution collector 9, and the urine simulation solution in the sixth solution collector 9 simulates the final formed urine.

[0047] Application Scenario 3: The process of arterial blood becoming venous blood

[0048] Teaching purpose: During the formation of urine, when blood flows through the glomerulus, nutrients and oxygen in the blood do not exchange with the capillaries. The blood flowing in the glomerulus is still bright red arterial blood. When the blood flows through the capillaries around the renal tubules, it exchanges with the surrounding tissue cells, and oxygen and nutrients are given to the tissue cells. Therefore, the bright red arterial blood turns into dark red venous blood. Thus, the blood flowing in the renal vein is venous blood.

[0049] Based on the application scenario demonstration of this utility model: when the blood simulation fluid flows through the glomerular model 5, the blood simulation fluid is diluted from red ink to a bright red liquid; when the blood simulation fluid flows through the tissue cells around the first renal tubule model 10, due to the exchange of substances with the tissue cells, the blood simulation fluid in the renal vein model 1 is diluted from red ink to a dark red liquid, so that students can intuitively see the blood simulation fluid change from bright red to dark red during the material exchange process.

[0050] Application Scenario 4: Simulation of the formation mechanism of proteinuria and hematuria

[0051] Instructional purposes: During urine formation, glomerular lesions reduce filtration function, allowing large protein molecules to pass through the glomeruli into Bowman's capsule, ultimately appearing in the urine as proteinuria. Hematuria, on the other hand, occurs due to glomerular lesions increasing permeability, allowing blood cells to enter Bowman's capsule and also appearing in the urine.

[0052] Demonstration of the application scenario of this utility model: A small amount of protein simulants is added to the fourth solution collector 20 on the back of the display board support 11. It can be seen that when the simulated blood flows through the glomerular model 5, the protein simulants enter the renal capsule model 7 and finally reach the first renal tubule model 10 to demonstrate the formation of proteinuria. Protein simulants are clearly visible in the sixth solution collector 9, and the urine simulant in the sixth solution collector 9 simulates the final formed urine. In the dynamic model of urine formation, a small amount of simulated blood is added to the second solution collector 25 and the fifth solution collector 17 on the back of the display board support 11 to demonstrate the formation of hematuria.

[0053] Repeating the above cycle allows the simulated blood and urine solutions to flow continuously, driving the circulation of different substances and demonstrating the dynamic changes in urine formation in segments, including filtration, primary urine, changes in substances after filtration, changes in substances in venous blood after reabsorption, and final urine formation. This teaching aid's dynamic demonstration is intuitive and vivid, helping students understand the characteristics of substance changes during filtration and reabsorption, especially in dynamically simulating the formation mechanisms of hematuria and proteinuria. It also helps create a lively and engaging classroom learning atmosphere.

[0054] Obviously, those skilled in the art can make various modifications and changes to the embodiments of this utility model without departing from the spirit and scope of this utility model. In this way, this utility model is also intended to cover such modifications and changes if they fall within the scope of the claims of this utility model and their equivalents. The word "comprising" does not exclude the presence of other elements or steps not listed in the claims. The simple fact that certain measures are described in mutually different dependent claims does not indicate that a combination of these measures cannot be used for profit. Any reference numerals in the claims should not be considered as limiting the scope.

Claims

1. A dynamic demonstration device for urine formation capable of segmented demonstration, characterized in that, The device includes a nephron main structure model, a display board support, a solution collector, a circulating water pump, accessories, and a liquid simulation section. The nephron main structure model is located on the front of the display board support and includes a glomerular model, a renal capsule model, a first renal tubule model, a filter screen, an afferent arteriole model, an efferent arteriole model, a renal vein model, and a capillary model. The filter screen is embedded in the bottom of the glomerular model. Both ends of the glomerular model extend through the display board support to the corresponding solution collector, with one end connected to the afferent arteriole model. The bottom and sides of the renal capsule model extend through the display board support to the corresponding solution collector. Both ends of the efferent arteriole model and the capillary model extend through the display board support to the corresponding solution collector. One end of the first renal tubule model extends through the display board support to the corresponding solution collector, and the other end extends to the corresponding solution collector on the front of the display board support.

2. The urine formation dynamic demonstration device according to claim 1, characterized in that, The solution collector includes a first solution collector, a second solution collector, a third solution collector, a fourth solution collector, a fifth solution collector, and a sixth solution collector; the first solution collector corresponds to the glomerular model, the second solution collector corresponds to the renal capsule model, the third solution collector corresponds to the efferent arteriole model, the fourth solution collector corresponds to the capillary model, and the fifth and sixth solution collectors correspond to the first renal tubule model.

3. The urine formation dynamic demonstration device according to claim 2, characterized in that, The circulating water pump includes a first circulating water pump, a second circulating water pump, a third circulating water pump, a fourth circulating water pump, and a fifth circulating water pump, which are sequentially arranged in the first solution collector, the second solution collector, the third solution collector, the fourth solution collector, and the fifth solution collector.

4. The urine formation dynamic demonstration device according to claim 2, characterized in that, The first, second, third, fourth, and fifth solution collectors are located on the back of the display board support, and the sixth solution collector is located on the front of the display board support.

5. The urine formation dynamic demonstration device according to claim 1, characterized in that, The accessory portion includes a first speed controller, a second speed controller, a first multi-hole independent socket, and a second multi-hole independent socket.

6. The urine formation dynamic demonstration device according to claim 1, characterized in that, The main structural model of the nephron also includes a second renal tubule model, which is a transparent tube with a diameter of 1.4cm*1.8cm and is connected to the bottom of the renal capsule model. The main body of the renal capsule model is a three-dimensional space formed by two acrylic transparent hemispheres with a diameter of 12cm*14cm nested together.

7. The urine formation dynamic demonstration device according to claim 1, characterized in that, The glomerular model is a transparent soft tube with a diameter of 0.9cm*1.2cm, the first renal tubule model is a transparent soft tube with a diameter of 1.4cm*1.8cm, and the filter is a nano silicone pad with a diameter of 1.8cm and a pore size of 0.08cm.

8. The urine formation dynamic demonstration device according to claim 1, characterized in that, The afferent arteriole model, the efferent arteriole model, the renal vein model, and the capillary model are all transparent flexible tubes with a diameter of 1.0cm*1.2cm.

9. The urine formation dynamic demonstration device according to claim 1, characterized in that, The liquid simulation component includes protein simulation spheres, glucose simulation spheres, urea simulation spheres, inorganic salt simulation spheres, blood simulation solution, and urine simulation solution. The liquid simulation component flows dynamically within the urine formation dynamic demonstration device. By selecting different compositions of the liquid simulation component, four application scenarios are dynamically demonstrated.

10. The urine formation dynamic demonstration device according to claim 9, characterized in that, The protein spheres are blue acrylic beads with a diameter of 4 mm, the glucose spheres are green acrylic beads with a diameter of 2.5 mm, the urea spheres are black acrylic beads with a diameter of 2 mm, the inorganic salt spheres are orange acrylic beads with a diameter of 2.5 mm, the blood spheres are made of red ink, and the urine spheres are made of yellow ink.

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