Water taking and filtering facility for nuclear power plant

Abstract

The embodiment of the utility model provides a water taking and filtering facility for a nuclear power plant. The water taking and filtering facility comprises an inlet, an outlet, a first filtering part and a second filtering part, the first filtering piece and the second filtering piece are sequentially arranged and located between the inlet and the outlet, the first filtering piece comprises a first supporting frame, a first filtering net and a fixing rod, the first filtering net and the fixing rod are arranged in the first supporting frame, and the first supporting frame comprises a bottom plate, a top plate, a first side plate and a second side plate; a first mounting hole is formed in the bottom plate, a second mounting hole is formed in the top plate, and the fixing rod sequentially penetrates through the second mounting hole and the first mounting hole to be connected with the bottom plate; the second filtering piece comprises a second filtering net and a fixing rope arranged on the second filtering net, and the second filtering net is connected with the first supporting frame through the fixing rope. Thus, double-layer filtration is arranged, and the first filter screen and the second filter screen are both connected with the first supporting frame, so that the service life of the filter screens can be prolonged.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This application relates to the field of seawater intake channels in nuclear power plants, and more particularly to a water intake filtration facility for nuclear power plants. Background Technology

[0002] Pressurized water reactor nuclear power plants located near the coast typically use seawater as cooling water. This seawater primarily provides necessary cooling water for the turbine generator's condenser and auxiliary cooling water systems, as well as for the equipment cooling water systems.

[0003] Currently, most nuclear power plants use plastic nets or high-density polyethylene nets to intercept floating debris and marine life at the water intake gate, intake canal, and forebay section of the pump house. These nets are secured with buoys and weights, but they are easily damaged by waves, floating debris, and marine life such as shrimp and jellyfish, resulting in high net consumption. Utility Model Content

[0004] This application provides a nuclear power plant water intake filtration facility that can solve the problem of high net consumption in current nuclear power plant water intake filtration facilities. It can use physical interception facilities to intercept and filter marine organisms and floating objects, ensuring the safety of nuclear power plant water intake.

[0005] This application primarily involves adding stainless steel fences (50mm spacing) at the intake gate, with a guide net attached behind the steel fences to direct floating debris out of the intake gate. Within the open channel formed from the intake to the guide dike, before seawater enters the pump house, one to three steel gratings or steel filters are added, depending on site conditions, followed by plastic netting to intercept and filter marine life and floating debris. This scheme utilizes the strength of the steel fences or wire mesh to forcibly intercept marine life; simultaneously, combined with plastic netting, the plastic netting, hung on the steel fences or wire mesh, offers better structural stability, reducing the probability of breakage. Replacing high-density polyethylene plastic netting with ordinary plastic netting reduces net replacement costs and saves operating costs; it significantly increases the interception capacity of marine life, improves the safety of nuclear power plant water intake projects, and reduces the probability of unit shutdown.

[0006] To solve the above-mentioned technical problems, this application is implemented as follows:

[0007] This application provides a nuclear power plant water intake filtration facility, including an inlet, an outlet, a first filter element, and a second filter element;

[0008] The first filter element and the second filter element are sequentially disposed between the inlet and the outlet. The first filter element includes a first support frame, a first filter screen disposed within the first support frame, and a fixing rod. The first support frame includes a bottom plate, a top plate, a first side plate, and a second side plate. A first mounting hole is provided on the bottom plate, and a second mounting hole is provided on the top plate. The fixing rod passes through the second mounting hole and the first mounting hole in sequence and is connected to the bottom plate.

[0009] The second filter element includes a second filter screen and a fixing rope disposed on the second filter screen, and the second filter screen is connected to the first support frame through the fixing rope.

[0010] Optionally, the first support frame further includes a first fastener disposed on the first support frame, the first fastener being connected to the first filter screen, and the first fastener being used to fix the first filter screen to the first support frame.

[0011] Optionally, a third mounting hole is provided on the first side plate, and a fourth mounting hole is provided on the second side plate. The first fastener passes through the third mounting hole, the first filter screen, and the fourth mounting hole in sequence and is connected to the second side plate.

[0012] Optionally, the first filter screen is a steel wire mesh, and the second filter screen is a plastic mesh.

[0013] Optionally, the nuclear power plant water intake filtration facility further includes a third filter element located between the inlet and the first filter element.

[0014] Optionally, the third filter element includes a second support frame and a plurality of side panels disposed within the second support frame, the plurality of side panels being spaced apart.

[0015] Optionally, the bottom of the second support frame is provided with an insert for fixing the second support frame to the target position.

[0016] Optionally, the third filter element includes a second fastener disposed on the second support frame, and through holes are provided on both sides of the second support frame. The second fastener passes through the through holes and is connected to the plurality of guardrails.

[0017] Optionally, the spacing between the plurality of panels is greater than the aperture of the first filter screen, and the aperture of the first filter screen is greater than the aperture of the second filter screen.

[0018] Optionally, both the first fastener and the second fastener are steel ropes.

[0019] In this embodiment, the nuclear power plant's water intake filtration facility includes an inlet, an outlet, a first filter element, and a second filter element. The first filter element and the second filter element are sequentially disposed between the inlet and the outlet. The first filter element includes a first support frame, a first filter screen disposed within the first support frame, and a fixing rod. The first support frame includes a bottom plate, a top plate, a first side plate, and a second side plate. The bottom plate has a first mounting hole, and the top plate has a second mounting hole. The fixing rod passes through the second mounting hole and the first mounting hole sequentially and is connected to the bottom plate. The second filter element includes a second filter screen and a fixing rope disposed on the second filter screen. The second filter screen is connected to the first support frame via the fixing rope. Thus, by setting up a double-layer filtration system, and with both the first and second filter screens connected to the first support frame, the service life of the filter screens can be improved. Attached Figure Description

[0020] Figure 1 Schematic diagram of the structure of the first filter element in the nuclear power plant water intake filtration facility provided in the embodiments of this application. Figure 1 ;

[0021] Figure 2 Schematic diagram of the structure of the first support frame and the first filter screen provided in the embodiments of this application. Figure 1 ;

[0022] Figure 3 Schematic diagram of the structure of the first support frame and the first filter screen provided in the embodiments of this application. Figure 2 ;

[0023] Figure 4 Schematic diagram of the structure of the first filter element in the nuclear power plant water intake filtration facility provided in the embodiments of this application. Figure 2 ;

[0024] Figure 5 Schematic diagram of the structure of the third filter element in the nuclear power plant water intake filtration facility provided in the embodiments of this application. Figure 1 ;

[0025] Figure 6 Schematic diagram of the structure of the third filter element in the nuclear power plant water intake filtration facility provided in the embodiments of this application. Figure 2 ;

[0026] Figure 7 A schematic diagram of the installation structure of the insert provided in the embodiments of this application;

[0027] Figure 8 This is a structural schematic diagram of a water intake project for a nuclear power plant provided in an embodiment of this application;

[0028] Figure 9This is a structural schematic diagram of another nuclear power plant water intake project provided in an embodiment of this application. Detailed Implementation

[0029] The technical solutions of the embodiments of this application will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the accompanying drawings. Obviously, the described embodiments are only some embodiments of this application, not all embodiments. Based on the embodiments of this application, all other embodiments obtained by those skilled in the art without creative effort are within the scope of protection of this application.

[0030] Unless otherwise defined, the technical or scientific terms used in this application shall have the ordinary meaning understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this application pertains. The terms "first," "second," and similar terms used in this application do not indicate any order, quantity, or importance, but are merely used to distinguish different components. Similarly, the terms "a" or "one," and similar terms do not indicate a quantity limitation, but rather indicate the presence of at least one. The terms "connected" or "linked," and similar terms, are not limited to physical or mechanical connections, but can include electrical connections, whether direct or indirect. Terms such as "upper," "lower," "left," and "right," etc., are used only to indicate relative positional relationships; when the absolute position of the described object changes, the relative positional relationship also changes accordingly.

[0031] To mitigate the impact of marine organism blockage on seawater intake safety, it is necessary to strengthen methods and measures for marine organism interception and filtration. This application designs an interception facility using stainless steel wire mesh and stainless steel fences for marine organisms and floating debris. Employing a layered defense and tiered interception scheme, combined with existing plastic mesh, it achieves the interception and filtration of marine organisms. This significantly reduces the use of high-density polyethylene and other types of plastic mesh, significantly enhances the marine organism interception capacity, reduces the amount of marine organisms entering the pump house forebay and the sieve, and improves the safety of seawater intake for nuclear power plants.

[0032] The following description, in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, further illustrates the nuclear power plant water intake filtration facility proposed in the embodiments of this application.

[0033] This application provides a nuclear power plant water intake filtration facility, including an inlet, an outlet, a first filter element, and a second filter element;

[0034] The first filter element and the second filter element are sequentially disposed between the inlet and the outlet, such as... Figure 1As shown, the first filter element 10 includes a first support frame 11, a first filter screen 12 disposed within the first support frame 11, and a fixing rod 13. The first support frame 11 includes a bottom plate 111, a top plate 112, a first side plate 113, and a second side plate 114. The bottom plate 111 is provided with a first mounting hole, and the top plate 112 is provided with a second mounting hole. The fixing rod 13 passes through the second mounting hole and the first mounting hole in sequence and is connected to the bottom plate 111.

[0035] The second filter element includes a second filter screen and a fixing rope disposed on the second filter screen. The second filter screen is connected to the first support frame 11 through the fixing rope.

[0036] It should be understood that the nuclear power plant water intake filtration facility provided in this application embodiment is applicable to nuclear power plant water intake projects, and is used to intercept and filter marine organisms and floating debris. Thus, by installing the nuclear power plant water intake filtration facility in the open channel formed from the intake to the guide dike, before the seawater enters the pump house, floating debris is directed out of the intake gate, thereby reducing the amount of marine organisms entering the pump house forebay and the filter screen, and improving the safety of seawater intake from the nuclear power plant.

[0037] The first support frame 11 is formed by a bottom plate 111, a top plate 112, a first side plate 113, and a second side plate 114. The side of the first filter screen 12 is connected to the bottom plate 111, the top plate 112, the first side plate 113, and the second side plate 114 respectively. The liquid to be filtered flows in from the inlet and then flows to the second filter screen after passing through the first filter screen 12 for two filtrations. The filtered liquid flows out through the outlet.

[0038] It should be understood that the first filter 12 should be a replaceable structure. In an alternative embodiment, the first filter 12 may be provided with a frame, and a slot is provided inside the frame of the first support frame 11. The first filter 12 is fixed within the first support frame 11 by snapping the frame into the slot, such as... Figure 2 As shown, when the first filter 12 reaches its maximum usage time, or when the first filter 12 breaks, the first filter 12 can be removed and replaced.

[0039] A first mounting hole and a second mounting hole are respectively provided on the bottom plate 111 and the top plate 112. When the first filter screen 12 is installed in the first support frame 11, the fixing rod 13 can pass through the first mounting hole, the first filter screen 12 and the second mounting hole in sequence to improve the connection stability between the first filter screen 12 and the first support frame 11.

[0040] Each frame of the second filter screen is connected to the first support frame 11 by a fixing rope. The fixing rope can be used to securely connect the second filter screen and the first support frame 11 by binding, including manual binding and mechanical binding.

[0041] It should be understood that the second filter is also a replaceable structure. When the first filter 12 reaches its maximum usage time, or when the first filter 12 breaks, the first filter 12 can be removed and replaced.

[0042] In this way, by setting up a double-layer filter, and with both the first filter screen 12 and the second filter screen connected to the first support frame 11, the service life of the filter screen can be improved.

[0043] In an optional embodiment, support plates 15 may be provided on both sides of the fixing rod 13. The support plates 15 on both sides are disposed on the back of the first filter screen 12 and are arranged opposite to each other. When the first filter screen 12 is disposed within the first support frame 11, the impact resistance of the first filter screen 12 can be improved, and further, the service life of the first filter screen 12 can be increased. The number of support plates 15 can be evenly arranged according to the size of the first support frame 11.

[0044] In another optional embodiment, the support plate 15 disposed within the first support frame 11 may also be perpendicular to the fixing rod 13, and the support plate 15 is disposed on the back side of the first filter screen 12. Similarly, the number of support plates 15 can be evenly arranged according to the size of the first support frame 11. In this way, by providing support plates 15, the impact resistance of the first filter screen 12 can be improved, and further, the service life of the first filter screen 12 can be improved.

[0045] It should be understood that, given the large area of ​​the sea, by installing multiple nuclear power plant water intake filtration facilities, and by assembling these facilities together, a filtration structure suitable for the sea area can be formed. For example... Figure 3 As shown, it can be formed by splicing together multiple first support frames 11.

[0046] Optionally, the first support frame 11 further includes a first fastener 16 disposed on the first support frame 11, the first fastener 16 being connected to the first filter screen 12, and the first fastener 16 being used to fix the first filter screen 12 to the first support frame 11.

[0047] In this embodiment of the application, a first fastener 16 is provided, which is connected to the first filter screen 12, to improve the stability of the connection between the first filter screen 12 and the first support frame 11.

[0048] In an alternative embodiment, the first fastener 16 may be a steel rope. The steel rope secures the first filter 12 to the support plate 15, and the securing method may include manual securing or mechanical securing.

[0049] Optionally, the first side plate 113 is provided with a third mounting hole, and the second side plate 114 is provided with a fourth mounting hole. The first fastener 16 passes through the third mounting hole, the first filter screen 12 and the fourth mounting hole in sequence and is connected to the second side plate 114.

[0050] The number of third mounting holes provided on the first side plate 113 may be multiple, and correspondingly, the number of fourth mounting holes provided on the second side plate 114 is adapted to the number of third mounting holes. In this way, the steel rope can pass through the third mounting holes, the first filter screen 12 and the fourth mounting holes to fix the first filter screen 12 to the first side plate 113 and the second side plate 114.

[0051] Optionally, the first filter screen 12 is a steel wire mesh, and the second filter screen is a plastic mesh.

[0052] In this embodiment, by using a steel wire mesh for the first filter screen 12, its service life can be increased; by using a plastic mesh for the second filter screen, the amount of mesh used and the cost can be reduced. The structural strength of the plastic mesh should meet the requirement that the mesh does not break when lifting the net to clean up garbage.

[0053] It should be noted that guide channels, gate valves, and large-volume components that are placed in seawater for extended periods can be protected using sacrificial anode blocks, as they are made of seawater-resistant alloy cast iron. Coarse grilles, filter screens, and small-volume components that are placed in seawater for extended periods can be protected using seawater-resistant stainless steel, as well as sacrificial anode blocks.

[0054] like Figure 4 As shown, the first filter screen can also be made of stainless steel plate, which has multiple uniform holes to intercept and filter marine organisms.

[0055] Optionally, the nuclear power plant water intake filtration facility further includes a third filter element 20, which is located between the inlet and the first filter element 10.

[0056] In this embodiment of the application, by setting a third filter element 20 and placing the third filter element 20 in front of the first filter element 10, the interception efficiency can be improved. In addition, the service life of the first filter element 10 and the second filter element can also be improved.

[0057] Optionally, such as Figure 5 As shown, the third filter element 20 includes a second support frame 21 and a plurality of railings 22 disposed within the second support frame 21, the plurality of railings 22 being spaced apart.

[0058] It should be understood that the second support frame 21 can have the same structure as the first support frame 11, with multiple baffles 22 evenly spaced within the second support frame 21. The spacing between the multiple baffles 22 can be 50mm, 30mm, or 20mm. It should be noted that the spacing between the multiple baffles 22 is adjustable, and the specific spacing can be determined based on the marine life outbreak situation in the sea area.

[0059] In an alternative embodiment, the stainless steel fence installed outside the entrance can be in a half-section form when installed in the sea.

[0060] In an alternative implementation, such as Figure 6 As shown, the nuclear power plant's water intake filtration facility is located at the intake gate, with stainless steel fences (50mm spacing) added. A guide net is hung behind the steel fence to direct floating debris out of the intake gate. In the open channel formed from the intake to the guide dike, before the seawater enters the pump house, one to three steel gratings or steel filters are added, depending on the site conditions, followed by plastic netting to intercept and filter marine life and floating debris.

[0061] It should be understood that, depending on the specific nuclear power plant, the marine biodiversity risk calendar, and the characteristics of harmful marine organisms, stainless steel fencing can be specifically designed around the intake. The width, depth, and length of the fencing can be adaptively adjusted based on the water depth, wave characteristics, and intake spacing of the plant site's marine environment. For example, to guide floating debris such as marine debris and seaweed, steel fencing with a spacing of 50mm is generally used. However, it can also be adjusted to 30mm or 20mm depending on the specific conditions of the marine area.

[0062] In an alternative embodiment, the second support frame 21 may be hollow, through which steel ropes may pass.

[0063] Optionally, the bottom of the second support frame 21 is provided with an insert 211, which is used to fix the second support frame 21 to the target position, such as... Figure 7 As shown.

[0064] The aforementioned insert 211 is located at the bottom of the second support frame 21, and the second support frame 21 can be inserted into the target position manually or mechanically.

[0065] In an alternative embodiment, the steel fence can be spaced at intervals and structural facilities can be inserted into the seabed to improve structural stability.

[0066] In another alternative implementation, the steel fence can also be secured using floats or steel wire ropes.

[0067] Optionally, the third filter element 20 includes a second fastener 23 disposed on the second support frame 21. Both sides of the second support frame 21 are provided with through holes, and the second fastener 23 passes through the through holes and is connected to the plurality of guardrails 22.

[0068] In this embodiment of the application, a second fastener 23 is provided, which is connected to a plurality of railings 22 disposed within the second support frame 21, thereby improving the stability of the connection between the railings 22 and the second support frame 21.

[0069] In an optional embodiment, the second fastener 23 may be a steel rope. The steel rope secures the guardrail 22 to the second support frame 21, and the securing method may include manual securing or mechanical securing.

[0070] In an alternative implementation, in the event of a severe outbreak of marine life in the area, the interception efficiency can be improved by installing three third filters 20.

[0071] The first steel fence can be a half-section design, with a spacing of 50mm between the steel bars. Located behind the first debris-blocking net, it primarily intercepts floating debris such as seaweed, bamboo poles, and plastic waste. The first steel fence can be secured using steel cables. Three steel cables span the entrance, passing through the lower, middle, and upper sections of the steel fence for fixation.

[0072] The depth and length of the fence are determined based on the specific conditions of the nuclear power plant site. In an optional implementation, standard industrial components can be used to facilitate manufacturing and transportation.

[0073] Optionally, the spacing between the plurality of baffles 22 is greater than the aperture of the first filter screen 12, and the aperture of the first filter screen 12 is greater than the aperture of the second filter screen.

[0074] In this embodiment of the application, the filtration efficiency can be improved by setting progressively smaller filter intervals.

[0075] In an optional embodiment, a plastic mesh is placed behind the stainless steel filter screen. It is recommended that the mesh size of the plastic mesh be slightly smaller than that of the steel wire mesh attached in front, and that it be staggered from the steel wire mesh to further filter and intercept marine organisms. Suitable mesh sizes for the plastic mesh include: 50×50mm, 30×30mm, 20×20mm, 10×10mm, 5×5mm, 3×3mm, and 2×2mm.

[0076] To enhance understanding of the nuclear power plant water intake filtration facility provided in the embodiments of this application, such as Figure 8 or Figure 9As shown, seawater flows through the intake to the first steel fence, then through a guide net to enter the intake channel. After passing through a second steel fence (50mm spacing) for filtration, it enters a mechanical mesh bag. Following this, it passes through the first steel filter and a pile-based mesh bag, then through a second steel filter and a temporary mesh bag, before entering a third steel fence and a bottom mesh bag for filtration. Finally, it enters the pump house forebay and is filtered by a coarse screen. The subsequent intake process at the pump house is the same as the traditional open channel intake method used in nuclear power plants. The first steel fence is optional. The configuration from the intake to the pump house forebay is determined by the site conditions of the nuclear power plant and the marine biodiversity risk calendar, specifying the number and intensity of the fencing levels.

[0077] In an optional implementation, at least one steel fence is installed. If there is a marine biodiversity outbreak and the pressure to intercept and filter is high, it is recommended to install three fences, using stainless steel fences, stainless steel filter screens, and hanging nets. The specific configuration depends on the site conditions. The three steel fences can be installed in tiers from the open sea to the shore with aperture intervals of 50×50mm, 30×30mm, and 10×10mm.

[0078] The stainless steel mesh uses a rectangular frame structure. It is replaced and cleaned when the frame is full or clogged. The frame is reusable. Existing plastic mesh can be hung on top of the stainless steel mesh, and cleaned and replaced as needed based on the level of blockage. In this way, a large amount of marine life is intercepted through the metal barrier and metal filter. The metal barrier and metal mesh provide structural support for the plastic mesh, increasing its lifespan.

[0079] Taking into account high and low tide levels, the steel fencing at the intake area, using a nuclear power plant as an example, needs to cover a 100-year high tide level of +4.77m and a design baseline low tide level of -6.50m. The plant site, including the intake area, is situated on bedrock. The steel fencing is supported by pile foundations and piers, and is installed in full-section or half-section configurations within the intake area to completely enclose it.

[0080] Inside the intake channel, from the water intake gate to the pump house inlet gate, three steel grating screens are installed. The depth and width of the steel gratings can be adjusted according to the specific site conditions of the nuclear power plant's water intake project. The spacing between the steel gratings is arranged at 50×50mm, 30×30mm, and 20×20mm. To facilitate the removal of intercepted marine life and floating debris and reduce the use of interception nets, interception nets can be hung behind the steel gratings. Utilizing the installation and fixation of the steel gratings in the open channel, the steel gratings can provide support for the interception nets, changing the traditional method of hanging nets. Traditional plastic nets are intermittently anchored, and under the impact of waves, floating debris, and marine life, the plastic nets are likely to be snagged or torn. Using steel gratings for interception, the method of hanging nets with steel gratings can use mechanical force to forcibly intercept floating debris and extend the service life of the nets. Compared to the traditional method of hanging nets with anchor blocks and weights, hanging the nets behind the steel gratings is easier to install and more secure.

[0081] The embodiments of this application have been described above with reference to the accompanying drawings. However, this application is not limited to the specific embodiments described above. The specific embodiments described above are merely illustrative and not restrictive. Those skilled in the art can make many other forms under the guidance of this application without departing from the spirit and scope of the claims, and all of these forms are within the protection scope of this application.

Claims

1. A water intake filtration facility for a nuclear power plant, characterized in that, Includes inlet, outlet, first filter element, and second filter element; The first filter element and the second filter element are sequentially disposed between the inlet and the outlet. The first filter element includes a first support frame, a first filter screen disposed within the first support frame, and a fixing rod. The first support frame includes a bottom plate, a top plate, a first side plate, and a second side plate. A first mounting hole is provided on the bottom plate, and a second mounting hole is provided on the top plate. The fixing rod passes through the second mounting hole and the first mounting hole in sequence and is connected to the bottom plate. The second filter element includes a second filter screen and a fixing rope disposed on the second filter screen, and the second filter screen is connected to the first support frame through the fixing rope.

2. The nuclear power plant water intake filtration facility according to claim 1, characterized in that, The first support frame further includes a first fastener disposed on the first support frame, the first fastener being connected to the first filter screen, and the first fastener being used to fix the first filter screen to the first support frame.

3. The nuclear power plant water intake filtration facility according to claim 2, characterized in that, The first side plate is provided with a third mounting hole, and the second side plate is provided with a fourth mounting hole. The first fastener passes through the third mounting hole, the first filter screen and the fourth mounting hole in sequence and is connected to the second side plate.

4. The nuclear power plant water intake filtration facility according to claim 1, characterized in that, The first filter screen is a steel wire mesh, and the second filter screen is a plastic mesh.

5. The nuclear power plant water intake filtration facility according to claim 3, characterized in that, The nuclear power plant water intake filtration facility also includes a third filter element, which is located between the inlet and the first filter element.

6. The nuclear power plant water intake filtration facility according to claim 5, characterized in that, The third filter element includes a second support frame and a plurality of panels disposed within the second support frame, the plurality of panels being spaced apart.

7. The nuclear power plant water intake filtration facility according to claim 6, characterized in that, The second support frame has an insert at its bottom, which is used to fix the second support frame to the target position.

8. The nuclear power plant water intake filtration facility according to claim 6, characterized in that, The third filter element includes a second fastener disposed on the second support frame. Both sides of the second support frame are provided with through holes, and the second fastener passes through the through holes to connect with the plurality of railings.

9. The nuclear power plant water intake filtration facility according to claim 6, characterized in that, The spacing between the plurality of panels is greater than the aperture of the first filter screen, and the aperture of the first filter screen is greater than the aperture of the second filter screen.

10. The nuclear power plant water intake filtration facility according to claim 8, characterized in that, Both the first fastener and the second fastener are steel ropes.

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