An ultrasonic cleaning apparatus having a cleaning liquid circulation structure

Abstract

This utility model relates to an ultrasonic cleaning device with a cleaning fluid circulation structure, including a cleaning tank. An annular overflow tank shell is fitted outside the cleaning tank to collect overflow fluid from the cleaning tank, forming an outer ring groove. A bottom discharge mechanism is connected to the bottom of the cleaning tank to discharge the bottom turbid liquid mixed with impurities. The bottom discharge mechanism and the annular overflow tank shell are connected to a filter assembly that performs multi-stage filtration and separation of the output turbid cleaning fluid via a drain pipe. The filter assembly is connected to the tank cavity of the cleaning tank via a pump return pipeline, thereby returning the cleaning fluid filtered by the filter assembly to the cleaning tank to form a cleaning fluid circulation loop. This utility model can achieve secondary recycling of the cleaning fluid and improve the sufficiency and effectiveness of cleaning fluid utilization by separating and filtering turbid cleaning fluid.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This utility model relates to the field of cleaning tank technology, and in particular to an ultrasonic cleaning device with a cleaning fluid circulation structure. Background Technology

[0002] Ultrasonic cleaning equipment utilizes ultrasonic waves to clean workpieces. It mainly consists of a cleaning tank and an ultrasonic unit. The ultrasonic unit is installed on the cleaning tank, allowing the high-frequency oscillation signal emitted by the ultrasonic generator to be converted into high-frequency mechanical oscillations by a transducer and propagated into the cleaning solvent within the tank. The ultrasonic waves radiate forward in the cleaning liquid, creating tens of thousands of tiny bubbles with diameters of 50-500 μm. These tiny bubbles vibrate under the influence of the sound field. The bubbles form and grow in the negative pressure zone where the ultrasonic waves propagate longitudinally. In the positive pressure zone, when the sound pressure reaches a certain value, the bubbles rapidly enlarge and then suddenly collapse, generating shock waves upon collapse. This creates thousands of atmospheres of pressure around the bubbles, breaking down insoluble contaminants and dispersing them in the cleaning liquid, thus achieving the purpose of cleaning and purification.

[0003] After a period of continuous operation, existing ultrasonic cleaning equipment often results in the retention of processing debris from the oil storage assembly components in the cleaning fluid. This leads to a decrease in the purity of the cleaning fluid, compromising subsequent cleaning effectiveness. Consequently, traditional cleaning tanks typically require frequent fluid replacements to maintain cleaning efficiency. However, traditional fluid replacement methods usually discard the entire tank of cleaning fluid, failing to achieve secondary recycling. This results in high fluid consumption during large-scale cleaning, wasting water resources and cleaning agents. Furthermore, direct disposal increases the processing load of industrial wastewater treatment equipment, complicating subsequent environmental treatment. Therefore, frequent fluid replacement increases the usage and cost of cleaning agents, as well as the environmental treatment costs and volume of wastewater discharge, contradicting the concept of low-carbon and environmentally friendly production. A new ultrasonic cleaning system capable of recycling and reusing the cleaning fluid is needed. Utility Model Content

[0004] The purpose of this invention is to provide an ultrasonic cleaning device with a cleaning fluid circulation structure that can achieve secondary recycling of the cleaning fluid and improve the sufficiency and effectiveness of the cleaning fluid by separating and filtering the turbid cleaning fluid. This solves the problem that existing ultrasonic cleaning devices do not have a cleaning fluid circulation and filtration structure, which means that when the impurity content of the cleaning fluid increases, the cleaning capacity of the cleaning fluid can only be maintained by replacing the entire device. This results in a high waste rate of cleaning fluid and a large amount of subsequent environmental treatment of water bodies, leading to high overall costs.

[0005] The technical solution adopted by this utility model is as follows: an ultrasonic cleaning device with a cleaning fluid circulation structure, including a cleaning tank, and an annular overflow tank shell that can collect overflow liquid overflowing from the cleaning tank in a manner that forms an outer ring groove; a bottom discharge mechanism that can discharge the bottom turbid liquid mixed with impurities is connected to the bottom of the cleaning tank; the bottom discharge mechanism and the annular overflow tank shell are connected to a filter assembly that can perform multi-stage filtration and separation of the output turbid cleaning fluid through a sewage pipe, and the filter assembly is connected to the tank cavity of the cleaning tank through a pump return pipeline, thereby returning the cleaning fluid filtered by the filter assembly to the cleaning tank to form a cleaning fluid circulation loop.

[0006] According to a preferred embodiment, the filtration assembly includes a buffer inlet mechanism, an overflow pre-filtration mechanism, a deposition separation mechanism, and a guide pipe, wherein the slow-flow chamber of the buffer inlet mechanism is connected to the pre-filtration chamber of the overflow pre-filtration mechanism through the guide pipe; and the overflow port of the pre-filtration chamber of the overflow pre-filtration mechanism is connected to the central deposition chamber of the deposition separation mechanism through the guide pipe.

[0007] According to a preferred embodiment, inclined buffer plates capable of buffering the impact force of the falling buffer flow are staggered on the two opposing side walls of the buffer inlet cavity of the buffer flow mechanism, and a plurality of V-shaped liquid permeation holes are arrayed on the inclined buffer plates.

[0008] According to a preferred embodiment, a centrifugal rotary motor is provided at the top of the primary filtration chamber, and the centrifugal rotary motor is connected to the inverted conical filter screen in the primary filtration chamber via a rotary transmission shaft; a limiting ring is provided at the upper edge of the inverted conical filter screen, and the limiting ring is connected to the rotary transmission shaft via an auxiliary positioning rod.

[0009] According to a preferred embodiment, multiple layers of sedimentation overflow cylinders with progressively decreasing cylinder heights are coaxially mounted outside the central sedimentation cavity, and both the central sedimentation cavity and the sedimentation overflow cylinders are housed in a liquid accumulation tank shell.

[0010] According to a preferred embodiment, the slag collection funnel of the lower discharge mechanism is installed at the bottom of the washing tank, and a connecting valve body capable of controlling the opening and closing state of its output end and the flow rate is connected to the lower axial end of the slag collection funnel.

[0011] According to a preferred embodiment, the two branch inlet pipes of the sewage pipe are respectively connected to the annular overflow tank shell and the connecting valve body, and the output end of the branch inlet pipe is connected to the manifold.

[0012] According to a preferred embodiment, the pump return pipeline includes a return pipe that connects the chamber of the liquid accumulation tank shell to the chamber of the cleaning tank, and a liquid flow drive pump installed on the return pipe.

[0013] The beneficial effects of this utility model are:

[0014] The filtration assembly described in this application utilizes multi-stage filtration with different filtration structures to separate impurities and recycle turbid cleaning fluid, thereby improving the sufficiency and effectiveness of the cleaning fluid. Compared to direct disposal, the filtration assembly described in this application can filter cleaning fluid containing impurities, allowing it to be recycled, reducing waste of water resources and cleaning agents, and also reducing the workload of subsequent environmental treatment, simplifying waste disposal, and lowering cleaning and environmental treatment costs, thus aligning with the low-carbon and environmentally friendly production concept. The overflow primary filtration mechanism described in this application, through a pressure difference created in conjunction with the slow-flow chamber, forces the cleaning fluid in the primary filtration chamber to overflow and be filtered by the inverted conical filter screen. This overflow reduces the flow impact force of the liquid, allowing impurities in the liquid to effectively settle and separate. Furthermore, the inverted conical filter screen, through controllable rotation around its axis, uses centrifugal force to clean clogged mesh openings, ensuring continuous filtration. The deposition separation structure set up in this application filters out trace impurities and oil stains that have not been effectively filtered through multi-stage deposition, thereby ensuring the purity of the cleaning solution after filtration and ensuring the cleaning effect of the cleaning solution for secondary recycling. Attached Figure Description

[0015] Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram of a preferred ultrasonic cleaning device with a cleaning fluid circulation structure proposed in this utility model;

[0016] Figure 2 This is a schematic diagram of the overflow primary filter mechanism of a preferred ultrasonic cleaning device with a cleaning fluid circulation structure proposed in this utility model;

[0017] Figure 3 This is a plan view of the deposition separation mechanism of a preferred ultrasonic cleaning device with a cleaning fluid circulation structure proposed in this utility model.

[0018] List of reference numerals

[0019] 1: Cleaning tank; 2: Annular overflow tank shell; 3: Lower discharge mechanism; 4: Mounting frame; 5: Sewage pipe; 6: Filter assembly; 7: Pump return pipeline; 31: Sludge collection funnel; 32: Connecting valve body; 51: Branch inlet pipe; 52: Manifold pipe; 61: Buffer inlet mechanism; 62: Overflow primary filtration mechanism; 63: Sedimentation separation mechanism; 64: Guide pipe; 611: Slow flow chamber; 612: Inclined buffer plate; 6121: V-shaped liquid permeation hole; 621: Primary filtration chamber; 622: Centrifugal rotary motor; 623: Rotary drive shaft; 624: Inverted conical filter screen; 625: Limiting ring; 626: Auxiliary positioning rod; 6211: Overflow port; 631: Central sedimentation chamber; 632: Sediment overflow cylinder; 633: Liquid collection tank shell; 71: Return pipeline; 72: Liquid flow drive pump. Detailed Implementation

[0020] To more clearly illustrate the technical solutions in the embodiments of this utility model or the prior art, the present utility model will be briefly introduced below in conjunction with the accompanying drawings and descriptions of the embodiments or the prior art. Obviously, the following description of the structure of the drawings is only some embodiments of this utility model. For those skilled in the art, other drawings can be obtained based on these drawings without creative effort.

[0021] The technical solutions provided by this utility model will be described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings and through embodiments. It should be noted that the descriptions of these embodiments are for the purpose of helping to understand this utility model, but do not constitute a limitation thereof. In some examples, because some implementation methods belong to existing or conventional technology, they are not described or are not described in detail. The serial numbers assigned to components in this document, such as "first," "second," etc., are only used to distinguish the described objects and do not have any sequential or technical meaning.

[0022] The following is a detailed explanation with reference to the accompanying drawings.

[0023] Example 1

[0024] This application provides an ultrasonic cleaning device with a cleaning fluid circulation structure, which includes a cleaning tank 1, an annular overflow tank shell 2, a lower discharge mechanism 3, a mounting frame 4, a drain pipe 5, a filter assembly 6, and a pump return pipeline 7.

[0025] according to Figure 1-3In one specific embodiment, multiple independent cleaning tanks 1 can be selectively combined to form a cleaning line as needed. An annular overflow tank shell 2 is fitted around the cleaning tank 1 to collect overflow liquid from it, forming an outer ring. A drain mechanism 3 is connected to the bottom of the cleaning tank 1 to discharge the bottom turbid liquid containing impurities. The drain mechanism 3 and the annular overflow tank shell 2 are connected to a filter assembly 6 via a drain pipe 5, which performs multi-stage filtration and separation of the output turbid cleaning liquid. The filter assembly 6 is connected to the tank cavity of the cleaning tank 1 via a pump return line 7, thereby returning the filtered cleaning liquid to the cleaning tank 1 to form a cleaning liquid circulation loop. A mounting frame 4 is provided at the bottom of the cleaning tank 1, and the filter assembly 6 is also placed on the mounting frame 4, thereby raising the height of several liquid cavities and preventing ground dust from contaminating the cleaning liquid. The filter assembly 6 provided in this application can separate impurities and recycle turbid cleaning fluid through multi-stage filtration using different filtration structures, thereby improving the sufficiency and effectiveness of the cleaning fluid. Compared to direct disposal, the filter assembly 6 provided in this application can filter the cleaning fluid containing impurities, allowing it to be recycled, reducing the waste of water resources and cleaning agents, and also reducing the workload of subsequent environmental treatment, lowering the difficulty of waste discharge, and reducing cleaning and environmental treatment costs, which is in line with the concept of low-carbon and environmentally friendly production.

[0026] Preferably, an exhaust strip is provided on the upper edge of the cleaning tank 1, so that the exhaust strip connected to the air pump can continuously output a planar airflow to drive the oil layer on the liquid surface to overflow and transfer more quickly. The exhaust strip can generate a purging airflow, so that the overflow liquid can more quickly carry away the oil layer on the surface of the cleaning liquid in the tank cavity. The upper edge of the shell of the annular overflow tank 2 is higher than the upper edge of the tank body of the cleaning tank 1, thereby effectively intercepting and collecting the overflowed cleaning liquid. Preferably, the inside of the cleaning tank 1 is equipped with several ultrasonic generating units, ultrasonic transducers and other finished modules, so as to perform ultrasonic cleaning on the workpieces immersed in the cleaning liquid of the cleaning tank 1. In order to ensure the cleaning effect and quality, a low-temperature plasma generator that cooperates with the ultrasonic generating unit can also be provided in the tank body, thereby improving the cleaning effect and quality of the oil film.

[0027] Preferably, the slag collection funnel 31 of the lower discharge mechanism 3 is installed at the bottom of the cleaning tank 1. More preferably, a connecting valve body 32 is connected to the lower axial end of the slag collection funnel 31, which can control the opening and closing state of its output end and the flow rate. Specifically, the upper wide opening of the slag collection funnel 31 communicates with the tank cavity of the cleaning tank 1, so that the processing debris and other impurities separated by ultrasonic vibration can gradually deposit in the cleaning liquid and flow into the slag collection funnel 31. When the connecting valve body 32 is opened, the collected impurities can be discharged under the push of the water pressure in the tank cavity. Preferably, the connecting valve body 32 can be a conventional general-purpose electromagnetic valve, such as an ATW20ML type electromagnetic valve.

[0028] Preferably, the two branch inlet pipes 51 of the drain pipe 5 are connected to the annular overflow tank shell 2 and the connecting valve body 32, respectively. More preferably, the output ends of the two branch inlet pipes 51 are connected to the manifold 52, thereby realizing the convergence of the turbid cleaning liquid discharged from the cleaning tank 1, so as to mix and input it into the filter assembly 6 for treatment. Preferably, the output end of the manifold 52 is inserted into the top cavity wall of the slow flow chamber 611.

[0029] Preferably, the filter assembly 6 includes a buffer inlet mechanism 61, an overflow primary filter mechanism 62, a sedimentation separation mechanism 63, and a guide pipe 64. Preferably, the slow-flow chamber 611 of the buffer inlet mechanism 61 is connected to the primary filter chamber 621 of the overflow primary filter mechanism 62 through the guide pipe 64. Preferably, the overflow port 6211 of the primary filter chamber 621 of the overflow primary filter mechanism 62 is connected to the central sedimentation chamber 631 of the sedimentation separation mechanism 63 through the guide pipe 64. The slow-flow chamber 611 of the buffer inlet mechanism 61 provided in this application has a higher chamber height than the primary filter chamber 621 of the overflow primary filter mechanism 62, so that the buffer inlet mechanism 61 can force the liquid in the overflow primary filter mechanism 62 to have a certain upward hydraulic pressure while buffering the flow, thereby ensuring that the liquid flow can be discharged by overflow and that the upper clear liquid is effectively filtered. The overflow primary filtration mechanism 62 of this application, by forming a pressure difference in conjunction with the slow-flow chamber 611, forces the cleaning fluid in the primary filtration chamber 621 to overflow and be filtered by the inverted conical filter screen 624. This overflow reduces the flow impact force of the fluid, allowing impurities in the fluid to effectively settle and separate. Furthermore, the inverted conical filter screen 624, through controllable rotation around its axis, utilizes centrifugal force to clean clogged mesh openings, ensuring continuous filtration. The sedimentation separation mechanism 63 of this application filters out unfiltered trace impurities and oil through multi-stage sedimentation, ensuring the purity of the filtered cleaning fluid and guaranteeing the cleaning effect of the secondary recycled cleaning fluid.

[0030] Preferably, inclined buffer plates 612, capable of buffering the impact force of the falling liquid, are staggered on the two opposing side walls of the slow-flow chamber 611. Preferably, a plurality of V-shaped liquid-permeable holes 6121 are arrayed on the inclined buffer plates 612. Preferably, the slow-flow chamber 611 is connected to the lower chamber of the primary filtration chamber 621 through a guide pipe 64. The inclined buffer plates 612 provided in this application can buffer the falling turbid cleaning liquid, reduce the falling potential energy of the liquid flow, and allow the liquid flow to flow smoothly into the primary filtration chamber 621 of the overflow primary filtration mechanism 62. The V-shaped liquid-permeable holes 6121 provided in this application can dissipate and disperse the falling liquid flow, accelerate the dissipation of the liquid flow's potential energy, and promote the change of the liquid flow's motion state.

[0031] Preferably, the overflow primary filtration mechanism 62 includes a primary filtration chamber 621, a centrifugal rotary motor 622, a rotary transmission shaft 623, an inverted conical filter screen 624, a limiting ring 625, and an auxiliary positioning rod 626. Preferably, the centrifugal rotary motor 622 is disposed at the top of the primary filtration chamber 621. More preferably, the centrifugal rotary motor 622 is connected to the inverted conical filter screen 624 in the primary filtration chamber 621 via the rotary transmission shaft 623. Specifically, the centrifugal rotary motor 622 can be an ATW1000S type high-speed rotary motor. Preferably, a limiting ring 625 is disposed at the upper edge of the inverted conical filter screen 624. Specifically, the limiting ring 625 is connected to the rotary transmission shaft 623 via the auxiliary positioning rod 626 to help improve the stability of the overall structural connection. Preferably, multiple auxiliary ribs are disposed on the mesh surface of the inverted conical filter screen 624 to improve the stability of its shape. More preferably, when the mesh of the inverted conical filter 624 is clogged by debris moving within the liquid, causing a decrease in filtration efficiency, the centrifugal rotary motor 622 can drive the inverted conical filter 624 to rotate around its axis. This causes the debris within the mesh to fly out under centrifugal force, thus completing the non-disassembly cleaning of the inverted conical filter 624. The cleaned debris can settle in the lower chamber of the primary filtration chamber 621, facilitating periodic cleaning. Preferably, the inner wall of the primary filtration chamber 621 has an annular groove that fits into the limiting ring 625. This allows the limiting ring 625 and the inverted conical filter 624 to cooperate in forming a partition that separates the primary filtration chamber 621, thereby forcing the rising cleaning liquid to be effectively filtered by the inverted conical filter 624. More preferably, an elastic filling gasket is embedded in the annular groove, which slides against the limiting ring 625, thereby ensuring that all overflowing cleaning fluid is filtered by the inverted conical filter screen 624, ensuring the effectiveness of filtration. Preferably, the primary filter chamber 621 is provided with an inclined bottom surface, thereby collecting the deposited debris and facilitating the periodic discharge of debris from the slag discharge port on the bottom side of the primary filter chamber 621. More preferably, the inclined bottom surface has a bottom contour with a concave center line, similar to the shape of the side wall of an inverted pyramid, thereby facilitating the collection of debris, so that when the slag discharge port is opened, the debris can be discharged under the action of the hydraulically driven lower layer of cleaning fluid. Preferably, an overflow port 6211 is provided on the upper side wall of the primary filter chamber 621 away from the slow flow chamber 611, thereby allowing the cleaning fluid filtered by the inverted conical filter screen 624 to overflow and be discharged.

[0032] Preferably, multiple layers of progressively decreasing sedimentation overflow cylinders 632 are coaxially mounted outside the central sedimentation chamber 631. Preferably, both the central sedimentation chamber 631 and the sedimentation overflow cylinders 632 are housed within a liquid collection tank shell 633. Preferably, a pump return pipeline 7 is inserted into the side of the liquid collection tank shell 633. Preferably, the annular gaps between adjacent sedimentation overflow cylinders 632 are filled with filtration structures such as activated carbon layers and alum filter layers, thereby separating oil and sludge from the cleaning liquid after impurity filtration.

[0033] Preferably, the pump return pipeline 7 includes a return pipe 71 connecting the chamber of the liquid collection tank 633 to the chamber of the cleaning tank 1, and a liquid flow drive pump 72 installed on the return pipe 71. Preferably, the liquid flow drive pump 72 can be an ATW50V type water pump. The return pipe 71 provided in this application can continuously return the filtered cleaning liquid to the cleaning tank, thereby realizing the recycling of the cleaning liquid.

[0034] The ultrasonic unit, connecting valve body 32, centrifugal rotary motor 622, and hydraulic drive pump 72, etc., provided in this application are all electrically connected to the controller and power supply. The control method of this application is controlled by the controller. The control circuit of the controller can be implemented by simple programming by those skilled in the art. The power supply is also common knowledge in the art. Furthermore, this utility model is only used to protect the mechanical device and its mechanical structural features. Therefore, this utility model will not explain the control method and circuit connection in detail.

[0035] This utility model is not limited to the above-described optional embodiments. Anyone can derive other various forms of products under the guidance of this utility model. However, regardless of any changes in shape or structure, any technical solution falling within the scope of the claims of this utility model is within the protection scope of this utility model. Those skilled in the art should understand that this utility model specification and its drawings are illustrative and do not constitute a limitation on the claims. The protection scope of this utility model is defined by the claims and their equivalents. Throughout the text, features introduced by "preferred" are merely optional and should not be construed as mandatory. Therefore, the applicant reserves the right to abandon or delete relevant preferred features at any time.

Claims

1. An ultrasonic cleaning device with a cleaning fluid circulation structure, comprising a cleaning tank (1), characterized in that, An annular overflow tank shell (2) is fitted on the outside of the cleaning tank (1) to collect the overflow liquid overflowing from the cleaning tank (1) in a manner that forms an outer annular groove; A drain mechanism (3) is connected to the bottom of the cleaning tank (1) to discharge the bottom turbid liquid mixed with impurities. The drain mechanism (3) and the annular overflow tank shell (2) are connected to a filter assembly (6) that can perform multi-stage filtration and separation of the output turbid cleaning liquid through a drain pipe (5). The filter assembly (6) is connected to the pool cavity of the cleaning tank (1) through a pump return pipeline (7) so that the cleaning liquid filtered by the filter assembly (6) is returned to the cleaning tank (1) to form a cleaning liquid circulation loop.

2. The ultrasonic cleaning equipment with a cleaning fluid circulation structure as described in claim 1, characterized in that, The filter assembly (6) includes a buffer inlet mechanism (61), an overflow pre-filtration mechanism (62), a sedimentation separation mechanism (63), and a guide pipe (64), wherein, The slow-flow chamber (611) of the buffer inlet mechanism (61) is connected to the primary filter chamber (621) of the overflow primary filter mechanism (62) through the guide pipe (64); The overflow port (6211) of the primary filtration chamber (621) of the overflow primary filtration mechanism (62) is connected to the central deposition chamber (631) of the deposition separation mechanism (63) through the guide pipe (64).

3. The ultrasonic cleaning equipment with a cleaning fluid circulation structure as described in claim 2, characterized in that, An inclined buffer plate (612) capable of buffering the impact force of the falling buffer flow is provided on two opposing side walls of the slow flow cavity (611) of the buffer inlet mechanism (61), and a plurality of V-shaped liquid permeable holes (6121) are arrayed on the inclined buffer plate (612).

4. The ultrasonic cleaning device with a cleaning fluid circulation structure as described in claim 3, characterized in that, A centrifugal rotary motor (622) is provided at the top of the primary filtration chamber (621), and the centrifugal rotary motor (622) is connected to the inverted conical filter screen (624) in the primary filtration chamber (621) via a rotary transmission shaft (623). A limiting ring (625) is provided on the upper edge of the inverted conical filter screen (624), and the limiting ring (625) is connected to the rotary transmission shaft (623) through an auxiliary positioning rod (626).

5. The ultrasonic cleaning device with a cleaning fluid circulation structure as described in claim 4, characterized in that, A multi-layered sedimentation overflow cylinder (632) with progressively decreasing cylinder height is coaxially mounted outside the central sedimentation cavity (631), and both the central sedimentation cavity (631) and the sedimentation overflow cylinder (632) are housed in the liquid accumulation tank shell (633).

6. The ultrasonic cleaning device with a cleaning fluid circulation structure as described in claim 5, characterized in that, The slag collection funnel (31) of the lower discharge mechanism (3) is installed at the bottom of the cleaning tank (1), and a connecting valve body (32) that can control the opening and closing state of its output end and the flow rate is connected to the lower axial end of the slag collection funnel (31).

7. The ultrasonic cleaning device with a cleaning fluid circulation structure as described in claim 6, characterized in that, The two branch inlet pipes (51) of the sewage pipe (5) are respectively connected to the annular overflow tank shell (2) and the connecting valve body (32), and the output end of the branch inlet pipe (51) is connected to the manifold (52).

8. The ultrasonic cleaning device with a cleaning fluid circulation structure as described in claim 7, characterized in that, The pump return pipeline (7) includes a return pipe (71) that connects the chamber of the liquid collection tank (633) to the chamber of the cleaning tank (1) and a liquid flow drive pump (72) installed on the return pipe (71).

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