A lathe with interpolation function
Patent Information
- Authority / Receiving Office
- CN · China
- Patent Type
- Utility models(China)
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Filing Date
- 2025-08-31
- Publication Date
- 2026-08-11
AI Technical Summary
[0003]本项实用新型是针对现在的技术不足,提供一种具有插补功能的车床设备,旨在解决现有技术中的车床加工效率慢、精度低及质量差,且协调性差,无法实现多种车削需求的自动调整的技术问题
[0013]与现有技术相比,本实用新型实施例提供的具有插补功能的车床设备中的上述一个或多个技术方案至少具有如下技术效果之一:
Smart Images

Figure CN224615863U_ABST
Abstract
Description
Technical Field
[0001] This utility model relates to the technical field of CNC lathes, and specifically to a lathe device with interpolation function. Background Technology
[0002] CNC lathes, as core equipment in modern manufacturing, are widely used in the precision machining of various rotating parts. Their machining efficiency, accuracy, and adaptability directly affect production quality and cost. Traditional lathes mostly adopt a single-spindle structure, which can only process a single workpiece or a single process at a time. For parts requiring multi-process machining, repeated clamping or batch processing of multiple workpieces is necessary, resulting in poor production continuity and difficulty in meeting the needs of mass production. To address these issues, twin-spindle lathes were invented. However, while twin-spindle lathes can process simultaneously, the coordination between the spindles is insufficient, making it impossible to achieve automatic workpiece transfer and secondary processing. Manual handling is still required, increasing working time and error risks, and affecting machining efficiency and quality. Furthermore, existing lathes lack error compensation functions during machining. When performing certain complex surface or high-precision compensation machining, they lack the ability to perform linear interpolation feed in specific angular directions, limiting further improvement in machining accuracy. The workpieces that have been turned need to undergo subsequent finishing machining to complete the final product, affecting the machining efficiency and quality of the workpiece. Utility Model Content
[0003] This utility model addresses the shortcomings of current technology by providing a lathe with interpolation function. It aims to solve the technical problems of slow processing efficiency, low precision and poor quality, poor coordination and inability to automatically adjust for various turning requirements in existing lathes.
[0004] The technical solution adopted by this utility model to achieve the above objectives is as follows: A lathe with interpolation function includes a frame, a first platform and a second platform, the second platform being located behind the first platform. The first platform has a first spindle assembly and a second spindle assembly, the first spindle assembly being located at the end of the first platform. The first platform has a first moving mechanism, and the second spindle assembly is mounted on the first moving mechanism and moves reciprocally toward the first spindle assembly. Both the first and second spindle assemblies are equipped with chucks for material clamping. The second platform has two opposing second moving mechanisms, each of which has a third moving mechanism that moves reciprocally toward the first platform. Each third moving mechanism has an interpolation mechanism, and each interpolation mechanism has a tool magazine mechanism.
[0005] As a further improvement, the first platform is provided with a first support at its end, the first spindle device includes a first drive component and a first spindle box, the first spindle box is set and fixed on the first support, the first spindle box is provided with a first rotating shaft, the first drive component is connected to the first rotating shaft, and the gripper chuck is set on the drive end of the first rotating shaft.
[0006] As a further improvement, the first moving mechanism includes at least two first slide rails and a first lead screw module. The first lead screw module is equipped with a first servo motor. The two first slide rails are arranged in a rear-to-rear manner on the first platform. The first lead screw module is arranged between the two first slide rails. Each of the first slide rails is equipped with a slider group. The second spindle device is arranged on the slider group and can move back and forth along the direction of the first slide rail. The first lead screw module is also equipped with a first lead screw nut seat, which is fixedly connected to the second spindle device. As a further improvement, the second spindle device includes a second drive member and a second spindle box. The second spindle box is provided with a second slide, which is disposed on the slider assembly. The second spindle box is provided with a second rotating shaft. The second drive member is connected to the second rotating shaft, and the gripper chuck is disposed on the drive end of the second rotating shaft.
[0007] As a further improvement, each of the second moving mechanisms includes a second lead screw module and at least two opposing second slide rails. Both second slide rails are mounted on the second platform, and the second lead screw module is mounted between the two second slide rails. Each second lead screw module is equipped with a second servo motor and a second lead screw nut seat. Each second slide rail is equipped with a second slider group. The third moving mechanism is mounted and fixed on the second slider group and fixedly connected to the second lead screw nut seat.
[0008] As a further improvement, the third moving mechanism includes a third support, a third servo motor, a third lead screw module, and at least two third slide rails. The third support is mounted and fixed on the second slider group, and the third slide rails are mounted on the third support facing the first platform. The third servo motor is connected to the third lead screw module and is mounted between the two third slide rails. Each third slide rail is equipped with a third slider group, and the interpolation mechanism is mounted and fixed on the third slider group. The third lead screw module is equipped with a third lead screw nut seat, and the third lead screw nut seat is fixedly connected to the interpolation mechanism.
[0009] As a further improvement, the interpolation mechanism includes a fourth support, a fourth servo motor, a fourth lead screw module, and at least two fourth slide rails. The fourth support is fixed to a third slider group on the third slide rail to form a sliding connection. The fourth support has a mounting surface. The two fourth slide rails face the first platform and are disposed on the mounting surface. The fourth servo motor is connected to the fourth lead screw module and disposed between the two fourth slide rails. The fourth lead screw module has a fourth lead screw nut seat. Each of the fourth slide rails has a fourth slider group. The tool magazine mechanism is disposed on the fourth slider group and fixedly connected to the fourth lead screw nut seat.
[0010] As a further improvement, an angle is provided between the mounting surface and the bottom surface of the fourth support, and the angle is 0-90°.
[0011] As a further improvement, the tool magazine mechanism includes a fifth support, a brake motor, a fifth drive component, and a tool disc. The fifth support has a fifth mounting part, the brake motor is mounted on the side wall of the fifth mounting part, the fifth drive component is mounted on the fifth support, the fifth mounting part has a fifth spindle box, the fifth drive component is linked to the fifth spindle box, the fifth spindle box has a fifth rotating shaft, and the two ends of the fifth rotating shaft are respectively connected to the drive end of the fifth drive component and the tool disc; the tool disc has a ring array of mounting slots, and each mounting slot has a tool mounting seat.
[0012] As a further improvement, the frame is provided with a recycling trough for recycling chips and chip waste; the gripper chuck is a hollow three-jaw chuck.
[0013] Compared with the prior art, the above-mentioned technical solutions of the lathe equipment with interpolation function provided in the embodiments of this utility model have at least one of the following technical effects: 1. This utility model utilizes a dual-spindle machining system consisting of a first spindle device and a second spindle device. A first moving mechanism enables the reciprocating movement of the second spindle. Furthermore, independently controllable second and third moving mechanisms allow for the simultaneous parallel processing of two workpieces (such as batch processing with identical requirements or differentiated processing with different requirements). This increases processing efficiency by over 50%, improving production efficiency. The first moving mechanism allows the second spindle to move to the position of the first spindle to clamp the processed workpiece, enabling automatic transfer and secondary processing of the same workpiece within the machine (such as turning at both ends). This eliminates the need for manual transfer and repositioning, reducing clamping errors, ensuring part form and position tolerances (such as coaxiality ≤ 0.01mm), and reducing labor intensity.
[0014] 2. By setting up an interpolation mechanism to compensate for errors during workpiece machining, the tool magazine mechanism gains an additional feed degree of freedom in the tilt direction on top of its X and Z axis movements. This allows the tool to perform linear interpolation movements on the workpiece according to machining requirements, enabling real-time, online compensation for machining errors caused by tool wear or thermal deformation. This allows the lathe to perform precision machining of complex curved surfaces and irregular contours, controlling workpiece dimensional accuracy within ±0.005mm and reducing surface roughness Ra by 30%, significantly improving workpiece machining accuracy and surface quality. Attached Figure Description
[0015] To more clearly illustrate the technical solutions in the embodiments of this utility model, the drawings used in the description of the embodiments or the prior art will be briefly introduced below. Obviously, the drawings described below are only some embodiments of this utility model. For those skilled in the art, other drawings can be obtained based on these drawings without creative effort.
[0016] Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram of the overall structure of the lathe equipment with interpolation function in this embodiment; Figure 2 This is a front view schematic diagram of the lathe equipment with interpolation function in this embodiment; Figure 3 This is an exploded view of the lathe equipment with interpolation function in this embodiment; Figure 4 This is a schematic diagram showing the connection between the third moving mechanism, the interpolation mechanism, and the tool magazine mechanism in this embodiment. Figure 5 This is a schematic diagram of the tool magazine mechanism in this embodiment; Figure 6 This is a schematic diagram of the structure of the fourth support in this embodiment. Detailed Implementation
[0017] The following description is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention and does not limit the scope of protection of the present invention.
[0018] For examples, see the appendix. Figures 1-6A lathe device 1 with interpolation function includes a frame 2, the frame 2 having a first platform 3 and a second platform 4, the second platform 4 being located behind the first platform 3. The first platform 3 has a first spindle assembly 5 and a second spindle assembly 6, the first spindle assembly 5 being located at the end of the first platform 3. The first platform 3 has a first moving mechanism 7, the second spindle assembly 6 being mounted on the first moving mechanism 7 and reciprocating toward the first spindle assembly 5. Both the first spindle assembly 5 and the second spindle assembly 6 have chucks 8 for material clamping, and both chucks 8 are located on the same central axis. The second platform 4 has two opposing second moving mechanisms 9, each of the second moving mechanisms 9 having a third moving mechanism 10 reciprocating toward the first platform 3, and each third moving mechanism 10 having an interpolation mechanism 1. 1. Each of the interpolation mechanisms 11 is equipped with a tool magazine mechanism 12. The surfaces of the first platform 3 and the second platform 4 are both inclined surfaces. The inclined surfaces facilitate turning and improve the flow of cutting fluid. Two second moving mechanisms 9 are set to control the movement of the two tool magazine mechanisms 12 respectively. With the first spindle device 5 and the second spindle device 6, multi-station turning is realized, which improves the processing efficiency. It can process two workpieces with different processing requirements or two workpieces with the same processing requirements at the same time, which improves efficiency. Furthermore, the first moving mechanism 7 is set to control the distance between the second spindle device 6 and the first spindle device 5. Thus, the workpieces processed on the first spindle device 5 can be clamped and transported for secondary processing as needed, without the need for manual transfer of workpieces or repositioning, reducing the intensity of manual labor and ensuring the effect and quality of processing at different ends of the same workpiece.
[0019] The first platform 3 has a first support 30 at its end. The first spindle device 5 includes a first drive component 50 and a first spindle housing 51. The first drive component 50 is preferably a motor. The first drive component 50 is disposed inside the first platform 3, and the drive end of the first drive component 50 extends out from the side wall of the first platform 3. The first spindle housing 51 is disposed and fixed on the first support 30. The first spindle housing 51 is provided with a first rotating shaft 52 and a first hydraulic cylinder. The first drive component 50 is connected to the first rotating shaft 52. A linkage component 53 is provided between the drive end of the first drive member 50 and one end of the first rotating shaft 52. The linkage component 53 is preferably a belt synchronous pulley assembly, which includes two synchronous pulleys. The two synchronous pulleys are respectively disposed on the drive end of the first drive member 50 and one end of the first rotating shaft 52. A belt is provided between the two synchronous pulleys. The gripper chuck 8 is disposed on the drive end of the first rotating shaft 52. The first spindle device 5 is used to provide the first drive operation. With the cooperation of the second spindle device 6, two workpieces can be driven simultaneously, thereby realizing dual-station processing.
[0020] The first moving mechanism 7 includes at least two first slide rails 70 and a first lead screw module 71. The first lead screw module 71 is equipped with a first servo motor 72. The two first slide rails 70 are arranged laterally and opposite each other on the first platform 3. The first lead screw module 71 is connected to and fixed between the two first slide rails 70 and is disposed in a first groove of the first platform 3. Each of the first slide rails 70 is equipped with a slider group, which includes at least two sliders. The second spindle device 6 is disposed on the slider group and can reciprocate along the direction of the first slide rail 70. The first lead screw module 71 is also equipped with a first lead screw nut seat, which is connected to the second spindle device 6. The spindle assembly 6 is fixedly connected. The first moving mechanism 7 is used to control the second spindle assembly 6 to move back and forth along the first platform 3 towards the first spindle assembly 5, so that the second spindle assembly 6 can move closer to or away from the first spindle assembly 5. When a workpiece with a large difference in length needs to be processed, the first moving mechanism 7 drives the second spindle assembly 6 to move closer to the first spindle assembly 5 and adjust it to the distance that can clamp the two ends of the workpiece. Then the first spindle assembly 5 and the second spindle assembly 6 clamp the two ends of the workpiece respectively. When the other end of the workpiece needs to be processed, the first moving mechanism 7 drives the second spindle assembly 6 to move closer to the first spindle assembly 5, clamp the workpiece on the first spindle assembly 5 and move it to the other end, and then process the workpiece. The second spindle device 6 includes a second drive unit 60 and a second spindle box 61. The second drive unit 60 is preferably a motor. The second spindle box 61 is provided with a second slide 610. The second drive unit 60 is provided with a second rotary cylinder. The second slide 610 is disposed on the slider group, which includes multiple first sliders. The second spindle box 61 is provided with a second rotating shaft 62. The second drive unit 60 is connected to the second rotating shaft 62. The chuck 8 is disposed on the drive end of the second rotating shaft 62. The second spindle device 6 provides a second drive station, thereby enabling the processing of two workpieces with the same processing requirements, the processing of the other end of the same workpiece, or the processing of two workpieces with different processing requirements. This provides multi-station processing and improves the applicability and versatility of the lathe equipment 1 with interpolation function.
[0021] Each of the second moving mechanisms 9 includes a second lead screw module 90 and at least two opposing second slide rails 91. Both second slide rails 91 are mounted on the second platform 4. The second lead screw module 90 is positioned between the two second slide rails 91. Each second lead screw module 90 is equipped with a second servo motor 92 and a second lead screw nut seat. Each second slide rail 91 is equipped with a second slider group, which includes at least two second sliders. The third moving mechanism 10 is mounted and fixed on the second slider group and is fixedly connected to the second lead screw nut seat. The second platform 4 is provided with a second mounting groove. After the second servo motor 92 is connected to the second lead screw module 90, it is mounted laterally in the second mounting groove. The second moving mechanism 9 is used to drive the tool magazine mechanism 12 to move laterally, thereby enabling lateral turning of the workpiece and improving the turning accuracy. The second slide rails 91 of the two second moving mechanisms 9 are connected to each other as an integrated slide rail or separate single slide rails.
[0022] The third moving mechanism 10 includes a third support 100, a third servo motor 101, a third lead screw module 102, and at least two third slide rails 103. The third support 100 is mounted and fixed on the second slider group, and each second slider group includes multiple second sliders. The third slide rails 103 are mounted on the third support 100 facing the first platform 3. The third servo motor 101 is connected to the third lead screw module 102 and is mounted between the two third slide rails 103. Each third slide rail 103 is equipped with a third slider group. The interpolation mechanism 11 is mounted and fixed on the third slider group, and the third lead screw module 102 is equipped with a third lead screw nut seat. The third lead screw nut seat is fixedly connected to the interpolation mechanism 11. The third moving mechanism 10 is used to control the tool magazine mechanism 12 to perform axial reciprocating motion along the surface direction of the second platform 4.
[0023] The interpolation mechanism 11 includes a fourth support 110, a fourth servo motor 111, a fourth lead screw module 112, and at least two fourth slide rails 113. The fourth support 110 is fixed to the third slider group on the third slide rail 103 to form a sliding connection. The fourth support 110 has a mounting surface 110a. The two fourth slide rails 113 face the first platform 3 and are disposed on the mounting surface 110a. The fourth servo motor 111 is connected to the fourth lead screw module 112 and disposed between the two fourth slide rails 113. The fourth lead screw module 112 has a fourth lead screw nut seat. Each of the fourth slide rails 113 has a fourth slider group. The fourth slider group includes multiple fourth sliders. The tool magazine mechanism 12 is disposed on the fourth slider group and fixedly connected to the fourth lead screw nut seat. An angle 110b is provided between the mounting surface 110a and the bottom surface of the fourth support 110. The angle 110b is 0-90°, preferably 30°. The interpolation mechanism 11 is used to provide interpolation, that is, to drive the tool magazine mechanism 12 to perform turning operations on the workpiece on the first spindle device 5 or the workpiece on the second spindle device 6 at a certain angle 110b, thereby compensating for the error in the feed during workpiece machining, and thus improving the accuracy and quality of workpiece turning. The sides of the third support 100 and the fourth support 110 are provided with buffers.
[0024] The tool magazine mechanism 12 includes a fifth support 120, a brake motor 121, a fifth drive component 122, and a tool disc 123. The bottom of the fifth support 120 is provided with a fifth platform 124, which is fixedly connected to the fourth slider assembly and the fourth lead screw nut seat. The fifth support 120 has a fifth mounting part, and the brake motor 121 is mounted on the side wall of the fifth mounting part. The fifth drive component 122 is mounted on the fifth support 120, and preferably is a servo motor with worm gear drive. The fifth mounting part has a fifth spindle box 125, and the fifth drive component 122 is linked to the fifth spindle box 125. The fifth spindle box 125 has a fifth rotating shaft 126, and one end of the fifth rotating shaft 126 has a linkage gear. The worm gear on the fifth drive component 122 meshes with the linkage gear. The brake motor 121 is used to control the fifth rotating shaft 123. The shaft 126 acts as a limit brake to ensure the position of the cutter head 123 and prevent it from rotating during machining. Both ends of the fifth rotating shaft 126 are connected to the drive end of the fifth driving member 122 and the cutter head 123, respectively. The cutter head 123 is provided with a ring-shaped array of mounting slots 123a. Each mounting slot 123a is provided with a tool mounting seat 127. The tool mounting seat 127 is threadedly connected to the mounting slot 123a. The tool mounting seat 127 includes a tool mounting seat 127 with a transverse mounting slot, a tool mounting seat 127 with a longitudinal mounting slot, a tool mounting seat 127 with a transverse mounting hole, and a tool mounting seat 127 with a longitudinal mounting hole. The tool mounting seat 127 provides a fixing part with multiple directions and fixing methods, thus it can be used to fix various tools, improving the applicability of the turning machining of the lathe equipment 1 with interpolation function. The fifth support 120 is provided with multiple lifting rings.
[0025] The frame 2 is equipped with a recycling tank 20 for recycling chips and chip waste. The recycling tank 20 is equipped with a detachable filter screen, which is used to achieve solid-liquid separation. A recycling box is located below the detachable filter screen, and the recycling box has an interface for connecting to external recycling equipment. The gripper chuck 8 is a hollow three-jaw chuck with an interface. The gripper chuck 8 is used to automatically clamp or release workpieces. It can cooperate with the second spindle device 6 on the first moving mechanism 7 to clamp and move the workpiece on the first spindle device 5 as needed, thereby realizing the processing of the other end of the workpiece and improving the processing efficiency of the workpiece.
[0026] This invention utilizes a dual-spindle machining system consisting of a first spindle device and a second spindle device. A first moving mechanism enables the reciprocating movement of the second spindle. Furthermore, independently controllable second and third moving mechanisms allow for the simultaneous parallel processing of two workpieces (for batch processing with the same requirements or differentiated processing with different requirements), increasing processing efficiency by over 50% and improving production efficiency. The first moving mechanism allows the second spindle to move to the position of the first spindle to clamp the processed workpiece, enabling automatic transfer and secondary processing of the same workpiece within the machine (such as turning at both ends). This eliminates the need for manual transfer and repositioning, reducing clamping errors, ensuring part form and position tolerances (such as coaxiality ≤ 0.01mm), and reducing labor intensity. By setting up an interpolation mechanism to compensate for errors during workpiece machining, the tool magazine mechanism gains an additional feed degree of freedom in the tilt direction on top of its X and Z axis movements. This allows the tool to perform linear interpolation movements on the workpiece according to machining requirements, enabling real-time, online compensation for machining errors caused by tool wear or thermal deformation. This allows the lathe to perform precision machining of complex curved surfaces and irregular contours, controlling workpiece dimensional accuracy within ±0.005mm and reducing surface roughness Ra by 30%, significantly improving workpiece machining accuracy and surface quality.
[0027] This utility model is not limited to the above-described embodiments. Other lathe equipment with interpolation function obtained by using the same or similar structure or device as the above-described embodiments of this utility model are all within the protection scope of this utility model.
Claims
1. A lathe with interpolation function, characterized in that: The lathe includes a frame, which has a first platform and a second platform. The second platform is located behind the first platform. The first platform has a first spindle assembly and a second spindle assembly. The first spindle assembly is located at the end of the first platform. The first platform has a first moving mechanism. The second spindle assembly is mounted on the first moving mechanism and moves back and forth toward the first spindle assembly. Both the first and second spindle assemblies have chucks for gripping materials. The second platform has two opposing second moving mechanisms. Each of the second moving mechanisms has a third moving mechanism that moves back and forth toward the first platform. Each of the third moving mechanisms has an interpolation mechanism and a tool magazine mechanism.
2. The lathe equipment with interpolation function according to claim 1, characterized in that: The first platform has a first support at its end. The first spindle device includes a first drive and a first spindle box. The first spindle box is mounted and fixed on the first support. The first spindle box has a first rotating shaft. The first drive is connected to the first rotating shaft. The gripper chuck is mounted on the drive end of the first rotating shaft.
3. The lathe equipment with interpolation function according to claim 2, characterized in that: The first moving mechanism includes at least two first slide rails and a first lead screw module. The first lead screw module is equipped with a first servo motor. The two first slide rails are arranged in a rear-to-rear manner on the first platform. The first lead screw module is arranged between the two first slide rails. Each of the first slide rails is equipped with a slider group. The second spindle device is arranged on the slider group and can move back and forth along the direction of the first slide rail. The first lead screw module is also equipped with a first lead screw nut seat, which is fixedly connected to the second spindle device.
4. The lathe equipment with interpolation function according to claim 3, characterized in that: The second spindle assembly includes a second drive member and a second spindle box. The second spindle box is provided with a second slide table, which is disposed on the slider assembly. The second spindle box is provided with a second rotating shaft. The second drive member is connected to the second rotating shaft, and the gripper chuck is disposed on the drive end of the second rotating shaft.
5. The lathe equipment with interpolation function according to claim 1, characterized in that: Each of the second moving mechanisms includes a second lead screw module and at least two opposing second slide rails. Both second slide rails are mounted on the second platform. The second lead screw module is mounted between the two second slide rails. Each second lead screw module is equipped with a second servo motor and a second lead screw nut seat. Each second slide rail is equipped with a second slider group. The third moving mechanism is mounted and fixed on the second slider group and is fixedly connected to the second lead screw nut seat.
6. The lathe equipment with interpolation function according to claim 1, characterized in that: The third moving mechanism includes a third support, a third servo motor, a third lead screw module, and at least two third slide rails. The third slide rails are arranged on the third support facing the first platform. The third servo motor is connected to the third lead screw module and is arranged between the two third slide rails. Each third slide rail is provided with a third slider group. The interpolation mechanism is arranged and fixed on the third slider group. The third lead screw module is provided with a third lead screw nut seat. The third lead screw nut seat is fixedly connected to the interpolation mechanism.
7. The lathe equipment with interpolation function according to claim 1, characterized in that: The interpolation mechanism includes a fourth support, a fourth servo motor, a fourth lead screw module, and at least two fourth slide rails. The fourth support has a mounting surface, and the two fourth slide rails face the first platform and are mounted on the mounting surface. The fourth servo motor is connected to the fourth lead screw module and is positioned between the two fourth slide rails. The fourth lead screw module has a fourth lead screw nut seat, and each of the fourth slide rails has a fourth slider group. The tool magazine mechanism is mounted on the fourth slider group and is fixedly connected to the fourth lead screw nut seat.
8. The lathe equipment with interpolation function according to claim 7, characterized in that: An angle is provided between the mounting surface and the bottom surface of the fourth support, and the angle is 0-90°.
9. The lathe equipment with interpolation function according to any one of claims 1 or 7, characterized in that: The tool magazine mechanism includes a fifth support, a brake motor, a fifth drive component, and a tool disc. The fifth support has a fifth mounting part, the brake motor is mounted on the side wall of the fifth mounting part, the fifth drive component is mounted on the fifth support, the fifth mounting part has a fifth spindle box, the fifth drive component is linked to the fifth spindle box, the fifth spindle box has a fifth rotating shaft, and the two ends of the fifth rotating shaft are respectively connected to the drive end of the fifth drive component and the tool disc; the tool disc has a ring array of mounting slots, and each mounting slot has a tool mounting seat.
10. The lathe equipment with interpolation function according to claim 1, characterized in that: The frame is equipped with a recycling trough for recycling chips and chip waste; the chuck is a hollow three-jaw chuck.