Fast-heating electric surface heating system and operating method

Description

[0001] The invention relates to an electric surface heating system for the construction sector, comprising an electric surface heating element and a control unit. Furthermore, the invention relates to a method for operating an electric surface heating system. Furthermore, the invention relates to a heating element for an electric surface heating system or an electric surface heating element. Furthermore, the invention relates to a computer program product and the combined use of a heating cable and a self-limiting heating cable.

[0002] The invention can thus relate to the technical field of heating systems, in particular electric surface heating systems.

[0003] As part of energy optimization in the construction sector, systems for rapid temperature changes and adjustments are used and required. In principle, considerable energy can be saved if temporarily unused rooms are not heated. However, this practice is often discouraged because as soon as the rooms in question are to be used, a lengthy heating process is necessary. Conventional electric rapid heating systems often opt for a very thin (in the vertical direction z) system structure in order to quickly transfer the energy to the surface. However, for safety reasons, especially with electric surface heating systems, the surface temperature in the living or working area must not exceed a certain maximum value. This significantly limits the speed at which a room can heat up when the room is to be converted from an initial "cool" operating state (e.g., an unused bathroom) to a second "warm" operating state (e.g., a bathroom in use).When installing an electric surface heating system, the final conditions during installation (especially the conditions between the actual heating element and the surface) are unknown. Therefore, the heating output is always designed conservatively, which prevents rapid heating. Furthermore, electric surface heating systems use self-limiting heating cables, which inherently do not tolerate rapid heating.

[0004] EP 3 481 144 A1 describes a dual heater that preheats and exhibits improved performance during so-called "rush-in" events. The dual heater includes a heating cable. The heating cable has a first heater that has two electrical conductors with a PTC material arranged between them.

[0005] DE 202017 106881 U1 describes an electric underfloor heating system with a known self-limiting heating cable, which is embedded in a module body and covered by a load distribution layer.

[0006] WO 2019 / 184714 A1 describes various options for designing a modular underfloor heating system. Heating cables and self-regulating heating cables are mentioned, among others.

[0007] DE 10 2011 103705 A1 describes an electric surface heating device comprising two or more heating conductors that can be independently and temporarily supplied with voltage or electric current. The described surface heating device does not include a self-limiting heating element.

[0008] It is an object of the present invention to provide an electric surface heating system which allows rapid heating (or an initial heat shock) but is at the same time safe and reliable.

[0009] This problem is solved by the subject matter of the independent claims. Advantageous embodiments emerge from the dependent claims.

[0010] According to the present invention, an electric surface heating system for use in the construction sector is described. The system (or arrangement) comprises: i) an electric surface heater having a heating element (in particular a heating cable), and ii) a control unit (e.g. a computer, a computer system, a processor) which is coupled to the electric surface heater and which is configured to control an energy supply (in particular a supply of electrical energy) to the electric surface heater (for example, the energy supply takes place via a power cable and the control unit controls / regulates the supply of electrical energy). The control unit is configured to control (or regulate, e.g. by means of sensors) the (in principle variable) amount of energy of the energy supply in such a way that a time-limited energy burst is provided to the heating element (orthereby releasing an initial heat shock into the environment for the rapid heating of a floor (or a wall or a ceiling). According to the invention, the electric surface heating system has an at least partially self-limiting heating element, wherein the electric surface heating system, belonging to the electric surface heating, further has a further heating element, wherein the self-limiting heating element is arranged between the heating element and the further heating element.

[0011] According to a further aspect of the present invention, a method for operating an electric surface heating system is described, wherein the electric surface heating system has an electric surface heater with a heating element, wherein the electric surface heating system described above is used to carry out the method. The method comprises: i) detecting (for example, actively determining, ascertaining, reading from a memory, adjusting with a potentiometer, etc.) an energy quantity in order to provide a time-limited energy burst to the heating element, and ii) controlling (for example, by means of a control unit) the energy quantity of an energy supply to the electric surface heater such that the time-limited energy burst is provided to the heating element.

[0012] According to a further aspect of the present invention, a computer program product is described which, when operated on a computer (in particular a control unit), is configured to carry out a method for operating an electric surface heating system as described above.

[0013] According to a further aspect of the present invention, a heating element (in particular a heating cable) is designed for an electric surface heating system and / or an electric surface heating system (in particular as described above). The heating element comprises: i) a heating cable and ii) a self-limiting heating cable, wherein the heating cable and the self-limiting heating cable are thermally coupled to one another (in particular, arranged with an electrically insulating material therebetween, and furthermore, in particular, are independently controllable).

[0014] According to a further aspect of the present invention, use of a heating cable and a self-limiting heating cable together in an electric surface heater (substantially independently of each other) is described to provide a temporary heat shock (to the surroundings of the electric surface heater).

[0015] In the context of this document, the term "electric surface heating" (EFH) can be understood in particular to mean a device that emits heat energy when electrical energy is supplied to it. The EFH is preferably flat, i.e., has two main extension directions (length direction x and width direction y). An EFH can have a heating element, e.g., a heating wire, a heating cable, a heating foil, or a heating surface. In a simple embodiment, an EFH can be realized by a flatly arranged heating wire through which current flows, so that it heats up and correspondingly emits heat to the environment. In a further embodiment, a heating cable is used as the heating element. This can be arranged on or in a carrier material of a carrier structure (e.g., a carrier foil).In a preferred example, a heating cable, in particular in a curved, more particularly meandering arrangement, can be attached to a carrier material or embedded in the carrier material. For example, the carrier structure can be designed as a film, which can then be transported on rolls. To install the single-family home as a wall, ceiling, or floor covering, the rolls can then be unrolled and secured. In one embodiment, the installed single-family home can be covered with a floor, e.g., parquet, or with wallpaper. In particular, electric surface heating systems can be used in the construction sector, e.g., house construction and building construction. In one example, the term "construction sector" does not include industrial or aviation applications.

[0016] In the context of this document, the term "support structure" can be understood as a flat structure (e.g. in the form of a film) which is suitable for acting as a support for a heating element (e.g. a heating cable). The support structure has a support material in which a heating element can be embedded and / or on / at which a heating element can be arranged. The support material can, for example, comprise at least one of the following materials: i) cut Styrofoam panels (or similar insulating material), ii) insulating elastomer foams (or inorganic structured insulating materials as a substrate) with an insertion or fastening option for the heating element, iii) polymer clamps which are either mounted directly on the floor (similar to clamps for hot water underfloor heating), iv) flat plastic plates / films which are structured by means of a deep-drawing process in such a way that heating elements can be inserted, v) heat spreaders (e.g.B. aluminum plates, bent in such a way that heating elements can be inserted). Also suitable are foil-like and grid-like support structures, for example, on which a heating element can be attached (and which can possibly be transported as rolled goods).

[0017] In this context, the term "electrical surface heating system" can refer to a system that, in addition to the actual single-family home, has additional components that may be associated with the single-family home. These include, for example, installation aids, heat spreaders, mechanical fixings, control systems, etc. Furthermore, components of the immediate surroundings may also be included, e.g., floor insulation, electrical shielding, floor coverings, sensors, power supply, etc.). Furthermore, in addition to the single-family home, the electric surface heating system may also have a (non-transparent) covering material that (at least partially) covers the single-family home. Furthermore, an electric surface heating system may have a heating component-associated element. The heating component-associated element may be electrically connected to a heating component of the electric surface heating system via a connecting element.

[0018] In the context of this document, the term "heating component" may refer in particular to one or more heating elements and / or one or more self-limiting heating elements. A heating component may, for example, be a heating cable or a grid structure consisting of a plurality of rod-shaped heating elements.

[0019] In this document, the term "heating element" can refer in particular to an element that is particularly suitable for dissipating heat to the environment when electrical energy is supplied. A heating element can comprise, for example, a heating wire, a heating cable, a heating foil, or a heating surface. A heating element can also be implemented, for example, by a copper track. In this document, the term "heating cable" can refer to a cable that is particularly suitable for dissipating heat to the environment when energy is supplied in the form of current, or when the cable is electrically contacted. In this document, the term "heating cable" can also include heating wires and heating strips. A heating component can in particular be connected to a heating component-associated element in an electrically conductive manner, in particular via a connecting element.

[0020] For the purposes of this document, the term "heating component-associated element" can refer to any element that can be connected to a heating component of an electric surface heating system via an electrically conductive connection (e.g., a connecting element). The heating component-associated element can be, for example, a supply conductor, a power cable, a sensor, an electrical connector to a socket and / or a power box, or a control connection. Furthermore, the heating component-associated element can also be another heating component or another electric surface heating system. A surface heating system can also be a first surface heating module, and the heating component-associated element can be a second surface heating module, with both modules being electrically connected to one another via the connecting element.The heating component-associated element may comprise a longitudinal conductor with a terminal, wherein this terminal can be electrically connected to a terminal of the heating component. In particular, this connection can be made within the connection area of ​​a connecting element.

[0021] In the context of this document, the term "connecting element" can, in particular, refer to any element suitable for electrically conductively connecting a heating component of an electric surface heating system and a heating component-associated element (or its connecting conductor) in a connection region. The connecting element can be coupled (and / or connected) to an electric heating component (e.g., a heating cable, a heating foil, etc.) of the electric surface heating system. Additionally or alternatively, the connecting element can be coupled (and / or connected) to a heating component-associated element (e.g., a supply line, a control connection, a sensor (in particular connected via a connecting cable), another heating component, etc.) (the coupling can, in particular, be a (fixed) integration of the connecting element into / into the electric heating component and / or into / into the heating component-associated element).The connecting element can have a connection region in which the electrical heating component can be electrically conductively connected to the heating component-associated element in a connected state. The connecting element can have a cavity which is associated with the connection region (or is arranged in / on the connection region) and into which a waterproof material (e.g., liquid or gel-like) can be introduced (and / or is introduced). Furthermore, the connecting element can have a delimiting structure (e.g., an outer shell or a box with a lid) which is configured to delimit the cavity such that the connection region is waterproof (in particular, submersible) in the connected state (in particular, wherein the delimiting structure presses the waterproof material (e.g., as a gel) within the cavity onto the interconnected terminals of the heating component and the heating component-associated element).In another example, the connection element may comprise a positioning structure (e.g., a connecting structure) configured to a) provide the connection state if a position safety criterion is met, and b) not provide the connection state if the position safety criterion is not met.

[0022] For the purposes of this document, the term "cable" can refer to an electrically conductive longitudinal conductor (or supply conductor). The term "cable" can refer to a stranded conductor or a solid conductor. In particular, the electrically conductive longitudinal conductor can be at least partially enclosed by an insulating material. A cable can extend in a longitudinal direction x and, viewed in cross-section, have a width direction y and a height direction z.

[0023] For a round cable, the width direction and the height direction can be essentially the same. For a flat cable, the width direction can be larger (especially significantly larger) than the height direction.

[0024] In this document, the term "control unit" can refer in particular to a control device, e.g., a computer, a PLC (programmable logic controller), a computer system, or a processor, which is suitable for controlling (and regulating) the energy supply to an electric panel heater. In the case of an electric panel heater, the term "energy supply" can refer in particular to an electrical energy supply. In a simple embodiment, the energy supply is realized by a power cable that supplies electrical current to the electric panel heater or a heating element of the single-family home. The control unit can be implemented such that the amount of electrical energy supplied to the single-family home is controlled or regulated, e.g., by means of a control computer.In a further embodiment, a plurality of energy supply lines are controlled by a computer system and adjusted during operation by means of a sensor network. In one embodiment, the control unit can be configured such that the energy quantity of an energy burst is variably adjustable. In particular, the control unit can determine this energy quantity itself or have it specified (e.g., by a user or another control system). Furthermore, the control unit can be configured to take into account the temperature characteristic(s) (in particular thermal conductivity and heat capacity) of the surrounding materials to limit the maximum surface temperature (in particular to regulate the energy quantity of the energy burst accordingly).

[0025] The term "energy surge" in this document can refer in particular to an energy quantity (in the context of an energy supply to a single-family home) that significantly exceeds the usual energy quantity supplied to a single-family home during operation. In one embodiment, the energy quantity of an energy surge can be at least twice, in particular four times (or more) the usual energy quantity supplied to a single-family home during operation. In a specific example, the energy quantity of the energy surge can essentially correspond to the maximum (heating) output. The significantly higher energy quantity of the energy surge can lead to a corresponding heat surge (or a heat surge corresponding to the energy quantity of the energy surge) in a single-family home, or to initial thermal overheating.In one example, such a heat pulse can lead to a sudden, extremely rapid heating of the single-family home and thus also of the surrounding space. This allows for immediate heating to a comfortable temperature (not necessarily reaching an absolute temperature). In another embodiment, such an energy pulse is feasible on a heating cable, but not on a self-limiting heating cable, because in the latter case, the temperature-dependent resistance of the self-limiting material (see below) would counteract rapid heating. In one exemplary embodiment, the duration of the energy pulse is in the range of 20 seconds to 20 minutes (in particular 10 minutes, further in particular 5 minutes, further in particular 2 minutes).

[0026] According to an exemplary embodiment, the invention can be based on the idea that an electric surface heating system that simultaneously allows rapid (sudden) heating (or an initial heat burst) while still being safe and reliable (particularly with regard to overheating and associated hazards) can be provided if a control unit is provided that is configured to control the amount of energy supplied to the electric surface heating system in such a way that a time-limited energy burst is provided to the heating element of the electric surface heating. Since it is inherent in the heating element to efficiently dissipate heat to the environment when electrical energy is supplied, the energy burst can lead to a time-limited heat burst to the environment or the surrounding space.Conventionally, the heating output of an electric surface heating system is always designed conservatively and statically, which generally prevents rapid heating. This is primarily because, for safety reasons, the surface temperature in living or working areas must not exceed a certain maximum value. Furthermore, the common use of self-limiting heating cables prevents a sudden heat surge (or rather, these systems can only heat up to the cut-off temperature, after which the heat flow is limited). However, it has now surprisingly emerged that even an electric surface heating system can provide an initial heat surge to suddenly provide a comfortable room temperature under safe conditions, provided a control unit determines, controls, and regulates the amount of energy for a time-limited energy surge to the heating element (but especially not to a self-limiting heating element).The time-limited energy burst can therefore be carried out (or supplied) in a targeted manner, so that an (unlimited) heating element heats up very quickly and releases a corresponding heat burst into the environment without causing overheating and the corresponding dangers.

[0027] This makes it possible to heat a room to a comfortable temperature range in a very short time, which in turn allows the room temperature to be lowered when not in use, or to lower the temperatures of rooms that are to be used spontaneously. For example, when leaving a house, a certain number of rooms can be turned off, as these can be quickly heated back to a comfortable temperature in the time between the events "opening the garage door" and "entering the bathroom." This ultimately reduces overall energy consumption.

[0028] Exemplary embodiments of the invention are described below.

[0029] According to one embodiment, the electric surface heating system (in particular the electric surface heating) comprises a heating element with coupled and / or integrated temperature control, in particular an (at least partially) self-limiting heating element (in particular a self-limiting heating cable). This can have the advantage that (additional) protection against overheating can be provided in a simple and practical manner, thereby making the surface heating system even safer and more reliable.

[0030] For the purposes of this document, the term "self-limiting heating element" (or self-regulating heating element) may refer to a particular embodiment of a heating element (in particular, the term "self-limiting heating element" may exclude a conventional heating element). The term "self-limiting heating element" may, in particular, refer to a heating element with coupled and / or integrated temperature control. A self-limiting heating element may be configured such that heating is reduced or switched off completely above a certain temperature. Thus, the self-limitation may be absolute in one example, while the self-limitation may not be absolute in another example (e.g., the self-limitation is such that the temperature increases only very slightly further). In one embodiment, a self-limiting heating cable is used (and described below by way of example).A self-regulating heating cable preferably consists of two essentially parallel length conductors (supply conductors) or heating wires, which are embedded in a self-limiting material. In one embodiment, the self-limiting material comprises a cross-linked plastic doped with carbon particles. If the temperature increases during operation, the plastic expands due to molecular expansion, and the distances between the carbon particles increase. The resistance in the cable increases, and the heat production of the cable decreases. Upon cooling, this process is reversed, and heat production increases again. In another example, a self-limiting material with a high PTC (positive temperature coefficient) resistance (e.g., polycrystalline ceramic) is used. In principle, materials with an (almost) abruptly increasing resistance at a limiting temperature can be suitable as self-limiting materials.

[0031] According to a further embodiment of the invention, the self-limiting heating element is controllable (or adjustable) independently of the heating element (by means of the control unit). In particular, the control unit is configured not to provide the time-limited energy burst to the self-limiting heating element. This can have the advantage of enabling a targeted, sudden energy burst (and resulting heat burst) in an electric surface heating system while still providing efficient protection against overheating. Furthermore, the self-limiting heating element can be used to optimize heat distribution (e.g., in an environment with low-heat-conducting components).

[0032] In one example, a single-family home system can contain a (preferably) independent, self-limiting heating element (or self-limiting heating element system) to maintain maximum heat flow. This heating element ensures maximum heat input within a sufficiently small local area (e.g., in the x and y directions) (regardless of objects on the interior of the room). If, for example, poor heat conductors are lying on the floor (e.g., a wool blanket), the heat can be automatically reduced in this area to prevent surface overheating. This can be achieved, for example, by the self-limiting heating cable.

[0033] According to a further embodiment of the invention, the heating element (in particular the heating cable) and the self-limiting heating element (in particular the self-limiting heating cable) are arranged within an overall heating element (in particular an overall heating cable). The two heating elements can be thermally coupled to one another. This can have the advantage of providing a compact and robust component (as an overall heating element) that can be flexibly installed in electric surface heating systems or single-family home systems. The component allows for a temporary energy boost while simultaneously ensuring protection against overheating and / or optimizing thermal distribution.

[0034] According to one embodiment (see e.g. Figure 3In this process (below), a self-limiting heating element is applied to an insulating substrate using a printing process and contacted with supply conductors. After applying an insulating layer (insulating material), a (non-limiting) heating element with another supply conductor is applied. Finally, the entire assembly is hermetically sealed with an electrical (and, if necessary, moisture) cover insulation. The supply conductors can be applied, for example, as wires, metal foils, or printed conductors.

[0035] According to a further embodiment of the invention, the heating element and the self-limiting heating element are arranged (at least in sections) (essentially) parallel to one another. Preferably, an (electrically) insulating material is arranged between them. This can have the advantage that the heating cables can be used in a particularly space-saving and efficient manner.

[0036] According to a further embodiment of the invention, the electric surface heating system further comprises: a further heating element. The self-limiting heating element is arranged between the heating element and the further heating element. In particular, each of the self-limiting heating element, the heating element, and the further heating element is bent at least in sections (see, for example, Figure 4 below). This can have the advantage that the heating cables can be laid in a particularly space-saving manner and at the same time over a large area (e.g. within a support structure).

[0037] According to a further embodiment of the invention, the self-limiting heating element comprises: i) a first longitudinal conductor having a first connection side and a first end side, ii) a second longitudinal conductor having a second connection side and a second end side, wherein the first longitudinal conductor and the second longitudinal conductor are arranged substantially parallel to one another in the self-limiting heating cable, and iii) a self-limiting material which is arranged between the first longitudinal conductor and the second longitudinal conductor and which is temperature-coupled. The self-limiting heating element is configured such that a) the first connection side and the second connection side are connectable to a supply connection, and b) the first end side and the second end side are (temporarily) connectable to one another (in particular via a relay contact) (and form a short circuit).This has the advantage that a self-limiting heating element can be easily and flexibly converted into a conventional heating element and used to carry out the energy surge.

[0038] According to one embodiment, a self-limiting heating cable is temporarily short-circuited at the opposite end of the feed (supply connection) (i.e., one end (connection side) is short-circuited to the feed, the other end (end side), e.g., with a relay contact). This can deactivate the self-limiting function, resulting in a low-resistance heating circuit. In this embodiment, both ends (connection side) of the self-limiting heating element can be connected to the control unit (and the short-circuiting relay contact can be integrated). Through suitable control, the resulting low-resistance heating circuit is heated with the energy surge. Thus, the energy supply of a self-limiting heating element can be used for non-limiting heating.

[0039] According to a further exemplary embodiment of the invention, the electric surface heater further comprises a support structure which is formed along two main extension directions (x, y) and spans a support plane. At least a portion of the heating element is arranged on and / or in the support structure. Additionally or alternatively, at least a portion of the self-limiting heating element is arranged on and / or in the support structure. This can have the advantage that proven and reliable structures or materials can be used directly. In one example, a heating element and a self-limiting heating element can be installed together in the support structure of an electric surface heater.

[0040] According to a further embodiment of the invention, the control unit is configured to determine (itself) and / or receive (from another unit or a user) the amount of energy needed to provide the time-limited energy burst. This can provide the advantage that the amount of energy can be flexibly adapted to different situations.

[0041] In one embodiment, a learning process is carried out in which the parameters required for rapid heating are determined by means of sensor values; preferably, the control unit can carry out this learning process itself.

[0042] According to a further embodiment of the invention, the control unit is configured to determine the amount of energy required to provide the time-limited energy burst using at least one of the following: a temperature characteristic of the heating element, a temperature characteristic of the self-limiting heating element, and a temperature characteristic of another component of the electric surface heating system. In particular, the temperature characteristic includes at least one of the following: heat flow and heat capacity. This allows system components to be directly involved in the control or regulation of the energy burst, making it more efficient and flexible.

[0043] In this context, the term "temperature characteristic" can specifically refer to a property associated with a temperature (especially the temperature of a component) of the electric surface heating system. In particular, the property can refer to heat flow or heat capacity. Conclusions can be drawn from the temperature characteristic that allow the determination of the amount of energy for a time-limited energy burst or the regulation of this amount of energy.

[0044] In one example, the temperature characteristic of at least one heating element is used as a sensor value to control and / or regulate the initial energy burst. In a further embodiment, a self-limiting heating element is used. By monitoring the power consumption, it is possible to determine when the heating power limitation begins and when a continuous heat flow is achieved. From these values ​​(along with others, such as the ambient temperature), conclusions can be drawn about both the thermal conductivity and the heat capacity of the surrounding system, and the described parameterization can be achieved (e.g. in a learning process). The value determination can be based at least in part on the fact that a continuous heat flow to the surface only occurs when the system is in steady state. The energy flow then no longer changes (or only changes very slowly in connection with the heating of the surrounding air, respectively.of the entire room). The first point at which the self-limiting heating element is regulated can therefore provide an indication of the combination of heat flow and heat capacity of the immediate surrounding system.

[0045] In another embodiment, a heat-dependent change in resistance (e.g., NTC or PTC) during heating is used to further optimize the heating curve. This involves either determining the current at a given voltage, or briefly interrupting the power supply and measuring the resistance of the heating element. In particular, this allows the initial maximum temperature at the heating element or in its immediate vicinity to be detected and controlled / limited. This can be used, for example, to protect insulation materials installed directly adjacent to the heating element (e.g., down toward the floor or toward the interior of a wall or ceiling) from excessive temperatures.

[0046] According to a further embodiment of the invention, the time-limited energy surge (through the corresponding heat surge) provides at least in sections a temperature of 30° C (in particular 45° C, further in particular 55° C, further in particular 65° C) or more in (and / or on) the electric surface heating (in particular the heating element).

[0047] According to a further embodiment of the invention, the method comprises: controlling the energy quantity of the energy supply such that the time-limited energy burst provides at least in sections a temperature of 30° C (in particular 45° C, further in particular 55° C, further in particular 65° C) or more in (and / or on) the electric surface heating (in particular the heating element).

[0048] This allows for a particularly efficient heat transfer to the environment and ensures rapid heating. This makes it possible to heat individual points (e.g., the heating element itself or directly on the heating element) to over 30°C in a very short time and utilize the temperature (distribution) characteristics of the system's ancillary components (e.g., heat spreaders, fasteners, substrates, adhesives, cement / mortar, flooring, screed, etc.) for heat distribution.

[0049] According to a further embodiment of the invention, the time-limited energy burst provides, at least in sections, a surface temperature of 35° C (in particular 30° C) or less on the electric surface heating (in particular on the heating element).

[0050] According to a further embodiment of the invention, the method comprises: controlling the energy quantity of the energy supply such that the time-limited energy burst provides at least in sections a surface temperature of 35° C (in particular 30° C) or less at the electric surface heating (in particular the heating element).

[0051] This allows for a particularly efficient heat transfer to the environment, yet does not exceed a maximum surface temperature, making it safe and reliable. The advantageous combination of materials with very good thermal conductivity in the xy direction (e.g., heat spreaders with a thick aluminum layer) and materials with low thermal conductivity in the z direction (e.g., cork, wood, etc.) allows for rapid surface heating without local surface overtemperatures exceeding 30 or 35°C.

[0052] According to a further embodiment of the invention, the electric surface heating system further comprises a water-based heating system, wherein the control unit is coupled to the water-based heating system and is configured to operate the electric surface heating and the water-based heating system simultaneously (in particular independently of one another) at least temporarily. This can provide the advantage of providing particularly efficient and flexibly controllable rapid heating without additional effort (if the water-based heating system is already present).

[0053] In one embodiment, an electric surface heating system is used with a water-based heating system (e.g., a standard water-based underfloor heating system). The latter can be set to a low base temperature. When activated to the higher comfort temperature, the electric rapid heating system temporarily supplements the water-based heating system and, if necessary, brings it to a higher operating temperature. The electric rapid heating system can perform both the initial rapid heating (via an energy surge) and cover a bridging period until the water-based heating system has settled at the higher temperature level.

[0054] In a further embodiment, the water-based heating system is (at least partially) spatially separated from the electric surface heating system in order to transfer (lose) as little electrical energy as possible to the water-based heating system. This can be achieved, for example, by means of a separating film, in particular a separating film that only allows heat radiation to pass toward the surface.

[0055] According to a further embodiment of the invention, the electric surface heating further comprises: i) a heating area in which the heating element is arranged, and ii) a free area in which the heating element is not arranged. This can have the advantage of providing clearance zones that allow for subsequent processing, in particular drilling.

[0056] In one embodiment, an open space can be detected via (additional registration points), which make it possible to determine the position of these clearance zones without visual contact with the heating system. This registration mechanism (e.g., via area markers) can allow penetrations to be created safely even when completely covered with building materials after installation. With an electric surface heating system constructed in this way, it can be possible to distinguish (pre-planned) open spaces from sensitive heating areas with live heating components after installation in a building. This can allow for flexible and safe subsequent installation of objects on floors, walls, and ceilings (e.g., by drilling into them) during subsequent conversions and extensions.

[0057] In one embodiment, at least one of the self-limiting and the unlimited heating element is implemented using heating foils. This raises the problem of later perforation of this assembly. Since heating systems, in particular, are preferably implemented over large areas, this problem can become more acute. A solution to this problem can be achieved by regularly creating recesses in the heating foil and its connecting elements. Using individual registration points, the position of which can be detected through a finished surface structure (e.g., magnetically, capacitively, inductively, etc.), it can be possible to determine the locations of the recesses and drill holes at suitable locations (for wall boxes, fittings, floor profiles of lightweight walls, etc.) without damaging the EFH system.

[0058] In the context of this document, the term "heating area" can refer in particular to an area within an electric surface heating system that has an electric heating component and is therefore not suitable for processing (in particular, drilling through). In one example of a heating area, a heating cable is embedded in a support structure of the electric surface heating system. In the heating area, the probability of damaging (or drilling through) the heating component (e.g., the heating cable, the heating foil) and / or its insulation when drilling through non-transparent covering material and the underlying heating area (e.g., through the support structure of the electric surface heating system) can be significantly increased. This probability can be so high in the heating area that a specialist advises against drilling because the risk of damage is too great.In one example, the term "heating area" refers not only to the heating component itself, but also to the surrounding area around the heating component, in which machining or drilling would generally not be performed due to safety concerns. In one example, the heating area of ​​an electric surface heater is defined or documented. Furthermore, the heating area can be associated with the area positions of area markers.

[0059] In the context of this document, the term "free space" can refer in particular to an area within an electric surface heating system that does not have an electrical heating component and is therefore suitable for processing (in particular, drilling through). In one example of a free space, no heating cable is embedded in an area of ​​the support structure of the electric surface heating system. In another example, a heating foil has free spaces without a heating function. In another example, heating foil sections are used as heating spaces, between which free spaces are then left. The free space can have appropriate dimensions so that drilling through non-transparent covering material and the underlying free space is possible without danger. The size of the free space can be selected such that the probability of missing the free space during drilling is negligible.

[0060] According to a further embodiment of the invention, the electric surface heating system further comprises: i) a first surface heating module, ii) a second surface heating module, and iii) a connector (or a connecting element) which connects the first surface heating module and the second surface heating module to one another, in particular wherein at least one of the surface heating modules is 10 dm 2< , in particular 25 dm 2< , further in particular 50 dm 2< , or larger. This has the advantage that an electric surface heating system can be constructed flexibly and with advantageous additional functionalities.

[0061] In one embodiment, an electric surface heating system consists of individual surface heating modules that can be interconnected using connecting elements. The described connecting elements ensure the correct position when creating the connection, whereby the connectors can already be part of the next module in this case.

[0062] In one example, a surface heating module may have additional functionalities integrated, such as insulation (particularly foam-based) towards the floor, wall or ceiling. This additional thickness creates a certain degree of flexural rigidity, which, due to the resulting panels, facilitates installation. In one example, part of the increased positioning security in a modular system can be achieved through a tongue and groove mechanism, particularly in the area of ​​the insulation. The modules can be laid out and connected to one another. The modules can have other building materials, such as insulation, impact resistance protection (during construction) or support / assembly aids. In one example, finished installation modules (particularly with Styrofoam insulation underneath) can be connected using the connecting elements.

[0063] According to a further embodiment, the electric surface heating further comprises: at least two temperature-limiting zones, in particular wherein at least one of the temperature-limiting zones is 25 dm 2< , in particular 10 dm 2< , further in particular 2 dm 2< , or smaller.

[0064] In one example, zones (for self-regulation) with a limited area are provided, most of which are equipped with a temperature limitation mechanism. Good results were achieved when such zones are smaller than 25 dm2, preferably smaller than 10 dm2, and particularly preferably smaller than 2 dm2.

[0065] These square decimeter dimensions can be used for the envisioned individually controlled temperature-limiting zones, for example, as a replacement for self-limiting heating elements. Energy-related reduction and / or shutdown can be achieved, for example, using thermostats as temperature-limiting zone elements, which reduce or shut off the power supply for heating a (locally) nearby area (or temperature-limiting zone) at a threshold temperature, particularly for zones smaller than 25 dm². In one example, the zones are defined by a grid structure of heating elements, with temperature-limiting zone elements arranged along the heating elements.

[0066] According to a further embodiment of the invention, the electric surface heating system further comprises at least one of the following: a (temperature) sensor, a heat sensor, a humidity sensor, and a dew point monitor (or dew point sensor). This can provide the advantage that the time-limited energy surge can be efficiently and reliably determined and controlled or adjusted.

[0067] In one embodiment, during the commissioning of a system, the characteristics of the surrounding materials are determined using a measuring system, thus enabling the system to be optimally parameterized. At least one variant of this parameterization consists of temperature measurement (point-based (e.g., thermometer) or area-based (e.g., FLIR, thermal imaging camera)) and the resulting derivation of the system's heat capacity and heat conduction parameters. Such a process can also be automated using specially provided sensors adjusted with the system.

[0068] In one embodiment, a dew point monitor is used to detect the presence of a critical condensation situation. The high heating rate allows for improved response to this situation. For example, it is possible to wait longer before starting (rapid) heating, as the heating delay of the floor structure is reduced.

[0069] In another embodiment, a dew point monitor is used to determine whether the floor, wall, or ceiling temperature is critical for condensation formation. The rapid heating system can deliver a large energy pulse to the surface in a short period of time, thus counteracting condensation formation. The large amount of heat available in a very short time allows for very rapid heating, which in turn allows for longer heating times because it can be achieved in a very short time. It has been shown that this can be more energy-efficient overall over a larger number of such intervals because a large number of events for which the system is switched on as a precaution to avoid delays can be avoided.

[0070] According to a further embodiment of the invention, the electric surface heater further comprises a self-limiting heating element (in particular, a self-limiting heating cable), and the method further comprises: controlling the amount of energy supplied to the energy supply such that the self-limiting heating element is operated substantially constantly (in particular, such that the self-limiting heating element is controlled (substantially) independently of the heating element). This has the particular advantage that the self-limiting heating element can act as a constant, reliable heat source, while the heating element provides rapid heating via a thermal shock.

[0071] In one embodiment, a heating cable is provided for rapid heating and a self-limiting cable for continuous operation. It can be particularly advantageous if the heating cable and the self-limiting heating cable are connected to the same heat spreader (or if the two heating circuits are in direct thermal contact (e.g., housed in the same cable (overall heating cable)). This can enable indirect monitoring of the direct heating cable: As soon as the self-limiting cable heats up via the heat spreader and the self-limiting cable changes its resistance, the control unit can in turn draw conclusions about the heat flow and thus optimize the duration and intensity of the initial energy burst.

[0072] In another embodiment, the part of the EFH system designated for rapid heating is electrically isolated from the self-limiting part of the system. Rapid heating is only active for a fraction of the time; during the inactive period, the rapid heating system is electrically wired in such a way that it serves as an additional detection loop in the event of an unwanted penetration. Thus, for example, using a residual current device (or another detection mechanism) to interrupt the power supply earlier than would be possible using the self-limiting system alone.

[0073] According to a further embodiment of the invention, the method comprises: i) (during control) determining a temperature characteristic associated with the electric surface heating system, and ii) (readjusting) the amount of energy supplied such that the time-limited energy burst is provided to the heating element based on the determined temperature characteristic. This can have the advantage of providing a dynamic system that can react flexibly to changes. This can improve overall performance. The readjustment takes place in particular using one or more sensors. As described above, the temperature characteristics of the EFH system can also be used.

[0074] According to a further embodiment, the EFH system is covered in at least one direction with a shielding, electrically conductive grounding layer, which can also function as a heat spreader. This grounding layer can be full-surface or consist of a mesh structure. It can also be applied to both sides. The grounding layer can function both as EMC protection and as a safety system in the event of injuries in conjunction with a residual current device.

[0075] In the following, exemplary embodiments of the present invention are described in detail with reference to the following figures. Figure 1 shows a plan view of an electric surface heating system according to an embodiment of the invention. Figure 2 shows a self-limiting heating cable according to an embodiment of the invention. Figure 3shows a heating cable according to an embodiment of the invention. Figure 4 shows a plan view of an electric surface heater according to an embodiment of the invention.

[0076] Before the figures are described in detail, a discussion of some exemplary embodiments of the invention is provided below.

[0077] According to an exemplary embodiment of the invention, the focus can be on heating to a comfortable temperature rather than achieving an absolute temperature. When entering a room with a warm floor, the perception of a comfortable temperature may already be present at a lower room temperature. Therefore, the walkable surfaces of such an environment should be brought to a comfortable temperature as quickly as possible (similar effects can be achieved by perceiving the heat radiation emitted by a warm surface of a wall or ceiling).While conventional heating systems are designed to achieve a constant temperature flow through a floor or wall, it is proposed to achieve a very rapid heating of the actual contact surface to the interior of the room through an initial thermal overheating (heat shock), which is absorbed and distributed by the floor, wall or ceiling system, but without exceeding the maximum safe temperature.

[0078] According to an exemplary embodiment of the invention, an electric surface heating system contains a non-self-regulating (or non-self-limiting) heating element, which can be supplied with electrical energy (energy supply) by a control unit. This creates a single-family home system that includes at least the immediate surroundings of the heating element. This makes it possible to model the system by taking into account the heat flow (i.e., taking into account the direction-dependent heat conduction), as well as the heat capacity of the surrounding building materials and the material-dependent maximum temperature of the directly adjacent components. This allows for a significantly higher heating of the heating element compared to the state of the art without exceeding a surface safety temperature. This leads to a much faster heating of the surface of a single-family home system, which represents a clear comfort factor (e.g., a warm floor in a bathroom very quickly).

[0079] According to an exemplary embodiment of the invention, a parameterizable controller can determine the initial energy peak (energy surge) with which the surrounding system is flooded during rapid heating. These parameters take into account the structure and properties of the surrounding system (adhesive, concrete, insulation, flooring, etc.). This makes it possible to consider the structure, which varies from building to building, and the different materials with their thermal properties, and to achieve rapid heating in such a way that a surface is heated quickly by means of an initial energy surge (and the resulting heat surge). This surface then acts as a thermal storage device, absorbing and distributing this energy surge before the surface of the EFH system exceeds a tolerable temperature.One implementation of such a control system consists of a monostable timer that switches the direct heating system on at full power for a configurable period of time when the heating is switched on. This is combined with a restart lock after switching off, ensuring that the single-family home system has cooled down sufficiently before the next heating cycle, thus mitigating the risk of overheating.

[0080] The same or similar components in different figures are provided with the same reference numerals.

[0081] Figure 1shows a plan view of an electric surface heating system 101 for installation in the construction sector according to an exemplary embodiment of the invention. The electric surface heating system 101 comprises an electric surface heating system 100, which has a heating cable 120 and a support structure 130. The support structure 130 is formed along two main extension directions x, y and thereby spans a support plane TE. The heating cable 120 is arranged or embedded in a curved (meandering) manner in the support material of the support structure 130, which is designed as a support film. The electric surface heating system 100 further comprises: a heating region 102, in which the curved heating cable 120 is arranged, and a free region 104, in which the heating cable 120 is not arranged. The latter serves as a clearance zone, for example, to drill holes when the electric surface heating system 100 is covered by a floor or wallpaper and is no longer visible.The electric surface heating 100 has a first surface heating module 108 and a second surface heating module 109, which are connected to each other via connectors 160.

[0082] The electric surface heating system 101 further comprises a control unit 150, which is coupled to the heating cable 120 of the electric surface heating system 100. The control unit 150 is configured to control the electrical energy supply of the electric surface heating system 100. In particular, the control unit is configured to control the amount of energy supplied such that a time-limited energy burst is provided to the heating cable 120. For this purpose, the control unit 150 determines the amount of energy required to provide the time-limited energy burst, taking into account a maximum surface temperature. The time-limited energy burst (or a sudden heating up, in particular to maximum power) causes an initial heat burst to the environment in order to quickly heat a floor (or a wall or ceiling) and provide a comfortable room temperature.Furthermore, the control unit 150 is configured to include temperature characteristics (e.g., heat flow, heat capacity) of the heating cable 120 and other components of the electrical surface heating system 101 to determine the time-limited energy surge.

[0083] During control, the control unit 150 determines the temperature characteristic(s) associated with the electric surface heating system 101 and regulates the amount of energy supplied such that the time-limited energy burst is provided to the heating cable 120 based on the determined temperature characteristic. Optionally, the surface heating system 101 comprises a water-based heating system 153 coupled to the control unit 150. The control unit 153 is configured to operate the electric surface heating system 100 and the water-based heating system at least temporarily simultaneously (in particular independently of one another).

[0084] Figure 2 shows a detailed view of a self-limiting heating element in the form of a self-limiting heating cable 110 according to an embodiment of the invention. A self-limiting material 115 embeds the longitudinal conductors 111, 112 and is arranged between them. An electrically insulating layer 116 is arranged around the self-limiting material 115. This can comprise, for example, an electrically insulating material with high thermal conductivity, e.g., a ceramic material such as aluminum hydroxide. An electrically conductive layer 117 is arranged around the electrically insulating layer 116, e.g., a tin-plated copper protective braid or an aluminum protective foil. This electrically conductive layer 117 preferably comprises a protective conductor. The electrically conductive layer 117 is finally enclosed by an (in particular electrically insulating) outer sheath 118.

[0085] Figure 3shows a cross-section through a heating element in the form of a heating cable 135. Here, the heating cable 120 and the self-limiting heating cable 110 are arranged such that they are thermally coupled to one another. The heating cable 120 and the self-limiting heating cable 110 are arranged (essentially) parallel next to one another (or one above the other) with a layer of electrically insulating material 121 in between. Both cables 110, 120 are further embedded in a further electrically insulating material 116, which may correspond to the electrically insulating material 121.

[0086] The self-limiting heating cable 110 has a first longitudinal conductor 111 terminal, and the heating cable 120 has a third longitudinal conductor 113 terminal. Both the self-limiting heating cable 110 and the heating cable 120 are connected to a second longitudinal conductor 112 terminal.

[0087] Figure 4shows a plan view of an electric surface heater 100 according to an embodiment of the invention. Embedded in the support structure 130, in addition to the heating cable 120 and the self-limiting heating cable 110, is a further heating cable 122. The self-limiting heating cable 110 is arranged between the heating cable 120 and the further heating cable 122, with the three cables 110, 120, 122 being arranged side by side. The three cables 110, 120, 122 each have straight sections in which they run parallel to one another and curved sections in which they are arranged side by side but not parallel to one another. The heating cable 120 and the further heating cable 122 are connected to one side of the surface heater 100 via a third longitudinal conductor 113 connection. The self-limiting heating cable 110 already has two longitudinal conductors (see above) and should only be insulated at the end.

[0088] Additionally, it should be noted that "comprising" does not exclude other elements or steps, and "a" or "an" does not exclude a plurality. Furthermore, it should be noted that features or steps described with reference to one of the above embodiments may also be used in combination with other features or steps of other embodiments described above. Reference signs in the claims are not to be considered as limitations. Reference symbol

[0089] 100Electric surface heating 101Electric surface heating system 102Heating area 104Open space 108First surface heating module 109Second surface heating module 110Self-limiting heating element 111First longitudinal conductor 112Second longitudinal conductor 113Third longitudinal conductor 115Self-limiting material 116Electrically insulating layer 117Electrically conductive layer 118Outer jacket 120Heating element 121Electrically insulating material 122Additional heating element 130Support structure 135Overall heating element 150Control unit 153Water-based heating system 160Connector, connecting element TE beam plane x length direction y width direction z height direction

Claims

1. An electric panel heating system (101) for use in the construction sector, comprising: an electric panel heater (100) comprising a heating element (120), in particular a heating cable; and a control unit (150) coupled to the electric panel heater (100) and configured to control an energy supply to the electric panel heater (100); wherein the control unit (150) is configured to control the energy amount of the energy supply such that a time-limited energy surge is provided to the heating element (120), wherein the electric panel heater (100) comprises an at least partially self-limiting heating element (110), characterized in that the electric panel heating system (101), belonging to the electric panel heater (100), further comprises a further heating element (122), wherein the self-limiting heating element (110) is arranged between the heating element (120) and the further heating element (122).

2. The electric panel heating system (101) according to claim 1, wherein the self-limiting heating element (110) is controllable independently of the heating element (120), in particular wherein the control unit (150) is configured not to provide the time-limited energy surge to the self-limiting heating element (110).

3. The electric panel heating system (101) according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the heating element (120), in particular the heating cable, and the self-limiting heating element (110), in particular the self-limiting heating cable, are arranged within an overall heating element (135), in particular an overall heating cable, in particular are thermally coupled to each other.

4. The electric panel heating system (101) according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the heating element (120) and the self-limiting heating element (110) are arranged at least in sections substantially parallel to each other, in particular with an electrically insulating material (121) in between.

5. The electric panel heating system (101) according to any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein each of the self-limiting heating element (110), the heating element (120), and the further heating element (122) is bent at least in sections and / or wherein the self-limiting heating element (110) comprises: a first longitudinal conductor (111), which has a first connection side and a first end side; a second longitudinal conductor (112), which has a second connection side and a second end side; wherein the first longitudinal conductor (111) and the second longitudinal conductor (112) are arranged in the self-limiting heating cable (110) substantially parallel to each other; and a self-limiting material (115), which is arranged between the first longitudinal conductor (111) and the second longitudinal conductor (112), and which is temperature-coupled; wherein the self-limiting heating element (110) is configured such that the first connection side and the second connection side are connectable to a supply connection, and the first end side and the second end side are connectable to each other, in particular via a relay contact.

6. The electric panel heating system (101) according to any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein the electric panel heater (100) further comprises: a support structure (130), which is formed along two main extension directions (x, y) and spans a support plane (TE); wherein at least one section of the heating element (120) is arranged on and / or in the support structure (130); and / or wherein at least one portion of the self-limiting heating element (110) is arranged on and / or in the support structure (130); and / or wherein the control unit (150) is configured to determine and / or receive the necessary energy amount for providing the time-limited energy surge; and wherein the control unit (150) is configured to determine the energy amount for providing the time-limited energy surge by means of at least one from the group consisting of: a temperature characteristic of the heating element (120), a temperature characteristic of the self-limiting heating element (110), a temperature characteristic of a further component of the electric surface heating system (101), in particular wherein the temperature characteristic comprises at least one from the group consisting of: heat flow, heat capacity.

7. The electric panel heating system (101) according to any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein the electric panel heating system (101) further comprises: a water-based heating system (153); wherein the control unit (150) is coupled to the water-based heating system and configured to operate the electric panel heater (100) and the water-based heating system at least temporarily simultaneously; and / or wherein the electric panel heater (100) further comprises: a heating area (102) in which the heating element (120) is arranged; and a free area (104) in which the heating element (120) is not arranged; and / or wherein the electric panel heating system (101) further comprises: a first panel heating module (108); a second panel heating module (109); and a connector (160) which connects the first panel heating module (108) and the second panel heating module (109) to each other, in particular wherein at least one of the panel heating modules (108, 109) is 25 dm2, in particular 10 dm2, further in particular 2 dm2, or less; and / or wherein the electric panel heating system (101) further comprises at least one from the group consisting of: a temperature sensor, a heat sensor, a humidity sensor, a dew point monitor.

8. The electric panel heating system (101) according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the time-limited energy surge provides at least in sections a temperature of 30°C, in particular 45°C, further in particular 55°C, further in particular 65°C, or more in and / or at the electric panel heater (100), in particular the heating element (120).

9. The electric panel heating system (101) according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the time-limited energy surge provides at least in sections a surface temperature of 35°C, in particular 30°C, or less at the electric panel heater (100), in particular at the heating element (120).

10. A method for operating an electric panel heating system (101) having an electric panel heater (100) with a heating element (120), wherein an electric panel heating system (101) according to any one of the preceding claims 1 to 9 is used for carrying out the method, the method comprising: detecting an energy amount in order to provide a time-limited energy surge to the heating element (120); and controlling the energy amount of an energy supply to the electric panel heater (100) such that the time-limited energy surge is provided to the heating element (120).

11. The method according to claim 10, comprising: controlling the energy amount of the energy supply such that the time-limited energy surge provides at least in sections a temperature of 30°C, in particular 45°C, further in particular 55°C, further in particular 65°C, or more in and / or at the electric panel heater (100), in particular the heating element (120).

12. The method according to claim 10 or 11, comprising: controlling the energy amount of the energy supply such that the time-limited energy surge provides at least in sections a surface temperature of 35°C, in particular 30°C, or less at the electric panel heater (100), in particular the heating element (120).

13. The method according to any one of claims 10 to 12, wherein the method further comprises: controlling the energy amount of the energy supply such that the self-limiting heating element (110) is operated substantially constant in continuous operation, wherein the self-limiting heating element (110) is controlled independently of the heating element (120).

14. The method according to any one of claims 10 to 13, further comprising: during the controlling, determining a temperature characteristic associated with the electric panel heating system (101); and controlling the energy amount of the energy supply such that the time-limited energy surge is provided to the heating element (120) based on the determined temperature characteristic.

15. A computer program product configured, when operated on a computer, in particular a control unit (150), to carry out a method for operating an electric panel heating system (101) according to any one of claims 10 to 14.