An ecological ditch structure for ecological restoration engineering of an open-pit mine

Abstract

The scheme discloses an ecological ditch structure for ecological restoration engineering of an open-pit mine in the field of environment restoration technology, which comprises a ditch for separating the open-pit mine into a re-cultivation area and a slope area, re-cultivation protection dikes and slope protection dikes with a width of 30-100 cm are respectively arranged on the two sides of the ditch, and a gravel anti-scour layer is arranged at the bottom of the ditch; characterized in that the re-cultivation protection dike comprises a water-retaining layer, a soil-fixing layer and a hardened pressure top layer arranged in sequence from bottom to top; the slope protection dike is a first dry-laid block stone layer; the bottom of the hardened pressure top layer is not lower than the height of the re-cultivation area after soil covering at the contact position, and the height of the first dry-laid block stone layer is higher than the height of the slope area after soil covering at the slope foot. The ecological ditch structure can effectively improve the water-retaining and soil-fixing capacity of the ditch.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This utility model belongs to the field of environmental remediation technology, and specifically relates to an ecological ditch structure for ecological restoration projects in open-pit mines. Background Technology

[0002] Open-pit mine ecological restoration is a process that aims to restore and improve the ecological functions of the environment damaged by open-pit mining activities through a series of engineering techniques and ecological measures. This includes effectively reducing soil erosion within the mining area, conserving water and soil in reclaimed farmland areas, revegetating slopes and slag heaps, and preventing safety issues for farmers working near the slope heaps after reclamation.

[0003] Currently, in open-pit mine ecological restoration projects, flood discharge ditches are typically constructed to reduce soil erosion. This involves digging ditches in the open-pit mine area and then spraying concrete or constructing a masonry hardening layer on the bottom and sidewalls. However, this approach has the following drawbacks: 1. Flood discharge ditches only focus on drainage within the ditch itself. Due to the obstruction of the concrete or masonry hardening layer, pore water in the slag heap at the toe cannot drain, making it prone to collapse during heavy rains. 2. The single design of the concrete or masonry hardening layer prioritizes flood discharge, neglecting water conservation, soil stabilization, and synergy with the surrounding ecosystem. The closed structure hinders the water and material cycle between the ditch and the surrounding soil, which is detrimental to vegetation growth and soil ecological restoration, making it difficult to meet the needs of ecological function enhancement. Utility Model Content

[0004] The present invention aims to provide an ecological ditch structure for ecological restoration projects in open-pit mines, so as to improve its water retention and soil stabilization capabilities.

[0005] An ecological ditch structure for open-pit mine ecological restoration projects, as described in this scheme, includes a ditch that divides the open-pit mine into a reclamation area and a slope area. Reclamation protection dikes and slope protection dikes, each 30-100cm wide, are respectively provided on both sides of the ditch. A crushed stone erosion-resistant layer is provided at the bottom of the ditch. The reclamation protection dike includes a water-retaining layer, a soil-stabilizing layer, and a hardened top layer, arranged sequentially from bottom to top. The slope protection dike is a first dry-laid stone layer. The bottom of the hardened top layer is not lower than the height of the reclamation area after it is covered with soil at its contact point, and the height of the first dry-laid stone layer is higher than the height of the slope toe after it is covered with soil.

[0006] The beneficial effects of this scheme are as follows: The water-retaining layer of the reclaimed land protection dike can effectively store water, providing a stable water supply to the reclaimed area, alleviating soil drought during the dry season, and reducing rapid water loss; the soil stabilization layer enhances soil stability through its own structure, preventing soil loss in the reclaimed area due to water erosion or external forces, providing a stable soil foundation for crop or vegetation growth; the hardened top layer not only resists the direct impact of water flow and protects the underlying structure from damage, but its design, with a bottom no lower than the height of the reclaimed area after soil covering, also prevents soil erosion due to water overflow, further strengthening the protection of the reclaimed area. The dry-laid stones of the slope protection dike have gaps between them, unlike concrete or masonry which form a completely closed structure, providing drainage channels for pore water in the slag heap at the slope toe, effectively reducing the risk of collapse of the slag heap due to the inability to drain pore water during heavy rain. Meanwhile, the height of the first dry-laid stone layer is higher than the height of the soil cover at the toe of the slope, which can prevent gravel and slag from entering the ditch, playing a good role in soil stabilization and protection, and ensuring the stability of the slope. The gravel erosion protection layer at the bottom of the ditch can directly withstand the impact of water flow, reduce the scouring and erosion of the ditch bottom by water flow, protect the integrity of the ditch structure, and extend the service life of the ecological ditch.

[0007] The ecological ditch in this scheme abandons the traditional fully enclosed rigid design of flood discharge ditches. Through the reasonable combination of reclaimed protective dikes, slope protective dikes and crushed stone anti-erosion layers, it not only achieves the drainage function, but also opens up the channel for water and soil exchange, promotes the water and material cycle between the ditch and the surrounding soil, and is conducive to vegetation growth and soil ecological restoration.

[0008] Furthermore, the heights of the water-retaining layer, the soil-stabilizing layer, and the hardened top layer are 15–25 cm, 25–40 cm, and 5–20 cm, respectively. The thickness of the water-retaining layer matches the upper limit of the soil's capillary water absorption depth, ensuring that the water storage capacity meets the needs of plants during the dry season; the thickness of the soil-stabilizing layer covers the root depth of common crops, enhancing the anchoring force; the hardened top layer achieves erosion resistance with a minimum thickness, reducing the amount of building materials used.

[0009] Furthermore, the water-retaining layer is a masonry layer. The masonry structure can resist high-speed water flow infiltration, prevent soil loss and pore blockage within the water-retaining layer, and form micro-water storage units in the gaps between the masonry stones. During the rainy season, it retains runoff, and during the dry season, it slowly releases water into the soil of the reclaimed area through capillary action, thereby improving water resource utilization.

[0010] Furthermore, the soil-stabilizing layer is a second dry-laid stone layer. There are certain gaps between the dry-laid stones in the second dry-laid stone layer, which enhances soil stability without completely blocking water infiltration and exchange. Rainwater can infiltrate into the lower soil layers through these gaps, replenishing groundwater, and also allows soil moisture in the reclaimed area to flow within an appropriate range, which is beneficial to the activity of soil microorganisms and the growth of plant roots.

[0011] Furthermore, the hardened top layer is an ecological concrete layer. Ecological concrete has a porous structure, and compared to traditional concrete, it not only serves to harden the top layer and resist water flow impact, but its pores also provide habitats for microorganisms, promoting the formation and development of the soil ecosystem. Simultaneously, the porous structure allows for the infiltration of water and air, facilitating water exchange between the inside and outside of the protective dike during land reclamation.

[0012] Furthermore, both the first and second dry-laid stone layers include gabion cages and dry-laid stones filled within them. The gabion cages firmly bind the dry-laid stones together, preventing displacement and scattering under water flow impact or external forces, thus enhancing the overall stability of the dry-laid stone layer. Simultaneously, the flexible structure of the gabion cages possesses a certain degree of deformation capacity, capable of adapting to slight settlement or displacement of the foundation, reducing the risk of structural cracking, and extending the service life of the dry-laid stone layer.

[0013] Furthermore, a first geotextile is installed at the contact point between the reclaimed area and the soil stabilization layer. This first geotextile effectively isolates the soil in the reclaimed area from the dry-laid stones in the soil stabilization layer, preventing fine soil particles from escaping through the gaps in the dry-laid stones and protecting the soil structure of the reclaimed area. Simultaneously, the geotextile has good permeability, ensuring that it does not hinder the infiltration and exchange of water between the reclaimed area and the soil stabilization layer, guaranteeing normal water circulation and promoting vegetation growth in the reclaimed area.

[0014] Furthermore, a second geotextile is installed at the contact point between the first dry-laid stone layer and the slope area. The second geotextile can prevent the slope debris and soil from intruding into the pores of the dry-laid stone and causing blockage, thus maintaining unobstructed drainage channels for pore water; and it can also prevent water erosion from causing soil erosion at the contact surface.

[0015] Furthermore, a graded gravel layer is provided between the first dry-laid stone block layer and the second geotextile. This graded gravel layer has good permeability and filtration properties, further purifying the pore water discharged from the slope area and reducing the entry of fine particles carried in the water into the first dry-laid stone block layer, thus preventing blockage. Simultaneously, the graded gravel layer also acts as a transition, ensuring a tighter contact between the first dry-laid stone block layer and the second geotextile, enhancing the overall structural integrity and improving the stability of the slope protection embankment.

[0016] Furthermore, the top of the gravel erosion control layer is equipped with vegetated geocells. These geocells can secure the gravel at the top of the erosion control layer, preventing it from moving under the scouring of water flow and enhancing its erosion control effect. Simultaneously, the geocell units are filled with planting soil and mixed with grass seeds, forming an "ecological grass belt" at the bottom of the ditch, which helps achieve self-repair of the ditch. Attached Figure Description

[0017] Figure 1This is a schematic diagram of an ecological ditch structure for ecological restoration projects in open-pit mines, as described in Embodiment 1 of this utility model.

[0018] Figure 2 for Figure 1 The diagram shows the state of the ecological ditch structure after its application in the ecological restoration project of the open-pit mine.

[0019] Figure 3 This is a state diagram of the ecological ditch structure used in an open-pit mine ecological restoration project, according to Embodiment 2 of this utility model.

[0020] Figure 4 This is a diagram showing the state of an ecological ditch structure used in an open-pit mine ecological restoration project, as described in Embodiment 3 of this utility model.

[0021] The reference numerals in the accompanying drawings include: 1. Ecological concrete layer; 2. Second dry-laid stone layer; 3. Mortar-grouted stone layer; 4. Crushed stone erosion control layer; 5. First dry-laid stone layer; 6. First geotextile; 7. Gabion cage; 8. Graded sand and gravel layer; 9. Second geotextile; 10. Vegetated geocell. Detailed Implementation

[0022] The following detailed description illustrates the specific implementation method:

[0023] Example 1 is basically as shown in the appendix. Figure 1 As shown: An ecological ditch structure for ecological restoration projects in open-pit mines includes a ditch that divides the open-pit mine into a reclamation area and a slope area. On both sides of the ditch are a 50cm wide reclamation protection embankment and a first dry-laid stone layer 5 (slope protection embankment). At the bottom of the ditch is a 10cm high and 50cm wide crushed stone erosion control layer 4. The reclamation protection embankment includes, from bottom to top, a mortar-grouted stone layer 3 (water-retaining layer), a second dry-laid stone layer 2 (soil-stabilizing layer), and an ecological concrete layer 1 (hardening and compaction layer). The heights of the mortar-grouted stone layer 3, the second dry-laid stone layer 2, and the ecological concrete layer 1 are 20cm, 30cm, and 10cm, respectively. The bottom of the ecological concrete layer 1 is level with the reclamation area after soil covering its contact point. The height of the first dry-laid stone layer 5 is higher than the height of the slope toe after soil covering, and the angle α between the first dry-laid stone layer 5 and the slope soil covering layer is greater than 65°.

[0024] The specific implementation process is as follows: Before constructing the ecological ditch structure, the open-pit mine area to be constructed is cleared, removing surface weeds, gravel, and other obstacles. The boundaries between the reclaimed area and the slope area are clearly demarcated, and the specific location and direction of the ditch are determined. Subsequently, the ditch is excavated according to the design dimensions, ensuring that the depth and width meet the requirements. During excavation, the ditch walls are promptly trimmed to prevent collapse.

[0025] After the ditch excavation was completed, construction of the protective embankment for reclamation began. First, a layer of masonry (layer 3) was laid as a water-retaining layer. Appropriately sized stones were selected and laid using cement mortar. During construction, the stones were ensured to fit tightly together, with full mortar coverage, forming a continuous water-retaining structure. Its height was controlled at 20cm. Above the masonry layer 3, a second dry-laid stone layer (layer 2) was constructed as a soil-stabilizing layer. Hard, relatively uniform-sized dry-laid stones were selected and naturally joined without mortar, leaving a certain gap. Its height was set at 30cm. Next, an ecological concrete layer (layer 1) was poured on top of the soil-stabilizing layer as a hardening and compacting layer. Ecological concrete material was used, mixed evenly according to the mix proportions, poured, and vibrated to ensure a thickness of 10cm, with its bottom level flush with the soil covering the reclamation area.

[0026] For the slope protection embankment, the first dry-laid rubble layer 5 is constructed. Suitable rubble is selected and dry-laid, with the rubble interlocking to form a stable structure. Its height must be higher than the height of the slope toe after backfilling, and the angle α between the first dry-laid rubble layer 5 and the slope backfill layer must be greater than 65°. Finally, a crushed stone erosion control layer 4 is laid at the bottom of the ditch. Appropriately sized crushed stone is selected, laid evenly, with a thickness of 10cm and a width of 50cm. Appropriate compaction is applied during laying to ensure effective resistance to water flow impact. The completed layer is shown in the attached diagram. Figure 2 As shown.

[0027] The only difference between Example 2 and Example 1 is that: both the first dry-laid stone layer 5 and the second dry-laid stone layer 2 include gabion cages 7 and dry-laid stones filled in the gabion cages 7; a first geotextile 6 is provided at the contact point between the reclaimed area and the soil stabilization layer; a second geotextile 9 is provided at the contact point between the first dry-laid stone layer 5 and the slope area; and a graded gravel layer 8 is provided between the first dry-laid stone layer 5 and the second geotextile 9.

[0028] The specific implementation process is as follows: the preliminary site clearing and ditch excavation steps are the same as in Example 1.

[0029] When constructing the second dry-laid stone layer 2 of the reclaimed land protection embankment and the first dry-laid stone layer 5 of the slope protection embankment, gabion cages 7 are first placed according to the design dimensions. The gabion cages 7 are made of materials with certain strength and corrosion resistance. After fixing them, dry-laid stones are filled into the cages. The stones are of moderate size to ensure full and compact filling, forming a stable dry-laid stone structure of the gabion cages 7. The height of the second dry-laid stone layer 2 is 30cm, and the height of the first dry-laid stone layer 5 is higher than the height of the slope toe after backfilling, with an included angle α > 65°.

[0030] A first geotextile 6 is laid at the contact point between the reclaimed area and the second dry-laid stone layer 2. The geotextile should be laid flat, with appropriate extension and fixation at the edges to ensure effective isolation between the reclaimed soil and the dry-laid stones. A second geotextile 9 is laid at the contact point between the first dry-laid stone layer 5 and the slope area, ensuring that it is laid flat and firmly fixed.

[0031] A graded gravel layer 8 is laid between the first dry-laid stone layer 5 and the second geotextile 9. The graded gravel is made of gravel of different particle sizes mixed in a certain proportion. It is laid evenly and compacted appropriately to ensure good permeability and filtration performance.

[0032] The construction methods for the masonry layer 3, the ecological concrete layer 1, and the crushed stone erosion control layer 4 at the bottom of the ditch in the reclaimed farmland protection embankment are the same as in Example 1. The masonry layer 3 is 20cm high, the ecological concrete layer 1 is 10cm high, and the crushed stone erosion control layer 4 is 10cm thick and 50cm wide. The results after implementation are shown in the attached diagram. Figure 3 As shown.

[0033] The only difference between Example 3 and Example 2 is that: a vegetation geocell 10 is provided on the top of the crushed stone erosion control layer 4.

[0034] The specific implementation process is as follows: Example 3 is basically the same as Example 2, except that: Vegetated geocells 10 are laid on top of the gravel erosion control layer 4 at the bottom of the ditch. The geocells are first unfolded and laid according to the ditch's direction, with the cells firmly connected and their edges fixed to the protective embankments on both sides of the ditch. Then, planting soil is filled into the vegetated geocells 10. The planting soil needs to contain certain nutrients and organic matter, and the surface is leveled appropriately after filling. Finally, suitable local grass seeds are mixed and sown evenly in the planting soil, followed by appropriate watering to promote germination and growth, forming an "ecological grass belt" at the bottom of the ditch. The results are shown in the attached diagram. Figure 4 As shown.

[0035] The above descriptions are merely embodiments of this utility model, and common knowledge regarding specific structures and characteristics is not elaborated upon here. It should be noted that those skilled in the art can make various modifications and improvements without departing from the structure of this utility model, and these should also be considered within the scope of protection of this utility model. These modifications will not affect the effectiveness of the implementation of this utility model or the practicality of the patent. The scope of protection claimed in this application shall be determined by the content of its claims, and the specific embodiments described in the specification can be used to interpret the content of the claims.

Claims

1. An ecological ditch structure for open-pit mine ecological restoration projects, comprising a ditch dividing the open-pit mine into a reclamation area and a slope protection area, wherein reclamation protection dikes and slope protection dikes with a width of 30-100cm are respectively provided on both sides of the ditch, and a gravel erosion protection layer is provided at the bottom of the ditch; characterized in that: The reclaimed land protection embankment includes a water-retaining layer, a soil-stabilizing layer, and a hardened top layer arranged sequentially from bottom to top; the slope protection embankment is a first dry-laid stone layer; the bottom of the hardened top layer is not lower than the height of the reclaimed land area after it is covered with soil at its contact point, and the height of the first dry-laid stone layer is higher than the height of the slope toe after it is covered with soil.

2. The ecological ditch structure for open-pit mine ecological restoration projects according to claim 1, characterized in that: The heights of the water-retaining layer, the soil-stabilizing layer, and the hardened compressive layer are 15–25 cm, 25–40 cm, and 5–20 cm, respectively.

3. An ecological ditch structure for open-pit mine ecological restoration projects according to claim 2, characterized in that: The water-retaining layer is a masonry layer.

4. An ecological ditch structure for open-pit mine ecological restoration projects according to claim 3, characterized in that: The soil stabilization layer is the second dry-laid stone layer.

5. An ecological ditch structure for open-pit mine ecological restoration projects according to claim 4, characterized in that: The hardened top layer is an eco-friendly concrete layer.

6. An ecological ditch structure for open-pit mine ecological restoration projects according to claim 5, characterized in that: Both the first and second dry-laid stone layers include gabion cages and dry-laid stones filled inside the gabion cages.

7. An ecological ditch structure for open-pit mine ecological restoration projects according to any one of claims 1 to 6, characterized in that: The first geotextile is installed at the contact point between the reclaimed area and the soil stabilization layer.

8. An ecological ditch structure for open-pit mine ecological restoration projects according to claim 7, characterized in that: A second geotextile is installed at the contact point between the first dry-laid stone layer and the slope area.

9. An ecological ditch structure for open-pit mine ecological restoration projects according to claim 8, characterized in that: A graded gravel layer is provided between the first dry-laid stone layer and the second geotextile layer.

10. An ecological ditch structure for open-pit mine ecological restoration projects according to claim 9, characterized in that: The top of the crushed stone erosion control layer is equipped with a vegetation geocell.

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