Connecting element for load-carrying components

Abstract

A connecting element 1 for connecting a load-bearing component to a load-introducing component is described. The connecting element 1 has a cuboid-shaped insulating body 2 which, in the installed state, is arranged between the load-bearing component and the load-introducing component. The cuboid-shaped insulating body 2 has a front side facing the load-introducing component in the installed state, a rear side facing the load-bearing component in the installed state, an upper side connecting the front and rear sides and arranged vertically upwards in the installed state, and a lower side connecting the front and rear sides and arranged vertically downwards in the installed state, wherein the front and rear sides of the insulating body 2 are penetrated by reinforcing bars 3. A plate-shaped element 6.0, 6.U, wherein the plate-shaped element 6.0, 6.U is provided with a coating 5 on its surface facing away from the insulating body, wherein the coating 5 contains an at least partially cured inorganic binder.

Description

Technical area

[0001] The present invention relates to a connecting element for connecting a load-bearing component to a load-introducing component. State of the art

[0002] When connecting load-introducing, particularly cantilevered, components to load-bearing building elements, for example, when connecting a balcony, a console, a loggia slab, a cantilevered wall panel, or a facade element to a ceiling / floor slab, various aspects must be considered. Firstly, the various forces acting on the load-introducing component—i.e., tensile, compressive, and / or shear forces—must be safely and completely transferred to the building. Secondly, good thermal insulation must be ensured, as large temperature differences occur between interior and exterior components, and the load-introducing, particularly cantilevered, components represent thermal bridges, which can cause structural damage.

[0003] Known connection elements comprise connecting elements for force transmission between building components, as well as a body made of insulating material that ensures the best possible thermal insulation of the load-introducing component. DE 3 005 571 B1, for example, discloses a cantilever slab connection element with an elongated, cuboid-shaped insulating body made of thermally insulating material. The insulating body is interspersed with elongated, metal reinforcement elements that extend essentially transversely to the insulating body and are designed to absorb tensile forces. In addition to these reinforcement elements, the cantilever slab connection element comprises shear bars made of reinforcing steel and steel structural components that act as compression elements.

[0004] A structural element for thermal insulation between two building components is also known from DE 298 01 712 U1. The structural element consists of an insulating body and shear bars extending through the insulating body, which extend diagonally from top to bottom from one side of the building and protrude into the building components on both sides.

[0005] EP 1 757 744 A2 describes a building element for thermal and / or sound insulation comprising an insulating body arranged between two components and a fire protection element. The fire protection element is equipped with weather and aging protection in the form of a casing.

[0006] Finally, EP 892 118 A1 proposes an insulating body on the top and bottom of which a profile strip having a hollow chamber is inserted, the hollow chamber being filled with a fire protection material.

[0007] The insulating body of a connecting element is typically made of a thermally insulating material such as polystyrene, rock wool, or phenolic resin foam. To protect it from weather influences and mechanical stress, the insulating body is often equipped with elongated plastic cover caps on its top and bottom.

[0008] Despite the state-of-the-art proposals for connections of load-introducing components, there is still a need for connection elements with good static load-bearing capacity that combine good thermal insulation with good resistance to weathering and mechanical stress. Description of the invention

[0009] The present invention is based on the object of providing a connecting element that combines good static load-bearing capacity and good thermal insulation with good resistance to weathering and mechanical stress. This object is achieved according to the invention by the connecting element according to independent claim 1. Further advantageous aspects, details, and embodiments of the invention emerge from the dependent claims, the description, and the figure.

[0010] The connecting element according to the invention connects a load-bearing component and a load-introducing component. The connecting element has a cuboid-shaped insulating body arranged between the load-bearing component and the load-introducing component in the installed state. The cuboid-shaped insulating body has a front side facing the load-introducing component in the installed state, a rear side facing the load-bearing component in the installed state, an upper side connecting the front side and the rear side and arranged vertically upwards in the installed state, and a lower side connecting the front side and the rear side and arranged vertically downwards in the installed state.

[0011] The front and back of the insulating body are penetrated by reinforcing bars. A plate-shaped element is arranged at least on the top and / or at least on the bottom of the insulating body. The plate-shaped element is provided with a coating on its surface facing away from the insulating body. The coating contains an at least partially cured inorganic binder.

[0012] In the connection element according to the invention, the previously customary plastic cover caps, which serve to protect the insulating body from direct weathering and mechanical damage, have been replaced by a plate-shaped element bearing a coating on its surface facing away from the insulating body. The coating contains an at least partially cured inorganic binder. Adding water to the not yet cured binder triggers chemical reactions that lead to solidification of the material. This results in a coating resistant to weathering and mechanical stress. The combination of the plate-shaped element and the coating applied to it provides excellent protection for the insulating body against direct weathering and mechanical damage.

[0013] Furthermore, this offers a particular advantage with regard to the fire protection inherently required in buildings. The plastic cover caps previously used are made of flammable plastic materials. In contrast, the coated plate-shaped elements provided by the invention are non-flammable.

[0014] According to the invention, the coating contains an at least partially cured inorganic binder. The term "at least partially cured" indicates that the reaction of an inorganic binder with water only reaches its final conclusion after very long periods of time. Shortly after applying a mixture of water and binder to the panel-shaped element, the inorganic binder is therefore only partially cured. The inorganic binder forms a bond with the panel-shaped element through the progressive curing process over time, creating a compact, dimensionally stable unit that is resistant to external influences.

[0015] In this text, the term "inorganic binder" is used as a generic term for hydraulic binders, inorganic geopolymers and alkali-silicate-based binders, e.g. so-called water glass.

[0016] The term "hydraulic binder" is used in the sense familiar to those skilled in the art and commonly used in the construction industry. Hydraulic binders are powdered substances that react with water and harden, forming a solid, stone-like mass. They essentially consist of finely ground mineral substances that react chemically with water. Cement, lime, and gypsum are preferably used as hydraulic binders in the present invention.

[0017] In addition to the aforementioned protection of the insulating body from direct weathering and mechanical damage, the plate-shaped element provided according to the invention with a coating made of an at least partially cured inorganic binder represents a very cost-effective replacement for the previously conventional plastic cover caps. Furthermore, the stability of the entire connecting element is improved. In particular, the edges of the insulating body are significantly better protected against damage. Finally, an insulating body equipped with a plate-shaped element proves to be visually significantly more attractive than one with the usual openly visible mineral wool. By applying the coating to the plate-shaped element with a notched trowel, the surface can be given an attractive texture. The coating can also be sprayed on. The surface of the coating can also be adhesively bonded.In addition, the coating can be colored by adding color pigments as an additive. These measures improve the product's appearance and increase its recognition value.

[0018] A pre-coated plate-shaped element is therefore attached to the insulating body. Examples of such coated plate-shaped elements are described in DE 34 44 815 C2. The preferably rectangular plate-shaped elements consist primarily of a mineral fiber board, which can be made, for example, from staple fibers of glass wool or glass silk. The mineral fiber board has a coating of cement mortar, i.e. a mixture of cement stone and sand, applied by spraying on at least one side of the board. The plate-shaped building elements described in DE 34 44 815 C2 are intended for constructing a building wall or ceiling structure, but can also be used to apply a coating to an insulating body according to the present invention. In this case, a one-sided coating of the plate-shaped elements is sufficient.The elements are attached to the insulating body in dimensions adapted to the dimensions of the insulating body. Attachment can be achieved using a fastener or by adhesive bonding. The plate-shaped elements are attached to the insulating body in such a way that their coated surface faces outward, away from the insulating body.

[0019] According to a particularly preferred embodiment, the plate-shaped element according to the present invention is a mineral fiber board. The mineral fiber board is preferably made of staple fibers of rock wool, glass wool, or glass silk. The mineral fiber board has a spray-applied coating of preferably a cement mortar, i.e., a mixture of cement paste and sand, on at least one side of the board.

[0020] All of the positive properties already mentioned above, i.e. the protection of the insulating body against direct weathering and against mechanical damage as well as the favorable fire protection properties of the plate-shaped element provided according to the invention, are further improved if the plate-shaped element is provided with the coating over its entire surface facing away from the insulating body.

[0021] According to a particularly preferred embodiment, the plate-shaped element completely covers the top or bottom of the insulating body. The previously described advantageous properties with regard to improved resistance to weathering and mechanical stress are particularly evident here.

[0022] Particularly preferred are embodiments in which two plate-shaped elements are provided that completely cover the top and bottom of the insulating body. The previously described advantageous properties with regard to improved resistance to weathering and mechanical stress, as well as improved fire protection, are particularly evident in this case.

[0023] Preferably, the front and / or back of the insulating body are coated over their entire surface. With a coating applied over the entire surface, the previously described advantageous properties with regard to improved resistance to weathering and mechanical stress become particularly apparent.

[0024] Preferably, the coating of the front and / or back of the insulating body is in direct contact with the surface of the insulating body. According to this embodiment, the coating is not applied to a plate-shaped element, but directly to the front and / or back of the insulating body. To produce the coating, a mixture consisting of water and inorganic binder is applied to at least parts of the surface of the insulating body, wherein the inorganic binder is preferably contained in the mixture in such a proportion that the proportion of at least partially cured inorganic binder in the coating is at least 5 wt.%. Subsequently, the inorganic binder is at least partially cured to form the coating.This approach is particularly advantageous for coating the front and back of the insulating body, because the front and back are penetrated by reinforcement elements. The coating can be easily applied to the surface of the insulating body, leaving the reinforcement elements out of the way, and can cure there to form the coating.

[0025] In principle, however, it is also possible to provide a plate-shaped element with recesses corresponding to the positioning of the reinforcement elements and to attach such a plate-shaped element to the front and / or back of the insulating body. According to a further preferred embodiment, the coating of the front and / or back of the insulating body is therefore arranged on a surface of a plate-shaped element bearing the coating, facing away from the insulating body, wherein the plate-shaped element is arranged on the insulating body.

[0026] The inorganic binder for coating the plate-shaped element can optionally be mixed with aggregates such as sand, gravel, chippings, rock flour, or polymers. The aggregates can be used in various grain sizes and compositions. The grain sizes and compositions suitable for coating a plate-shaped element intended for attachment to the insulating body of a connecting element can be selected by a person skilled in the art in a known manner.

[0027] The aggregates can be present in the coating in widely varying proportions. If mortar is used as a coating, it typically contains around 80% sand by weight. If polymers are used as aggregates, they generally only contain a relatively small proportion of 5% or less by weight. According to particularly preferred embodiments of the present invention, different types of aggregates can be present alongside one another in the coating. For example, in addition to the at least partially cured mineral binder, the coating can contain 80% sand by weight and 5% polymers by weight, as well as residual water.

[0028] Preferably, the at least partially cured inorganic binder is contained in the coating in a proportion of at least 5 wt.%, particularly preferably in a proportion of at least 10 wt.%, and especially preferably in a proportion of at least 20 wt.%.

[0029] According to a particularly preferred embodiment of the present invention, the inorganic binder is a hydraulic binder, in particular cement. In this case, the coating of the plate-shaped element consists essentially of an at least partially cured cement. If the binder cement is used together with aggregates, the coating consists of a partially cured cement-bound material.

[0030] A cementitious material is a building material consisting of cement as a binding agent and mineral aggregates such as sand, gravel, and chippings. Cement is a hydraulic binder that undergoes a chemical reaction and hardens when water is added. This creates a strong and permanent bond between the aggregates, which ensures the strength and hardness of the material. Cementitious materials are widely used in the construction industry for the production of concrete, mortar, plaster, and other building materials. They are versatile and characterized by their high strength and durability.

[0031] It has been found that a coating of the plate-shaped elements consisting essentially of at least partially cured cement slurry or at least partially cured cementitious material is most suitable for connecting elements. Cement slurry is a mixture of cement and water without any additional additives, whereas a cementitious material, as mentioned above, is formed by at least partially curing a mixture of cement, aggregates, and water. The combination of the desired properties of good static load-bearing capacity, good thermal insulation, and good resistance to weathering and mechanical stress is excellently achieved in these cases.

[0032] Those skilled in the art are aware that the insulating body of a connecting element is often constructed in three parts. The insulating body then consists of a base part arranged vertically at the bottom when installed, an upper part arranged vertically at the top when installed, and a middle part arranged between the base part and the upper part. The three-part construction of the insulating body proves particularly advantageous when assembling the connecting elements.

[0033] In principle, the insulating body can even consist of any number of individual parts, i.e. one-part, two-part, three-part, four-part or even more parts.

[0034] In the case of a three-part insulating body, a section of a tension rod is usually arranged between the middle section and the upper section of the insulating body. If shear force rods are provided in the connecting element, these shear force rods penetrate the middle section of the insulating body. Finally, compression elements are usually provided; in the case of a three-part insulating body, the compression elements are arranged between the base section and the middle section of the insulating body.

[0035] When assembling the connecting element, the tension rods are first placed on the upper surface of the middle section when installed and fixed to the middle section, for example with the help of fastening elements, preferably clamps, or by gluing. The intended compression elements are placed in a similar way on the lower surface of the middle section when installed and fixed to the middle section, for example with the help of fastening elements, preferably clamps, or by gluing. The shear force rods intended for the respective connecting element are inserted into corresponding recesses in the middle section and fixed there to the middle section, for example with the help of fastening elements, preferably clamps, or by gluing. The base part is then arranged on the lower surface of the middle section when installed, and the base part is fixed to the middle section, for example with the help of fastening elements, preferably clamps, or by gluing.The upper part is positioned on the upper surface of the middle part when installed, and the upper part is secured to the middle part, for example, using fasteners, preferably clamps, or by gluing. Of course, the upper part can also be secured to the middle part first, followed by the lower part.

[0036] The individual elements can generally be bonded together using hot-melt adhesive, as is usual. However, it is particularly advantageous to bond them using the inorganic binder that forms the coating of the plate-shaped elements. This makes it possible to replace the hot-melt adhesive with significant cost savings.

[0037] The plate-shaped element provided according to the invention, which is provided with a coating on its surface facing away from the insulating body, can either be provided additionally in the case of a three-part insulating body, i.e., attached vertically to the upper side of the upper part of the insulating body or to the underside of the base part of the insulating body, or the plate-shaped element can replace the upper part or the base part of the insulating body. Particularly in the case of plate-shaped elements made of mineral fibers, the plate-shaped elements also exhibit thermally insulating properties and can thus be used as the upper part and / or as the base part of the insulating body without any loss of insulating properties.

[0038] For the purposes of this text, the expression "the front and back of the insulating body are penetrated by reinforcing bars" also includes the case where the reinforcing bars are arranged between the insulating body and the plate-shaped element. This is the case when, as already mentioned, the plate-shaped element replaces the upper or base part of the insulating body. Strictly speaking, the reinforcing bars in this case only partially penetrate the front and back of the insulating body. For ease of reading, this case is subsumed under the expression "the front and back of the insulating body are penetrated by reinforcing bars."

[0039] According to a particularly preferred embodiment, tension rods, shear force rods, and compression elements are fixed to the central section of the insulating body by fastening elements, preferably fastening clamps. The fastening clamps can be punched from a flat material, preferably metal or plastic, and then bent into a clamp. Barbs are advantageously provided on the legs of the clamps, which securely and permanently bond to the material of the insulating body. Fixing the reinforcement elements with fastening clamps represents a cost-effective and easy-to-install alternative to gluing with hot melt adhesive.

[0040] In principle, the coating, consisting of an at least partially cured inorganic binder, can be applied to any partial surface of the front and / or back of the insulating body. The previously described advantageous properties of the coating with regard to improved resistance to weathering and mechanical stress are already evident when coating partial surfaces of the front and / or back of the insulating body.

[0041] Most preferably, the entire insulating body is coated over its entire surface. The expression "the entire insulating body is coated over its entire surface" is understood by those skilled in the art to mean that the parts of the insulating body's surface penetrated by reinforcement elements, i.e., tension rods, shear bars, and compression elements, are not coated. Coating is obviously not possible at these points because the respective reinforcement elements are located there. The combination of the desired properties of good static load-bearing capacity, good thermal insulation, and good resistance to weathering and mechanical stress is excellently achieved with a full-surface coating of the insulating body.

[0042] The present invention also includes the use of one of the connecting elements described above for connecting a load-bearing component to a load-introducing component.

[0043] Preferably, the load-introducing, in particular cantilevered, component is a slab, in particular a cantilever slab, a balcony, a console, a loggia slab, a cantilevered wall panel or a facade element.

[0044] The load-bearing component is preferably a ceiling / floor slab, a ceiling slab or a wall.

[0045] When assembling the connecting element, the tension rods are first placed on the upper surface of the insulating body when installed and secured to the insulating body, for example, using fastening elements, preferably clamps. The intended compression elements are similarly placed on the lower surface of the insulating body when installed and secured to the insulating body, for example, using fastening elements, preferably clamps. Any shear force rods intended for the respective connecting element are inserted into corresponding recesses in the insulating body and secured to the insulating body there, also using fastening elements, preferably clamps, or by gluing.

[0046] Then, either the base part or the plate-shaped element replacing the base part is arranged on the lower surface of the middle part of the insulating body when installed and fixed to the middle part of the insulating body, for example with the aid of fastening elements, preferably clamps. The base part or the plate-shaped element replacing the base part can also be fixed to the middle part of the insulating body by gluing. The upper part or the plate-shaped element replacing the upper part is arranged on the upper surface of the middle part of the insulating body when installed and fixed to the insulating body with the aid of fastening elements, preferably clamps. The upper part or the plate-shaped element replacing the upper part can also be fixed to the middle part of the insulating body by gluing.

[0047] Subsequently, a mixture consisting of water and an inorganic binder is preferably applied to at least parts of the front and / or the back of the central part of the insulating body, wherein the inorganic binder is preferably contained in the mixture in such a proportion that the proportion of the at least partially cured inorganic binder in the coating is at least 5 wt.%. After curing, a coating is present that is in direct contact with the surface of the insulating body.

[0048] As already described in connection with the various variants of the connecting element according to the invention, the coating of the front and / or back of the insulating body can also be achieved by attaching plate-shaped elements carrying the coating to the insulating body. In this case, the plate-shaped elements carrying the coating are attached to the insulating body.

[0049] The bonding of the individual elements of an insulating body, including a three-part insulating body, and the attached plate-like elements can generally be carried out using hot-melt adhesive as usual. However, it is particularly advantageous to bond using the at least partially cured inorganic binder forming the coating. This makes it possible to replace the hot-melt adhesive with a hot-melt adhesive, resulting in significant cost savings.

[0050] By fixing the reinforcement elements to the insulating body and stabilizing the entire connecting element with the plate-shaped element(s) provided according to the invention, the previously required reinforcement bar, which is welded to the tension bars in a direction perpendicular to the tension bars in the currently used connecting elements, can be eliminated. This leads to a significant cost reduction, as material in the form of the crossbar and labor time for the welding process are saved. Ways to implement the invention

[0051] The invention will be explained below using an embodiment in connection with the Figure 1 be explained in more detail.

[0052] The Figure 1shows a perspective view of a schematic representation of a connecting element 1 according to the invention with two plate-shaped elements 6.0, 6.U. The load-bearing component, in particular a ceiling / floor slab, and the load-introducing component, in particular a cantilevered balcony slab, are in the Figure 1 not shown.

[0053] The connecting element 1 comprises a cuboid insulating body 2 which, in the installed state, is arranged between the ceiling / floor slab and the cantilevered slab. The insulating body 2 has a front side facing the load-introducing component in the installed state, a rear side facing the load-bearing component in the installed state, an upper side connecting the front and the rear side and arranged vertically upwards in the installed state, and a lower side connecting the front and the rear side and arranged vertically downwards in the installed state.

[0054] The insulating body 2 is equipped with a plate-shaped element 6.O on its upper side, which is arranged vertically upwards when installed. The plate-shaped element 6.O has a coating 5 on its surface facing away from the insulating body. To form the coating 5, a mixture of water and cement, i.e., cement slurry, was applied to a mineral fiber board using a notched trowel. Over time, the coating 5 forms through at least partial curing.

[0055] In addition, the insulating body 2 is equipped with a plate-shaped element 6.U on its underside, which is arranged vertically downwards in the installed state. The plate-shaped element 6.U has a coating 5 on its surface facing away from the insulating body (in Figure 1(not visible). To form coating 5, a mixture of water and cement, i.e., cement slurry, was applied to a mineral fiber board using a notched trowel. Over time, coating 5 forms through at least partial curing.

[0056] The front and back sides R of the insulating body 2 are penetrated in its edge areas by tension rods 3 and compression elements 4. In the Figure 1 The tension rods 3 and compression elements 4 penetrating the rear side R of the connecting element 1 are shown. The shear force rods penetrating the insulating body have been omitted for the sake of clarity.

[0057] The tension rods 3 are made of reinforcing steel and have a diameter of 8 mm to 16 mm, in particular 10 mm. In the area of ​​the insulating body 2, unribbed structural steel can also be used as the material for the tension rods 3. Shear force rods generally have a somewhat smaller diameter.

[0058] When assembling the connecting element 1 including reinforcement elements, the tension rods 3, the compression elements 4 and the shear force rods (not shown) are first fixed to the insulating body 2 by fastening elements, namely by clamps.

[0059] Then, the plate-shaped element 6.U is arranged on the lower surface of the insulating body 2 in the installed state, and the plate-shaped element 6.U is fixed to the insulating body 2 by gluing. Subsequently, the plate-shaped element 6.O is arranged on the upper surface of the insulating body 2 in the installed state, and the plate-shaped element 6.O is fixed to the insulating body 2 by gluing.

[0060] For additional stability, additional fastening elements can be added. These are typically nails or pins that penetrate the plate-shaped element 6.U and / or the plate-shaped element 6.O and each extend into the insulating body 2. In this way, the plate-shaped element 6.U, the plate-shaped element 6.O, and the insulating body 2 are securely and permanently fixed to each other, forming a compact unit.

[0061] The Figure 1The connecting element shown has excellent properties with regard to static load-bearing capacity and the introduction of forces into the building, thermal insulation between the cantilevered component and the building, and also has good resistance to weathering and mechanical stress, as well as excellent fire protection properties. List of reference symbols

[0062] 1Connection element 2Insulating body 3Reinforcing bars 4Compression elements 5Coating 6.O-plate element 6.U-plate element

Claims

1. A connecting element (1) for connecting a load-bearing component to a load-introducing component, comprising a cuboid insulating body (2) arranged between the load-bearing component and the load-introducing component in the installed state, wherein the cuboid insulating body (2) has a front side facing the load-introducing component in the installed state, a rear side facing the load-bearing component in the installed state, an upper side connecting the front and the rear side and arranged vertically upwards in the installed state, and a lower side connecting the front and the rear side and arranged vertically downwards in the installed state, wherein the front and rear sides of the insulating body (2) are penetrated by reinforcing bars (3), characterized in thata plate-shaped element (6.O, 6.U) is arranged at least on the upper side and / or at least on the underside of the insulating body (2), wherein the plate-shaped element (6.O, 6.U) is provided with a coating (5) on its surface facing away from the insulating body, wherein the coating (5) contains an at least partially cured inorganic binder.

2. Connection element (1) according to claim 1, characterized in that the plate-shaped element (6.O, 6.U) is fully provided with the coating (5) on its surface facing away from the insulating body.

3. Connection element (1) according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the plate-shaped element (6.O, 6.U) completely covers the top or bottom of the insulating body (2).

4. Connection element (1) according to one of claims 1 to 3, characterized in that In addition, the front and / or the back of the insulating body (2) is fully covered with the coating (5).

5. Connection element (1) according to claim 4, characterized in that the coating (5) of the front and / or the back of the insulating body (2) is in direct contact with the surface of the insulating body (2).

6. Connection element (1) according to claim 4, characterized in that the coating (5) of the front side and / or the back side of the insulating body (2) is arranged on a surface of a plate-shaped element bearing the coating (5) facing away from the insulating body, wherein the plate-shaped element is arranged on the insulating body (2).

7. Connection element (1) according to one of claims 1 to 6, characterized in that the entire insulating body (2) is fully covered with the coating (5).

8. Connection element (1) according to one of claims 1 to 7, characterized in that the coating (5) contains aggregates, in particular aggregates in the form of polymers, sand and / or gravel.

9. Connection element (1) according to one of claims 1 to 8, characterized in that the at least partially cured inorganic binder is contained in the coating (5) in a proportion of at least 5 wt.%, preferably at least 10 wt.%, particularly preferably at least 20 wt.%.

10. Connection element (1) according to one of claims 1 to 9, characterized in that the inorganic binder is a hydraulic binder, preferably cement.

11. Use of a connecting element (1) according to one of claims 1 to 10 for connecting a load-bearing component to a load-introducing component.

12. Use according to claim 11, characterized in that the load-introducing, in particular cantilevered, component is a slab, in particular a cantilever slab, a balcony, a console, a loggia slab, a cantilevered wall panel or a facade element.

13. Use according to claim 11 or 12, characterized in thatthe load-bearing component is a ceiling / floor slab, a ceiling slab or a wall.

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