Photovoltaic tube pile mold

By introducing a smooth rod forming section and a threaded rod forming section into the photovoltaic pipe pile mold, the problem that existing molds cannot cast pipe piles with smooth rods and threads is solved, thus realizing diversified production and clamping stability of photovoltaic pipe piles.

CN224544900UActive Publication Date: 2026-07-24JIANGXI XUANJIN TECH CO LTD
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Patent Information

Authority / Receiving Office
CN · China
Patent Type
Utility models(China)
Current Assignee / Owner
JIANGXI XUANJIN TECH CO LTD
Filing Date
2025-06-05
Publication Date
2026-07-24

AI Technical Summary

Technical Problem

Existing photovoltaic pipe pile molds cannot simultaneously cast photovoltaic pipe piles with smooth rods and threads, and lack segmented structural design, resulting in unstable clamping of the clamp on smooth, unpatterned smooth rod sections.

Method used

A photovoltaic pipe pile mold is designed, comprising a first smooth rod forming part and a threaded rod forming part. The threaded rod forming cavity is formed by combining the threaded groove and the smooth rod forming cavity. It can cast photovoltaic pipe piles with both smooth rods and threads. Different types of photovoltaic pipe pile molds can be connected by an mounting plate to enhance applicability.

Benefits of technology

This technology enables the simultaneous casting of photovoltaic pipe piles with smooth rods and threads, improving the flexibility and applicability of photovoltaic pipe pile molds, and enhancing clamping stability and production efficiency.

✦ Generated by Eureka AI based on patent content.

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Abstract

The utility model provides a photovoltaic pipe pile mould belongs to concrete pipe pile field, photovoltaic pipe pile mould includes: the first light pole forming part of tubular structure, the inside of first light pole forming part is first light pole forming cavity, the threaded rod forming part, the threaded rod forming part includes the second light pole forming part of tubular structure, thread forming part and thread groove, the inside of second light pole forming part is second light pole forming cavity, thread forming part is around arrangement on the outer wall of second light pole forming part, is equipped with thread forming groove in thread forming part, is equipped with thread forming groove in thread forming part and second light pole forming part, and thread groove is through the inner and outer wall of second light pole forming part, and is connected thread forming groove with second light pole forming cavity, thereby forms the threaded rod forming cavity, a plurality of first light pole forming cavities are connected with a plurality of threaded rod forming cavities. Through this setting to solve the problem that photovoltaic pipe pile mould cannot pour out the photovoltaic pipe pile with light pole section and thread section simultaneously.
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Description

Technical Field

[0001] This utility model belongs to the field of concrete pipe piles, and in particular relates to a photovoltaic pipe pile mold. Background Technology

[0002] Against the backdrop of the global energy transition, photovoltaic (PV) pipe piles, as key infrastructure of PV power generation systems, primarily play a crucial role in supporting PV modules, transferring loads, and stabilizing the structure. Precast concrete PV pipe piles offer advantages in terms of speed and convenience of construction, and these piles are typically cast using PV pipe pile molds.

[0003] Currently, most photovoltaic pipe pile molds are of two types in terms of structural design: fully threaded molds and fully smooth rod molds. They lack the segmented structural design of "partially threaded + partially smooth rod". Construction equipment such as hydraulic clamps and steel clamps can clamp photovoltaic pipe piles through the smooth and unpatterned surface of the smooth rod section, avoiding the risk of slippage of the clamps caused by the unevenness of the threads of fully threaded pipe piles. Threaded photovoltaic pipe piles can be rotated into the soil in conjunction with the clamps that hold the smooth rod section.

[0004] Therefore, the shortcoming of existing photovoltaic pipe pile molds is that they cannot cast photovoltaic pipe piles that have both smooth rods and threads. Utility Model Content

[0005] In view of the shortcomings of the prior art described above, the purpose of this utility model is to provide a photovoltaic pipe pile mold with a smooth rod section and a threaded section;

[0006] To achieve the above and other related objectives, this utility model provides a photovoltaic pipe pile mold, the photovoltaic pipe pile mold comprising:

[0007] The first smooth rod forming part is a cylindrical structure, and the interior of the first smooth rod forming part is a first smooth rod forming cavity.

[0008] A threaded rod forming part, the threaded rod forming part including a second smooth rod forming part, a thread forming part and a thread groove;

[0009] The second smooth rod forming part is a cylindrical structure, and the interior of the second smooth rod forming part is a second smooth rod forming cavity; the thread forming part is arranged around the outer wall of the second smooth rod forming part, and the thread forming part is provided with a thread forming groove; the thread groove penetrates the inner and outer walls of the second smooth rod forming part and connects the thread forming groove with the second smooth rod forming cavity, thereby forming a thread rod forming cavity;

[0010] The first smooth rod forming cavity is connected to the threaded rod forming cavity.

[0011] As an optional solution, the photovoltaic pipe pile mold also includes several mounting plates. Mounting plates are fixedly installed at both ends of the first and second light rod forming parts, and the mounting plates of the first and second light rod forming parts are fixedly connected.

[0012] As an optional solution, the number of the first optical rod forming parts is at least two, and several of the first optical rod forming parts are connected end to end in sequence.

[0013] As an optional solution, the number of the threaded rod forming parts is at least two, and several of the threaded rod forming parts are connected end to end in sequence.

[0014] As an optional solution, the number of threaded rod forming parts is at least two, the first smooth rod forming part is located between the two threaded rod forming parts, one end of the first smooth rod forming part is connected to one end of one of the second smooth rod forming parts, and the other end of the first smooth rod forming part is connected to one end of the other second smooth rod forming part.

[0015] As an optional solution, the first optical rod forming part includes a plurality of first mold segments, which are arranged in a circumferential array along the center line of the first optical rod forming part. Each of the first mold segments is assembled to form the first optical rod forming part, and two adjacent first mold segments are detachably connected.

[0016] As an optional solution, the threaded rod forming part includes a plurality of second mold segments, which are arranged in a circumferential array along the center line of the second smooth rod forming part. Each of the second mold segments is assembled to form the threaded rod forming part, and two adjacent second mold segments are detachably connected.

[0017] As an optional solution, multiple sets of reinforcing ribs are provided on the first mold segment and the second mold segment, and each of the reinforcing ribs is provided on the outer side wall of the first mold segment and the second mold segment.

[0018] As an optional solution, the photovoltaic pipe pile mold further includes a first film-pulling protrusion and a second film-pulling protrusion, the upper wall of the thread forming groove is provided with the first film-pulling protrusion, and the lower wall of the thread forming groove is provided with the second film-pulling protrusion.

[0019] As described above, the photovoltaic pipe pile mold of this utility model has at least the following beneficial effects:

[0020] 1. This application provides a first smooth rod forming cavity, a second smooth rod forming cavity, a thread forming groove, and a thread groove. The second smooth rod forming cavity, the thread forming groove, and the thread groove are connected to form a thread rod forming cavity for casting fully threaded pipe piles. The first smooth rod forming cavity is used to cast smooth rod pipe piles. The first smooth rod forming cavity and the thread rod forming cavity are connected to cast photovoltaic pipe piles that have both smooth rods and threads. This solves the problem that existing photovoltaic pipe pile molds cannot cast photovoltaic pipe piles that have both smooth rods and threads.

[0021] 2. The mounting plate provided in this application enables several first and second light rod forming parts to be spliced ​​together and combined into photovoltaic pipe pile molds of different forms. Different forms of photovoltaic pipe piles can be cast through different forms of photovoltaic pipe pile molds, thereby increasing the applicability and flexibility of photovoltaic pipe pile molds. Attached Figure Description

[0022] Figure 1 The diagram shown is a three-dimensional structural schematic of the photovoltaic pipe pile of this utility model;

[0023] Figure 2 The diagram shown is an exploded view of the photovoltaic pipe pile of this utility model;

[0024] Figure 3 Displayed as Figure 2 Enlarged view of point A in the middle;

[0025] Figure 4 The diagram shows the splicing of the first mold piece and the second mold piece of this utility model.

[0026] Figure 5 Displayed as Figure 4 Enlarged view of point B in the middle;

[0027] Figure 6 This is a schematic diagram of the three-dimensional structure inside the threaded groove section;

[0028] Figure 7 The diagram shows the splicing of the first smooth rod forming part and the threaded rod forming part of this utility model.

[0029] In the figure: 1. First smooth rod forming part, 2. First smooth rod forming cavity, 3. Threaded rod forming part, 4. Mounting plate, 5. Mounting hole, 6. Connecting plate, 7. Connecting hole, 8. Reinforcing rib plate, 9. First film pulling protrusion, 10. Second film pulling protrusion;

[0030] 301. Second smooth rod forming part, 302. Thread forming part, 303. Thread forming groove, 304. Thread groove, 305. Second smooth rod forming cavity. Detailed Implementation

[0031] The following specific embodiments illustrate the implementation of this utility model. Those skilled in the art can easily understand other advantages and effects of this utility model from the content disclosed in this specification.

[0032] Please see Figures 1 to 7 It should be understood that the structures, proportions, sizes, etc., depicted in the accompanying drawings are merely for illustrative purposes to aid those skilled in the art and are not intended to limit the scope of this invention. Therefore, they have no substantial technical significance. Any modifications to the structure, changes in proportions, or adjustments to size, without affecting the effectiveness and purpose of this invention, should still fall within the scope of the technical content disclosed in this invention. Furthermore, the terms such as "upper," "lower," "left," "right," "middle," and "one" used in this specification are merely for clarity and are not intended to limit the scope of this invention. Changes or adjustments to their relative relationships, without substantially altering the technical content, should also be considered within the scope of this invention.

[0033] The following embodiments are for illustrative purposes only. These embodiments can be combined and are not limited to the content shown in any single embodiment below.

[0034] In this embodiment, please refer to Figure 1 , Figure 4 and Figure 5 This utility model provides a photovoltaic pipe pile mold, which includes:

[0035] First smooth rod forming part 1, the first smooth rod forming part 1 is a cylindrical structure, and the interior of the first smooth rod forming part 1 is a first smooth rod forming cavity 2;

[0036] The threaded rod forming part 3 includes a second smooth rod forming part 301, a thread forming part 302, and a thread groove 304.

[0037] The second smooth rod forming part 301 has a cylindrical structure, and the interior of the second smooth rod forming part 301 is a second smooth rod forming cavity 305; the thread forming part 302 is arranged around the outer wall of the second smooth rod forming part 301, and the thread forming part 302 is provided with a thread forming groove 303; the thread groove 304 penetrates the inner and outer walls of the second smooth rod forming part 301 and connects the thread forming groove 303 with the second smooth rod forming cavity 305, thereby forming a thread rod forming cavity;

[0038] The first smooth rod forming cavity 2 is connected to the threaded rod forming cavity;

[0039] Here, the helical axis of the thread forming part 302 coincides with the axis of the second smooth rod forming part 301;

[0040] Here, the starting end of the thread forming part 302 can be connected to one end of the second smooth rod forming part 301, or the starting end of the thread forming part 302 can be not connected to one end of the second smooth rod forming part 301.

[0041] With this setup, the threaded rod forming part 3 is used to cast fully threaded photovoltaic pipe piles, the first smooth rod forming part 1 is used to cast unthreaded smooth rod photovoltaic pipe piles, and several first smooth rod forming cavities 2 are connected to several threaded rod forming cavities to form photovoltaic pipe pile forming cavities. By pouring concrete into the photovoltaic pipe pile forming cavities, photovoltaic pipe piles are made, thus solving the problem that photovoltaic pipe pile molds cannot cast photovoltaic pipe piles with both smooth rods and threads.

[0042] In this embodiment, please refer to Figure 2 and Figure 3 The photovoltaic pipe pile mold also includes several mounting plates 4. Mounting plates 4 are fixedly installed at both ends of the first light rod forming part 1 and the second light rod forming part 301 respectively. The mounting plate 4 of the first light rod forming part 1 and the mounting plate 4 of the second light rod forming part 301 are fixedly connected.

[0043] Here, the method of fixing the mounting plate 4 is not limited; it can be integrally molded or welded.

[0044] Here, mounting plate 4 can also be in the form of a flange;

[0045] Here, the two contacting mounting plates 4 can be connected by bolts and nuts, or by welding, or by a combination of threaded connection and welding.

[0046] This configuration allows the first smooth rod forming part 1 and the threaded rod forming part 3 to be connected via the mounting plate 4. This enables the casting of fully threaded photovoltaic piles, smooth photovoltaic piles, and photovoltaic piles with both threaded rods and smooth rods using the photovoltaic pile mold, thus improving the flexibility of the photovoltaic pile mold in producing the required photovoltaic piles.

[0047] In this embodiment, please refer to Figure 7 The number of the first optical rod forming part 1 is at least two, and several first optical rod forming parts 1 are connected end to end in sequence;

[0048] Here, by setting different numbers of first optical pole forming parts 1 connected end to end, the optical pole segments of the photovoltaic pipe pile are further set to different lengths, which is used to increase the length of the optical pole segments of the photovoltaic pipe pile.

[0049] In this embodiment, the number of threaded rod forming parts 3 is at least two, and several threaded rod forming parts 3 are connected end to end in sequence;

[0050] Here, by setting different numbers of threaded rod forming parts 3 connected end to end, the different lengths of the threaded rods of the photovoltaic pipe pile are further set, which is used to increase the length of the threaded rod segment of the photovoltaic pipe pile.

[0051] In this embodiment, the number of threaded rod forming parts 3 is at least two. The first smooth rod forming part 1 is located between the two threaded rod forming parts 3. One end of the first smooth rod forming part 1 is connected to one end of one of the second smooth rod forming parts 301, and the other end of the first smooth rod forming part 1 is connected to one end of the other second smooth rod forming part 301.

[0052] Here, at least one first smooth rod forming part 1 is fixedly connected between the two threaded rod forming parts 3, so that the photovoltaic pipe pile can form a segmented threaded structure photovoltaic pipe pile during the production and casting process.

[0053] With this setup, different arrangements and combinations of quantities between the threaded rod forming part 3 and the first smooth rod forming part 1 can increase the combination methods of the photovoltaic pipe pile mold, enabling the photovoltaic pipe pile mold to produce different types of photovoltaic pipe piles, and further increasing the applicability of the photovoltaic pipe pile mold.

[0054] In this embodiment, please refer to Figure 2 , Figure 4 and Figure 5 The first optical rod forming part 1 includes a plurality of first mold segments. The first mold segments are arranged in a circumferential array along the center line of the first optical rod forming part 1. Each of the first mold segments is assembled to form the first optical rod forming part 1. Two adjacent first mold segments are detachably connected.

[0055] In this embodiment, the first optical rod forming part 1 is formed by splicing two first mold segments, and the two first mold segments equally divide the entire outer circumference of the first optical rod forming part 1.

[0056] Here, connecting plates 6 are provided on both sides of the first mold segment. After the two first mold segments are spliced ​​together to form the first smooth rod forming part 1, the connecting plates 6 on the two first mold segments contact each other. A through connecting hole 7 is provided on the connecting plate 6 of the first mold segment. The two adjacent connecting plates 6 are connected by a threaded connector through the connecting hole 7. Optionally, the threaded connector can be a bolt, nut, etc.

[0057] The threaded rod forming part 3 includes a plurality of second mold segments. The second mold segments are arranged in a circumferential array along the center line of the second smooth rod forming part 301. Each of the second mold segments is assembled to form the threaded rod forming part 3. Adjacent two second mold segments are detachably connected.

[0058] In this embodiment, the threaded rod forming part 3 is formed by splicing two second mold pieces, and the two second mold pieces equally divide the entire outer circumference of the second smooth rod forming part 301.

[0059] Here, connecting plates 6 are provided on both sides of the second mold segment. The two second mold segments are spliced ​​together to form a threaded rod forming part 3. The connecting plates 6 on the two second mold segments are in contact with each other. A through connecting hole 7 is provided on the connecting plate 6 on the second mold segment. The two adjacent connecting plates 6 are connected by a threaded connector through the connecting hole 7. Optionally, the threaded connector can be a bolt, nut, etc.

[0060] With this configuration, the first smooth rod forming part 1 can be assembled from multiple first mold segments, and the threaded rod forming part 3 can be assembled from multiple second mold segments. The separate first and second mold segments can be disassembled to facilitate the demolding of the photovoltaic pipe pile. After long-term use, the frequent demolding of the second mold segment with the threaded forming part 302 can easily lead to wear inside the threaded forming groove 303. At this time, the photovoltaic pipe pile mold can continue to be used by replacing the second mold segment.

[0061] In this embodiment, please refer to Figure 1 and Figure 7 Multiple sets of reinforcing ribs 8 are provided on the first mold petal and the second mold petal, and each of the reinforcing ribs 8 is provided on the outer side wall of the first mold petal and the second mold petal.

[0062] By setting up the reinforcing rib 8, the strength and rigidity of the first and second mold segments can be enhanced, thereby improving the safety and durability of the photovoltaic pipe pile mold.

[0063] In this embodiment, please refer to Figure 4 , Figure 5 and Figure 6 The photovoltaic pipe pile mold also includes a first film-pulling protrusion 9 and a second film-pulling protrusion 10. The upper wall of the thread forming groove 303 is provided with the first film-pulling protrusion 9, and the lower wall of the thread forming groove 303 is provided with the second film-pulling protrusion 10.

[0064] Here, taking the splicing form of two second mold segments in this embodiment as an example, a number of thread forming groove segments are arranged in an array along the axial direction on the outer wall of the second mold segment. The number of thread forming groove segments are arranged sequentially along the axis of the second smooth rod forming part 301 as the first thread forming groove segment, the second thread forming groove segment, and so on.

[0065] The beginning of the first thread forming groove segment on the first second mold segment is connected to the end of the first thread forming groove segment on the second second mold segment, and the beginning of the first thread forming groove segment on the second second mold segment is connected to the end of the second thread forming groove segment on the first second mold segment, and so on. The beginning of the second-to-last thread forming groove segment on the second mold segment is connected to the end of the second-to-last thread forming groove segment on the second second mold segment, and the beginning of the second-to-last thread forming groove segment on the second second mold segment is connected to the end of the first-to-last thread forming groove segment on the first second mold segment. Several thread forming groove segments are connected end to end in sequence to form the thread forming groove 303.

[0066] The first pull-out protrusion 9 and the second pull-out protrusion 10 are respectively disposed at the beginning and end ends of the thread forming groove 303 segment;

[0067] With this setting, the first extraction protrusion 9 and the second extraction protrusion 10 located at the junction of two adjacent second mold segments can provide a certain extraction angle to the second mold segment, which facilitates the demolding operation of the second mold segment.

[0068] Here, the lower surface of the first draft protrusion can be a plane, and the upper surface of the second draft protrusion can be a plane;

[0069] Here, the lower surface of the first draft protrusion can be an arc-shaped surface, and the upper surface of the second draft protrusion can be an arc-shaped surface;

[0070] In this embodiment, the first draft protrusion 9, the second draft protrusion 10, and the thread forming groove 303 are integrally formed. The upper surface of the first draft protrusion 9 is provided with a relatively staggered convex shape to form the groove wall of the thread forming groove 303, and the lower surface of the second draft protrusion 10 is provided with a relatively staggered convex shape to form the groove wall of the thread forming groove 303. This convex shape will make the thread forming groove 303 form a larger demolding slope, which not only makes it easier for the photovoltaic pile to be pulled out of the mold during the demolding process, but also protects the threads of the photovoltaic pile and the integrity of the photovoltaic pile mold.

[0071] With this configuration, the first draft protrusion 9, the second draft protrusion 10, and the bottom wall of the thread forming groove 303 are integrally formed, which not only makes the mold forming and manufacturing more convenient, but also makes the draft operation after the photovoltaic pipe pile is cast and formed easier, with a better demolding effect. Compared with the traditional draft method that requires additional auxiliary components such as pads, it not only reduces processing tools and processing costs, but also reduces processing and forming operation steps, thereby improving processing and production efficiency.

[0072] Here, the lower surface of the first membrane-pulling protrusion 9 and the upper wall of the thread forming groove 303 are provided with an intersection line, and the intersection line is provided with a rounded transition surface;

[0073] Here, the lower surface of the second membrane-pulling protrusion 10 and the upper wall of the thread forming groove 303 are provided with an intersection line, and the intersection line is provided with a rounded transition surface;

[0074] The lower surface of the first drafting protrusion 9 and the upper wall of the thread forming groove 303 are connected by an intersection line, and the lower surface of the second drafting protrusion 10 and the upper wall of the thread forming groove 303 are connected by an intersection line, so that a continuous and smooth geometric transition is formed between the drafting protrusion and the wall of the thread forming groove 303, avoiding step-like abrupt changes in cross-section; this edgeless transition structure can improve the smoothness of the drafting operation.

[0075] In summary, this utility model, by setting a first smooth rod forming cavity 2, a second smooth rod forming cavity 305, a thread forming groove 303, and a thread groove 304, wherein the second smooth rod forming cavity 305, the thread forming groove 303, and the thread groove 304 are connected to form a thread rod forming cavity for casting fully threaded pipe piles, and the first smooth rod forming cavity 2 is used to cast smooth rod pipe piles. The first smooth rod forming cavity 2 and the thread rod forming cavity are connected to cast photovoltaic pipe piles with both smooth rods and threads, solving the problem that existing photovoltaic pipe pile molds cannot cast photovoltaic pipe piles with both smooth rods and threads. This application, through the setting of the mounting plate 4, enables several first smooth rod forming parts 1 and second smooth rod forming parts 301 to be spliced ​​and combined to form photovoltaic pipe pile molds of different forms. Through different forms of photovoltaic pipe pile molds, photovoltaic pipe piles of different specifications can be cast, increasing the applicability and flexibility of photovoltaic pipe pile molds.

[0076] The above embodiments are merely illustrative of the principles and effects of this utility model and are not intended to limit the scope of this utility model. Any person skilled in the art can modify or alter the above embodiments without departing from the spirit and scope of this utility model. Therefore, all equivalent modifications or alterations made by those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit and technical concept disclosed in this utility model should still be covered by the claims of this utility model.

Claims

1. A photovoltaic pipe pile mold, characterized in that, The photovoltaic pipe pile mold includes: The first smooth rod forming part is a cylindrical structure, and the interior of the first smooth rod forming part is a first smooth rod forming cavity. A threaded rod forming part, the threaded rod forming part including a second smooth rod forming part, a thread forming part and a thread groove; The second smooth rod forming part is a cylindrical structure, and the interior of the second smooth rod forming part is a second smooth rod forming cavity; the thread forming part is arranged around the outer wall of the second smooth rod forming part, and the thread forming part is provided with a thread forming groove; the thread groove penetrates the inner and outer walls of the second smooth rod forming part and connects the thread forming groove with the second smooth rod forming cavity, thereby forming a thread rod forming cavity; The first smooth rod forming cavity is connected to the threaded rod forming cavity.

2. The photovoltaic pipe pile mold according to claim 1, characterized in that, The photovoltaic pipe pile mold also includes several mounting plates. Mounting plates are fixedly installed at both ends of the first and second light rod forming parts, and the mounting plates of the first and second light rod forming parts are fixedly connected.

3. The photovoltaic pipe pile mold according to claim 2, characterized in that, The number of the first optical rod forming parts is at least two, and several of the first optical rod forming parts are connected end to end in sequence.

4. The photovoltaic pipe pile mold according to claim 2, characterized in that, The number of threaded rod forming parts is at least two, and several threaded rod forming parts are connected end to end in sequence.

5. A photovoltaic pipe pile mold according to claim 2, characterized in that, The number of threaded rod forming parts is at least two, the first smooth rod forming part is located between the two threaded rod forming parts, one end of the first smooth rod forming part is connected to one end of one of the second smooth rod forming parts, and the other end of the first smooth rod forming part is connected to one end of the other second smooth rod forming part.

6. The photovoltaic pipe pile mold according to claim 1, characterized in that, The first optical rod forming part includes a plurality of first mold segments, which are arranged in a circumferential array along the center line of the first optical rod forming part. Each of the first mold segments is assembled to form the first optical rod forming part, and two adjacent first mold segments are detachably connected.

7. A photovoltaic pipe pile mold according to claim 6, characterized in that, The threaded rod forming part includes a plurality of second mold segments, which are arranged in a circumferential array along the center line of the second smooth rod forming part. Each of the second mold segments is assembled to form the threaded rod forming part, and two adjacent second mold segments are detachably connected.

8. A photovoltaic pipe pile mold according to claim 7, characterized in that, Multiple sets of reinforcing ribs are provided on the first mold segment and the second mold segment, and each of the reinforcing ribs is provided on the outer side wall of the first mold segment and the second mold segment.

9. A photovoltaic pipe pile mold according to claim 1, characterized in that, The photovoltaic pipe pile mold also includes a first film-pulling protrusion and a second film-pulling protrusion. The upper wall of the thread forming groove is provided with the first film-pulling protrusion, and the lower wall of the thread forming groove is provided with the second film-pulling protrusion.