Support structure for non-load-bearing roofs

Abstract

The invention relates to a solar energy structure (1000) in which a support structure (T, 110) for PV modules (PVM) is arranged on a building (G) having, for example, a flat roof. According to a preferred embodiment, the support structure contains support beams (TB, 112) which extend in a self-supporting manner between supports (A, 120) in the edge region of the building (G).

Description

[0001] Support structure for non-load-bearing roofs

[0002] The invention relates to a solar energy structure, a support structure for statically non-load-bearing roofs, in particular for supporting photovoltaic modules for such a solar energy structure, as well as supports for such a support structure.

[0003] For sustainable energy production, it is desirable to use as much building roof space (unused land) as possible for the installation of PV modules (where "PV" is the common abbreviation for "photovoltaics"). Flat roofs, such as those found on factories, production halls, warehouses, logistics halls, exhibition halls, car dealerships, shopping malls, and the like, are particularly suitable for this purpose. The total area of ​​all German storage, logistics, and production areas over 1,000 square meters is 0.6 billion square meters (source: IndustrialPort, 2012). However, the problem here is that these roofs have a relatively low load-bearing capacity in their interior areas due to their size. Furthermore, damage to the roof membrane must be avoided to prevent leaks or heat loss.

[0004] The installation of a photovoltaic system on a flat roof is described, for example, in the documents JP2005330709, JP2016188482A, WO 2005 / 011 000 A2, DE 10 2010 023 259 A1, DE 20 2008 017 560 U1 and CN 2 07 691 725 U. Further prior art on the installation of PV modules is contained in the documents DE 202012101572 U1 , JP 2019004545 A, JP 2002021242 A, CN 202067799 U, EP 2603932 A2, DE 102007022681 A1 , DE 202015101348 U1 , CN 106013571 A, JP 2002021266 A, JP 2011043018 A, DE 102021104862 A1 , DE 202006002699 U1 , DE 202012010882 U1 and WO 2016020804 A1.

[0005] Against this background, the object of the present invention was to provide means for the expanded use of photovoltaics (particularly on fallow land).

[0006] This object is achieved by a solar energy structure, a support structure, and a support according to the independent claims. Advantageous embodiments are contained in the subclaims. According to its main aspect, the invention relates to a solar energy structure comprising the following components:

[0007] A (conventional) building with a roof, the roof extending at least 5 meters in a given reference direction. The width of the roof in a direction perpendicular to the reference direction is not further specified here, but is typically at least as wide as the extension in the reference direction. The roof can, in particular, be a flat roof or a low-pitched roof.

[0008] The building should also have at least two vertical supports to support vertical loads, for example, in the form of load-bearing posts or columns. Such vertical supports are typically located at the perimeter (wall) of the building, but they can also be provided in interior areas.

[0009] A PV system with a support structure, with at least one PV module mounted on the support structure, and with the support structure extending over (at least) the aforementioned width. In this context, a "PV module" is understood, as usual, to be the smallest independent structural unit designed to convert incident (sun)light into electrical energy and to deliver it at a defined interface (e.g., a coupling). PV modules typically have an area of ​​approximately 0.5 to 4 square meters.

[0010] The solar energy building is further characterized in that the support structure is supported on the building in the reference direction essentially only in the area of ​​vertical supports of the building.

[0011] The "substantial" support means that smaller portions of typically less than approximately 25%, preferably less than 15%, of the weight carried by the support structure can also be transferred to the building at points between the vertical support points. In other words, at least 75% of the forces absorbed by the support structure are generally transferred to the building in the area of ​​vertical supports or directly into the vertical beams, columns, and / or walls. Between the support points, the support structure is thus self-supporting or at least predominantly self-supporting. The "area of ​​a vertical support" includes, in particular, the area of ​​the vertical support seen in a vertical projection. In addition, this area also includes a zone with a maximum width of approximately

[0012] 5 meters, preferably about 3 meters (or with a maximum width of about 20% of the extension width) around this projection surface.

[0013] The solar energy structure described above has the advantage that, for example, a PV system can be installed on the flat roof of a building, utilizing the entire area, without the system placing strain on or overloading the interior of the flat roof. This is achieved by the support structure, which transfers the weight forces primarily to the edges or directly into the building's columns, where they can be easily absorbed by correspondingly stable vertical supports (walls, columns). This enhances the building's value through the now-important possibility of generating a large amount of energy from a roof area or renting out the roof space.

[0014] One of the critical aspects of installing a PV system on a (flat) roof is that the waterproofing and thermal insulation of the roof membrane must remain as intact as possible. With conventional elevated systems, which are weighted down with ballast stones (typically up to 40-45 kg / m 2), a lot of damage occurs which becomes apparent immediately or later (see report from the Aachen Institute for Building Damage Research and Applied Building Physics). With a further development of the solar energy structure, on the other hand, the roof covering can be protected by the support structure being supported on at least one support which runs through the roof covering and extends vertically upwards over the roof surface. In the lower area, the support is preferably arranged directly or indirectly on vertical beams or cross beams of the building so that the loads are transferred directly to the vertical beams and do not place a static load on the roof surface. Because the support extends upwards above the roof surface, it can be tightly integrated into the roof covering, for example using sealing membranes that are bent upwards.Softer components of the roof are not stressed by the support, as it can be placed directly on the load-bearing components. Furthermore, the support is preferably made of a heat-insulating material to prevent the formation of cold bridges. Typically, the support structure is supported on such supports at all load-bearing points. Furthermore, the support structure is preferably supported on a support in such a way that, for example, a base plate with elongated holes maintains at least a certain degree of mobility perpendicular to the support direction, in order to compensate for longitudinal movements of the support structure relative to the building (e.g., due to thermal expansion).

[0015] According to a first secondary aspect, the invention further relates to a support structure for non-load-bearing roofs, which is particularly suitable for a solar energy structure of the type described above. The support structure is characterized in that it contains at least one support beam extending over the above-defined width. As the name "beam" suggests, the geometric shape of the support beam is essentially straight with an elongated extension, wherein the length of the support beam should be significantly (e.g., at least five times) greater than its dimension in directions transverse to the length.

[0016] Within the support structure, the support beam represents a load-bearing element that can absorb forces from the surface and concentrate them along a line or at the ends of the support beam. In particular, the support beam can be designed to extend cantilevered between two supports located at or near its ends, supporting its own weight and the weight of PV modules arranged on the support structure, as well as any other loads (snow, wind, etc.).

[0017] The support beam can be designed in various ways, although it doesn't necessarily have to be a solid, solid body. In particular, the support beam can be constructed as a truss structure, i.e., as a frame whose members are subjected solely to longitudinal forces and whose ends are connected at nodes. This allows for a structure that is both stable and extremely lightweight.

[0018] Additionally or alternatively, the support beam can also be constructed entirely or partially as a corrugated web beam. By definition, a corrugated web beam has a stable (e.g., solid) top beam and bottom beam, which are connected and spaced apart by a relatively lightweight web (e.g., made of sheet steel). The web, for example, is made of corrugated or trapezoidal sheet metal for stabilization.

[0019] According to a preferred embodiment, the support beam is constructed modularly from successively arranged support beam modules. The individual support beam modules can have different designs (e.g., with regard to cross-section and length), but in particular, they can also be identical. By connecting several modules in series, support beams of virtually any extension length can be produced. Furthermore, the modular design facilitates both the production and transport of the support beams or the support structure.

[0020] The aforementioned support beam modules can optionally be firmly connected to one another, for example, by screw connections or welding. However, they can also be loosely joined together, in which case appropriate force must be applied to ensure that the modules do not separate again on their own.

[0021] Additionally or alternatively, the support bench modules can also be connected to each other in a form-fitting manner. In particular, the support beam modules can be connected to each other by a plug-in connection. Rods or tubes running in the longitudinal direction can be designed to fit together, for example, like a plug-in sleeve.

[0022] According to another embodiment, the support beam contains a tensioning device, with the aid of which a compressive force can be generated in the direction of extension of the support beam (preferably between the ends of the support beam). The tensioning device can be a wire rope or a metal rod, for example. The tensioning device can stabilize the support beam, particularly if the beam is formed by the tensioning device into a (slightly) convex shape with a curvature counter to gravity. Any weight forces to be absorbed are then redirected into horizontal forces at the connection points of the modules, which can, however, be easily absorbed by the tensioning device.

[0023] The tensioning device can extend from one end of the support beam to the other, but it can also cover only one or more sections of the support beam. It is also possible to have a tensioning cable with at least one deflection pulley assume a kinked path in the case of bent support beams.

[0024] The compressive force generated by the clamping device in the longitudinal direction of the support beam is typically greater than the weight of the support beam. In particular, it can be approximately 2 to 10 times the weight.

[0025] According to another embodiment, the support beam is compression-stable. This means that it can withstand forces that compress it in its direction of extension. In particular, the compression stability can be at least so high that the support beam can withstand compression forces that are twice, preferably five, ten, fifty, or even 100 times its own weight. Such a compression-stable support beam can be stabilized against the absorption of vertically acting weight forces by correspondingly high compressive forces. The aforementioned compressive forces can be applied via a tensioning device, as described above. However, they can also be generated without such a tensioning device, for example, by building components or an adjacent support structure abutting it longitudinally.

[0026] According to a further embodiment, the support structure contains at least one traction means, such as a cable, for transmitting upward tensile forces. In this way, weight forces can be transmitted from locations remote from the support points of the support structure to the support points.

[0027] In a further development of the above-described embodiment, the support structure contains at least one pylon element (which projects upwards when installed), to which the traction mechanism is attached. Similar to suspension bridges or cable-stayed bridges, the pylon element can thus absorb weight forces. The pylon element is preferably arranged in the area of ​​a support of the support structure.

[0028] The support structure can preferably contain at least one element, referred to below as a "support beam bracket," via which the support beam is or can be variably connected to a support. The support can be designed as described above, i.e., extend through the roof cladding, but it can also be any other support for the support beam. By definition, a "variable" connection contains at least one degree of freedom in positioning and / or orientation, which can be adjusted to a desired value during assembly, or possibly even after assembly. For example, the angle between the support beam bracket and the support beam and / or its position on the support beam can be variable.Such variability allows components of the support structure, even if they have certain standard shapes, to be easily adapted to different on-site conditions (roof pitch, roof width, etc.).

[0029] According to a further embodiment of the support structure, it has at least one module connector to which a PV module can be attached and which, in turn, is variably connected to the support beam of the support structure. A "variable" connection, by definition, contains at least one degree of freedom in positioning and / or orientation, which can be adjusted to a desired value during assembly, or possibly even after assembly. For example, the module connector can be connected to the support beam so that it can be moved longitudinally. Optionally, the connection can also be adjustable in two, three, or more degrees of freedom. Such variability can be used, for example, to optimally align the PV modules with respect to solar radiation.

[0030] In a further development of the above-described embodiment, the module connector is connected to at least two support beams via coupling devices that can be displaced independently of one another in the longitudinal direction of the support beams. By displacing the coupling devices in different directions and / or degrees, rotation of the module connector can then be generated.

[0031] In another embodiment of the support structure, particularly a support structure with module connectors, the inclination of at least one PV module relative to the horizontal can be adjusted (during installation and / or afterward). The PV module can then be optimally aligned to the solar radiation.

[0032] A further aspect of the invention relates to a support for supporting a support structure according to one of the above-described embodiments on a building. The support is characterized in that it contains load-bearing components made of a rigid foam. In particular, it can be made entirely of a rigid foam.

[0033] The base material of the rigid foam is typically a plastic such as polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), expanded polypropylene (EEP), polystyrene (PS), polyurethane (PU), or similar. The rigid foam construction achieves high stability, which can absorb the resulting weight forces. Furthermore, the rigid foam has good thermal insulation properties due to the gas it contains, so it does not create cold bridges when integrated into a roof membrane. The density of the rigid foam is preferably at least approximately 200 kg per cubic meter.

[0034] Preferably, a metal base plate with appropriate threaded holes is foamed into a rigid foam block (e.g., made of EPP) of the type described. If a first rigid foam block is screwed onto the hall support, concrete wall, wooden beam, etc., using these threaded holes, additional rigid foam blocks of various thicknesses can then be stacked and screwed together, just like LEGO® bricks. If there is an obstacle on the roof, such as a skylight or a dormer window, the truss support beam can be raised accordingly using the bricks.

[0035] The support can thus be placed and screwed in place between a supporting structure and the existing roof or building as a thermal support block. A support in the form of a rigid foam block is preferably available in several thicknesses, for example, 250 mm, 200 mm, 100 mm, 50 mm, etc., and the support blocks can also be connected to one another using dovetail guides, for example, for local height adjustment and for sliding together.

[0036] The invention is explained in more detail below with the aid of an exemplary embodiment, illustrated in the accompanying figures. In the following:

[0037] Figure 1 shows a cross-section through the roof area of ​​a solar energy structure according to the invention;

[0038] Figure 2 shows a cross-section through the roof area of ​​another solar energy structure, which additionally has traction means and pylon elements;

[0039] Figure 3 shows an enlarged detailed view of supports integrated into the roof skin, e.g. made of rigid foam EPP;

[0040] Figure 4 a solar energy building with a gable roof and skylight;

[0041] Figure 5 a solar energy structure with dormer windows;

[0042] Figure 6 a solar energy structure with roof offset;

[0043] Figure 7 a solar energy structure with a barrel roof;

[0044] Figure 8 shows a cross-section through the roof area of ​​another solar energy structure in which the support beams are formed from corrugated web beams;

[0045] Figure 9 shows a modification of Figure 8 with a "bent" support beam on a gable roof with a skylight;

[0046] Figure 10 is a perspective view of a support beam module designed as a corrugated web beam; Figure 11 is a perspective view of a headpiece (console) for fastening a corrugated web beam to a hall beam or support; Figure 12 is a side view of a section of a support beam with two attached module connectors;

[0047] Figure 13 shows a side view (top) and a bottom view (bottom) of a module connector cross brace;

[0048] Figure 14 shows another side view of a module connector cross brace with PV modules attached and the associated support beams;

[0049] Figure 15 is a separate view of the telescopic end of a module connector cross brace;

[0050] Figure 16 is a plan view of a roof surface with PV modules aligned at an angle to the roof edges;

[0051] Figure 17 is a plan view of a roof surface with PV modules surrounding a light strip;

[0052] Figure 18 is a plan view analogous to Figure 17 with an alternative orientation of the PV modules;

[0053] Figure 19 is a partial plan view of a roof surface with PV modules aligned parallel and diagonally to the roof edges;

[0054] Figure 20 shows a solar energy structure in which the support structure is also supported centrally by support beam consoles;

[0055] Figure 21 is a perspective view of an assembled support beam bracket;

[0056] Figure 22 is a sectional view through an assembled support beam bracket;

[0057] Figure 23 shows a cross-section (left) and a side view (right) of a support beam with attached intermediate brackets and tension cable;

[0058] Figure 24 a solar energy structure with a gable roof and vertical supports erected around the building;

[0059] Figure 25 a support beam bracket with a coupling plate for buckling;

[0060] Figure 26 shows a support beam containing a support beam module with a kink;

[0061] Figure 27 the connection of a sloping support beam to a straight support beam;

[0062] Figure 28 shows a solar energy structure with a cantilevered structure and a roof overhang of the PV system; Figure 29 shows a support structure with longitudinal and transverse support beam modules;

[0063] Figure 30 the connection of cross-shaped support beam modules;

[0064] Figure 31 shows a coupling element for a connection according to Figure 30;

[0065] Figure 32 shows a solar energy structure with a roof overhang of the PV system on all sides.

[0066] Figure 33 shows a support constructed from interconnected modules;

[0067] The demand for renewable energy will increase significantly in the future due to the politically desired and environmentally necessary move away from fossil fuels. However, solar power plants will only be built on a significant scale if they are economically viable.

[0068] Since many buildings have unused roof space, these previously untapped resources can be utilized for the installation of photovoltaic systems. If these unused, fallow areas were used for photovoltaic systems, they would have the capacity of over 400 nuclear power plants. However, existing roofs, including supporting structures, insulation, and roof waterproofing, are not designed for the installation of solar systems. They lack proof of structural stability, stability through friction coefficient, and a guarantee for roof waterproofing when retrofitting a photovoltaic system, among other things.

[0069] PV systems on flat roofs do not require approval in many German federal states. Nevertheless, there are critical aspects, primarily concerning structural stability and roof waterproofing. Photovoltaic systems require not only the structural stability of the building, but also the structural stability (stable position) of the solar system. Fundamentally, every structural system must be stable as a whole and in its components (Section 12 of the Model Building Code (MBO)). This means that a structural analysis must be provided. The structural analysis must be provided by the manufacturer of the solar system. The manufacturer must provide evidence of the load-bearing capacity of the collector or module, the mounting system, and even the fastening in or on the building, taking into account the existing substructure (wood, wood-based materials, steel construction, trapezoidal steel sheeting, reinforced concrete, seam roof) in accordance with the applicable regulations. According to experts, however, a complete structural analysis is not possible.Against this background, the following proposals for supporting structures, which can be used to install PV systems on (existing) buildings, are explained in more detail using exemplary embodiments.

[0070] Figure 1 shows the roof area of ​​a solar energy structure 1000 in a section along a reference direction (x-axis of the displayed coordinate system). The structure essentially consists of two components:

[0071] On the one hand, the conventional building G with a flat roof, as is the case with factories, warehouses, production and logistics halls, schools, gymnasiums, petrol stations, parking lot roofs, supermarkets, shooting ranges, car dealerships (39 million m 2), stadiums, and the like. Such a building contains vertical girders GVT, e.g. made of steel, at regular intervals, which are positioned in opposite walls at a distance equal to the building's extension w (in the x-direction) and are connected to each other by horizontal girders GHT (trusses). Arranged on the horizontal girders are, for example, trapezoidal sheets GTB, which form the roof surface, and thermal insulation GWD. On the roof surface GDO, the building is sealed watertight by sealing membranes (not shown in detail here).

[0072] As a second component, the building contains a PV system 100 or (generally with reference letters) PVA.

[0073] This consists of a support structure 110 or T with PV modules PVM attached to the top.

[0074] The support structure 110 in turn consists of the support beams 112 and TB shown in Figure 1, which each extend linearly in the reference direction x, as well as cross bars 111 arranged on the support beams and extending perpendicular to the reference direction (ie in the y-direction).

[0075] The support structure 110 thus contains support beams 112, which represent a stable connection across the extension w. For this purpose, the support beams 112 can be constructed, in particular as shown, from a two- or three-dimensional truss structure with struts 116, 117, thus achieving high stability while maintaining low weight. Such a truss girder 112 (lattice girder, frame element) is a structure made up of several bars that are articulated together at both ends. The truss girders can preferably be manufactured using a lightweight construction method, for example, with a tube laser in lengths of 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 m, or in custom lengths and sizes.

[0076] At their ends, the support beams 112 are supported by two supports 120 and A, respectively, on the load-bearing elements GHT and GVT of building G. However, between the supports 120, the support beams 112 are self-supporting. This can be achieved by a correspondingly rigid construction of the support beams.

[0077] Since the truss girder 112 with its support plate lies directly on the position of the hall supports GVT, the resulting loads are transferred directly to the vertical supports GVT and do not load the roof.

[0078] The 112 trusses can optionally extend beyond a hall roof to maximize the size of the PV modules. Furthermore, they can extend over rooflights, skylights, roof windows, skylight hatches, etc., allowing optimal use of the roof area by dividing the PV modules into smaller sizes.

[0079] In particular, clamping devices (not shown in Figure 1) that run from one end of a support beam 112 (in the x-direction) to the other end and exert a compressive force on the support beam can also contribute to stabilization. The support beam can take on a slightly upwardly curved shape, through which (similar to a toggle lever) vertical forces are redirected into horizontal forces, whereby the horizontal forces can be absorbed by the clamping device. In this context, the support beam 112 can in particular consist of individual, identical support beam modules 115 or TBM, which can be firmly connected to one another (e.g. screwed, welded) or loosely (e.g. plugged into one another) and typically each support a single PV module PVM.

[0080] Figure 2 shows a view similar to Figure 1 of another solar energy structure 2000, in which, similar to the one described above, a solar system with a support structure 210 or T made of support beam modules 215 or TBM is arranged on a building with a flat roof. In the drawing, analogous components have been given reference numerals increased by "100" as in Figure 1 or are provided with the same reference letters. The support beam modules 215 again have a truss construction, although the details of the truss shown may vary. In contrast to the previously described embodiment, the support structure 210 has pylon elements TP at the ends of the support beams, which extend essentially vertically upwards. The base of the pylon elements TP rests on the supports 220 or A above the vertical supports GVT of the building.Furthermore, the pylon elements are supported by compression-resistant angle struts TW toward the interior of the support structure 210 (e.g., supported to the right in the case of the pylon element TP at the left end of the support structure 210). This allows tension cables to be attached to the upper ends of the pylon elements TP, via which diagonally upward tensile forces can be transmitted to the interior parts of the support structure. In the drawing, the left half shows the case of a single tension cable TZ, while the right half shows the case of three fan-shaped tension cables TZ1, TZ2, TZ3.

[0081] To reduce the snow load on the PV systems, a simple roof heating system can optionally be installed on the PV modules.

[0082] The area of ​​a support 120 or A is shown in more detail in Figure 3.

[0083] The figure shows supports A on the left and right edges of the building, which are essentially designed in the same way.

[0084] It can be seen that the support 120, which in the example shown is essentially cuboid-shaped, extends through the trapezoidal sheets GTB and the high-performance insulation GWD of the roof membrane and is connected directly to the metal supports GVT and GHT of building G (e.g., using screws 123) via a metal plate 122. The support 120 protrudes upwards beyond the roof surface GDO, so that the sealing membranes running on it can be glued onto the support 120.

[0085] The support 120 is preferably made of a rigid foam (e.g., EPP, expanded polypropylene), which combines sufficient stability with thermal insulation properties. The metal plate 122 can be foam-embedded into the rigid foam block 121 via anchors and have threaded holes for screwing to the building.

[0086] Optionally, a support 120, 220 can also contain several injected metal plates, which are placed on the hall supports and screwed in place. Supports can be manufactured in different lengths, widths, and heights and, for example, can be stacked on top of one another like Lego bricks with studs and connected (screwed) together. To install the described PV systems, a rectangular hole is cut into the roof (roof cladding, insulation, trapezoidal sheeting, wooden formwork) in the edge area of ​​a roof, directly above the supporting columns (made of steel, reinforced concrete, or timber) of the hall structure, so that a drilling template can be placed on the hall support. Then, a corresponding hole pattern is drilled into the top of the hall support, a thermal rigid foam block is placed on top, and screwed in place. This plastic block can be installed and adjusted in height depending on the structural situation.Optionally, several hard foam blocks can be placed on top of each other like Lego bricks and screwed together.

[0087] The rigid foam blocks typically protrude approximately 100 mm to 300 mm above the flat roof insulation. The existing roof opening with the inserted plastic block can therefore easily be sealed and permanently bonded by the roofer with an EPDM membrane, plastic sheet, or bitumen roof membrane.

[0088] The prefabricated system truss beam is then placed at its ends ("left" and "right") on the rigid foam blocks and screwed in place. The support plates of the truss beam are preferably provided with elongated holes to prevent longitudinal stresses from occurring when different materials expand.

[0089] In the next step, a substructure made of metal profiles or components 111, 211 is placed and secured transversely across the truss beams, on which the PV modules (PVM) rest in series. This substructure can optionally be equipped with a mechanism so that the PV modules are always optimally aligned with the sun. In addition to increasing the yield with such a tracking system, the adjustability of the PV modules can also be used to remove snow loads, for example, by rotating the modules into a vertical position.

[0090] In order to remove snow loads from the PV modules in winter, the following approaches can be pursued additionally or alternatively: re-energising the PV modules to melt the snow;

[0091] Arrangement of a linear line to the left and right of the PV modules, between which a rope is guided that can be moved up and down to remove snow;

[0092] Spraying de-icing fluid onto the PV module using spray nozzles;

[0093] Arrangement of windshield wipers on the PV modules for snow removal. Figures 4 to 7 illustrate various applications of the described support structure for different roof conditions and shapes.

[0094] Figure 4 shows a 3000 solar energy building with a gable roof and a GLB skylight, the latter bridged by a correspondingly high support structure. The support structure can be adjusted to the desired height by stacking several supports on top of each other in a building-block fashion. The insert in the figure shows that support blocks can interlock via studs, similar to LEGO® bricks.

[0095] Figure 5 shows a solar energy structure 4000, in which dormer windows GDG are bridged in a similar way.

[0096] Figure 6 shows a solar energy structure 5000 in which a roof offset is bridged or compensated by (optionally different height) supports on different sides of the support structure.

[0097] Figure 7 shows a 6000 solar energy structure with a barrel roof. The support structure or support beams here are curved to match the roof shape. The support structure described can therefore be easily installed on various roof shapes, such as flat roofs, barrel roofs, pent roofs, flat gable roofs, or butterfly roofs. Furthermore, a steel structure can be retrofitted for non-load-bearing roof surfaces, e.g., to existing columns or beams using bolt-on brackets and roof supports.

[0098] Figure 8 shows an alternative embodiment of a solar energy structure 7000 in a representation analogous to Figure 1. In this embodiment, the support beam 712 or TB is made of (four) support beam modules 715 or TBM, which are designed as corrugated web beams. At its ends, the support beam 712 is connected to the vertical supports GVT of the building via head pieces 740 and supports 720 or A. A tensioning device TS in the form of a cable with a turnbuckle or a tension rod runs between the axial ends of the support beam. Furthermore, the PV modules PVM are arranged on the support beam 712 using module connectors 730 or TV.

[0099] Figure 9 shows the above-described structure on a gable roof with a GLB skylight in a representation similar to Figure 2. The TS traction cable is guided over a pulley (below the bend in the support beam).

[0100] The various components of the embodiments according to Figures 8 and 9 are explained in more detail below with the aid of Figures 10 - 14.

[0101] Figure 10 shows a perspective view of a TBM girder beam module designed as a corrugated web girder. Two longitudinally extending rectangular tubes 717 forming a top girder and a bottom girder are connected to each other by a corrugated sheet 716 (here: trapezoidal sheet). The axial ends of the TBM girder beam module are each formed by metallic coupling plates 718, via which adjoining TBM girder beam modules can be bolted together at the end faces, allowing all designs to be joined together with the head plates.

[0102] Contrary to what is shown, the corrugated sheets 716 do not have to have a closed surface, but can be provided with more or less large holes in order to save weight and reduce possible wind loads.

[0103] Figure 11 shows a perspective view of a headpiece 740, which can be provided at an axial end of a support beam for connecting the beam to a support A. For this purpose, the headpiece 740 contains a metallic coupling plate 743, to which the coupling plate 718 of a support beam module 715 can be screwed, as well as a bracket 741 for connection to a receptacle A. Furthermore, the headpiece 740 can contain a holder 742 for a tensioning cable TS. These headpieces 740 are available in different shapes and designs.

[0104] Figure 12 shows a side view of a section of a support beam (TB) with two attached module connectors (TV). The support beam can (as shown) consist of support beam modules (TBM) in the form of corrugated web beams of the design described above, but a different type of support beam can also be used. It is important that module connectors (TV) are attached to the top side (top beam) of the support beam, each of which supports one or more PV modules (PVM).

[0105] A module connector TV has coupling devices TVU on its underside, via which it is movably coupled to the support beam. In particular, these can be designed as linear guides, i.e., can be displaceable in the longitudinal direction of the support beam TB. The coupling devices TVU can, for example, be designed as (inverted) U-profiles or C-profiles that can be guided over the top beam. Furthermore, a longitudinal strut TVL of the module connector TV (which runs in the longitudinal direction of the support beam TB) is connected to the coupling device TVU via two joints TVG. One of the joints is connected to the coupling device via a vertical strut TVS, whereby the length of this vertical strut (or its connection point with the coupling device) can be changed. In this way, the inclination of the PV modules relative to the horizontal can be adjusted.

[0106] Finally, near the upper and lower axial ends of the

[0107] Each longitudinal strut TVL is attached to cross struts TVQ, which run perpendicular to the longitudinal extension of the support beams TB (i.e., in the y-direction in Figure 12). The cross struts TVQ connect the longitudinal strut TVL on one support beam with the longitudinal strut TVL on another (typically adjacent) support beam to form the complete module connector TV. The PV modules can then be attached to the top of these parallel cross struts TVQ.

[0108] Optionally, the cross braces TVQ can also be attached directly (without longitudinal braces TVL) to the coupling devices TVU (e.g., if no tilt adjustment of the PV modules is desired).

[0109] Figure 13 shows a preferred embodiment of a cross brace TVQ in a side view (upper illustration) and a view from below (lower illustration). The cross brace TVQ comprises, on the one hand, a main tube 731 (e.g., a rectangular tube 120 mm x 80 mm) running in its direction of extension. Preferably, spacers 732 projecting perpendicularly therefrom are provided to stiffen the main tube, the length of which increases symmetrically toward the center of the main tube. A tensioning cable 733, which can be tensioned with a turnbuckle 734, runs over the ends of the spacers from one end of the main tube 731 to the other.

[0110] Figure 14 shows the described cross brace TVQ with PV modules PVM mounted on it after being placed on two adjacent support beams TB.

[0111] Preferably, the cross struts TVQ are coupled to the longitudinal struts TVL or coupling devices TVU in a length-adjustable and rotationally movable manner. The coupling devices TVU on the adjacent support beams TB can then be moved in different directions or to different distances, whereby the support for the PV modules mounted thereon assumes a parallelogram shape (see Figures 16, 19). This allows for further alignment of the PV modules relative to the solar radiation. Figure 15 shows a perspective view of the end of a cross strut TVQ, which is length-adjustable by a telescopic insert 735 that engages the main tube 731 and can be moved movably (preferably, the cross strut TVQ is telescopic to the left and right in this way).

[0112] Figure 16 shows a plan view of a roof with an array of PV modules aligned obliquely to the edges of the roof, as explained above. The support beams TB are arranged parallel to the short side of the roof at intervals of, for example, 6 m.

[0113] Figure 17 shows a top view of a roof arrangement in which no PV modules are arranged above a GLB rooflight. Space is provided in the area of ​​the TB support beams for walkways for module maintenance.

[0114] Figure 18 shows a similar arrangement, with the (rectangular) PV modules rotated by 90° compared to the arrangement in Figure 17.

[0115] Figure 19 shows an enlarged section of a roof surface in which the modules in the upper part are inclined similarly to Figure 16. For this purpose, the telescopic inserts 735 of the cross struts TVQ are extended or retracted to different extents.

[0116] Figure 20 shows a solar energy structure 9000, in which the support beam TB is supported both at the axial ends and centrally. The support beam is supported by support beam brackets TBK, which are explained in more detail below.

[0117] Figure 21 shows a perspective view and Figure 22 a sectional view of such a support beam bracket 750 or TBK, which is articulatedly mounted between a support A and a support beam TB and can be positioned locally as desired. In the illustrated embodiment, the support beam's down member is held in a form-fitting and force-fitting manner between two clamping jaws 751 that enclose it in a U-shaped manner. The clamping jaws, in turn, are rotatably connected to two uprights 752 by means of a bolt 754. The uprights 752 protrude vertically upward from a connecting plate 753, which is screwed to the support A. A support beam bracket of this or a similar design enables variable attachment of the support beams to the supports in terms of position and angle.

[0118] Figure 23 shows a cross-section (left) and a side view (right) of a girder beam TB with intermediate brackets TBZ attached to its downstand. These intermediate brackets can be subsequently attached to the girder beam on site as needed, for example, to additionally secure a tensioning cable. The intermediate brackets TBZ are identical or similar in design to the clamping jaws 751 of the girder beam brackets TBK described above. The clamping device TS can engage them, for example, to clamp sections of the girder beam TB.

[0119] Figure 24 shows a 10000 solar energy structure with a gable roof, in which the "knee-shaped" support beams shown in Figures 25 and 26 can be used. The entire structure stands freely on GVT columns erected in socket foundations, without subjecting the (lightweight) hall to any static load.

[0120] In the embodiment according to Figure 25, a support beam TB is supported at its lower end on a support A at an angle to the horizontal via a support beam bracket TBK of the type explained above. At the upper end of the support beam, instead of or in addition to the usual coupling plate, there is a coupling plate 801 with an angle or a joint 802. A mirror-inverted support beam can be attached to this to form the spanning for a gable roof. The coupling plate 801 is a separate component and can be used accordingly. This construction can be attached to concrete, masonry, wooden beams or other structures, for example to compensate for gradients, height differences or other local situations (modular system).

[0121] In the embodiment shown in Figure 26, a separate "bent" beam module (TBMK) with an angle is provided to connect two straight beam sections for covering a gable roof. Optionally, the bent beam module (TBMK) can be made up of sections that are assembled on site.

[0122] Figure 27 shows the connection of an inclined support beam TB (e.g. according to Figure 26) to a straight support beam TB via a wedge-shaped adapter element 806, which can be screwed on the one hand to the coupling plate 718 and on the other hand to the upper beam and lower beam of the support beams or the support beam modules.

[0123] Figure 28 shows a solar energy structure 11000 with a self-supporting construction and a roof overhang of the PV system.

[0124] Figure 29 shows a construction made of support beams or

[0125] TBM support beam modules, which run both lengthwise and crosswise across the roof, create a particularly stable, checkerboard-like or grid-like support structure for a PV system, reinforced with support beams.

[0126] Figure 30 shows the connection of three (optionally four) cross-shaped support beams (modules) by a coupling element 803 for such a crossing.

[0127] Such a coupling element 803 is shown in Figure 31 in a perspective view (bottom) and with three possible cross-sections (top). It essentially consists of a square tube with holes 805 through which connecting screws of the support beams can be guided (unlike the illustration, all side surfaces can have such holes). Furthermore, the tube has a partially circumferential notch 804 on its upper side.

[0128] Figure 32 shows a solar energy structure 12000 from two directions, with the PV system having roof overhang on all sides.

[0129] Figure 33 shows a support 820 or A constructed from interconnected modules 821, 822, 823 and 824. The modules can each be designed as a thermal support block made of rigid foam (e.g. expanded polypropylene EPP) in various thicknesses and with a dovetail guide for local height adjustment and for pushing together. The uppermost module 821 preferably has a one-sided dovetail guide and serves to directly support the support beams or head pieces 740. The middle modules 822, 823 preferably have a dovetail guide on the upper side and a dovetail projection on the underside. The sway guide of the lowest module 823 can be closed by an insert 824 in order to ensure full-surface support on the static supports (concrete wall, wooden beams, etc.).

[0130] The assembled support A is placed between a support structure and the existing roof or building as a thermal support block and bolted into place. The lower module 823 is preferably bolted to the steel girder, concrete wall, lintel, or wooden beam using pre-drilled holes. The overall bolting of all modules is preferably carried out continuously from above using long wood screws in the lower modules.

[0131] 1000 - 12000 solar energy buildings

[0132] G Building

[0133] GTB trapezoidal sheet metal (roof)

[0134] GVT vertical beams

[0135] GHT horizontal beams

[0136] GDG dormer window

[0137] GLB light strip

[0138] GWD thermal insulation

[0139] GDO roof surface

[0140] PVA, 100 PV systems

[0141] PVM PV module

[0142] A, 120, 220, 720, 820 edition

[0143] 121 rigid foam block

[0144] 122 metal plate

[0145] 123 Screw

[0146] 821 , 822, 823, 824 Modules of an edition

[0147] T, 110, 710 support structure

[0148] 111 , 211 crossbar

[0149] 116, 216 strut

[0150] 117, 217 strut

[0151] TS clamping devices

[0152] TZ, TZ1, TZ2, TZ3 traction means

[0153] TP pylon element

[0154] TW angle brace

[0155] TB, 112, 712 support beams

[0156] TBM, 115, 215, 715 support beam module

[0157] TBMK girder beam module with kink

[0158] 716 Trapezoidal sheet (support beam module)

[0159] 717 Pipe (support beam module)

[0160] 718 Coupling plate (support beam module)

[0161] TV, 730 module connectors

[0162] TVG module connector joint

[0163] TVQ module connector cross brace

[0164] TVL module connector longitudinal strut

[0165] TVU module connector coupling device

[0166] TVS module connector height strut

[0167] 731 Main tube cross brace

[0168] 732 spacer cross brace

[0169] 733 Tension cable cross brace

[0170] 734 Turnbuckle cross brace

[0171] 735 Telescopic insert cross brace 740 Head piece for support beam 741 Console 742 Holder for clamping device 743 Coupling plate (on the head piece)

[0172] TBK, 750 Support beam bracket 751 Clamping jaws 752 Stand 753 Connecting plate 754 Bolt

[0173] TBZ intermediate bracket on the support beam 801 coupling plate 802 joint on the coupling plate 803 coupling element 804 notch 805 bore 806 wedge-shaped adapter element

Claims

Patent claims 1. Solar energy structure (1000 - 12000), comprising a building (G) with a roof having an extension width (w) of at least 5 m in a reference direction (x), wherein the building (G) contains at least two vertical beams (GVT) for absorbing vertical loads; a PV system (PVA, 100) with a support structure (T, 110, 210, 710) on which at least one PV module (PVM) is fastened and which extends over the extension width (w), wherein the support structure (T, 110, 210, 710) is supported in the reference direction (x) essentially only in the region of vertical supports (GVT) of the building (G), and wherein the support structure (T, 110, 210, 710) is supported on at least one support (A, 120, 220, 720) which runs through the roof skin (GTB, GWD) of the building (G) and extends upwards over the roof surface (GDO).

2. Support structure (T, 110, 210, 710) for a solar energy structure (1000 - 12000) according to claim 1, characterized in that it contains at least one support beam (TB, 112, 712) which extends over the extension width (w).

3. Support structure (T, 110, 210, 710) according to claim 2, characterized in that the support beam (TB, 112, 712) has a truss construction and / or contains at least one corrugated web beam (715). Support structure (T, 110, 210, 710) according to claim 2 or 3, characterized in that the support beam (TB, 112, 712) is constructed from support beam modules (TBM, 115, 215, 715) arranged one behind the other. Support structure (T, 110, 210) according to claim 4, characterized in that the support beam modules (TBM, 115, 215) are interconnected by a plug-in connection. Support structure (T, 110, 210, 710) according to at least one of claims 2 to 5, characterized in that the support beam (TB, 112, 712) contains a clamping means (TS) with the aid of which a compressive force can be generated in the extension direction (x) of the support beam. Support structure (T, 110, 210, 710) according to at least one of claims 2 to 6, characterized in that the support beam (TB, 112, 712) is compression-stable in its direction of extension (x).Support structure (T, 210) according to at least one of claims 2 to 7, characterized in that it has at least one tension means (TZ, TZ1, TZ2, TZ3) for transmitting upward tensile forces, wherein it preferably contains at least one projecting pylon element (TP) to which the tension means (ZS, ZS1, ZS2, ZS3) is fastened. Support structure (T, 710) according to at least one of claims 2 to 8, characterized in that it contains at least one support beam console (TBK, 750) via which the support beam (TB, 712) is or can be variably connected to a support (A, 120, 220, 720). Support structure (T, 710) according to at least one of claims 2 to 9, characterized in that it has at least one module connector (TV, 730) to which a PV module (PVM) can be fastened and which is variably connected to the support beam (TB, 712). Support structure (T, 710) according to claim 10, characterized in that the module connector (TV, 730) is connected to at least two support beams (TB, 712) via coupling devices (TVU) that can be displaced independently of one another in the longitudinal direction of the support beams. Support structure (T, 710) according to at least one of claims 2 to 11, characterized in that the inclination of at least one PV module (PVM) relative to the horizontal is variable.Support (A, 120, 220, 720) for supporting a support structure (T, 110, 210, 710) according to at least one of claims 2 to 12 on a building (G), characterized in that the support (A, 120, 220, 720) contains load-bearing components made of rigid foam.