Automatic feeding mechanism for steel pipe remanufacturing and machining

By using rubber sleeve anti-slip protrusions and a transmission roller limiting and guiding structure in the automatic steel pipe feeding mechanism, the problems of insufficient friction and deviation during the steel pipe conveying process are solved, achieving stable and accurate automated feeding, reducing equipment damage and safety risks, and improving production efficiency and processing quality.

CN224257661UActive Publication Date: 2026-05-19PUYANG LINXIN MACHINERY CO LTD
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Patent Information

Authority / Receiving Office
CN · China
Patent Type
Utility models(China)
Current Assignee / Owner
PUYANG LINXIN MACHINERY CO LTD
Filing Date
2025-06-24
Publication Date
2026-05-19

AI Technical Summary

Technical Problem

Existing automatic steel pipe feeding mechanisms suffer from insufficient friction during the conveying process, leading to slippage. Furthermore, the lack of effective guidance and limiting mechanisms causes steel pipes to deviate, increasing equipment damage and safety risks.

Method used

The device employs rubber sleeves on the outer sides of the active and driven rollers, with anti-slip protrusions on the periphery of the rubber sleeves to increase friction. A drive cylinder is installed on the top of the device body to drive multiple transmission rollers for limiting and guiding, and combined with support legs and a controller, it achieves automated and intelligent control.

Benefits of technology

It effectively prevents steel pipe slippage and deviation, improves the continuity and accuracy of feeding, reduces equipment damage and safety risks, and enhances production efficiency and processing quality.

✦ Generated by Eureka AI based on patent content.

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Abstract

The utility model provides an automatic feeding mechanism for steel pipe remanufacturing processing, which comprises a device body, a mounting groove is arranged on the top surface of the device body, a driving roller is movably arranged in the mounting groove, a driven roller is movably arranged on one side of the driving roller, the driving roller is driven by a driving motor, and the driven roller is driven by a driven motor. The outer side surfaces of the driving roller and the driven roller are sleeved with rubber sleeves, anti-skid rubber protruding particles are arranged on the circumferential side faces of the rubber sleeves, the mounting grooves provide a stable mounting foundation for the driving roller and the driven roller, and the mounting precision and the operation stability of the driving roller and the driven roller are guaranteed. The rubber sleeves sleeved on the outer sides of the driving roller and the driven roller and the anti-skidding rubber convex grains on the peripheral side surfaces obviously increase the friction force with the surface of the steel pipe, effectively solve the problem that the steel pipe is easy to slip in the feeding process due to heavy weight and smooth surface in the background technology, ensure that the steel pipe can stably advance in the conveying process, and improve the conveying efficiency. And feeding interruption and position deviation caused by slipping are avoided, and feeding continuity and accuracy are improved.
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Description

Technical Field

[0001] This utility model relates to the technical field of steel pipe modification and processing, and in particular to an automatic feeding mechanism for steel pipe modification and processing. Background Technology

[0002] In the steel pipe refining and processing industry, with the continuous advancement of industrialization, the requirements for production efficiency and processing precision are becoming increasingly stringent. Automatic feeding mechanisms, as an indispensable and crucial link in the production line, directly affect the smoothness of the entire production process. Currently, most widely used automatic steel pipe feeding mechanisms on the market adopt roller feeding structures, but in actual production, this structure has many drawbacks.

[0003] Regarding feeding stability, due to the significant weight and relatively smooth surface of the steel pipe, traditional feeding mechanisms are prone to slippage during transport when the friction between the steel pipe and the feeding rollers is insufficient. Furthermore, the lack of effective guiding and limiting devices during long-distance feeding makes the steel pipe susceptible to deviation. If this deviation exceeds the allowable range, it can not only damage processing equipment but also potentially cause safety accidents, increasing maintenance costs and safety risks for the company.

[0004] Therefore, it is necessary to provide an automatic feeding mechanism for steel pipe modification and processing to solve the above-mentioned technical problems. Utility Model Content

[0005] This utility model provides an automatic feeding mechanism for steel pipe modification and processing, which solves the problems in the background art.

[0006] To solve the aforementioned technical problems, this utility model provides an automatic feeding mechanism for steel pipe modification and processing, comprising a device body. An installation groove is mounted on the top surface of the device body, and a drive roller is movably mounted inside the installation groove. A driven roller is movably mounted on one side of the drive roller. The drive roller is driven by a drive motor. Rubber sleeves are fitted onto the outer surfaces of the drive and driven rollers, and anti-slip rubber protrusions are provided on the circumferential side of the rubber sleeves. The installation groove provides a stable mounting base for the drive and driven rollers, ensuring their installation accuracy and operational stability. The drive motor drives the drive roller, providing a power source for the entire feeding mechanism and enabling automated feeding. The rubber sleeves fitted onto the outer surfaces of the drive and driven rollers and the anti-slip rubber protrusions on their circumferential side significantly increase the friction with the steel pipe surface, effectively solving the problem of slippage during feeding due to the heavy weight and smooth surface of the steel pipe in the prior art. This ensures stable forward movement of the steel pipe during transport, avoiding feeding interruptions and positional deviations caused by slippage, improving the continuity and accuracy of feeding, providing reliable material input for subsequent processing stages, and also enhancing the overall production line efficiency.

[0007] Preferably, vertical plates are symmetrically mounted on the top surface of the device body, and a drive cylinder is mounted on the outer surface of the vertical plates. A mounting frame is installed through the output end of the drive cylinder, penetrating the surface of the vertical plates. A transmission roller is movably mounted inside the mounting frame. The symmetrically mounted vertical plates on the top of the device body provide a stable mounting support structure for the drive cylinder. The drive cylinder drives the transmission roller through the mounting frame, allowing for flexible adjustment of the transmission roller's position according to the steel pipe's size and conveying requirements. Multiple transmission rollers, equidistantly mounted inside the mounting frame, can limit and guide the steel pipe from different angles, effectively solving the problem of steel pipe deviation during long-distance feeding. By precisely controlling the steel pipe's deviation, it prevents deviation from exceeding the allowable range, avoiding damage to processing equipment and safety accidents caused by steel pipe deviation, reducing maintenance costs and safety risks for enterprises, ensuring the safe and stable operation of the production process, and improving the precision and quality of steel pipe processing.

[0008] Preferably, the rubber sleeve has countersunk holes on its peripheral side, and the driving and driven rollers have fixing holes on their peripheral sides. The rubber sleeve is fixedly connected to the driving and driven rollers respectively through fasteners passing through the countersunk holes and fixing holes. The countersunk holes on the rubber sleeve mate with the fixing holes on the driving and driven rollers, and the connection is secured by fasteners. This structural design allows the rubber sleeve to be firmly installed on the outside of the driving and driven rollers. During the feeding process, it ensures that the rubber sleeve will not loosen or fall off, and that the anti-slip rubber protrusions maintain good contact with the steel pipe surface, continuously increasing friction and preventing slippage. Furthermore, when the rubber sleeve needs to be replaced due to wear from long-term use, this connection method facilitates the disassembly and installation of a new rubber sleeve, reducing the difficulty and cost of equipment maintenance, and improving the maintainability and service life of the equipment.

[0009] Preferably, multiple anti-slip rubber protrusions are provided, and these protrusions are evenly spaced and installed around the outer surface of the rubber sleeve. This evenly spaced arrangement of protrusions ensures a uniform distribution of friction in the contact area between the rubber sleeve and the steel pipe surface, preventing uneven stress on the steel pipe and unstable conveying caused by excessive or insufficient local friction. This uniformly distributed design further enhances the gripping force and stability of the steel pipe during feeding, ensuring a smooth forward movement throughout the entire conveying process. It effectively prevents slippage and deviation of the steel pipe, improves the reliability and stability of the feeding mechanism, and provides strong support for the efficient and precise processing of the steel pipe.

[0010] Preferably, multiple drive rollers are provided, and these multiple drive rollers are installed at equal intervals inside the mounting frame. The multiple equally spaced drive rollers can limit and guide the steel pipe from multiple directions, forming a comprehensive constraint structure. Compared to single or a small number of drive rollers, this design can more effectively control the deviation of the steel pipe during transportation. Even if the steel pipe is subjected to external interference or changes in its center of gravity during transportation, the multiple drive rollers can adjust the force applied to the steel pipe in a timely manner, ensuring that the steel pipe moves stably along the predetermined track. At the same time, the uniform distribution of multiple drive rollers also makes the force on the steel pipe more even during transportation, reducing damage to the steel pipe surface caused by excessive localized force, and improving the processing quality and yield of the steel pipe.

[0011] Preferably, the device body is provided with support legs at its bottom end, and multiple support legs are provided, which are equally spaced at the four corners of the bottom end of the device body. These support legs at equal intervals provide a stable support structure for the entire feeding mechanism. During the feeding process, the support legs can withstand the weight of the steel pipe and various forces generated by the feeding mechanism, ensuring that the device body remains stable and preventing feeding accuracy and stability from being affected by shaking or tilting. Stable support also reduces vibration during equipment operation, reduces wear on equipment parts, extends the service life of the equipment, and provides a safer and more reliable working environment for operators.

[0012] Preferably, a controller is mounted on the outer surface of the device body for easy operation and monitoring by the operator. The controller can monitor the operating status of each component of the feeding mechanism in real time, including key parameters such as the speed of the drive motor, the extension and retraction of the drive cylinder, and the position of the transmission roller. Through analysis and processing of this data, the controller can precisely control each component of the feeding mechanism according to preset programs or actual production needs. For example, when an abnormal steel pipe conveying speed is detected, the controller can promptly adjust the speed of the drive motor; when the steel pipe offset exceeds a set range, the controller can control the drive cylinder to adjust the position of the transmission roller, ensuring efficient, stable, and safe operation of the feeding process, achieving automated and intelligent feeding control, and improving production efficiency and processing quality.

[0013] Compared with related technologies, the automatic feeding mechanism for steel pipe modification and processing provided by this utility model has the following advantages:

[0014] Compared to existing technologies, the rubber sleeves surrounding the drive and driven rollers are equipped with anti-slip rubber protrusions. Multiple equally spaced anti-slip rubber protrusions increase the friction with the steel pipe surface. Even with the heavy weight and smooth surface of the steel pipe, slippage is effectively prevented during feeding, ensuring a stable forward movement and avoiding feeding interruptions or positional deviations caused by slippage. This improves the continuity and accuracy of feeding, providing reliable material input for subsequent processing. A drive cylinder is installed on the outer side of the vertical plate at the top of the device, and its output end is connected to multiple equally spaced transmission rollers via a mounting frame. During feeding, the drive cylinder can flexibly adjust the position of the transmission rollers according to the size of the steel pipe and conveying requirements, precisely guiding and limiting the steel pipe. Whether feeding over short or long distances, the offset of the steel pipe can be effectively controlled, preventing it from exceeding the allowable range. This avoids damage to processing equipment and safety accidents, reduces maintenance costs and safety risks for enterprises, and ensures the safe and stable operation of the production process.

[0015] The parts of the device not covered herein are the same as or can be implemented using existing technologies. Attached Figure Description

[0016] Figure 1 A schematic diagram of the automatic feeding mechanism for steel pipe modification and processing provided by this utility model;

[0017] Figure 2 A schematic diagram of the anti-slip rubber protrusion structure of the automatic feeding mechanism for steel pipe modification and processing provided by this utility model;

[0018] Figure 3 A schematic diagram of the rubber sleeve structure of the automatic feeding mechanism for steel pipe modification and processing provided by this utility model;

[0019] Figure 4 A schematic diagram of the transmission roller structure of the automatic feeding mechanism for steel pipe modification and processing provided by this utility model.

[0020] Numbering on the map:

[0021] 1. Device body; 2. Drive cylinder; 3. Vertical plate; 4. Drive motor; 5. Mounting frame; 6. Driven roller; 7. Driven roller; 8. Support leg; 9. Controller; 10. Rubber sleeve; 11. Anti-slip rubber protrusions; 12. Countersunk hole; 13. Transmission roller. Detailed Implementation

[0022] The present invention will be further described below with reference to the accompanying drawings and embodiments.

[0023] First Embodiment

[0024] Please refer to the following: Figure 1-4An automatic feeding mechanism for steel pipe refining and processing includes a device body 1. A mounting groove is installed on the top surface of the device body 1. A drive roller 7 is movably mounted inside the mounting groove. A driven roller 6 is movably mounted on one side of the drive roller 7. The drive roller 7 is driven by a drive motor 4. Rubber sleeves 10 are fitted onto the outer surfaces of the drive roller 7 and the driven roller 6. Anti-slip rubber protrusions 11 are provided on the circumferential sides of the rubber sleeves 10. The mounting groove provides a stable mounting base for the drive roller 7 and the driven roller 6, ensuring their installation accuracy and operational stability. The drive motor 4 drives the drive roller 7, providing a power source for the entire feeding mechanism and enabling automated feeding. The rubber sleeves 10 and anti-slip rubber protrusions 11 on the outer sides of the drive roller 7 and driven roller 6 significantly increase the friction with the surface of the steel pipe, effectively solving the problem of slippage of the steel pipe during feeding due to its heavy weight and smooth surface in the background technology. This ensures that the steel pipe can move forward stably during the conveying process, avoids feeding interruption and position deviation due to slippage, improves the continuity and accuracy of feeding, provides reliable material input guarantee for subsequent processing, and also improves the production efficiency of the entire production line.

[0025] The working principle of the automatic feeding mechanism for steel pipe modification and processing provided by this utility model is as follows:

[0026] When the automatic feeding mechanism for steel pipe refining is in operation, the drive motor 4 starts first, driving the drive roller 7 to rotate. Since rubber sleeves 10 are fitted around the outer sides of the drive roller 7 and the driven roller 6, and these rubber sleeves 10 are fixedly connected to the drive roller 7 and the driven roller 6 respectively through fasteners passing through countersunk holes 12 and fixing holes, the rotation of the drive roller 7 can drive the driven roller 6 to rotate synchronously through the rubber sleeves 10. The anti-slip rubber protrusions 11 on the circumferential side of the rubber sleeves 10 are in close contact with the surface of the steel pipe, relying on the increased friction to transport the steel pipe forward.

[0027] During the conveying process, the drive cylinders 2 on the outer side of the vertical plates 3 symmetrically installed on the top of the device body 1 play a role. When the steel pipe enters the feeding mechanism, the drive cylinders 2 control the mounting frame 5 at the output end to move the transmission rollers 13 according to the preset program or the actual conveying situation of the steel pipe, so that the transmission rollers 13 are in contact with the surface of the steel pipe. Multiple transmission rollers 13 installed at equal intervals inside the mounting frame 5 can limit and guide the steel pipe from different angles, ensuring that the steel pipe moves stably along the predetermined track.

[0028] As the steel pipes are continuously conveyed, the support leg 8 provides stable support for the device body 1, ensuring the smooth operation of the entire feeding mechanism. The controller 9, installed on the outer surface of the device body 1, monitors the operating status of each component of the feeding mechanism in real time, including the speed of the drive motor 4 and the extension / retraction of the drive cylinder 2. Based on the monitoring data, it precisely adjusts each component to ensure efficient, stable, and safe feeding. Once the steel pipe is conveyed to the designated position, the feeding mechanism stops operating and awaits the next feeding command, thus achieving automatic, continuous, and precise feeding during the steel pipe modification and processing.

[0029] Compared with related technologies, the automatic feeding mechanism for steel pipe modification and processing provided by this utility model has the following advantages:

[0030] The rubber sleeves 10 that are fitted around the outer sides of the drive roller 7 and the driven roller 6 are provided with anti-slip rubber protrusions 11. Multiple equally spaced anti-slip rubber protrusions 11 increase the friction with the steel pipe surface. Even with the heavy weight and smooth surface of the steel pipe, slippage is effectively prevented during feeding, ensuring the steel pipe maintains a stable forward movement during transport. This avoids feeding interruptions or positional deviations caused by slippage, improving the continuity and accuracy of feeding and providing reliable material input for subsequent processing. A drive cylinder 2 is installed on the outer side of the vertical plate 3 at the top of the device body 1. Its output end is connected to multiple equally spaced transmission rollers 13 via a mounting frame 5. During feeding, the drive cylinder 2 can flexibly adjust the position of the transmission rollers 13 according to the size of the steel pipe and conveying requirements, precisely guiding and limiting the steel pipe. Whether feeding over short or long distances, the offset of the steel pipe can be effectively controlled, preventing it from exceeding the allowable range. This avoids damage to processing equipment and safety accidents, reduces maintenance costs and safety risks for enterprises, and ensures the safe and stable operation of the production process.

[0031] Second Embodiment

[0032] Please refer to the following: Figure 1-4 Based on the automatic feeding mechanism for steel pipe modification and processing provided in the first embodiment of this application, the second embodiment of this application proposes another automatic feeding mechanism for steel pipe modification and processing. The second embodiment is merely a preferred embodiment of the first embodiment, and the implementation of the second embodiment will not affect the separate implementation of the first embodiment.

[0033] Based on Example 1, see [link / reference] Figure 1-4The device body 1 has vertical plates 3 symmetrically mounted on its top surface. A drive cylinder 2 is mounted on the outer surface of each vertical plate 3. A mounting frame 5 is installed through the output end of the drive cylinder 2, penetrating the surface of the vertical plate 3. A transmission roller 13 is movably mounted inside the mounting frame 5. The symmetrically mounted vertical plates 3 on the top of the device body 1 provide a stable support structure for the drive cylinder 2. The drive cylinder 2 drives the transmission roller 13 via the mounting frame 5, allowing for flexible adjustment of the transmission roller 13's position according to the steel pipe's size and conveying requirements. Multiple transmission rollers 13, equidistantly mounted inside the mounting frame 5, can limit and guide the steel pipe from different angles, effectively solving the problem of steel pipe deviation during long-distance feeding. By precisely controlling the steel pipe's deviation, it prevents deviation from the allowable range, avoiding damage to processing equipment and safety accidents caused by steel pipe deviation. This reduces maintenance costs and safety risks for enterprises, ensures the safe and stable operation of the production process, and also improves the precision and quality of steel pipe processing.

[0034] Based on Example 1, see [link / reference] Figure 1-4 The rubber sleeve 10 has countersunk holes 12 on its circumferential side, and the driving roller 7 and driven roller 6 have fixing holes on their circumferential sides. The rubber sleeve 10 is fixedly connected to the driving roller 7 and driven roller 6 respectively through fasteners passing through the countersunk holes 12 and fixing holes. The countersunk holes 12 on the rubber sleeve 10 mate with the fixing holes on the driving roller 7 and driven roller 6, and are fixedly connected by fasteners. This structural design allows the rubber sleeve 10 to be firmly installed on the outside of the driving roller 7 and driven roller 6. During the feeding process, it ensures that the rubber sleeve 10 will not loosen or fall off, and ensures that the anti-slip rubber protrusions 11 always maintain good contact with the surface of the steel pipe, continuously increasing friction and preventing slippage. At the same time, when the rubber sleeve 10 needs to be replaced due to wear and tear from long-term use, this connection method facilitates the disassembly and installation of a new rubber sleeve 10, reducing the difficulty and cost of equipment maintenance, and improving the maintainability and service life of the equipment.

[0035] Based on Example 1, see [link / reference] Figure 1-4 Multiple anti-slip rubber protrusions 11 are provided and are equidistantly arranged around the outer surface of the rubber sleeve 10. This equidistant arrangement of protrusions ensures uniform distribution of friction in the contact area between the rubber sleeve 10 and the steel pipe surface, preventing uneven stress on the steel pipe and unstable conveying caused by excessive or insufficient local friction. This uniformly distributed design further enhances the gripping force and stability of the steel pipe during feeding, ensuring a smooth forward movement throughout the conveying process. It effectively prevents slippage and deviation of the steel pipe, improves the reliability and stability of the feeding mechanism, and provides strong support for the efficient and precise processing of the steel pipe.

[0036] Based on Example 1, see [link / reference] Figure 1-4Multiple drive rollers 13 are provided and are installed at equal intervals inside the mounting frame 5. These equally spaced drive rollers 13 can limit and guide the steel pipe from multiple directions, forming a comprehensive constraint structure. Compared to a single or small number of drive rollers 13, this design can more effectively control the deviation of the steel pipe during transportation. Even if the steel pipe is subjected to external interference or changes in its center of gravity during transportation, the multiple drive rollers 13 can adjust the force applied to the steel pipe in a timely manner, ensuring that the steel pipe moves stably along the predetermined track. Simultaneously, the uniform distribution of the multiple drive rollers 13 also makes the force on the steel pipe more even during transportation, reducing damage to the steel pipe surface caused by excessive localized force, and improving the processing quality and yield of the steel pipe.

[0037] Based on Example 1, see [link / reference] Figure 1-4 The device body 1 has multiple support legs 8 at its bottom, equidistantly positioned at the four corners of the bottom. These support legs provide a stable support structure for the entire feeding mechanism. During feeding, the support legs 8 can withstand the weight of the steel pipe and various forces generated by the feeding mechanism, ensuring the device body 1 remains stable and preventing feeding accuracy and stability from being affected by shaking or tilting. Stable support also reduces vibration during equipment operation, decreases wear on equipment parts, extends the equipment's service life, and provides a safer and more reliable working environment for operators.

[0038] Based on Example 1, see [link / reference] Figure 1-4 A controller 9 is mounted on the outer surface of the device body 1 for easy operation and monitoring by personnel. The controller 9 can monitor the operating status of each component of the feeding mechanism in real time, including key parameters such as the speed of the drive motor 4, the extension and retraction of the drive cylinder 2, and the position of the transmission roller 13. Through analysis and processing of this data, the controller 9 can precisely control each component of the feeding mechanism according to a preset program or actual production needs. For example, when an abnormal steel pipe conveying speed is detected, the controller 9 can promptly adjust the speed of the drive motor 4; when the steel pipe offset exceeds the set range, the controller 9 can control the drive cylinder 2 to adjust the position of the transmission roller 13, ensuring efficient, stable, and safe operation of the feeding process, achieving automated and intelligent feeding control, improving production efficiency and processing quality. The control circuit of the controller 9 can be implemented through simple programming by those skilled in the art and is common knowledge in the field. It is only used and not modified; therefore, the control method and circuit connection will not be described in detail.

[0039] It should be noted that all components used in this application are standard parts that can be purchased from the market. The specific connection methods of each part adopt conventional methods such as bolts, rivets and welding that are mature in the prior art. The mechanical parts and electrical equipment adopt conventional models in the prior art. The circuit connection adopts conventional connection methods in the prior art. The electrical equipment is connected to an external safe power source. These will not be described in detail here.

[0040] The above description is merely an embodiment of this utility model and does not limit the patent scope of this utility model. Any equivalent structural or procedural transformations made based on the content of this utility model specification and drawings, or direct or indirect applications in other related technical fields, are similarly included within the patent protection scope of this utility model.

Claims

1. An automatic feeding mechanism for steel pipe modification and processing, comprising a device body (1), characterized in that, The device body (1) has an installation groove on its top surface. An active roller (7) is movably installed inside the installation groove. A driven roller (6) is movably installed on one side of the active roller (7). The active roller (7) is driven by a drive motor (4). A rubber sleeve (10) is fitted on the outer surface of the active roller (7) and the driven roller (6). Anti-slip rubber protrusions (11) are provided on the periphery of the rubber sleeve (10).

2. The automatic feeding mechanism for steel pipe modification and processing according to claim 1, characterized in that, The device body (1) has vertical plates (3) symmetrically installed on its top surface. A drive cylinder (2) is installed on the outer surface of the vertical plate (3). The output end of the drive cylinder (2) passes through the surface of the vertical plate (3) and is provided with a mounting frame (5). A transmission roller (13) is movably installed inside the mounting frame (5).

3. The automatic feeding mechanism for steel pipe modification and processing according to claim 1, characterized in that, The rubber sleeve (10) has a countersunk hole (12) on its peripheral side, and the driving roller (7) and driven roller (6) have fixing holes on their peripheral sides. The rubber sleeve (10) is fixedly connected to the driving roller (7) and driven roller (6) respectively through the countersunk hole (12) and fixing hole by fasteners.

4. The automatic feeding mechanism for steel pipe modification and processing according to claim 1, characterized in that, The anti-slip rubber protrusions (11) are provided in multiple ways, and the multiple anti-slip rubber protrusions (11) are evenly spaced and installed around the outer surface of the rubber sleeve (10).

5. The automatic feeding mechanism for steel pipe modification and processing according to claim 2, characterized in that, Multiple drive rollers (13) are provided, and the multiple drive rollers (13) are installed at equal intervals inside the mounting frame (5).

6. The automatic feeding mechanism for steel pipe modification and processing according to claim 1, characterized in that, The device body (1) is provided with a support leg (8) at the bottom end, and there are multiple support legs (8), which are installed at equal distances at the four corners of the bottom end of the device body (1).

7. The automatic feeding mechanism for steel pipe modification and processing according to claim 1, characterized in that, A controller (9) is mounted on the outer surface of the device body (1).