Method for processing insects and powders obtained thereby

Abstract

The invention relates to a method for processing insects (30), the method comprising the following steps: - grinding the insects; then - separating the ground insects into an oily fraction, a solid fraction and an aqueous fraction; - drying the solid fraction; and - at least screening the dried solid fraction through a sieve that has a mesh size of 2 mm or less. The invention also relates to a method for preparing a meal, comprising a method for processing insects, and a step 10) of mixing at least two different screened solid fractions to obtain a meal.

Description

[0001] DESCRIPTION

[0002] Process for treating insects and powders obtained

[0003] The present invention relates to a method for treating insects. The invention also relates to a method for preparing a flour. The invention also relates to powders, in particular a powder obtainable by the method for treating insects according to the invention, and flours, and the use of these powders and flours in food, in particular in animal feed.

[0004] The breeding of edible insects, such as the black soldier fly or the mealworm, is growing rapidly, with the aim of producing new sources of ingredients for animal and human food. Two products are mainly extracted and marketed from whole insects: protein meal, mainly intended for the formulation of feed for farmed fish such as salmonids, and fat (oil or grease), mainly intended to enrich feed for monogastric animals such as poultry and pigs.

[0005] Typically, the insect is slaughtered and processed at the final larval stage. The larvae undergo mechanical and thermal processing to separate their various constituents: an aqueous protein solution on the one hand, the fat on the other, and finally the defatted, protein-rich solid matter, called dried protein cake. This protein cake is mixed with the aqueous protein solution and then ground to produce protein flour. The latter is composed mainly of proteins (50-70% by weight), residual fats (6-15% by weight), minerals (7-9% by weight) and fibers, the main component of which is chitin (5-10% by weight). This biopolymer comes in particular from the cuticles (exoskeletons) of the larvae, to which it gives their rigidity and structure.

[0006] The quality of protein flour depends primarily on two factors: its protein content and its digestibility. Improving one, the other, or both parameters leads to an increase in the product's value.

[0007] Insect protein meal is primarily composed of protein from the inside of the larva and dry matter from insect cuticles, molts, and shells. These cuticles are particularly rich in chitin and proteins embedded in the chitinous matrix. Their digestibility varies depending on the species and the amount of chitin in the ration.

[0008] The presence of cuticles in protein flour can have a negative impact on both the crude protein content of the finished product and its digestibility, at least in some species. Application WO2018 / 122476 describes, in particular, a method for treating insects comprising separating the cuticles from the soft part of the insects, which makes it possible to obtain an insect powder with a reduced chitin content.

[0009] Cependant, chez certaines espèces animales (Using chitosan and chito- oligosaccharide in animal nutrition, Dr Hanbae Lee, Ph.D. https: / / www.allaboutfeed.net / animal-feed / feed-additives / using-chitosan-and-chito- oligosaccharide-in-animal-nutrition / ) telles que les crevettes (The protective effect of chitin and chitosan against Vibrio alginolyticus in white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei, Shi-Hong Wang et al. https: / / doi.Org / 10.1016 / j.fsi.2004.1 1.003), les crustacés (The effect of dietary chitin supplementation on the survival and immune reactivity of the shore crab, Carcinus maenas, Adam Powell et al. https: / / doi.Org / 10.1016 / j.cbpa.2006.12.027), les saumons, les truites (Chapter 24 - Chitin and chitosan as promising immunostimulant for aquaculture, Dibyendu Kamilya et al. https: / / doi.org / 10.1016 / B978-0-12-817966-6.00024-8) ou les animaux de compagnie (Impact of Insect Protein on Your Dogs Digestive Health, https: / / jiminys.com / blogs / news / impact-of-insect-protein-on-pet-gut-health and In vitro digestibility and fermentability of selected insects for dog foods, G. Bosch et al. https: / / doi.Org / 10.1016 / j.anifeedsci.2016.08.018), but also for human nutrition, the presence of chitin has been described as favorable for growth performance and / or for intestinal health (due to its fiber-like structure and via prebiotic effects).

[0010] There is therefore a need to obtain insect protein flours with different determined composition profiles, which can be obtained by custom mixing according to the desired nutritional needs.

[0011] In particular, there is a need to obtain such insect protein meals in a simple manner.

[0012] The Applicant has now developed a process in which the protein content and digestibility of the protein meal resulting from the processing of insect larvae can be modulated by the particle size segmentation of the particles obtained from the dried protein cake. In particular, it is possible to obtain fractions each having a different nutritional profile, in particular having distinct protein and chitin contents. Such a process is also interesting because it uses the entire insect as starting material, i.e. does not require pre-treatment.

[0013] The invention therefore relates to a method for treating insects comprising the following steps:

[0014] - crushing insects, then

[0015] - separation of crushed insects into an oily fraction, a solid fraction and an aqueous fraction,

[0016] - drying of the solid fraction, and

[0017] - at least one sieving of the dried solid fraction through a sieve having mesh sizes less than or equal to 2 mm, preferably less than or equal to 1 mm.

[0018] By "insects" we mean insects at any stage of development, such as adult, larval, or nymph stage.

[0019] The cuticle is the outer layer (or exoskeleton) secreted by the epidermis of insects. It is generally made up of three layers: the epicuticle, the exocuticle, and the endocuticle.

[0020] Advantageously, the insects used in the method according to the invention are at a larval stage.

[0021] Preferably, the insects used in the method according to the invention are edible. Advantageously, the preferred insects for implementing the method according to the invention are, for example, Coleoptera, Diptera, Lepidoptera, Isoptera, Orthoptera, Hymenoptera, Blattoptera, Hemyptera, Heteroptera, Ephemeroptera and Mecoptera; preferably Coleoptera, Diptera, Orthoptera, Lepidoptera or mixtures thereof; even more preferably Diptera.

[0022] The diptera preferentially used in the method according to the invention belong to the Stratiomyidae families, or mixtures thereof. More preferably, it is the diptera Hermetia illucens (black soldier fly).

[0023] The beetles preferably used in the method according to the invention belong to the families Tenebrionidae, Melolonthidae, Dermestidae, Coccinellidae, Cerambycidae, Carabidae, Buprestidae, Cetoniidae, Dryophthoridae, or mixtures thereof. More preferably, they are the following beetles: Tenebrio molitor, Alphitobius diaperinus, Zophobas morio, Tenebrio obscurus, Tribolium castaneum and Rhynchophorus ferrugineus, or mixtures thereof.

[0024] Sieving the solid fraction through a sieve with a mesh size of 2 mm or less makes it possible to separate the fraction of particles with a size of less than 2 mm from the larger particle size fraction. The term larger particle size fraction means the fraction with an average size greater than the mesh size of the sieve, in particular in this case greater than 2 mm.

[0025] At the end of the process according to the invention, fractions are recovered.

[0026] These fractions can be mixed to obtain flour.

[0027] The method of treating insects according to the invention may comprise, unless otherwise stated, one or more additional optional steps between each step specifically described.

[0028] Preferably, the insect treatment method according to the invention comprises a step of concentrating the aqueous fraction (i.e. resulting from the separation of the crushed insects), then mixing the concentrated aqueous fraction obtained with the solid fraction, then drying the mixture and sieving it.

[0029] Alternatively, preferably, the insect treatment method according to the invention comprises a step of concentrating and drying the aqueous fraction (i.e. resulting from the separation of the ground insects), then mixing the dried concentrated aqueous fraction obtained with the dried and sieved solid fraction; the dried and sieved solid fraction corresponds to the fraction of particles with a size less than 2 mm, or to the fraction of particles with a size greater than 2 mm. According to this alternative, the dried concentrated aqueous fraction is mixed with the dried solid fraction after its sieving.

[0030] The method for treating insects according to the invention may comprise a slaughtering step prior to the insect grinding step.

[0031] Advantageously, following slaughter step 1, the insects are used directly for the implementation of grinding step 2, i.e. the insects are not subjected to any treatment, such as freezing or dehydration between step 1 and step 2.

[0032] This slaughtering step is further described in step 1 of the detailed method for treating insects according to the invention below. Preferably, after separating the ground insects into a solid fraction, an aqueous fraction and an oily fraction, the method for treating insects according to the invention comprises a step of drying the solid fraction to obtain a dry solid fraction. This step is further described in step 4 of the detailed method for treating insects according to the invention below.

[0033] Preferably, the method for treating insects according to the invention further comprises a step of grinding the sieved dry solid fraction. This step is more fully described in step 9 of the detailed method for treating insects according to the invention below.

[0034] According to a preferred embodiment of the method for treating insects according to the invention, this is a method for preparing a powder, and in particular an insect powder, and comprises the following steps:

[0035] 1) the killing of insects;

[0036] 2) crushing insects;

[0037] 3) separation of crushed insects into a solid fraction, an aqueous fraction and an oily fraction;

[0038] 4) drying of the solid fraction obtained in step 3;

[0039] 5) at least one sieving of the dried solid fraction obtained in step 4 through a sieve having mesh sizes less than or equal to 2 mm, preferably less than or equal to 1 mm;

[0040] 6) optionally, the transformation of the higher particle size fraction obtained in step 5;

[0041] 7) optionally, the concentration and / or drying of the aqueous fraction obtained in step 3;

[0042] 8) optionally, mixing the concentrated and / or dried aqueous fraction obtained in step 7 with the solid fraction obtained in step 3 or 5 to obtain a mixture; and

[0043] 9) optionally, grinding of the sieved dry solid fraction obtained in step 5.

[0044] Preferably, according to the invention, the method does not contain a pH change step, in particular by acidification of the medium.

[0045] Preferably, according to the invention, the process does not contain any hydrolysis step during the steps of grinding the insects, separating them into an oily fraction, a solid fraction and an aqueous fraction, and drying the solid fraction; in particular the process does not contain any enzymatic hydrolysis step.

[0046] Preferably, according to the invention, the process does not contain any hydrolysis step during step 1), 2), 3) and / or 4), in particular no enzymatic hydrolysis step. Preferably, the insect ground material obtained at the end of step 2) is not hydrolyzed; on the contrary, it is directly used in step 3).

[0047] Detailed method of treating insects according to the invention

[0048] • Step 1: Killing the insects

[0049] This first stage of slaughter can advantageously be carried out by thermal shock, such as scalding or blanching. This first stage allows the insects to be killed while reducing the microbial load (reducing the risk of spoilage and health) and inactivating the insects' internal enzymes.

[0050] For scalding, insects, preferably larvae, are scalded in water for 2 to 20 minutes, preferably 5 to 15 minutes. Preferably, the water is at a temperature between 40 and 100°C, preferably 50 to 90°C.

[0051] The quantity of water introduced during scalding is determined as follows: the ratio of the volume of water in ml to the weight in g of insect is preferably between 0.3 and 10, more preferably between 0.5 and 5, even more preferably between 0.7 and 3, even more preferably of the order of 1.

[0052] For blanching, insects, preferably larvae, are blanched with water or steam (nozzles or steam bed) or in mixed mode (water + steam) at a temperature between 40 and 105°C, preferably between 45 and 105°C, more preferably between 50 and 100°C. When the insects are blanched only with steam, blanching is advantageously carried out in forced steam blanching chambers. The residence time in the blanching chamber is between 5 seconds and 15 minutes, preferably between 1 and 7 min.

[0053] Advantageously, following slaughter step 1, the insects are directly used for implementing insect grinding step 2, i.e. the insects are not subjected to any treatment, such as freezing or dehydration between step 1 and step 2. Preferably, the method according to the invention does not include the use of a belt separator.

[0054] • Step 2: Crushing the insects Once killed, the insects are crushed. A crusher such as a knife mill or a conical crusher (such as the conical crushers ("Kek cone mills") from Kemutec) can be used, for example.

[0055] Advantageously, at the end of this grinding, the particle size is less than 1 cm (largest particle size observable using a microscope), preferably less than 8 mm.

[0056] • Step 3: Separation of the crushed insects into a solid fraction, an aqueous fraction and an oily fraction

[0057] The objective of this step is to recover three fractions from the ground insects obtained in step 2, namely a solid fraction, an aqueous fraction, and an oily fraction. The solid fraction is also called protein cake.

[0058] Preferably, the method does not contain a pH change step, in particular by acidification of the medium between steps 2 and 3.

[0059] According to one possible implementation of the invention, the method may comprise a heating step between steps 2 and 3.

[0060] According to a first embodiment, this separation step is carried out in two sub-steps.

[0061] In the first sub-step, the insect ground material is subjected to decantation using a 2-phase decanter, so as to obtain a solid fraction and a liquid fraction.

[0062] In the second sub-step, the liquid fraction is subjected to centrifugation, so as to recover an oily fraction and an aqueous fraction. Advantageously, in this second sub-step, a plate centrifuge is used.

[0063] According to a second embodiment of step 3, the insect ground material is subjected to decantation using a 3-phase decanter, so as to directly obtain an aqueous fraction, an oily fraction and a solid fraction. Suitable 3-phase decanters are, for example, the Tricanter® from the company Flottweg, or the 3-phase decanters from the company GEA, such as the CA 225-03-33 decanter.

[0064] Advantageously, the separation is carried out according to the second embodiment. Indeed, the use of a 2-phase or 3-phase decanter, alone or in the form of two decanters in series, makes it possible to obtain a particularly effective separation of the phases.

[0065] More particularly, the solid fraction obtained has a high dry matter content, the aqueous fraction has little insoluble sediment (originating from the solid fraction) and oil, and the oily fraction has little insoluble sediment (originating from the solid fraction) and water. The oily fraction typically has a lipid content greater than or equal to 90%, preferably greater than or equal to 95%, even more preferably greater than or equal to 99% by weight of the total weight of the oily fraction.

[0066] The solid fraction typically has a dry matter content of between 45 and 65% by weight of the total weight of the solid fraction.

[0067] The aqueous fraction typically has a protein content of between 15 and 60% by weight, preferably between 35 and 50% by weight, based on the total dry weight of the aqueous fraction. Typically the dry matter content of the aqueous fraction is between 3 and 10% by weight based on the total weight of the aqueous fraction.

[0068] • Step 4: Drying of the solid fraction obtained in step 3

[0069] The solid fraction obtained in step 3 is dried to obtain a dry solid fraction (dried protein cake).

[0070] Advantageously, the drying is carried out using a disc dryer, a tubular dryer, a propeller dryer, a flash dryer, a thin-film dryer or an atomizing dryer. Preferably, the drying is carried out using a disc or tubular dryer, or with a fluidized bed system. Suitable tubular dryers are, for example, those from the company Tummers (Simon Dryers Technology). Suitable disc dryers are, for example, those from the company Haarslev. The drying can be carried out between 1 and 10 hours, preferably between 1 and 5 hours. Advantageously, the drying is carried out at a temperature between 50°C and 200°C, preferably between 55°C and 90°C. Preferably, the drying is carried out under vacuum.

[0071] In dried form, protein cake typically has the following composition:

[0072] The protein cake typically has a chitin content of between 10% and 15% by dry weight. In the present application, the determination of the chitin content is carried out by analysis of Van Soest type fibers, then by subtraction of the ADF - ADL parameters obtained by this method. This analytical method is notably described in the article by Hahn et al. "New methods for high-accuracy insect chitin measurement" (2018). Such a method for determining the chitin content is illustrated in examples.

[0073] Furthermore, the protein cake contains from 8% to 18% by weight of lipids on the total dry weight. The methods for determining the fat (lipid) content are well known to those skilled in the art. By way of example and preferably, the determination of this content will be carried out following the method of EC Regulation 152 / 2009. In addition, the protein cake contains between 50 and 70% by weight of proteins on the total dry weight. In the context of the present application, by "proteins", we mean the quantity of crude proteins. The quantification of crude proteins is well known to those skilled in the art. By way of example, we can cite the Kjeldahl method. It should be noted, however, that this method is based on the measurement of the nitrogen content. However, chitin contains nitrogen at a content of around 8%.Therefore, the following method is used in the present invention: the amino acid profile present in the protein cake is analyzed, and then the sum of the individual amino acid (aa) contents is calculated to obtain the total protein content. This circumvents the bias of nitrogen measurement methods.

[0074] Finally, the protein cake comprises 5 to 7% of total dry weight of crude ash. Methods for determining the crude ash content are well known to those skilled in the art. Preferably, the crude ash has been determined according to the method covered by EC Regulation 152 / 2009 of 27-01-2009.

[0075] • Step 5: Sieving the solid fraction through a sieve with mesh sizes less than or equal to 2 mm, preferably less than or equal to 1 mm

[0076] The dried solid fraction (protein cake), obtained at the end of step 4, is sieved through a sieve having mesh sizes less than or equal to 2 mm, preferably less than or equal to 1 mm.

[0077] Preferably, the meshes have a size between 400 μm and 2 mm, preferably equal to 2 mm, preferably equal to 1 mm.

[0078] As sieves suitable for the invention, mention may be made of the VRS600 sieves marketed by Allgaier or the Circular vibrating sieve MR by Vibrowest.

[0079] It is understood that when a sieve with mesh size X is used, the sieved fraction has a D99, less than X. The fraction remaining on the sieve (retentate) has a size greater than X. By D50 or D99, we mean the particle size for which respectively 50% or 99% of the weight of the sieved fraction has a smaller particle size.

[0080] Sieving makes it possible to separate the fraction of particles with a size less than or equal to 2 mm, preferably less than or equal to 1 mm, from the larger particle size fraction. The sieved fraction thus obtained is of primary interest according to the invention: it can be mixed in a manner suitable for this purpose with at least one other fraction of a given size and / or composition, to obtain a flour. In particular, the fraction sieved with a sieve having mesh sizes equal to 1 mm (i.e. fraction having a particle size less than 1 mm) is enriched in proteins and sees its chitin concentration decrease, which makes it possible to improve its digestibility. Indeed, such a fraction whose particles have a size less than 1 mm typically has the following composition:

[0081] It typically has a chitin content of less than 10% by dry weight, preferably between 1% and 10% by dry weight, preferably between 3% and 9% by dry weight.

[0082] Furthermore, it comprises at least 55% by weight of proteins relative to the total dry weight, preferably from 55% to 80%, preferably from 55% to 70%.

[0083] Finally, it comprises at least 5% by dry weight of crude ash, preferably at least 5.5% by dry weight, preferably between 5 and 10% by dry weight, preferably between 5 and 9% by dry weight.

[0084] At the end of step 5, the corresponding fraction is recovered after sieving.

[0085] Preferably, step 5 comprises:

[0086] - at least one sieving of the solid fraction through a sieve having mesh sizes equal to 2 mm; and / or

[0087] - at least one sieving of the solid fraction through a sieve having mesh sizes less than or equal to 1 mm, preferably equal to 1 mm; and / or

[0088] - at least one sieving of the solid fraction through a sieve having mesh sizes between 350 and 950 pm (for example equal to 400 pm or 600 pm or 800 pm), preferably between 350 and 500 pm, preferably equal to 400 pm.

[0089] Optionally, step 5 also comprises at least one sieving of the solid fraction through a sieve having mesh sizes between 0.5 and 2 mm, preferably equal to 1 mm.

[0090] Preferably, step 5 comprises:

[0091] - at least one sieving of the solid fraction through a sieve having mesh sizes equal to 2 mm; and

[0092] - at least one sieving of the solid fraction through a sieve having mesh sizes less than or equal to 1 mm, preferably equal to 1 mm; and - at least one sieving of the solid fraction through a sieve having mesh sizes equal to 400 pm or 600 pm or 800 pm, preferably equal to 400 pm.

[0093] Preferably, step 5 comprises:

[0094] - at least one sieving of the solid fraction through a sieve having mesh sizes equal to 2 mm; and

[0095] - at least one sieving of the solid fraction through a sieve having mesh sizes equal to 1 mm; and

[0096] - at least one sieving of the solid fraction through a sieve having mesh sizes equal to 400 pm.

[0097] We thus obtain 4 sub-fractions, having the following respective sizes:

[0098] - a sub-fraction whose particles have a size less than 400 pm;

[0099] - a sub-fraction whose particles have a size between 400 pm and 1 mm; a sub-fraction whose particles have a size between 1 mm and 2 mm; and

[0100] - a sub-fraction whose particles have a size greater than 2 mm.

[0101] The sub-fraction with particles smaller than 400 pm typically has the following composition:

[0102] The chitin content is less than or equal to 6.5% by dry weight, preferably less than 6% by dry weight, preferably between 1% and 6% by dry weight, preferably between 3% and 5% by dry weight.

[0103] The protein content is at least 52% by weight relative to the total dry weight, preferably at least 55% by weight relative to the total dry weight, preferably 60% to 80%, preferably 60% to 70%.

[0104] The crude ash content is at least 6% by dry weight, preferably at least 6.5% by dry weight, preferably at least 7% by dry weight.

[0105] Preferably, all of the above contents (chitin, protein and crude ash) are present cumulatively in the sub-fraction whose particles have a size less than 400 pm.

[0106] The sub-fraction with particles between 400 pm and 1 mm in size typically has the following composition:

[0107] The chitin content is between 5% and 10% by dry weight, preferably between 6% and 10% by dry weight, preferably between 6% and 9% by dry weight. The protein content is at least 55% by weight relative to the total dry weight, preferably from 55% to 70%, preferably from 55% to 60%.

[0108] The crude ash content is at least 5% by dry weight, preferably at least 5.5% by dry weight.

[0109] Preferably, all of the above contents (chitin, protein and crude ash) are present cumulatively in the sub-fraction whose particles have a size between 400 pm and 1 mm.

[0110] The sub-fraction with particles between 1 mm and 2 mm in size typically has the following composition:

[0111] The chitin content is at least 10% by dry weight, preferably between 11% and 30% by dry weight, preferably between 15% and 25% by dry weight.

[0112] The protein content is less than 50% by weight relative to the total dry weight, preferably 30% to 50%, preferably 40% to 50%.

[0113] The crude ash content is less than 5% by dry weight, preferably 3.9 to 4.5% by dry weight.

[0114] Preferably, all of the above contents (chitin, protein and crude ash) are present cumulatively in the sub-fraction whose particles have a size between 1 mm and 2 mm.

[0115] The sub-fraction with particles larger than 2 mm typically has the following composition:

[0116] The chitin content is at least 15% by dry weight, preferably between 20% and 30% by dry weight, preferably between 20% and 25% by dry weight.

[0117] The protein content is less than 55% by weight relative to the total dry weight, preferably 30% to 55%, preferably 45% to 55%.

[0118] The crude ash content is less than or equal to 5% by dry weight, preferably less than 3.9% by dry weight, preferably 3 to 3.9% by dry weight.

[0119] Preferably, all of the above contents (chitin, protein and crude ash) are present cumulatively in the sub-fraction whose particles have a size greater than 2 mm.

[0120] Preferably, the total protein content of the subfraction whose particles have a size less than 400 pm is at least 8% higher than the total protein content of the subfraction whose particles have a size greater than 2 mm. Preferably, the chitin content of the subfraction whose particles have a size less than 400 pm is at least 65% lower than the chitin content of the subtraction whose particles have a size greater than 2 mm.

[0121] Preferably, the content of essential amino acids, in particular for salmonids, of the sub-fraction whose particles have a size of less than 400 pm is at least 20%, preferably at least 25%, higher than the content of essential amino acids of the sub-fraction whose particles have a size of more than 2 mm.

[0122] • Step 6: Transformation of the upper particle size fraction

[0123] The sieving in step 5 separates the fraction of particles smaller than 2 mm from the larger particle size fraction (i.e. the fraction of particles larger than 2 mm). This larger particle size fraction can be processed.

[0124] If several sievings are carried out, then several particle size fractions are obtained at the end of step 5, which can also be transformed in this step 6.

[0125] According to a first example, enzymatic hydrolysis can be carried out. It allows the recovery of a protein hydrolysate, and this hydrolysate can be recovered independently or reinjected into the fraction in dried form.

[0126] According to a second example, chitin can be extracted from the solid hydrolysis residue, for example by a chemical method, and recovered independently. A conventional chemical method for extracting chitin can comprise a demineralization step, for example by acid treatment (HCl or organic acids for example) then separation of the solid phase by washing then neutralization; a step of eliminating proteins by alkaline treatment (for example NaOH); a step of eliminating residual pigments (for example with sodium hypochlorite or hydrogen peroxide); then a step of converting the chitin into chitosan by deacetylation with an alkaline solution (of the NaOH type).

[0127] According to a third example, the upper particle size fraction can be mixed with a protein cake, for example in order to enrich the latter with chitin.

[0128] • Step 7: Concentration and / or drying of the aqueous fraction

[0129] The aqueous fraction obtained in step 3 is then optionally concentrated and / or dried, to obtain a concentrated and / or dried aqueous fraction.

[0130] Advantageously, the concentration is carried out by evaporation. Advantageously, the evaporation is carried out at a temperature between 30 and 100°C, preferably between 60 and 80°C. Preferably, the evaporation is carried out at a pressure between 50 and 1013 mbar, preferably at 1013 mbar, or alternatively preferably at a pressure between 300 and 500 mbar. The evaporation is preferably carried out for a period ranging from a few minutes to a few hours, preferably between 3h and 24h. The concentration is preferably carried out using a falling film evaporator, a rising-flow plate evaporator, or a thin-film evaporator. This type of standard equipment can be used without encountering any fouling problems, thanks in particular to the low quantity of sediment present in the aqueous fraction.

[0131] Preferably, drying is carried out by atomization or by a fluidized bed system.

[0132] • Step 8: Mixing the concentrated and / or dried aqueous fraction with the solid fraction

[0133] All or part of the concentrated and / or dried aqueous fraction obtained in step 7 may optionally be mixed with the solid fraction obtained in step 3 or 5 to obtain a mixture.

[0134] Advantageously, the mixture is homogenized so as to facilitate its further processing (e.g. steps 4 and following). Mixers that can be used are, for example, conical screw mixers, such as those from Vrieco-Nauta®, or pendulum mixers, such as those from PMS.

[0135] Advantageously, all or part of the dried (and optionally concentrated) aqueous fraction obtained in step 7 can be mixed with the sieved dried solid fraction obtained in step 5 to obtain a mixture.

[0136] Advantageously, all or part of the concentrated aqueous fraction obtained in step 7 can be mixed with the solid fraction obtained in step 3 to obtain a mixture, which will be dried (step 4).

[0137] • Step 9: Grinding of the sieved dry solid fraction obtained in step 5

[0138] Following the sieving in step 5, grinding can be carried out and a powder is obtained. By "powder" we mean a composition in the form of particles.

[0139] Preferably, the powder according to the invention is an insect powder, i.e. a powder prepared solely from insects and optionally water. The equipment may be the same as that of step 2: a mill such as a knife mill or a conical mill (such as the conical mills ("Kek cone mills") from the company Kemutec) may for example be used. Depending on whether the optional steps 6 to 8 are implemented or not, different powders may be obtained, namely: a powder resulting solely from the solid fraction (steps 6 to 8 not implemented): implementation of steps 1 to 5 and optionally step 9; or a powder resulting from the mixing of the solid fraction and all or part of the concentrated aqueous fraction (steps 7 and optionally 8 implemented).

[0140] The products obtained at the end of the insect treatment process according to the invention are called fractions or powders. They are then mixed to obtain a flour.

[0141] The invention also relates to the products resulting from the insect treatment process according to the invention.

[0142] The invention further relates to a solid fraction or a powder obtainable by the insect treatment method according to the invention.

[0143] The invention also relates to a solid fraction or a powder (low in chitin), in particular the particles of which have a size of less than 1 mm, comprising at least 55% by weight of proteins and a content of less than 10% by weight of chitin, the percentages by weight being indicated on the total dry weight of the solid fraction.

[0144] Said solid fraction or said powder typically has a chitin content of less than 10% by dry weight, preferably between 1% and 10% by dry weight, preferably between 3% and 9% by dry weight.

[0145] Furthermore, the solid fraction or powder comprises at least 55% by weight of proteins relative to the total dry weight, preferably from 55% to 80%, preferably from 55% to 70%.

[0146] Finally, the solid fraction or powder comprises at least 5% by dry weight of crude ash, preferably at least 5.5% by dry weight. Preferably, the solid fraction or powder comprises between 5 and 10% by weight, preferably between 5 and 9% by weight of crude ash, on the total dry weight of solid fraction.

[0147] Furthermore, protein digestibility in humans and animals is strongly influenced by protein size. In animal nutrition, it is common to reduce protein size to facilitate animal digestion. This reduction in protein size is generally achieved through hydrolysis processes (e.g., enzymatic), which are particularly costly to implement. The solid fraction or powder contains soluble proteins that are small enough to facilitate animal digestion.

[0148] Advantageously, the proteins of the solid fraction or of the powder according to the invention have a digestibility greater than or equal to 80% by weight on the total weight of crude proteins. The digestibility is a pepsic digestibility (ileal digestibility in vitro) measured by the Boisen method, illustrated in the examples: the principle of this method is based on a multi-enzymatic digestion of the crude proteins, and comprises: successive attacks with pepsin (gastric phase) then with pancreatin (intestinal phase); precipitation by acid route of the undigested proteins; filtration on a frit and drying of the residue obtained; determination of the crude protein content of this residue; and the result brought back to the initial protein content, which thus indicates the percentage of digestibility of the food.

[0149] Preferably, digestibility is greater than or equal to 81%.

[0150] The invention also relates to a solid fraction or a powder (rich in chitin), in particular the particles of which have a size greater than 1 mm, comprising a content of less than 59% by weight of proteins and preferably strictly less than 55% by weight of proteins, and a content greater than 15% by weight of chitin, the percentages by weight being indicated on the total dry weight of the solid fraction. The solid fraction or the powder in this case typically has a chitin content greater than 20% by dry weight, preferably between 15% and 30% by dry weight, preferably between 20% and 25% by dry weight. Finally, the solid fraction or the powder comprises less than 5.5% by dry weight of crude ash, preferably less than 5% by dry weight.

[0151] Other fractions having variable chitin contents can be obtained with the process according to the invention.

[0152] The invention also relates to a solid fraction or a powder obtainable by the insect treatment process comprising the following steps:

[0153] 1) the killing of insects;

[0154] 2) crushing insects;

[0155] 3) separation of crushed insects into a solid fraction, an aqueous fraction and an oily fraction;

[0156] 4) drying the solid fraction obtained in step 3; 5) at least one sieving of the dried solid fraction obtained in step 4 through a sieve having mesh sizes less than or equal to 2 mm, preferably less than or equal to 1 mm;

[0157] 6) optionally, the transformation of the higher particle size fraction obtained in step 5;

[0158] 7) optionally, the concentration and / or drying of the aqueous fraction obtained in step 3;

[0159] 8) optionally, mixing the concentrated and / or dried aqueous fraction obtained in step 7 with the solid fraction obtained in step 3 or 5 to obtain a mixture; and

[0160] 9) optionally, grinding of the sieved dry solid fraction obtained in step 5.

[0161] This method of treating insects may further comprise one or more of the characteristics described above.

[0162] The invention also relates to a method for preparing a flour, comprising a method for treating insects according to the invention, and a step 10) of mixing at least two different sieved solid fractions, to obtain a flour.

[0163] The present invention also relates to a flour comprising a mixture of at least two solid fractions or powders capable of being obtained above. Such a flour is custom-formulated from the solid fractions or powders obtained by the insect treatment method of the invention.

[0164] The invention further relates to the use of a solid fraction or powder according to the invention, or a flour according to the invention, in food, preferably in animal feed. In particular, the solid fraction or powder according to the invention, or the flour according to the invention, can be used for feeding certain animal species, preferably shrimp, salmon, trout and / or pets. Preferably, it can also be used for human food.

[0165] The invention is now illustrated by the following examples.

[0166] Example 1: Method for treating insects according to the invention

[0167] Obtaining defatted Black Soldier Fly powder:

[0168] The Black Soldier Fly larvae, previously slaughtered and washed (Step 1), are ground using a knife mill (max size: 8 mm) (Step 2). After the separation step using a tricanter (Step 3), the solid fraction is dried (Step 4) and collected. It is subsequently called "defatted powder".

[0169] Separation of fractions by size:

[0170] The defatted powder obtained in the previous step is weighed and then sieved through a laboratory sieve (Retsch) with a mesh size of 2 mm. The fraction greater than 2 mm is retained and weighed, the fraction less than 2 mm is sieved through a laboratory sieve (Retsch) with a mesh size of 1 mm (Step 5). Again, the fraction greater than the sieve size is retained and weighed and the fraction less than the sieve size is sieved through a smaller mesh size (400 μm). The two fractions thus obtained are retained and weighed.

[0171] Four fractions are thus obtained and analyzed.

[0172] Analysis methods:

[0173] Amino acid profile (aa): analysis by ion chromatography (UV), method reference: ISO 13903:2005; EU 152 / 2009, after preparation by acid hydrolysis (all aa except Cys, Met, Trp); oxidative hydrolysis (Cys, Met) and hydrolysis with Barium hydroxide (Trp);

[0174] Sum of essential amino acids (as reported in https: / / www.fao.org / fishery / affris / species-profiles / atlantic-salmon / nutritional-requirements / en / #:~:text=Like%20other%20fish%20species%2C%20salmon,in%2 0protein%20for%20normal%20growth) especially for salmonids: The individual contents of arginine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan and valine are summed to estimate the essential amino acid content for salmonids;

[0175] - Total fat: analysis according to EU directive 152 / 2009, method B, with hydrolysis of fat;

[0176] - Raw ash: combustion at 550°C, measurement by gravimetry;

[0177] Chitin content estimation: Chitin content is estimated according to the methodology proposed by Hahn et al. (2018), “New methods for high-accuracy insect chitin measurement”. Thus, a determination of fiber contents according to the Van Soest method is carried out, then the ADF and ADL values ​​are subtracted to obtain the estimated value of chitin in the sample;

[0178] Ileal digestibility: The in vitro ileal digestibility of crude protein samples is determined using the Boisen method. Calculation of mass fractions:

[0179] The mass ratios expressed in % of each fraction collected by sieving are calculated: msieved / mtotal 100

[0180] Analysis results:

[0181] [Table 1]

[0182] Conclusion: As is known to those skilled in the art, chitin is a polysaccharide synthesized by different species such as fungi, crustaceans or insects. Its structure is comparable to that of cellulose, it plays a structural role similar to that of keratin. It is notably present in the cuticular structures of the Black Soldier Fly larva. A number of animal species do not produce chitinase capable of degrading this biopolymer during digestion.

[0183] The data presented in this example show that the separation of the solid fraction larger than 1 mm makes it possible to separate a product rich in chitin (> 22% on dry matter or DM), which in fact has a less advantageous ileal digestibility (75%). The use of solid fractions smaller than 1 mm in animal nutrition, on the contrary, makes it possible to offer an ingredient with higher added value, with a chitin content of at least less than 8% and presenting an excellent ileal digestibility of more than 82%.

[0184] It is also observed that the total protein content of the fraction < 400 pm is at least 10% higher than the total protein content of the fraction > 2 mm. More specifically, the essential amino acid content for salmonids of the fraction < 400 pm is at least 35% higher than the essential amino acid content of the fraction > 2 mm.

[0185] Furthermore, the chitin content of the fraction < 400 pm is at least 80% lower than the chitin content of the fraction > 2 mm.

[0186] Example 2: Process for treating the aqueous fraction of insects according to the invention

[0187] Obtaining a powder from the aqueous fraction:

[0188] The aqueous fraction obtained in step 3 and containing approximately 5% dry matter (DM) is concentrated (Step 7) using a rotavapor or a plate evaporator until it reaches approximately 40% dry matter.

[0189] The concentrate thus obtained is then dried on a Sicca Dania “Multi Stages Dryer” (MSD) atomization tower equipped with a bi-fluid nozzle and operating with a temperature differential of 100°C (Stage 7).

[0190] Analysis results:

[0191] [Table 2]

[0192] Conclusion :

[0193] The aqueous fraction powder can be combined with other fractions in a proportion typically between 0% and 50% of the mass of the final ingredient obtained. Thus, given that the aqueous fraction powder has a Boisen digestibility of approximately 100%, and that the fractions < 1 mm low in chitin have a Boisen digestibility of around 82%, the use of the aqueous traction powder combined with the fractions < 1 mm low in chitin makes it possible to formulate a particularly high-performance ingredient for animal nutrition, with an ileal digestibility of between 82% (i.e. with 0% aqueous fraction powder) and more than 90% (i.e. with 50% aqueous fraction powder).

[0194] Example 3: Process for treating the solid fraction according to the invention

[0195] Obtaining defatted Black Soldier Fly powder:

[0196] The Black Soldier Fly larvae, previously slaughtered and washed (Step 1), are ground using a knife mill (max size: 8 mm) (Step 2). After the separation step using a tricanter (Step 3), the solid fraction is dried (Step 4) and collected. It is subsequently called "defatted powder".

[0197] Separation of fractions by size:

[0198] The defatted powder obtained in Step 4 is weighed and then sieved through a laboratory sieve (Retsch) with a mesh size of 1 mm (Step 5). Two fractions are thus obtained, weighed and analyzed.

[0199] Analysis methods:

[0200] - Kjeldahl protein content: titrimetric analysis adapted from EC Regulation 152 / 2009. The protein content is calculated with the factor 6.25; - Total fat: analysis according to EU Directive 152 / 2009, method B, with fat hydrolysis;

[0201] - Raw ash: combustion at 550°C, measurement by gravimetry;

[0202] Chitin content estimation: Chitin content is estimated according to the methodology proposed by Hahn et al. (2018), “New methods for high-accuracy insect chitin measurement”. Thus, a determination of fiber contents according to the Van Soest method is carried out, then the ADF and ADL values ​​are subtracted to obtain the estimated value of chitin in the sample;

[0203] Calculation of mass fractions:

[0204] The mass ratios expressed in % of each fraction collected by sieving are calculated: msieved / mtotal 100

[0205] Analysis results:

[0206] [Table 3]

[0207] Conclusion :

[0208] Sieving the defatted insect powder on a single 1 mm sieve allows the separation of two fractions clearly differentiated by their ash, chitin and protein content in particular. Example 4: insect treatment process according to the invention using the concentrated aqueous fraction (I.e. comprising Steps 7 and 8)

[0209] Obtaining defatted Black Soldier Fly powder:

[0210] The Black Soldier Fly larvae, previously slaughtered and washed (Step 1), are ground using a knife mill (max size: 8 mm) (Step 2). At the end of the separation step using a tricanter (Step 3), the aqueous fraction is concentrated (Optional Step 7), then mixed with the solid fraction obtained in Step 3 (Optional Step 8), and this mixture is dried (Step 4) and collected. This dried mixture is subsequently called "defatted powder".

[0211] Separation of fractions by size:

[0212] The defatted powder obtained in the previous step is weighed and then sieved through a laboratory sieve (Retsch) with a mesh size of 2 mm. The fraction greater than 2 mm is retained and weighed, the fraction less than 2 mm is sieved through a laboratory sieve (Retsch) with a mesh size of 1 mm (Step 5). Again, the fraction greater than the sieve size is retained and weighed and the fraction less than the sieve size is sieved through a smaller mesh size (400 μm). The two fractions thus obtained are retained and weighed.

[0213] The “extreme” size fractions (<400pm and >2mm) are analyzed.

[0214] Analysis methods:

[0215] Amino acid profile (aa): analysis by ion chromatography (UV), method reference: ISO 13903:2005; EU 152 / 2009, after preparation by acid hydrolysis (all aa except Cys, Met, Trp); oxidative hydrolysis (Cys, Met) and hydrolysis with Barium hydroxide (Trp);

[0216] Sum of essential amino acids (as reported in https: / / www.fao.org / fishery / affris / species-profiles / atlantic-salmon / nutritional-requirements / en / #:~:text=Like%20other%20fish%20species%2C%20salmon,in%2 0protein%20for%20normal%20growth) for salmonids: The individual contents of arginine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan and valine are summed to estimate the essential amino acid content for salmonids;

[0217] - Total fat: analysis according to EU directive 152 / 2009, method B, with hydrolysis of fat;

[0218] - Crude ash: combustion at 550°C, gravimetric measurement; Estimation of chitin content: chitin content is estimated according to the methodology proposed by Hahn et al. (2018), “New methods for high-accuracy insect chitin measurement”. Thus, a determination of fiber contents according to the Van Soest method is carried out, then the ADF and ADL values ​​are subtracted in order to obtain the estimated value of chitin in the sample;

[0219] Calculation of mass fractions:

[0220] The mass ratios expressed in % of each fraction collected by sieving are calculated: msieved / mtotal 100

[0221] Analysis results:

[0222] [Table 4]

[0223] Conclusion: Sieving the defatted insect powder resulting from the combined drying of the solid fraction and the aqueous fraction thus makes it possible to separate a product rich in chitin (fraction > 2mm) from a product depleted in chitin (fraction < 400pm).

[0224] It is also observed that the total protein content of the fraction < 400 pm is at least 8% higher than the total protein content of the fraction > 2 mm.

[0225] Example 5: Method for transforming the upper quadrature fraction according to the invention

[0226] Obtaining defatted Black Soldier Fly powder:

[0227] The Black Soldier Fly larvae, previously slaughtered and washed (Step 1), are ground using a knife mill (max size: 8 mm) (Step 2). After the separation step using a tricanter (Step 3), the solid fraction is dried (Step 4) and collected. It is subsequently called "defatted powder".

[0228] Separation of fractions by size:

[0229] The defatted powder obtained in Step 4 is sieved through a laboratory sieve (Retsch) with a mesh size of 1.2 mm. Two fractions are thus obtained and analyzed.

[0230] The fraction greater than 1.2 mm is then transformed (optional Step 6) by an enzymatic hydrolysis step.

[0231] Enzymatic hydrolysis of the upper qranulometric fraction (Step 6):

[0232] The fraction larger than 1.2 mm is suspended in 5 times its mass of water. The temperature of the suspension is brought to 70°C. A broad-spectrum endoprotease (Novo-Pro D) is added at 0.5% of the protein concentration in the mixture. The enzyme is then neutralized by raising the temperature (>90°C). The aqueous fraction of the mixture is then separated and analyzed.

[0233] For the control sample, the same protocol is followed, except that the enzyme is not added to the mixture.

[0234] Analysis methods:

[0235] - Kjeldahl protein content: titrimetric analysis adapted from EC Regulation 152 / 2009. Protein content is calculated with the factor 6.25;

[0236] - Protein solubility: Kjeldahl titrimetric analysis. Water-soluble proteins are expressed as a proportion of total proteins. Analysis results:

[0237] [Table 5]

[0238] Conclusion :

[0239] Enzymatic treatment of the upper particle size fraction (here > 1.2 mm) allows solubilization of a dry mass at least three times higher than the control without enzyme. This dry matter is additionally richer in proteins under the enzymatic treatment conditions. Thus, it is possible to increase the hydrosolubility of proteins in the upper particle size fraction (+ 180%) by enzymatic treatment. Since the digestibility of soluble proteins is generally better, it is therefore possible to modulate the digestibility of the upper particle size fraction by appropriate treatments.

Claims

CLAIMS 1. A method of treating insects comprising the following steps: - crushing insects, then - separation of crushed insects into an oily fraction, a solid fraction and an aqueous fraction, - drying of the solid fraction, and - at least one sieving of the dried solid fraction through a sieve having mesh sizes less than or equal to 2 mm, preferably less than or equal to 1 mm.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein the insects are at any stage of development, such as an adult, larval or nymph stage, preferably the insects are at a larval stage; preferably the insects are selected from Diptera, Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, Isoptera, Orthoptera, Hymenoptera, Blattoptera, Hemyptera, Heteroptera, Ephemeroptera and Mecoptera, even more preferably Diptera.

3. Method according to claim 1 or 2, which does not contain a pH change step, in particular by acidification of the medium, and / or which does not contain any hydrolysis step during the steps of grinding the insects, separating them into an oily fraction, a solid fraction and an aqueous fraction, and drying the solid fraction; in particular the method does not contain any enzymatic hydrolysis step.

4. Method according to one of the preceding claims, which comprises a slaughtering step prior to the insect grinding step.

5. Method according to one of the preceding claims, which comprises the following steps: 1) the killing of insects; 2) crushing insects; 3) separation of crushed insects into a solid fraction, an aqueous fraction and an oily fraction; 4) drying of the solid fraction obtained in step 3; 5) at least one sieving of the dried solid fraction obtained in step 4 through a sieve having mesh sizes less than or equal to 2 mm, preferably less than or equal to 1 mm; 6) optionally, the transformation of the higher particle size fraction obtained in step 5; 7) optionally, the concentration and / or drying of the aqueous fraction obtained in step 3; 8) optionally, mixing the concentrated and / or dried aqueous fraction obtained in step 7 with the solid fraction obtained in step 3 or 5 to obtain a mixture; and 9) optionally, grinding of the sieved dry solid fraction obtained in step 5.

6. Method according to one of the preceding claims, in which the sieving through a sieve having meshes of a size less than or equal to 1 mm makes it possible to obtain a fraction or powder whose particles have a size less than 1 mm, said fraction or powder having the following composition: a chitin content of less than 10% by dry weight, preferably between 1% and 10% by dry weight, preferably between 3% and 9% by dry weight; and / or a protein content of at least 52% by weight relative to the total dry weight, preferably at least 55% by weight relative to the total dry weight, preferably from 55% to 80%, preferably from 55% to 70%;and / or a crude ash content of at least 5% by dry weight, preferably at least 5.5% by dry weight, preferably between 5 and 10% by dry weight, preferably between 5 and 9% by dry weight, and optionally a fraction or powder whose particles have a size greater than 1 mm, comprising a content of less than 59% by weight of proteins and preferably strictly less than 55% by weight of proteins, a content greater than 15% by weight of chitin, the percentages by weight being indicated on the total dry weight, and less than 5.5% by dry weight of crude ash by dry weight.; 7. Method according to one of the preceding claims, in which the sieving step comprises: - at least one sieving of the solid fraction through a sieve having mesh sizes equal to 2 mm; and / or - at least one sieving of the solid fraction through a sieve having mesh sizes less than or equal to 1 mm; and / or - at least one sieving of the solid fraction through a sieve having mesh sizes between 350 and 950 pm, for example equal to 400 pm or 600 pm or 800 pm, preferably between 350 and 500 pm, preferably equal to 400 pm.

8. Method according to one of the preceding claims, in which the sieving step comprises: - at least one sieving of the solid fraction through a sieve having mesh sizes equal to 2 mm; and - at least one sieving of the solid fraction through a sieve having mesh sizes equal to 1 mm; and - at least one sieving of the solid fraction through a sieve having mesh sizes equal to 400 pm.

9. Method according to claim 7 or 8, wherein 4 sub-fractions are obtained, having the following profiles: a sub-fraction whose particles have a size of less than 400 μm, of the following composition: the chitin content is less than or equal to 6.5% by dry weight, preferably less than 6% by dry weight, preferably between 1% and 6% by dry weight, preferably between 3% and 5% by dry weight; and / or the protein content is at least 52% by weight relative to the total dry weight, preferably at least 55% by weight relative to the total dry weight, preferably from 60% to 80%, preferably from 60% to 70%; and / or the crude ash content is at least 6% by dry weight, preferably at least 6.5% by dry weight, preferably at least 7% by dry weight;a sub-fraction whose particles have a size between 400 pm and 1 mm, of the following composition: a chitin content is between 5% and 10% by dry weight, preferably between 6% and 10% by dry weight, preferably between 6% and 9% by dry weight; and / or a protein content is at least 55% by weight relative to the total dry weight, preferably from 55% to 70%, preferably from 55% to 60%; and / or a crude ash content is at least 5% by dry weight, preferably at least 5.5% by dry weight; a sub-fraction whose particles have a size between 1 mm and 2 mm, of the following composition: a chitin content of at least 10% by dry weight, preferably between 11% and 30% by dry weight, preferably between 15% and 25% by dry weight; and / or a protein content of less than 50% by weight relative to the total dry weight, preferably from 30% to 50%, preferably from 40% to 50%; and / or a crude ash content of less than 5% by dry weight, preferably from 3.9 to 4.5% by dry weight; a sub-fraction whose particles have a size greater than 2 mm, of the following composition: a chitin content of at least 15% by dry weight, preferably between 20% and 30% by dry weight, preferably between 20% and 25% by dry weight; and / or a protein content is less than 55% by weight relative to the total dry weight, preferably from 30% to 55%, preferably from 45% to 55%;and / or a crude ash content of less than or equal to 5% by dry weight, preferably less than 3.9% by dry weight, preferably 3 to 3.9% by dry weight.; 10. A method according to claim 8 or 9, wherein the total protein content of the sub-fraction whose particles have a size less than 400 pm is at least 8% higher than the total protein content of the sub-fraction whose particles have a size greater than 2 mm; and / or the chitin content of the sub-fraction whose particles have a size less than 400 pm is at least 65% lower than the chitin content of the sub-fraction whose particles have a size greater than 2 mm.

11. Method according to one of claims 8 to 10, in which the content of essential amino acids, in particular for salmonids, of the sub-fraction whose particles have a size of less than 400 pm is at least 20%, preferably at least 25%, higher than the content of essential amino acids of the sub-fraction whose particles have a size of more than 2 mm.

12. Solid fraction or powder obtainable by a process according to one of the preceding claims.

13. A method of preparing a flour, comprising a method of treating insects according to one of claims 1 to 11, and a step 10) of mixing at least two different sieved solid fractions, to obtain a flour.

14. Flour comprising a mixture of at least two solid fractions or powders according to claim 12.

15. Use of a solid fraction or powder according to claim 12, or of a flour according to claim 14, in food, preferably in animal feed, preferably for feeding shrimp, salmon, trout and / or pets, or for human food.

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