Complex construction-supporting structures

Abstract

Disclosed are complex construction-supporting structures made up of two-walled, plane load-bearing structural modules which are designed for the production of two-walled, plane load-bearing structures that are made up of individual, assembled, plane load-bearing structural modules and form primary-shell load-bearing systems which in turn are combined, possibly with the additional use of complementary components such as plane truss elements (9), in order to form complex construction-supporting structures which can be used in the presence of rising sea levels or groundwater tables, poor foundation soils, and earthquakes.

Description

[0001] The invention relates to a further development of a double-shell surface support module known from PCT / EP2018 / 000066, in which double-shell surface support structures in the form of primary shell structures are formed from individual, assembled modules, which are referred to in the further description as primary shell structures and which, as a result of the further development, can be joined together to form complex building support structures.

[0002] CN 102174858 discloses a prefabricated building system with a steel grid structure consisting of wall panels, ceiling panels and load-bearing columns, which features special component structures and connection solutions between the components.

[0003] DE 3 415 344 A1 describes a rapid-assembly framework, particularly made of steel, as a load-bearing structure for ceiling and wall panels of a building. This solution is known as skeleton construction, which here is equipped with special connection solutions for the structural components (columns, beams) for the rapid assembly of the skeletons.

[0004] From EP 1 609 924 A1, inverted reinforced concrete cassette ceilings with crossed ribs in three levels are known. The lower level 1 consists of a reinforced concrete slab, level 2 of ribs and recesses, and level 3 of slabs / tiles resting on the intersection points of the ribs, supported by a frame for distributing conditioned air or service lines. The ceiling elements rest on columns at their corners and are connected to each other by special devices.

[0005] GB 1,175,711 describes crossed, parallel-chord truss girders for ceiling and roof structures, intended as support structures.

[0006] Prefabricated grid sections made of crossed bending bars, laid on parallel, flat, parallel-chord truss girders of the same or similar profiles as the grid sections, are known from US Patent 2009 / 0282766 A1. The truss girders rest on the building's main load-bearing elements (beams, walls), and the grid honeycomb structure is covered by removable panels. Suspended ceilings formed from this system are suspended from the flat truss girders or from the building's main load-bearing elements, thus achieving almost full-surface access to the space between the grid ceiling and the suspended ceiling.

[0007] A disadvantage of all these known solutions is that no interaction between spaced surface elements is achieved with regard to the load-bearing capacity of the plates, and they are relatively heavy solutions. Furthermore, the planar load-bearing elements cannot be combined to form spatial, complex structural systems in which all components that can contribute to the overall load-bearing capacity are integrated.

[0008] From PCT / EP2018 / 000066 a surface structure module is known which basically consists of two secondary shells 1, corner angles 2 and the statically necessary diagonals 3 and with which primary shell structures with detachable connections can be joined sustainably - as a result of the reusability of the modules - flexibly and with a high degree of prefabrication, which in addition to their static function can also be used for the temporary or permanent, mobile storage of furniture, equipment or storage containers.

[0009] Today, more and more problems in new building construction are caused by poor, inconsistent soil conditions, rising sea or groundwater levels, and earthquakes.

[0010] The construction methods and implementations used to date unfortunately fail to achieve, or only inadequately achieve, the required properties of buildings as stipulated by the aforementioned requirements.

[0011] The object of the solution according to the invention is therefore to propose a solution to these problems which eliminates the disadvantages of the known prior art and extends the application limits of conventional support structures.

[0012] This problem is solved by the complex structural support structures according to claim 1, which, due to their extremely high overall stability and local stiffness as well as - especially with appropriate material selection - their very low weight, make it possible to contribute to solving current problems such as poor, inconsistent soil conditions, rising sea or groundwater levels and earthquakes, and to significantly expand the current application limits of conventional structural structures.

[0013] The inventive, independent solution presented here describes a modified, double-shell surface structure module with which individual, assembled surface structure modules of this type can be used to form double-shell surface structures in the form of primary shell structures. These primary shell structures can then be combined with any additional components such as planar trusses to form complex structural systems. This will be demonstrated using theFigures 1 to 3 will be explained in more detail.

[0014] This shows Figure 1: Example of a modified surface structure module with detail of the diagonal connection, Figure 2: Section of a planar primary shell structure with connecting plates, Figure 3: Section of a spatial, complex building structure with detail of an orthogonal module connection.

[0015] Double-shell structural modules, consisting of two secondary shell elements 1 that define the structural module on two opposite sides, and statically necessary infill members, including the corner angles 2 and the diagonals 3, are used to create double-shell structural systems in the form of primary shell structures with biaxial truss and diaphragm action. Modifying the design of the connection solutions at the corners of the structural modules enables the formation of complex structural systems that, with simple means, achieve spatial interaction between different building components, such as the ceilings and walls of a building.

[0016] As a simple example, it can be mentioned that superimposed floor slabs function as primary shell structures made from the known surface structure modules, as if they were flanges of oversized double-T beams, with walls being formed from planar trusses 9 or also from primary shell structures or their combination, which take over the task of the webs.

[0017] According to the invention, the production of complex load-bearing structures enables irregular building structures in which all main components, regardless of their orientation and location, and even across multiple stories where appropriate, participate in the load transfer, resulting in high structural efficiency. This allows for very large free spans without additional effort. This opens up possibilities that would be extremely difficult to achieve with conventional construction methods and processes. These include, for example, completely building over existing buildings without restricting or interrupting their use. It is also conceivable to build over roads or small valleys, or to raise buildings to create space for other uses of the areas beneath them. This provides a perfect solution for the densification of the building stock often desired in urban areas.

[0018] According to the invention, in buildings with ceilings made of primary shell structures and the simultaneous, at least partial, use of these primary shell structures as walls of suitable thicknesses, it is easily possible to create and connect installation or storage spaces throughout the entire building, and to use storage containers for transporting goods or people throughout the entire building and later beyond. For this purpose, the containers must also be moved orthogonally through the double-shell primary shell structures. According to the invention, for the accessibility of multiple levels, the secondary shells are partially replaced by surrounding frames 4.

[0019] The double-shell surface support modules are modified by connecting the module corners to adjacent modules not only in both shell-parallel directions, but also in a direction orthogonal to them. This is achieved by replacing the flat bars used in the prior art on the outer sides of the connecting strips with angle profiles, the additional leg of which is arranged parallel to the shell on the outer side of the module.

[0020] With appropriate drilling in the angle legs lying horizontally in the case of, for example, ceiling use, flat trusses 9, which also consist of similar, prefabricated elements or primary shell structures made of double-shell surface structure modules, can then be connected easily and detachably.

[0021] Likewise, the transfer of longitudinal forces in the secondary shell planes as well as transverse forces can also be carried out by connecting plates 5 of suitable shape and size and with corresponding bores 5.1 with screws including washers and nuts 5.2, which are placed parallel to and outside the secondary shells in the nodes of the supporting structure, thereby significantly simplifying the assembly of the supporting structures.

[0022] The number and arrangement of the screws 5.2 can vary. In the simplest case, one screw 5.2 per module corner is sufficient. The drawings show three screws 5.2 per module corner, whereby the two screws closest to the edge can also correspond to the additional holes 6 in the corner brackets 2 described later. When using such connecting plates 5 and separately connecting the diagonals 3, which further simplifies assembly, the connecting pockets or connecting tabs proposed by the prior art can also be omitted.

[0023] The ones belonging here Figures 1 to 3 This refers to this exemplary connection solution at the module corners. The connection between orthogonally arranged modules is achieved using appropriately added connecting plates 5.3.

[0024] Only possible connection solutions are described and presented here.

[0025] Depending on the materials currently selected or subsequently developed for the modules, other connection detail solutions may be appropriate. The required diagonals are attached separately to the ends of the corner brackets 2, just in front of the respective inner surface of the secondary shells 1, using short cylindrical pins 7.

[0026] To fix the diagonals 3, which are pushed over the cylindrical pins 7 with their bores, a nut on a partial thread (not shown) or a cotter pin 7.1 in a corresponding bore can be used.

[0027] With this type of separate fastening, the diagonal 3 can also be very easily replaced by a closed frame if necessary, should the diagonal 3 obstruct certain uses. For simple, and if necessary, reinforcement of the connecting plate connection for transferring the longitudinal forces into the secondary shell plane as well as the shear forces, it appears expedient to provide additional bores 6 in the corner angles 2 running perpendicular to the shell plane, in the immediate vicinity of both ends and offset as far as necessary towards the center of the member, next to the diagonal connections 7, 7.1.

[0028] As mentioned above, these boreholes 6 can also be used entirely or additionally for the orthogonal ceiling-wall connection if corresponding boreholes 5.1 are provided or additionally executed in the secondary shell 1 of the module to be connected orthogonally.

[0029] To compensate for the protrusion of the connecting plate connection (5, 5.1, 5.2), the secondary shells 1 can also be made thinner in the area of ​​the surface of the adjoining connecting plates 5 by their thickness (plus the screw heads or nuts if countersunk screws are not used) 8. Any remaining depressions on the connecting plates 5 in the area outside the screw heads or nuts are filled or cast with suitable materials.

[0030] Since the aim is to produce the surface support modules and the supplementary components identically in as large a number as possible, the development of assembly robots also appears simple and promising.

[0031] Within the complex structural frameworks, the partial use of conventional components such as ceiling slabs and wall panels made of, for example, reinforced concrete is also possible.

[0032] Furthermore, it is proposed that a second layer of plates be mounted or attached to the outside of the secondary shells 1, parallel to and within the same surface area as the secondary shells 1, at a suitable distance from the secondary shells 1. This second layer can consist of one or more partial plates.

[0033] These additional panels should ideally be easy to install by hand and laid or attached to springy support blocks, hangers, or spacers. This would significantly improve the sound insulation properties of the building components. Depending on the material chosen, the fire resistance of the components can also be increased. The resulting cavity can also be used to heat or cool the building by circulating warm or cold air. Therefore, all surfaces surrounding a room, provided they consist of the described structural modules, can be used for climate control, with air as a heat transfer medium allowing for significantly simpler, more robust, more economical, and more flexible installations than the liquids most commonly used to date.

[0034] A particular application of the complex structural support structures according to the invention can be, in buildings with ceilings made of primary shell structures according to PCT / EP2018 / 000066 and simultaneous use of the primary shell structures as walls of suitable thicknesses, the use of containers not only for storage but also for transporting things throughout the entire building and later beyond.

[0035] These containers are also moved vertically through the double-walled structure. This allows, for example, goods deliveries to building occupants from the street or from a drone landing pad on the building roof to reach the recipient's unit more or less automatically.

[0036] With a sufficiently large size of these containers and a corresponding increase in the distance between the secondary shells (which may only be implemented in certain areas), the containers can also be replaced by capsules for transporting people, or they can be incorporated into the containers themselves. The passenger capsules, as well as the standard containers, can then be moved within the building and from there to the roof or a side opening to be picked up by a drone or other aircraft and transported further. Alternatively, containers and passenger capsules can also be connected to or coupled to future, likely installed, central transport systems, which may run underground, at ground level, or on elevated platforms.

[0037] The areas between the secondary shells can be used as a base for facade greening in areas of building exterior walls.

[0038] Another advantageous use of the solution according to the invention is that the additional, secondary-shell-parallel plate layers or the secondary shells 1 themselves can also be used for cleaning systems. For example, dust and dirt from the floor can be sucked into the cavity and filtered out of the air when suitably perforated plates and special, permeable textile coverings are used.

[0039] In the case of hard floors, the joints between the additional panels or the secondary shells, which may need to be widened in certain areas, could be used to accommodate spray mops and drainage channels.

[0040] When the system is put into operation, the spray wipers are moved upwards, cleaning fluid is distributed from integrated spray nozzles and wiped with the rod-shaped wipers, which either rotate around a vertical axis or are moved across the surface of the plate by linear drives, along with the loosened dirt and dust into the drainage channels, which are also located between the plates.

[0041] The cleaning fluid can be reused after filtration. In wet rooms, the cleaning fluid can also be distributed from separate, adjustable nozzles that can be located on all surfaces surrounding the room.

[0042] Afterwards, the loosened dirt and dust is rinsed away with suitable sprayed liquid and transported by the floor wipers into the drainage channels.

[0043] The inventory is dried using air from special nozzles.

[0044] The floor wipers are flexible and multi-part in design to avoid obstacles on the floor such as furniture.

[0045] Another advantageous use of the solution according to the invention is that the containers already described can be designed as plant containers and used as mini plant factories.

[0046] These are designed with a suitable surface area and wall height, containing topsoil or planting substrate, allowing plants to be grown.

[0047] Lighting is provided by special lamps (e.g., LEDs), and irrigation can be manual or automatic. These mini-plant factories are preferably moved on or along rails in the spaces between the secondary shells of the structural modules, which also determines their usable footprint. Access is via openings in the secondary shells, allowing direct access to the containers or enabling them to be lifted, lowered, or moved horizontally into the usable space. The mini-plant factories are characterized above all by extremely high productivity and ecological sustainability. The plants grow year-round with minimal additional energy input, utilize fertilizers and water efficiently—unlike in conventional agriculture—and require no pesticides or herbicides. Furthermore, vegetables and fruits are produced directly at the point of consumption and entirely according to demand.It also seems conceivable and practical to use the space between the secondary shells for aquariums, terrariums or for keeping small animals.

[0048] In these mini-plant factories, sowing, planting, and maintenance can be carried out from a central service or processing room. The consumer is then only responsible for harvesting.

[0049] For example, supermarkets could also utilize their ceiling, wall and floor levels in this way.

[0050] Buildings constructed using the method proposed here are characterized, in comparison to conventionally manufactured buildings, primarily by their extremely high overall stability and local stiffness, as well as – especially with appropriate material selection – their very low self-weight.

[0051] Advantageously, the solution according to the invention can be used to contribute to solving the three current problems already mentioned, such as poor, inconsistent soil conditions, rising sea or groundwater levels and earthquakes.

[0052] It is proposed that the lower section of the building, i.e., the foundation and the rising walls from the foundation to a suitable height, be made liquid-tight, for example, by means of an external coating or cladding. In this area, several primary shells can be stacked on top of each other and used, as previously described, for purposes such as plant production. The lowest section contains a large number of liquid tanks or air cushions that can be filled and emptied independently and are evenly distributed across the base. The building is then erected in a very stable, open-topped, and also liquid-tight trough, the inner surfaces of which correspond to the respective outer surfaces of the building plus a suitable distance. The trough should also be constructed from structural modules, for example, as described in PCT / EP2018 / 000066.After the building is erected, flexible liquid or air cushions, which can also be filled and emptied independently, are fixed in the space between the inner walls of the trough and the building's outer walls. Alternatively, length-adjustable, rod-shaped elements are installed to regulate the distance between the trough's inner wall and the building's outer wall. Finally, the trough is filled with water or another suitable liquid to the appropriate level until the building floats. The building's horizontal position is constantly monitored and adjusted by varying the filling and emptying of the liquid tanks or air cushions within the building, as well as the lateral liquid or air cushions, or by adjusting the length of the rod elements. The building's height can also be adjusted using these control mechanisms and by changing the liquid level in the trough.In unfavorable soil conditions, this allows settlements and tilting resulting from uneven settlements to be compensated for.

[0053] In the case of earthquakes, it is assumed that, due to the stability and inertia of the building as well as the simultaneously very low and controllable foundation constraint, the energy input into the building structure is sufficiently low to avoid damage. Ordinal numbers:

[0054] 1 Secondary shells 2 Corner angles 3 Diagonals 4 Frames as replacements for secondary shells 5 Connecting plates with holes 5.1, screw sets 5.2 and connecting plates with orthogonal addition 5.3 6 Additional holes in the corner angles 2 7 Cylindrical pins for diagonal or replacement frame connections with cotter pin 7.1 8 Areas with reduced secondary shell thickness 9 Planar trusses

Claims

1. Buildings and structures formed from complex load-bearing structures, in which double-shell surface structures in the form of primary shell structures with two-axis truss load-bearing effect and panel load-bearing effect are formed from individual composite surface structure modules, each surface structure module consisting of two secondary shell elements (1) and statically necessary filler bars comprising corner angles (2) and diagonals (3), the two secondary shell elements (1) being spaced apart from each other and delimiting the surface support structure module on two opposite sides, the complex building support structures being formed by means of connection solutions in the corners of the surface support structure modules, possibly with the addition of supplementary components such as flat trusses (9), the buildings and structures being designed in such a way that, during use, all main components, regardless of their orientation and position and also across several storeys where this is appropriate, are involved in the distribution of loads, thus creating a highly efficient and rigid supporting structure, characterised in that in the buildings and structures, the installation and storage rooms inside the primary shell structures are interconnected throughout the building and can be used for the storage of storage containers and / or for the horizontal and vertical transport of containers, objects or persons throughout the building, whereby the secondary shells (1) of the surface support structure modules are partially replaced by surrounding frames (4).

2. Buildings and structures formed from complex building support structures according to claim 1, which are formed from surface support modules that have connections for connecting adjacent modules, which are realised in both directions parallel to the shell and additionally optionally in a direction orthogonal thereto by means of angle profiles on the outer sides of connection pockets angle profiles, replacing the flat bars used in the prior art, whose additional leg is arranged parallel to the shell on the outside of the module and in which corresponding connection holes are located, and in which the transmission of longitudinal forces in the secondary shell planes and of transverse forces between the surface support modules is achieved by parallel to and outside the secondary shells (1) in the nodes of the supporting structure, which can also be sunk into corresponding recesses (8) in the secondary shells and with corresponding holes (5.1) in the connecting plates (5) and the secondary shells (1) with screws including washers and nuts (5.2), whereby the connection to orthogonally arranged modules or complementary components is realised by means of correspondingly supplemented connecting plates (5.3).

3. Buildings and structures formed from complex load-bearing structures according to one of the preceding claims, in which, in the surface structure module design, the diagonals (3) are connected separately to the corner angles by means of short cylindrical pins (7) with split pins (7.1) or partial threads, and a closed frame (4) replaces the diagonals (3).

4. Buildings and structures formed from complex building support structures according to one of the preceding claims, in which, for the necessary reinforcement of the connecting plate connection for the transmission of longitudinal forces in the secondary shell plane and of the transverse forces between the surface support modules in the corner angles running perpendicular to the shell plane (2) in the immediate vicinity of the two ends and offset as far as necessary in the direction of the centre of the bar, additional holes (6) are arranged next to the diagonal connections (7, 7.1), additional holes (6) are arranged which can be used entirely or additionally for the orthogonal ceiling-wall connection if corresponding holes (5.1) are provided or additionally executed in the secondary shell (1) of the surface structure module to be connected orthogonally.

5. Buildings and structures formed from complex building support structures according to claim 1, in which the movable containers located inside the primary shell structures are designed as plant containers for use as a plant factory and are designed with a suitable area and wall height so that they can hold topsoil, plant substrate or nutrient solution for plant cultivation, whereby artificial lighting and manual or automatic irrigation are provided and the plant containers are preferably moved on or along rails or roller tracks in the plane between the secondary shells (1) of the surface support structure modules, and access is provided directly through openings in the secondary shells (1) or through which the containers are lifted, lowered or moved horizontally out into the usable space.

6. Buildings and structures formed from complex building support structures according to claim 1 for use in the event of rising sea or groundwater levels, poor building ground and earthquakes, wherein the lower area of the building to be constructed, i.e. the base surface and the rising walls from the base to a suitable height, is to be made liquid-tight by means of an external coating or cladding, and several primary shells are to be arranged one above the other in this area, and a large number of liquid tanks or air cushions that can be filled and emptied independently are arranged below or in the lowest area of the building to be constructed, which are distributed evenly over the base area and correspond to the building in a stable, open-top, equally liquid-tight trough, the inner surfaces of which correspond to the respective outer surfaces of the building plus an appropriate distance corresponding to the corresponding outer surfaces of the building plus a suitable distance, and after the building has been erected, flexible liquid or air cushions, which can also be filled or emptied independently, are installed in the space between the inner walls of the trough and the outer walls of the building, to regulate the distance between the inner wall of the trough and the outer wall of the building, and in a next step, the trough is filled with water or another suitable liquid to an appropriate height so that the building floats, while constantly monitoring the horizontal position of the building and regulating it by filling and emptying the liquid tanks or air cushions located in the building and the lateral liquid or air cushions or by adjusting the length of the rod elements, whereby the height of the building is also adjusted by the control mechanisms described and by changing the liquid level in the trough, and that in the event of an earthquake, the stability and inertia of the building, combined with a temporarily low foundation restraint that can be adjusted by changing the spring stiffness of the distance-determining elements between the building and the trough, means that the energy input into the building structure is low.

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