Compositions and methods of analyzing a sample for antigen-specific immune cells
Patent Information
- Authority / Receiving Office
- EP · EP
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Filing Date
- 2024-05-03
- Publication Date
- 2026-03-11
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Figure CN2024091080_07112024_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
COMPOSITIONS AND METHODS OF ANALYZING A SAMPLE FOR ANTIGEN-SPECIFIC IMMUNE CELLS
[0001] CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION
[0002] This application claims the benefit of U.S. provisional application No. 63 / 463,886, filed May 3, 2023, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety for all purposes.
[0003] REFERENCE TO AN ELECTRONIC SEQUENCE LISTING
[0004] The contents of the electronic sequence listing (230062000440SEQLIST. xml; Size: 101,021 bytes; and Date of Creation: May 1, 2024) is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.FIELD
[0005] The application relates to compositions and methods of analyzing a sample for antigen-specific immune cells.BACKGROUND
[0006] Recognition of peptide-major histocompatibility complex (pMHC or MHC-peptide complex) class I and II molecules by immune cells (e.g., T cells) plays a very important role in the control of intracellular pathogens and cancer cells through efficient immune cell (e.g., T cell) stimulation. The overall low avidity of the TCR to the pMHC complex and the fast off-rate of this interaction make it difficult to detect antigen-specific T cells using the soluble monomeric pMHC complex. To overcome these shortcomings, MHC multimers have been prepared using antibody dimerization or tetravalent binding of biotin-streptavidin, and these MHC dimers or tetramers show increased avidity for their cognate TCR. To date, MHC multimers have been successfully used to visualize antigen-specific CD8 T cells ex vivo by flow cytometry.
[0007] Conventional MHC tetramers are constructed by tetramerization of C-terminal biotinylated pMHC monomers with streptavidin molecules. MHC tetramers have been proven to be versatile and useful for detecting αβ T cells through flow cytometry and in situ staining. The well-established characteristics of MHC tetramers and their public and commercial availability have led to their widespread usage in T-cell research. MHC tetramer-staining technology has been expanding to include new research areas such as enrichment of rare T cells, construction of large libraries and high-throughput epitope screening, cytometry by time-of-flight mass spectrometry (CyTOF) , and combinatorial staining for multiple detection.
[0008] An MHC pentamer consisting of five pMHC complexes arranged in a planar configuration is commercially produced and has increased sensitivity for staining T cells with the low-affinity TCR because of its higher valency than that of dimers or tetramers. More recently, another commercially available pMHC complex linked to a dextran backbone, a pMHC dextramer, has also been found to be useful for the detection of T cells with low-affinity TCRs because of its increased valency. See e.g., Mol Cells. 2021 May 31; 44 (5) : 328–334.
[0009] A wide variety of assays can be used to characterize immune cell (e.g., T cell) responses in order to determine the state and capability of the immune system. Such studies can reveal fundamental mechanisms underlying immunity aid the design of clinical diagnostics, help develop intervention therapies, and determine signatures of effective immune responses. However, because antigen-specific immune cells are often a very small percentage of the cells that can be obtained from a sample (e.g., a blood sample) , effective detection and analysis of such cells could be challenging.
[0010] The disclosures of all publications, patents, patent applications and published patent applications referred to herein are hereby incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.
[0011] BRIEF SUMMARY
[0012] The present application in one aspect provides methods of analyzing a sample from one or more individuals for the presence or absence of immune cells capable of binding to an antigenic peptide, the method comprising: a) immobilizing immune cells from the sample on a solid support, wherein the immune cells: 1) prior to immobilization, have been contacted with a bait composition comprising a display moiety comprising the antigenic peptide under a condition sufficient for an immune cell to bind to the display moiety; or 2) after the immobilization, are contacted with a bait composition comprising a display moiety comprising the antigenic peptide under a condition sufficient for an immune cell to bind to the display moiety; b) contacting the immobilized immune cells with a detection agent recognizing the display moiety under a condition sufficient for the agent to bind to the display moiety; and c) detecting the detection agent, thereby detecting the immune cells bound to the display moiety. In some embodiments, the immune cells have been contacted with a bait composition comprising a display moiety comprising an antigenic peptide under a condition sufficient for an immune cell to bind to the display moiety prior to the immobilization. In some embodiments, the immune cells are contacted with a bait composition comprising a display moiety comprising an antigenic peptide under a condition sufficient for an immune cell to bind to the display moiety following the immobilization.
[0013] The present application in another aspect provides methods of analyzing a sample from one or more individuals for the presence or absence of immune cells capable of binding to an antigenic peptide, the method comprising: a) contacting the immune cells with a bait composition comprising a display moiety comprising the antigenic peptide under a condition sufficient for an immune cell to bind to the display moiety; b) contacting the immune cells with a detection agent recognizing the display moiety under a condition sufficient for the agent to bind to the display moiety; c) immobilizing the immune cells from the sample on a solid support, and d) detecting the detection agent, thereby detecting the immune cells bound to the display moiety.
[0014] In some embodiments according to any of the methods described above, the sample is obtained from a single individual.
[0015] In some embodiments according to any of the methods described above, the sample is a mixture a plurality of individual samples, each obtained from a different individual. In some embodiments, prior to being combined to form the mixture each of the plurality of individual samples is separately processed such that the immune cells contained therein are associated with a unique sample barcode (e.g., via mixing the immune cells with a molecule comprising the unique sample barcode) . In some embodiments, the method further comprises removing unbound molecule comprising the barcode (molecules not bound by the immune cells) e.g., via washing the immune cells for at least one time. In some embodiments, the method further comprises determining the unique barcode associated with the immune cells bound to the display moiety, thereby identifying the sample from which the immune cells are derived.
[0016] The present application in another aspect provides methods of analyzing a plurality of samples from one or more individuals for the presence or absence of immune cells capable of binding to an antigenic peptide, comprising: a) separately processing each of the plurality of individual samples such that immune cells contained therein are associated with a unique sample barcode, b) combining the plurality of processed samples to form a sample mixture, c) contacting the sample mixture with a bait composition comprising a display moiety comprising an antigenic peptide under a condition sufficient for an immune cell to bind to the display moiety, thereby forming a bait-sample mixture, d) detecting immune cells bound to the display moiety in the bait-sample mixture; and e) determining the unique barcode associated with the immune cells bound to the display moiety, thereby identifying the sample from which the immune cells are derived.
[0017] In some embodiments according to any of the methods described above, the immune cells comprise T cells, optionally the immune cells comprise no more than about 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%or 1%T cells specifically binding to antigenic peptide in the bait composition. In some embodiments, the immune cells are selected from the group consisting of: a cytotoxic T cell, a memory T cell, and a tumor infiltrating T cell.
[0018] In some embodiments according to any of the methods described above, the immune cells comprise B cells.
[0019] In some embodiments according to any of the methods described above, the method further comprises removing unbound display moiety following contacting the immune cells with the agent recognizing the display moiety and prior to detecting the immune cells bound to the display moiety.
[0020] In some embodiments according to any of the methods described above, the antigenic peptide is associated with a cancer or tumor antigen, optionally wherein the antigenic peptide is a neoantigen peptide. In some embodiments, the sample is obtained from one or more individuals exhibiting no pathological symptom of a cancer.
[0021] In some embodiments according to any of the methods described above, the antigenic peptide is associated with a pathogen antigen, optionally wherein the antigenic peptide is associated with a virus, a bacteria, or a fungus antigen.
[0022] In some embodiments according to any of the methods described above, the antigenic is an autoantigenic peptide associated with an autoantigen.
[0023] In some embodiments according to any of the methods described above, the immune cells are immobilized on the solid substrate such as a bead. In some embodiments, the bead is associated with an antibody recognizing the immune cells, optionally wherein the antibody is a CD8 antibody.
[0024] In some embodiments according to any of the methods described above, the display moiety comprises two or more antigenic peptides, optionally wherein the display moiety comprises four antigenic peptides. In some embodiments, the two or more antigenic peptides in the display moiety are the same.
[0025] In some embodiments according to some of the methods described above, the display moiety comprises a library of antigenic peptides for a mutation associated with a cancer or tumor, wherein the library comprises at least about 5, 10, 12, 15, 18 or 20 distinct neoantigenic peptides.
[0026] In some embodiments according to any of the methods described above, the antigenic peptide has one or more of the following characteristics: a) having a binding affinity of about 1 nM to about 5000 nM to an MHC molecule; b) having a binding affinity of about 1 nM to about 5000 nM to a cognate TCR molecule; c) is hydrophobic; and d) has high content of aromatic residues.
[0027] In some embodiments according to some of the methods described above, the antigenic peptide is a neoantigenic peptide comprising a mutation relative to a wildtype peptide, optionally at the third amino acid position counting from the N-terminus.
[0028] In some embodiments according to any of the methods described above, the antigenic peptide has low immunogenicity.
[0029] In some embodiments according to any of the methods described above, the display moiety comprises an MHC molecule complexed with the antigenic peptide, optionally wherein the MHC molecule comprises a MHC multimer, further optionally the MHC multimer is a MHC tetramer or a MHC dextramer. In some embodiments, the MHC molecule comprises a MHC class I molecule. In some embodiments, the MHC class I molecule is selected from the group consisting of HLA-A, HLA-B, and HLA-C, optionally wherein MHC class I molecule comprises a HLA-A molecule, further optionally wherein the HLA-Amolecule comprises a mutation that reduces its binding to CD8, further optionally where the HLA-A molecule comprises a HLA A2 heavy chain with a A245V mutation. In some embodiments, the antigenic peptide is about 8 to about 10 amino acids long. In some embodiments, the MHC comprises a MHC class II molecule. In some embodiments, the MHC class II molecule is selected from the group consisting of HLA-DQ and HLA-DR. In some embodiments, the antigenic peptide is about 10 to about 20 amino acids long. In some embodiments, the display moiety comprises two or more different kinds of MHC class I molecules selected from the group consisting of a) HLA-A*24: 02, HLA-A*11: 01, HLA-A*02: 01, and HLA-A*03: 01, or b) HLA-A*69: 01, HLA-A*31: 01, HLA-A*29: 01HLA-A*33: 02, HLA-A*02: 06, HLA-A*02: 07, HLA-A*30: 01, HLA-A*01: 01, HLA-A*02: 03, HLA-A*33: 03.
[0030] In some embodiments according to any of the methods described above, the display moiety comprises a particle. In some embodiments, the particle in the display moiety is selected from the group consisting of: a surface, a nanoparticle, a bead, and a polymer. In some embodiments, the particle in the display moiety is a dextran particle. In some embodiments, the particle in the display moiety is a magnetic nanoparticle or polystyrene nanoparticle. In some embodiments, the particle in the display moiety is an agarose bead or a sepharose bead. In some embodiments, the antigenic peptide or MHC is directly attached to the particle in the display moiety. In some embodiments, the antigenic peptide or MHC is attached to the particle in the display moiety via a binding pair comprising a first binding component attached to the antigenic peptide and a second binding component bound to the particle.
[0031] In some embodiments according to any of the methods described above, the display moiety comprises a cell. In some embodiments, the cell comprises a polynucleotide encoding the antigenic peptide. In some embodiments, the polynucleotide encodes a plurality of antigenic peptides.
[0032] In some embodiments according to any of the methods described above, the display moiety further comprises a detectable label. In some embodiments, the detectable label is a fluorophore.
[0033] In some embodiments according to any of the methods described above, the method further comprises isolating immune cells bound to the display moiety or removing the display moiety or immune cells not bound to each other.
[0034] In some embodiments according to any of the methods described above, the method further comprises phenotyping immune cells bound to the display moiety.
[0035] In some embodiments according to any of the methods described above, the method further comprises sequencing one or more nucleic acids in immune cells bound to the display moiety, optionally wherein the method further comprises analyzing the sequences of the one or more nucleic acids, optionally wherein the one or more nucleic acids is a TCR, CD8, CD45 sequences or any specific sequence that is characteristic of the captured immune cells, optionally wherein analyzing the sequences of the one or more nucleic acids comprises whole genome sequencing and / or RNAseq sequencing, alternatively, by a array of primer sequence-specific q-PCR, and / or RT-PCR.
[0036] In some embodiments according to any of the methods described above, the method further comprises subjecting the immune cell bound to the display moiety to mass spectrometry analysis.
[0037] In some embodiments according to any of the methods described above, the method further comprises identifying one or more epigenetic modifications in the immune cell, optionally wherein the more or more epigenetic modifications comprises DNA methylation and / or histone glycosylation.
[0038] In some embodiments according to any of the methods described above, the individual is a human. In some embodiments, the individual is at least about 50 years old.
[0039] In some embodiments according to some of the methods described above, the individual a) has not previously been diagnosed as having a cancer, optionally wherein the individual is at risk of having cancer, or b) the individual has been previously treated for cancer and exhibits no pathological symptom of a cancer after the treatment.
[0040] In some embodiments according to some of the methods described above, the individual a) has not been diagnosed as having an infection by a pathogen, optionally wherein the individual is at risk of having the infection, and / or b) exhibits no pathological symptom of an infection by a pathogen, optionally exhibits no pathological symptom of an infection by the pathogen.
[0041] In some embodiments according to some of the methods described above, wherein the individual a) has not been diagnosed as having an immune response against the autoantigen, optionally wherein the individual is at risk of developing the immune response against the autoantigen, and / or b) exhibits no pathological symptom of an immune response (e.g., an autoimmune disease or disorder) , optionally exhibits no pathological symptom of an immune response against the autoantigen.
[0042] In some embodiments according to any of the methods described above, the sample is selected from the group consisting of: blood, plasma, and a peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) sample.
[0043] In some embodiments according to any of the methods described above, the bait composition comprises a plurality of different display moieties. In some embodiments, the each of the plurality of different display moieties in the bait composition comprises a different antigenic peptide. In some embodiments, the plurality of different display moieties in the bait composition comprises at least two different display moieties, each comprising a different MHC molecule. In some embodiments, the plurality of different display moieties in the bait composition comprises at least four different display moieties, each comprising a different MHC molecule. In some embodiments, the plurality of different display moieties in the bait composition comprises at least 100 different display moieties, each comprising a different MHC molecule. In some embodiments, each of the different display moieties comprising different MHC molecules comprises a different detectable label. In some embodiments, the different detectable labels comprise fluorophore (s) .
[0044] In some embodiments according to any of the methods described above, the agent comprises an antibody that binds to the display moiety.
[0045] In another aspect, the present application provides methods of detecting antigen-specific immune cells in an individual, comprising: analyzing a sample from the individual according to any of the methods described above, wherein a predetermined characteristic of the immune cells is indicative of a disease or a disorder in the individual. In some embodiments, the predetermined characteristic of the immune cell comprises the presence of the immune cells. In some embodiments, the presence of immune cells specifically binds to a bait composition comprising one or more neoantigens is indicative of the presence of a cancer. In some embodiments, the presence of immune cells specifically binds to a bait composition comprising one or more antigens of a pathogen (e.g., virus, bacteria, fungus) is indicative of the presence of an infection of the pathogen. In some embodiments, the presence of immune cells specifically binds to a bait composition comprising one or more autoantigens associated with an autoimmune disease or disorder is indicative of the presence of the immune disease or disorder. In some embodiments, the predetermined characteristic of the immune cell comprises a quantity of the immune cell above a threshold level. In some embodiments, the predetermined characteristic of the immune cell comprises a gene expression profile signature, a gene mutation profile signature, and / or an epigenetic modification signature. In some embodiments, the signature epigenetic modification comprises a DNA or RNA methylation, hydroxylation signature and a histone acetylation, methylation and / or glycosylation signature.
[0046] The present application in another aspect provides methods of detecting residual cancer in an individual, wherein the individual has been previously treated with an anti-cancer therapy and exhibits no pathological symptom of cancer after treatment, the method comprising analyzing a post-treatment sample from the individual according to any of the methods describe above, wherein a predetermined characteristic of the immune cell from the post-treatment sample is indicative of residual cancer in the individual. In some embodiments, the method comprises: a) analyzing a pre-treatment sample from the individual prior to anti-cancer therapy and a post-treatment sample from the individual according to the method of any of the methods described above, and b) comparing the characteristics of the immune cells from the pre-treatment sample and immune cells from the post-treatment sample; wherein a predetermined difference in characteristics of the immune cell from the pre-treatment sample and the immune cell from the post-treatment sample is indicative of residual cancer in the individual.
[0047] The present application in another aspect provides methods of treating a cancer in an individual, comprising a) diagnosing the individual as having cancer according to the method of some of the methods described above; and b) subjecting the individual to an anti-cancer therapy. In some embodiments, the anti-cancer therapy is not an immunotherapy. In some embodiments, the cancer is a solid tumor.
[0048] The present application in another aspect provides methods of treating an infection in an individual, comprising a) diagnosing the individual as having an infection by a pathogen according to some of the methods described above; and b) subjecting the individual to a therapy for the pathogen.
[0049] The present application in another aspect provides methods of treating an autoimmune disease or disorder in an individual, comprising a) diagnosing the individual as having an autoimmune disease or disorder according to some of the methods described above; and b) subjecting the individual to a therapy for the disease or disorder.
[0050] The present application in another aspect provides a composition comprising one or more display moieties comprising a particle associated with a plurality of MHC-peptide complexes, wherein the plurality of MHC-peptide complexes comprises no less than or more than 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, or 12 MHC-peptide complexes, wherein each of the MHC-peptide complex comprises at least one MHC molecule complexed with a peptide, wherein at least two or more of the MHC-peptide complexes are different.
[0051] In some embodiments according to any of the display moieties described above, the one or more of the plurality of MHC-peptide complexes is an MHC-peptide monomer, MHC-peptide dimer, an MHC-peptide tetramer, an MHC-peptide pentamer, an MHC-peptide octamer, an MHC-peptide dextramer, or an MHC-peptide dodecamer. In some embodiments, each of the plurality of MHC-peptide complex is an MHC-peptide monomer, an MHC-peptide dimer or an MHC-peptide trimer. In some embodiments, at least one MHC-peptide complex in the plurality of MHC-peptide complexes has two distinct MHC-peptide monomers. In some embodiments, the at least one MHC complex is an MHC-peptide dimer, an MHC-peptide trimer, or an MHC-peptide tetramer.
[0052] In some embodiments according to any of the display moieties described above, the plurality of MHC-peptide complexes on the particle comprise at least 20 MHC-peptide complexes, such as at least 50 or 100 MHC-peptide complexes.
[0053] In some embodiments according to any of the display moieties described above, the MHC-peptide complex is attached to the particle via a binding pair comprising a first binding component attached to MHC-peptide complex or a unit thereof (i.e., a MHC-peptide monomer) and a second binding component bound to the particle. In some embodiments, the first binding component comprises a biotin, and the second binding component comprises streptavidin. In some embodiments, the second binding component comprises a biotin, and the first binding component comprises streptavidin.
[0054] In some embodiments according to any of the display moieties described above, the particle is solid.
[0055] In some embodiments according to any of the display moieties described above, the particle has a diameter of at least 0.1, 0.2, 0.25, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, or 1 μm. In some embodiments, the particle has a diameter of about 0.5 μm to about 20 μm, such as about 0.5 μm to about 10 μm, or about 1 μm.
[0056] In some embodiments according to any of the display moieties described above, the particle has a surface area of about 1 μm2 to about 20 μm2.
[0057] In some embodiments according to any of the display moieties described above, the particle has about 10 to about 10000 second binding component associated with it.
[0058] In some embodiments according to any of the display moieties described above, the particle is spherical. In some embodiments, the particle is a bead.
[0059] In some embodiments according to any of the display moieties described above, the particle is magnetic.
[0060] In some embodiments according to any of the display moieties described above, the display moiety comprises at least two different MHC molecules. In some embodiments, the at least two different MHC molecules comprise two different MHC class I molecules. In some embodiments, the at least two different MHC molecules comprise two different MHC class II molecules. In some embodiments, the at least two different MHC molecules comprise both an MHC class I molecule and an MHC class II molecule.
[0061] In some embodiments according to any of the display moieties described above, the display moiety comprises an HLA-A molecule. In some embodiments, the HLA-A molecule comprises a mutation that reduces its binding to CD8. In some embodiments, the HLA-Amolecule comprises an HLA A2 heavy chain with a A245V mutation.
[0062] In some embodiments according to any of the display moieties described above, the display moiety comprises at least two MHC class I molecules selected from the group consisting of a) HLA-A*24: 02, HLA-A*11: 01, HLA-A*02: 01, and HLA-A*03: 01, or b) HLA-A*69: 01, HLA-A*31: 01, HLA-A*29: 01HLA-A*33: 02, HLA-A*02: 06, HLA-A*02: 07, HLA-A*30: 01, HLA-A*01: 01, HLA-A*02: 03, HLA-A*33: 03.
[0063] In some embodiments according to any of the display moieties described above, the display moiety comprises an MHC class II molecule selected from the group consisting of HLA-DQ and HLA-DR.
[0064] In some embodiments according to any of the display moieties described above, the peptide is associated with a cancer or tumor antigen. In some embodiments, the peptide is associated with a neoantigen.
[0065] In some embodiments according to any of the display moieties described above, the peptide is associated with an antigen of a pathogen. In some embodiments, the pathogen is a virus, bacteria of fungus.
[0066] In some embodiments according to any of the display moieties described above, the peptide is associated with an autoantigen.
[0067] In some embodiments according to any of the display moieties described above, the display moiety comprises at least two distinct peptides. In some embodiments, the display moiety comprises at least five distinct peptides. In some embodiments, the display moiety comprises at least 10, 20, or 50 distinct peptides. In some embodiments, the at least two distinct peptides in the display moiety do not overlap. In some embodiments, the at least two distinct peptides in the display moiety overlaps. In some embodiments, the at least two distinct peptides are associated with (e.g., derived from) two different antigens. In some embodiments, the two distinct antigens comprise two distinct mutations of one or more genes associated with a disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a cancer, the gene is a oncogene. In some embodiments, the disease is not a cancer or tumor (e.g., an infection, e.g., an autoimmune disease) .
[0068] In some embodiments according to any of the display moieties described above, the display moiety does not comprise a fluorochrome or fluorophore.
[0069] The present application in another aspect provides bait compositions comprising one or more display moiety described above. In some embodiments, the bait composition comprises a plurality of the display moieties described above. In some embodiments, the bait composition comprises at least two different display moieties. In some embodiments, the bait composition comprises an HLA-A molecule, an HLA-B molecule, and an HLA-C molecule. In some embodiments, the bait composition comprises HLA-A*24: 02, HLA-A*11: 01, HLA- A*02: 01, and HLA-A*03: 01. In some embodiments, the bait composition comprises an HLA-DP molecule, an HLA-DQ molecule, and an HLA-DR molecule. In some embodiments, the bait composition comprises at least 25, 50, 100, 150, 200, or 250 different peptides. In some embodiments, the peptides in the bait composition are associated with at least 25, 50, 75, 100, 125, 150, 175, 200, 225, or 250 different antigens. In some embodiments, the bait composition comprises at least 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, or 7 different overlapping peptides associated a mutation in a gene. In some embodiments, the gene is an oncogene. In some embodiments, the peptides in the bait composition are associated with mutations in at least two, three, four, five or six genes. In some embodiments, the genes are oncogenes. In some embodiments, the bait composition does not comprise a fluorochrome or fluorophore.
[0070] The present application in another aspect provides methods of analyzing immune cells in a sample from an individual, comprising a) contacting a plurality of immune cells with one or more of the display moieties or any of the bait compositions described herein, and b) detecting or analyzing the one or more immune cells that bind to one or more of the display moieties. In some embodiments, the immune cells comprise T cells. In some embodiments, the immune cells are selected from the group consisting of: cytotoxic T cells, memory T cells, and tumor infiltrating T cells. In some embodiments, the T cells are CD4+ T cells and / or CD8+ T cells. In some embodiments, the immune cells comprise B cells. In some embodiments, the immune cells comprise a mixture of immune cells comprising T cells, B cells, macrophage cells, or dendritic cells, or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the sample is selected from the group consisting of: blood, plasma, and a peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PMBC) sample. In some embodiments, the sample is obtained from a diseased tissue. In some embodiments, the diseased tissue is a cancer tissue or tumor tissue. In some embodiments, the sample is obtained from a single individual. In some embodiments, the sample is a mixture a plurality of individual samples, each obtained from a different individual. In some embodiments, the individual is a human. In some embodiments, the individual has no indication of a disease. In some embodiments, detecting or analyzing the immune cells that bind to one or more display moieties comprises observing the agglutination of immune cells and MHC-multimer units. In some embodiments, detecting or analyzing the immune cells that bind to one or more display moieties comprises 1) immobilizing immune cells on a solid substrate prior to or after step a) , 2) contacting the immobilized immune cells with a detection agent recognizing the display moieties under a condition sufficient for the agent to bind to the display moieties; and 3) detecting the detection agent, thereby detecting the immune cells bound to the display moieties.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS
[0071] FIG. 1 exemplifies newly predicated Kras neoantigens (SEQ ID NOs: 57-76) originated from the six most common Kras mutation (Kras G12V, Kras G12D, Kras G12R, Kras G12C, Kras G12I, Kras G12A) .
[0072] FIG. 2 shows that four most common HLA-A, including HLA-A: 0201, HLA-A: 2402, HLA-A: 0301, HLA-A: 1101, and β2m were expressed and purified from Ecoli. The target proteins were expressed in insoluble inclusion body (DPE) .
[0073] FIG. 3 shows that the assembly of five common mutant Kras neoantigen library. Four types HLA (HLA-A: 0201, HLA-A: 2402, HLA-A: 0301, HLA-A: 1101) and four most common Kras mutation (Kras G12V, Kras G12D, Kras G12R, Kras G12C) . The figure only presented part of the results of Kras G12V mutation.
[0074] FIG. 4 demonstrates the confirmation of luciferase intensity in constructed pancreatic tumor cell lines. D-luciferin was used as substrate. The signal was captured 15min later after D-luciferin intraperitoneal injection.
[0075] FIG. 5 depicts tumor sizes 12 days post inoculation of 1×105 or 1×106 Pano2-Luc-GFP tumor cells (panel A) and tumor growth curve of Pano2-Luc-GFP tumor in C57BL / 6J mice after 1×106 tumor cells were subcutaneously challenged as measured by tumor volume (panel B) .
[0076] FIG. 6 depicts construction of plasmid overexpression five common Kras mutation. The band size was about 750bp. Two replicates were loaded, and the bands less than 50bp were non-specific bands.
[0077] FIGs. 7A and 7B depicts the detection of Kras mutation neoantigen specific CD8+ T cells in peripheral blood of mice as early as Day 4 after intravenous tumor cell challenge of 4×105 or 1×106 cells.
[0078] FIG. 8 depicts the detection of Kras mutation neoantigen specific CD8+ T cells in peripheral blood of mice as early as Day 4 after intravenous tumor cell challenge of 1×104 or 1×105 cells.
[0079] FIGs. 9A and 9B depicts the detection of Kras mutation neoantigen specific CD8+ T cells in peripheral blood of mice as early as Day 4 after subcutaneous tumor challenge of 4×105 cells. As shown, the Tetramer+CD8+ T cells population (ranged from 0.042%to 0.22, median: 0.0866%) was detectable in mice challenged with Pan02-n peptide, but no Tetramer+CD8+ T cells were detectable in mice challenge with Pan02-EV cells.
[0080] FIGs. 10A and 10B depicts the tumor growth curve of mice inoculated with 4×105 cells Pan02-EV (without neoantigen expressing Kras mutation) and Pan02-n (with neoantigen expressing Kras mutation) tumor cells as assessed via bioluminescence (FIG. 9A) and the picture of mice at day 4 post tumor challenge evidencing no observation of tumor at the site of inoculation (red circle) (FIG. 9B) .
[0081] FIGs. 11A-11C depict the presence or absence of Kras mutation neoantigen specific CD8+ T cells with Kras mutation specific Tetramer library in peripheral blood of pancreatic cancer patients (Patient #1-13) .
[0082] FIG. 12 depicts of a summary of the presence or absence of CD8+ T cells in thirteen confirmed pancreatic patients with a presence or absence of a Kras mutation and a specific HLA-A phenotype. In this experiment, twenty G12D neoantigen peptides associated MHC tetramers were included in the bait composition but only four G12R neoantigen peptides associated tetramers were included.
[0083] FIG. 13 depicts schematic and process of MHC Class I Tetramer (MHC-Tetramer) synthesis. (A) The components and assembly of MHC peptide monomer. (B) Schematic of MHC-Tetramer and targeting strategies for the MHC-Tetramer which binds with the specific CD8+ T cells in cancer patients blood. The exemplary targets are B2M, Streptavidin, Biotin and any labelled tags such as PE, APC or His.
[0084] FIG. 14 depicts the main process for a sandwich ELISA. (A) The method is stepwise in the order shown. The 1st step is to coat the ELISA plate with capture antibody. Then any antigen in the sample (e.g. blood, or cell supernatant) will bind to the capture antibody. Any excess sample is washed from the plate. In step 3, the detection antibody which is labelled with horse radish peroxidase or alkaline phosphatase will be added and binds to any target antigen already bound to the capture antibody. Finally, a substrate is added to the plate such as the chromogenic to convert the substrate (e.g. TMB or ABTS) into a colored product which can be measured using a plate reader. (B) The detailed protocol for a ELISA is outlined in the figure. (C) Exemplary methods. The MHC-tetramer bind to the specific TCR in the CD8+ T cells in patient blood or cells and then the CD8+ cells are captured by the CD8 antibody coated to plate or conjugated to magnetic beads. The HRP-detection antibody can identify the captured CD8 antibody using a plate reader. Alternatively, the cells are incubated with CD8 antibody coated to plate or conjugated to magnetic beads and then the MHC-tetramer are added in the resulted cells. Then the HRP-detection antibody (mainly targeting the components of MHC-Tetramer) are added and the MHC-Tetramer binding CD8+ T cells can be detected.
[0085] FIG. 15 depicts schematic and process of exemplary method to capture the specific MHG-Tetramer binding CD8+ T cells. (A-B) For example, the MHC-Tetramers with different tags are added to the immune cells first. Then the magnetic beads are added as indicated in the step 2. The presence of MHC-Tetramers binding CD8+T cells will be identified by the HRP antibodies in step 3. (C) The CD8 antibody conjugated magnetic beads are added to the immune cells first. The MHC-Tetramers with different tags are then added as indicated in the step 2. The presence of MHC-Tetramers binding CD8+T cells will be identified by the HRP antibodies in step 3.
[0086] FIG. 16 depicts strategy of clinical sample collection and tumor neoantigen specific CD8+ T cells identification by ELISA.
[0087] FIG. 17 depicts the main process and result for the detection of MHC-Tetramers binding CD8+ T cells by HRP-β2-microglobulin antibody. (A) The main method is shown stepwise. The cells were mixed with MHC-Tetramer and then incubated with CD8 antibody conjugated magnetic beads. HRP-β2-microglobulin antibody was the detection antibody used to identify MHC-Tetramers binding CD8+T cells. (B) The result using the method described in (A) to detect the MHC-Tetramers binding CD8+T cells.
[0088] FIG. 18 depicts the main process and result for the detection of MHC-Tetramers binding CD8+ T cells by HRP-PE antibody. (A) The main method is shown stepwise. The cells were mixed with CD8 antibody conjugated magnetic beads firstly then incubated with MHC-Tetramers. HRP-PE antibody was the detection antibody used to identify MHC-Tetramers binding CD8+T cells. (B) The result according to method shown in (A) .
[0089] FIG. 19 depicts the main process and result for the detection of MHC-Tetramers binding CD8+ T cells by HRP-PE antibody. (A) The modified method to capture the MHC-Tetramers binding CD8+ T cells by HRP-PE antibody. In this protocol, the tubes were changed to new tubes after MHC-Tetramer washing step. The tube change can also be done when CD8 conjugated bead washing step. (B) The result from this modified method shown in (A) . There’s a 3-fold difference between Group 1 and 4. The presentative photo for result (B) . in duplicates.
[0090] FIG. 20 depicts a scheme of the exemplary method.
[0091] FIG. 21 depicts a scheme of high throughput identification of pancreatic neoantigen specific immune cells (e.g., CD 8+ T Cells) in population.
[0092] FIG. 22 depicts exemplary list of HLA subtype and high frequency tumor mutations employed in Tetramer library construction for the analysis of early pancreatic cancer
[0093] FIG. 23 depicts a scheme of DNA barcoded antibody for CD45 or CD8 specific T cells.
[0094] FIG. 24 depicts a scheme of exemplary methods for DNA barcoded CD8+ T cells identification from multiple pancreatic cancer patients by ELISA.
[0095] FIG. 25 depicts a scheme of another exemplary methods for antigen specific immune cells (e.g., neoantigen specific CD8+ T cells) capture by magnetic beads and DNA barcode based ELISA assay.
[0096] FIG. 26 depicts a scheme of another exemplary methods for antigen specific immune cells (e.g., neoantigen specific CD8+ T cells) capture by tetramer-beads and DNA barcode based ELISA assay.
[0097] FIG. 27A depicts a scheme of another exemplary methods for antigen specific immune cells (e.g., neoantigen specific CD8+ T cells) capture by MHC-tetramer-beads bound with multiple antigenic peptides and DNA barcode based ELISA assay.
[0098] FIG. 27B depicts a scheme of another exemplary methods for antigen specific immune cells (e.g., neoantigen specific CD8+ T cells) capture by MHC-tetramers bound with multiple antigenic peptides and DNA barcode based ELISA assay.
[0099] FIG. 27C exemplifies Kras neoantigens (SEQ ID NOs: xx-xx) originated from Kras mutations (Kras G12V, Kras G12D, Kras G12R) .
[0100] FIG. 28A depicts the characterization of MHC-tetramer and MHC-tetramer-bead on PAGE.
[0101] FIG. 28B depicts the detection of Kras mutation neoantigen specific CD8+ T cells in peripheral blood of mice by MHC-tetramer-beads in an agglutination assay.
[0102] FIG. 28C depicts the results of Kras mutation neoantigen specific CD8+ T cells in peripheral blood of mice by MHC-tetramer-beads in an agglutination assay.
[0103] FIG. 28D depicts the detection of Kras mutation neoantigen specific CD8+ T cells in mice spleen by MHC-tetramer-beads in an agglutination assay.
[0104] FIG. 28E depicts the results of Kras mutation neoantigen specific CD8+ T cells in mice spleen by MHC-tetramer-beads in an agglutination assay.
[0105] FIG. 29A depicts the characterization of MHC-β-galactosidase-beads and Kras G12D MHC-monomer on PAGE.
[0106] FIG. 29B depicts the characterization of MHC-β-galactosidase-beads and Kras G12D MHC-monomer and MHC-tetramer on PAGE.
[0107] FIG. 29C depicts the detection of Kras G12D neoantigen specific CD8+ T cells in peripheral blood of mice by MHC-tetramer-beads in an agglutination assay.
[0108] FIG. 29D-29E depict the detection of Kras G12D neoantigen specific CD8+ T cells in mice spleen by MHC-tetramer-beads in an agglutination assay.
[0109] FIG. 30A depicts the characterization of MHC-monomer bound with multiple antigenic peptides on PAGE.
[0110] FIG. 30B depicts the characterization of MHC-tetramer bound with multiple antigenic peptides on PAGE.
[0111] FIG. 30C depicts the peptide standards in LC-MS / MS detection.
[0112] FIG. 30D depicts the detection of antigenic peptides from PAGE.
[0113] FIG. 30E depicts the characterization of MHC-tetramer bound with multiple antigenic peptides in LC-MS / MS detection.
[0114] FIG. 30F depicts the characterization of MHC-monomer and MHC-tetramer on PAGE.
[0115] FIG. 31A depicts the detection of Kras G12V neoantigen specific CD8+ T cells in mice spleen by MHC-monomer-beads.
[0116] FIG. 31B depicts the detection of Kras G12D neoantigen specific CD8+ T cells in human peripheral blood by MHC-monomer-beads.
[0117] FIG. 31C depict the detection of Kras multiple specific CD8+ T cells in human peripheral blood by MHC-monomer-beads with multiple antigenic peptides.
[0118] FIG. 31D-FIG. 31E depict the detection of stimulated Kras multiple specific CD8+ T cells in human peripheral blood by MHC-monomer-beads with multiple antigenic peptides.DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0119] The present application provides methods of analyzing a sample from one or more individuals for the presence or absence of immune cells capable of binding to an antigenic peptide. In some embodiments, the presence such immune cells are indicative of the presence of a disease or condition in the individual. The application is at least partly based on inventors’ unique insight that immune cells activated by specific antigens (such as tumor neoantigens) can be detectable in an individual even before any pathological symptoms of disease or condition (e.g., cancer) are exhibited, thus serving as useful markers for detection of such disease or condition at early stage.
[0120] As shown in Example section, exemplary Kras mutation associated neoantigen-specific T cells were successfully detected in mice intravenously or subcutaneously inoculated with tumor cells (of as low as 104 cells, see, e.g., FIG. 8) expressing Kras mutation associated neoantigens and as early as day 4 after inoculation (see e.g., FIG. 9A-9B) , which is prior to the any detection via bioluminescence (see e.g., FIG. 10A-10B) , or in pancreatic cancer patients harboring Kras mutations (e.g., see FIG. 11A-11C and 12) . These data demonstrated that the provided methods can be successfully used for cancer detection including both early cancer detection as well as for monitoring cancer cells in individuals who may have residual minimal cancer cells.
[0121] The present application also provides innovative methods that exploit immunoassays such as ELISA for effectively, economically, and efficiently detect the presence of antigen-specific immune cells even when they are in a very low abundance in a sample (e.g., less than 1%) . The methods of the present application have been demonstrated to successfully detect neoantigen-specific immune cells in cancer patients and detecting pathogen-specific immune cells in patients infected with the pathogen. Some embodiments of the methods demonstrate surprisingly high sensitivity. Moreover, the methods enable a high throughput analysis of a mixed sample that has immune cells derived from a plurality of individuals (e.g., 10-30 individuals) by associating a unique barcode with the immune cells from each individuals. See e.g., Examples 3 and 4.
[0122] The present application in one aspect provides methods of analyzing a sample from one or more individuals for the presence or absence of immune cells capable of binding to an antigenic peptide, the method comprising: a) immobilizing immune cells from the sample on a solid support, wherein the immune cells: 1) prior to immobilization, have been contacted with a bait composition comprising a display moiety comprising the antigenic peptide under a condition sufficient for an immune cell to bind to the display moiety; or 2) after the immobilization, are contacted with a bait composition comprising a display moiety comprising the antigenic peptide under a condition sufficient for an immune cell to bind to the display moiety; b) contacting the immobilized immune cells with a detection agent recognizing the display moiety under a condition sufficient for the agent to bind to the display moiety; and c) detecting the detection agent, thereby detecting the immune cells bound to the display moiety.
[0123] The present application in another aspect provides methods of analyzing a sample from one or more individuals for the presence or absence of immune cells capable of binding to an antigenic peptide, the method comprising: a) contacting the immune cells with a bait composition comprising a display moiety comprising the antigenic peptide under a condition sufficient for an immune cell to bind to the display moiety; b) contacting the immune cells with a detection agent recognizing the display moiety under a condition sufficient for the agent to bind to the display moiety; c) immobilizing the immune cells from the sample on a solid support, and d) detecting the detection agent, thereby detecting the immune cells bound to the display moiety.
[0124] The present application in another aspect provides methods of analyzing a plurality of samples from one or more individuals for the presence or absence of immune cells capable of binding to an antigenic peptide, comprising: a) separately processing each of the plurality of individual samples such that immune cells contained therein are associated with a unique sample barcode, b) combining the plurality of processed samples to form a sample mixture, c) contacting the sample mixture with a bait composition comprising a display moiety comprising an antigenic peptide under a condition sufficient for an immune cell to bind to the display moiety, thereby forming a bait-sample mixture, d) detecting immune cells bound to the display moiety in the bait-sample mixture; and e) determining the unique barcode associated with the immune cells bound to the display moiety, thereby identifying the sample from which the immune cells are derived.
[0125] Methods of detecting antigen-specific immune cells in an individual, methods of detecting residual cancer, methods of treating a cancer, infection or an autoimmune disease are also provided.
[0126] The present application in another aspect provides compositions comprising display moieties comprising a particle associated with a plurality of MHC-peptide complexes. In some embodiments, the plurality of MHC-peptide complexes comprises more than 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10 or 12 MHC-peptide complexes, wherein each of the MHC-peptide complex comprises at least one MHC molecule complexed with a peptide, wherein at least two or more of the MHC-peptide complexes are different. In some embodiments, the MHC-peptide complex is an MHC-peptide monomer. In some embodiments, the particle is solid. In some embodiments, the plurality of MHC-peptide complexes comprises at least 20, 50, or 100 MHC-peptide complexes.
[0127] As demonstrated in e.g., the examples, the display moieties described herein are a powerful tool that can be used to simultaneously screen antigen-specific immune cells from an individual that specifically recognize a plurality of peptides (e.g., neoantigen peptides) with high sensitivity. These display moieties, by having a plurality of heterogenous MHC-peptide complexes associated with a particle, enable aggregation of antigen-specific immune cells that can be conveniently observed under microscope or bare eyes. Accordingly, it provides powerful, sensitive, cost-effective and convenient platform technology for screening, detecting and analyzing antigen-specific immune cells in different contexts (e.g., cancers, autoimmune diseases, infections) .
[0128] Bait compositions comprising the display moieties, methods of analyzing or detecting antigen-specific immune cells by using the display moieties or bait compositions (such as those described above) , and methods of treating patients that involve using methods of detecting antigen-specific immune cells as described herein are also provided in the application.
[0129] Definitions
[0130] In general, terms used in the claims and the specification are intended to be construed as having the plain meaning understood by a person of ordinary skill in the art. Certain terms are defined below to provide additional clarity. In case of conflict between the plain meaning and the provided definitions, the provided definitions are to be used.
[0131] As used herein the term "antigen" is a substance that induces an immune response.
[0132] As used herein the term "neoantigen" is an antigen that has at least one alteration that makes it distinct from the corresponding wild-type, parental antigen, e.g., via mutation in a tumor cell or post-translational modification specific to a tumor cell. A neoantigen can include a polypeptide sequence. A mutation that results in a neoantigen can include a frameshift or non-frameshift indel, missense or nonsense substitution, splice site alteration, genomic rearrangement or gene fusion, or any genomic or expression alteration giving rise to a neoORF. A mutations can also include a splice variant. Post-translational modifications specific to a tumor cell can include aberrant phosphorylation. Post-translational modifications specific to a tumor cell can also include a proteasome-generated spliced antigen. See Liepe et al., A large fraction of HLA class I ligands are proteasome-generated spliced peptides; Science. 2016 Oct 21; 354 (6310) : 354-358.
[0133] As used herein the term "tumor neoantigen" or “cancer neoantigen” is a neoantigen present in a subject's tumor cell or tissue but not in the subject's corresponding normal cell or tissue.
[0134] As used herein the term "missense mutation" is a mutation causing a substitution from one amino acid to another.
[0135] As used herein the term "nonsense mutation" is a mutation causing a substitution from an amino acid to a stop codon.
[0136] As used herein the term "frameshift mutation" is a mutation causing a change in the frame of the protein.
[0137] As used herein the term "indel" is an insertion or deletion of one or more nucleic acids.
[0138] As used herein, the term percent "identity, " in the context of two or more nucleic acid or polypeptide sequences, refer to two or more sequences or subsequences that have a specified percentage of nucleotides or amino acid residues that are the same, when compared and aligned for maximum correspondence, as measured using one of the sequence comparison algorithms described below (e.g., BLASTP and BLASTN or other algorithms available to persons of skill) or by visual inspection. Depending on the application, the percent "identity" can exist over a region of the sequence being compared, e.g., over a functional domain, or, alternatively, exist over the full length of the two sequences to be compared.
[0139] For sequence comparison, typically one sequence acts as a reference sequence to which test sequences are compared. When using a sequence comparison algorithm, test and reference sequences are input into a computer, subsequence coordinates are designated, if necessary, and sequence algorithm program parameters are designated. The sequence comparison algorithm then calculates the percent sequence identity for the test sequence (s) relative to the reference sequence, based on the designated program parameters. Alternatively, sequence similarity or dissimilarity can be established by the combined presence or absence of particular nucleotides, or, for translated sequences, amino acids at selected sequence positions (e.g., sequence motifs) .
[0140] As used herein the term "epitope" is the specific portion of an antigen typically bound by an antibody or T-cell receptor.
[0141] As used herein the term "immunogenic" is the ability to elicit an immune response, e.g., via T-cells, B cells, or both.
[0142] As used herein the term "HLA binding affinity" "MHC binding affinity" means affinity of binding between a specific antigen and a specific MHC allele.
[0143] As used herein the term "bait composition" is a composition comprising a molecule (e.g., an antigenic peptide) used to enrich a cell that specifically binds to the bait from a sample. To clarify, “antigenic peptide” described herein is not limited to peptides that are capable of inducing an immune response. It is exchangeable to “peptide” and includes any peptide that can be presented by an MHC molecule.
[0144] As used herein the term "variant" is a difference between a subject's nucleic acids and the reference human genome used as a control.
[0145] As used herein the term "allele" is a version of a gene or a version of a genetic sequence or a version of a protein.
[0146] As used herein the term "HLA type" is the complement of HLA gene alleles.
[0147] As used herein the term "exome" is a subset of the genome that codes for proteins. An exome can be the collective exons of a genome.
[0148] As used herein the term "proteome" is the set of all proteins expressed and / or translated by a cell, group of cells, or individual.
[0149] As used herein the term "dextramers" is a dextran-based peptide-MHC multimers used for antigen-specific immune-cell staining in flow cytometry.
[0150] As used herein the term "MHC multimers" is a peptide-MHC complex comprising multiple peptide-MHC monomer units.
[0151] As used herein the term "MHC tetramers" is a peptide-MHC complex comprising four peptide-MHC monomer units. As used herein the term "MHC monomers" is a peptide-MHC complex comprising one peptide-MHC monomer units. As used herein the term "MHC dimers" is a peptide-MHC complex comprising two peptide-MHC monomer units. As used herein the term "MHC trimers" is a peptide-MHC complex comprising three peptide-MHC monomer units.
[0152] As used herein the term “Latex Agglutination Test (LAT) ” refers to a class of bioanalytical methods used to detect the presence (qualitive) and sometimes the amount of a substance (quantitative) in a sample. In the presence of a specific substance (e.g. antigen, antibody, or cell) , the latex particles agglomerate, forming clumps or aggregations of particles.
[0153] As used herein the term “Latex Beads” refers to spherical particles, e.g. polystyrene, poly (methyl methacrylate) , polyacrylates, or other similar types of polymers. These Latex beads can vary in size, typically ranging from nanometers to micrometers in diameter. Their surface may be functionalized or modified to allow for the attachment of biological molecules, chemical compounds, or other substances. Latex beads can be used in a range of applications including, but not limited to, diagnostic assays, bioseparation, drug delivery, and as standards or controls in various analytical techniques.
[0154] As used herein, "sample" refers to an aliquot of body fluid or a tissue obtained from a subject which contains an immune cell.
[0155] The term "mammal" encompasses both humans and non-humans and includes but is not limited to humans, non-human primates, canines, felines, murines, bovines, equines, and porcines.
[0156] As used herein, “treatment” or “treating” is an approach for obtaining beneficial or desired results, including clinical results. For purposes of this application, beneficial or desired clinical results include, but are not limited to, one or more of the following: alleviating one or more symptoms resulting from the disease, diminishing the extent of the disease, stabilizing the disease (e.g., preventing or delaying the worsening of the disease) , preventing or delaying the spread (e.g., metastasis) of the disease, preventing or delaying the recurrence of the disease, delaying or slowing the progression of the disease, ameliorating the disease state, providing a remission (partial or total) of the disease, decreasing the dose of one or more other medications required to treat the disease, delaying the progression of the disease, increasing or improving the quality of life, increasing weight gain, and / or prolonging survival. Also encompassed by “treatment” is a reduction of pathological consequence of cancer (such as, for example, tumor volume) . The methods of the application contemplate any one or more of these aspects of treatment.
[0157] A “reference” as used herein, refers to any sample, standard, or level that is used for comparison purposes. A reference may be obtained from a healthy and / or non-diseased sample. In some examples, a reference may be obtained from an untreated sample. In some examples, a reference is obtained from a non-diseased or non-treated sample of an individual. In some examples, a reference is obtained from one or more healthy individuals who are not the individual or patient.
[0158] The terms “subject, ” “individual, ” and “patient” are used interchangeably herein to refer to a mammal, including, but not limited to, human, bovine, horse, feline, canine, rodent, or primate. In some embodiments, the individual is a human.
[0159] It is understood that embodiments of the application described herein include “consisting” and / or “consisting essentially of” embodiments.
[0160] Reference to “about” a value or parameter herein includes (and describes) variations that are directed to that value or parameter per se. For example, description referring to “about X” includes description of “X” .
[0161] As used herein, reference to “not” a value or parameter generally means and describes “other than” a value or parameter. For example, the method is not used to treat cancer of type X means the method is used to treat cancer of types other than X.
[0162] The term “about X-Y” used herein has the same meaning as “about X to about Y. ”
[0163] It should be noted that, as used in the specification and t e appended claims, the singular forms "a, " "an, " and "the" include plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise.
[0164] Any terms not directly defined herein shall be understood to have the meanings commonly associated with them as understood within the art of the invention. Certain terms are discussed herein to provide additional guidance to the practitioner in describing the compositions, devices, methods and the like of aspects of the invention, and how to make or use them. It will be appreciated that the same thing may be said in more than one way. Consequently, alternative language and synonyms may be used for any one or more of the terms discussed herein. No significance is to be placed upon whether or not a term is elaborated or discussed herein. Some synonyms or substitutable methods, materials and the like are provided. Recital of one or a few synonyms or equivalents does not exclude use of other synonyms or equivalents, unless it is explicitly stated. Use of examples, including examples of terms, is for illustrative purposes only and does not limit the scope and meaning of the aspects of the invention herein.
[0165] Methods of analyzing a sample from one or more individuals
[0166] The present application provides methods of analyzing a sample from one or more individuals, e.g., for the presence or absence of immune cells capable of binding to an antigenic peptide. Such methods can be further used for e.g., diagnosis of a disease or condition (e.g., a cancer, e.g., an infection, e.g., an autoimmune cells) .
[0167] In some embodiments, there is provided a method of analyzing a plurality of samples from one or more individuals for the presence or absence of immune cells capable of binding to an antigenic peptide comprising: a) immobilizing immune cells from the sample on a solid support, wherein the immune cells: 1) prior to immobilization, have been contacted with a bait composition comprising a display moiety comprising the antigenic peptide under a condition sufficient for an immune cell to bind to the display moiety; or 2) after the immobilization, are contacted with a bait composition comprising a display moiety comprising the antigenic peptide under a condition sufficient for an immune cell to bind to the display moiety; b) contacting the immobilized immune cells with a detection agent recognizing the display moiety under a condition sufficient for the agent to bind to the display moiety; and c) detecting the detection agent, thereby detecting the immune cells bound to the display moiety, wherein the antigenic peptide is associated with a cancer or tumor antigen, optionally wherein the antigenic peptide is a neoantigen peptide. In some embodiments, the sample is obtained from one or more individuals exhibiting no pathological symptom of a cancer. In some embodiments, the individual a) has not previously been diagnosed as having a cancer, optionally wherein the individual is at risk of having cancer, or b) the individual has been previously treated for cancer and exhibits no pathological symptom of a cancer after the treatment. In some embodiments, the neoantigenic peptide comprising a mutation relative to a wildtype peptide, optionally at the third amino acid position counting from the N-terminus. In some embodiments, the sample is obtained from a single individual. In some embodiments, the sample is a mixture a plurality of individual samples, each obtained from a different individual. In some embodiments, prior to being combined to form the mixture each of the plurality of individual samples is separately processed such that the immune cells contained therein are associated with a unique sample barcode (e.g., via mixing the immune cells with a molecule comprising the unique sample barcode) . In some embodiments, the method further comprises removing unbound molecule comprising the barcode (molecules not bound by the immune cells) e.g., via washing the immune cells for at least one time. In some embodiments, the immune cells have been contacted with a bait composition comprising a display moiety comprising an antigenic peptide under a condition sufficient for an immune cell to bind to the display moiety prior to the immobilization. In some embodiments, the immune cells are contacted with a bait composition comprising a display moiety comprising an antigenic peptide under a condition sufficient for an immune cell to bind to the display moiety following the immobilization. In some embodiments, the sample is a blood sample (e.g., PBMC sample) . In some embodiments, the immune cells comprise T cells (e.g., CD8 T cells) , optionally the immune cells comprise no more than about 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%or 1%T cells specifically binding to antigenic peptide in the bait composition. In some embodiments, the immune cells are immobilized on the solid substrate such as a bead, optionally wherein the bead is associated with an antibody recognizing the immune cells, optionally wherein the antibody is a CD8 antibody. In some embodiments, the display moiety comprises two or more antigenic peptides, optionally wherein the display moiety comprises four antigenic peptides. In some embodiments, the antigenic peptide has one or more of the following characteristics: a) having a binding affinity of about 1 nM to about 5000 nM to an MHC molecule; b) having a binding affinity of about 1 nM to about 5000 nM to a cognate TCR molecule; c) is hydrophobic; and d) has high content of aromatic residues. In some embodiments, the antigenic peptide has low immunogenicity. In some embodiments, the display moiety comprises an MHC molecule complexed with the antigenic peptide, optionally wherein the MHC molecule comprises a MHC multimer, further optionally the MHC multimer is a MHC tetramer or a MHC dextramer. In some embodiments, the MHC molecule comprises a MHC class I molecule. In some embodiments, the MHC class I molecule is selected from the group consisting of HLA-A, HLA-B, and HLA-C, optionally wherein MHC class I molecule comprises a HLA-A molecule, further optionally wherein the HLA-A molecule comprises a mutation that reduces its binding to CD8, further optionally where the HLA-A molecule comprises a HLA A2 heavy chain with a A245V mutation. In some embodiments, the display moiety comprises two or more different kinds of MHC class I molecules selected from the group consisting of a) HLA-A*24: 02, HLA-A*11: 01, HLA-A*02: 01, and HLA-A*03: 01, or b) HLA-A*69: 01, HLA-A*31: 01, HLA-A*29: 01HLA-A*33: 02, HLA-A*02: 06, HLA-A*02: 07, HLA-A*30: 01, HLA-A*01: 01, HLA-A*02: 03, HLA-A*33: 03. In some embodiments, the display moiety further comprises a detectable label (e.g., a fluorophore) . In some embodiments, the method further comprises isolating immune cells bound to the display moiety or removing the display moiety or immune cells not bound to each other, e.g., by washing the immune cells for at least 1, 2, or 3 times.
[0168] In some embodiments, there is provided a method of analyzing a plurality of samples from one or more individuals for the presence or absence of immune cells capable of binding to an antigenic peptide comprising: a) immobilizing immune cells from the sample on a solid support, wherein the immune cells: 1) prior to immobilization, have been contacted with a bait composition comprising a display moiety comprising the antigenic peptide under a condition sufficient for an immune cell to bind to the display moiety; or 2) after the immobilization, are contacted with a bait composition comprising a display moiety comprising the antigenic peptide under a condition sufficient for an immune cell to bind to the display moiety; b) contacting the immobilized immune cells with a detection agent recognizing the display moiety under a condition sufficient for the agent to bind to the display moiety; and c) detecting the detection agent, thereby detecting the immune cells bound to the display moiety, wherein the antigenic peptide is associated with a pathogen antigen, optionally wherein the antigenic peptide is associated with a virus, a bacteria, or a fungus antigen. In some embodiments, the individual a) has not been diagnosed as having an infection by a pathogen, optionally wherein the individual is at risk of having the infection, and / or b) exhibits no pathological symptom of an infection by a pathogen, optionally exhibits no pathological symptom of an infection by the pathogen. In some embodiments, the sample is obtained from a single individual. In some embodiments, the sample is a mixture a plurality of individual samples, each obtained from a different individual. In some embodiments, prior to being combined to form the mixture each of the plurality of individual samples is separately processed such that the immune cells contained therein are associated with a unique sample barcode (e.g., via mixing the immune cells with a molecule comprising the unique sample barcode) . In some embodiments, the method further comprises removing unbound molecule comprising the barcode (molecules not bound by the immune cells) e.g., via washing the immune cells for at least one time. In some embodiments, the immune cells have been contacted with a bait composition comprising a display moiety comprising an antigenic peptide under a condition sufficient for an immune cell to bind to the display moiety prior to the immobilization. In some embodiments, the immune cells are contacted with a bait composition comprising a display moiety comprising an antigenic peptide under a condition sufficient for an immune cell to bind to the display moiety following the immobilization. In some embodiments, the sample is a blood sample (e.g., PBMC sample) . In some embodiments, the immune cells comprise T cells (e.g., CD8 T cells) , optionally the immune cells comprise no more than about 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%or 1%T cells specifically binding to antigenic peptide in the bait composition. In some embodiments, the immune cells are immobilized on the solid substrate such as a bead, optionally wherein the bead is associated with an antibody recognizing the immune cells, optionally wherein the antibody is a CD8 antibody. In some embodiments, the display moiety comprises two or more antigenic peptides, optionally wherein the display moiety comprises four antigenic peptides. In some embodiments, the antigenic peptide has one or more of the following characteristics: a) having a binding affinity of about 1 nM to about 5000 nM to an MHC molecule; b) having a binding affinity of about 1 nM to about 5000 nM to a cognate TCR molecule; c) is hydrophobic; and d) has high content of aromatic residues. In some embodiments, the antigenic peptide has low immunogenicity. In some embodiments, the display moiety comprises an MHC molecule complexed with the antigenic peptide, optionally wherein the MHC molecule comprises a MHC multimer, further optionally the MHC multimer is a MHC tetramer or a MHC dextramer. In some embodiments, the MHC molecule comprises a MHC class I molecule. In some embodiments, the MHC class I molecule is selected from the group consisting of HLA-A, HLA-B, and HLA-C, optionally wherein MHC class I molecule comprises a HLA-A molecule, further optionally wherein the HLA-A molecule comprises a mutation that reduces its binding to CD8, further optionally where the HLA-A molecule comprises a HLA A2 heavy chain with a A245V mutation. In some embodiments, the display moiety comprises two or more different kinds of MHC class I molecules selected from the group consisting of a) HLA-A*24: 02, HLA-A*11: 01, HLA-A*02: 01, and HLA-A*03: 01, or b) HLA-A*69: 01, HLA-A*31: 01, HLA-A*29: 01HLA-A*33: 02, HLA-A*02: 06, HLA-A*02: 07, HLA-A*30: 01, HLA-A*01: 01, HLA-A*02: 03, HLA-A*33: 03. In some embodiments, the display moiety further comprises a detectable label (e.g., a fluorophore) . In some embodiments, the method further comprises isolating immune cells bound to the display moiety or removing the display moiety or immune cells not bound to each other.
[0169] In some embodiments, there is provided a method of analyzing a plurality of samples from one or more individuals for the presence or absence of immune cells capable of binding to an antigenic peptide comprising: a) immobilizing immune cells from the sample on a solid support, wherein the immune cells: 1) prior to immobilization, have been contacted with a bait composition comprising a display moiety comprising the antigenic peptide under a condition sufficient for an immune cell to bind to the display moiety; or 2) after the immobilization, are contacted with a bait composition comprising a display moiety comprising the antigenic peptide under a condition sufficient for an immune cell to bind to the display moiety; b) contacting the immobilized immune cells with a detection agent recognizing the display moiety under a condition sufficient for the agent to bind to the display moiety; and c) detecting the detection agent, thereby detecting the immune cells bound to the display moiety, wherein the antigenic is an autoantigenic peptide associated with an autoantigen. In some embodiments, the individual a) has not been diagnosed as having an immune response against the autoantigen, optionally wherein the individual is at risk of developing the immune response against the autoantigen, and / or b) exhibits no pathological symptom of an immune response (e.g., an autoimmune disease or disorder) , optionally exhibits no pathological symptom of an immune response against the autoantigen. In some embodiments, the sample is obtained from a single individual. In some embodiments, the sample is a mixture a plurality of individual samples, each obtained from a different individual. In some embodiments, prior to being combined to form the mixture each of the plurality of individual samples is separately processed such that the immune cells contained therein are associated with a unique sample barcode (e.g., via mixing the immune cells with a molecule comprising the unique sample barcode) . In some embodiments, the method further comprises removing unbound molecule comprising the barcode (molecules not bound by the immune cells) e.g., via washing the immune cells for at least one time. In some embodiments, the immune cells have been contacted with a bait composition comprising a display moiety comprising an antigenic peptide under a condition sufficient for an immune cell to bind to the display moiety prior to the immobilization. In some embodiments, the immune cells are contacted with a bait composition comprising a display moiety comprising an antigenic peptide under a condition sufficient for an immune cell to bind to the display moiety following the immobilization. In some embodiments, the sample is a blood sample (e.g., PBMC sample) . In some embodiments, the immune cells comprise T cells (e.g., CD8 T cells) , optionally the immune cells comprise no more than about 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%or 1%T cells specifically binding to antigenic peptide in the bait composition. In some embodiments, the immune cells are immobilized on the solid substrate such as a bead, optionally wherein the bead is associated with an antibody recognizing the immune cells, optionally wherein the antibody is a CD8 antibody. In some embodiments, the display moiety comprises two or more antigenic peptides, optionally wherein the display moiety comprises four antigenic peptides. In some embodiments, the antigenic peptide has one or more of the following characteristics: a) having a binding affinity of about 1 nM to about 5000 nM to an MHC molecule; b) having a binding affinity of about 1 nM to about 5000 nM to a cognate TCR molecule; c) is hydrophobic; and d) has high content of aromatic residues. In some embodiments, the antigenic peptide has low immunogenicity. In some embodiments, the display moiety comprises an MHC molecule complexed with the antigenic peptide, optionally wherein the MHC molecule comprises a MHC multimer, further optionally the MHC multimer is a MHC tetramer or a MHC dextramer. In some embodiments, the MHC molecule comprises a MHC class I molecule. In some embodiments, the MHC class I molecule is selected from the group consisting of HLA-A, HLA-B, and HLA-C, optionally wherein MHC class I molecule comprises a HLA-A molecule, further optionally wherein the HLA-A molecule comprises a mutation that reduces its binding to CD8, further optionally where the HLA-A molecule comprises a HLA A2 heavy chain with a A245V mutation. In some embodiments, the display moiety comprises two or more different kinds of MHC class I molecules selected from the group consisting of a) HLA-A*24: 02, HLA-A*11: 01, HLA-A*02: 01, and HLA-A*03: 01, or b) HLA-A*69: 01, HLA-A*31: 01, HLA-A*29: 01HLA-A*33: 02, HLA-A*02: 06, HLA-A*02: 07, HLA-A*30: 01, HLA-A*01: 01, HLA-A*02: 03, HLA-A*33: 03. In some embodiments, the display moiety further comprises a detectable label (e.g., a fluorophore) . In some embodiments, the method further comprises isolating immune cells bound to the display moiety or removing the display moiety or immune cells not bound to each other.
[0170] In some embodiments, there is provided a method of analyzing a plurality of samples from one or more individuals for the presence or absence of immune cells capable of binding to an antigenic peptide comprising: a) immobilizing immune cells from the sample on a solid support, wherein the immune cells: 1) prior to immobilization, have been contacted with a bait composition comprising a display moiety comprising the antigenic peptide under a condition sufficient for an immune cell to bind to the display moiety; or 2) after the immobilization, are contacted with a bait composition comprising a display moiety comprising the antigenic peptide under a condition sufficient for an immune cell to bind to the display moiety; b) contacting the immobilized immune cells with a detection agent recognizing the display moiety under a condition sufficient for the agent to bind to the display moiety; and c) detecting the detection agent, thereby detecting the immune cells bound to the display moiety, wherein the immune cells are immobilized on the solid substrate such as a bead, and optionally wherein the bead is associated with an antibody recognizing the immune cells, optionally wherein the antibody is a CD8 antibody. In some embodiments, the sample is obtained from a single individual. In some embodiments, the sample is a mixture a plurality of individual samples, each obtained from a different individual. In some embodiments, prior to being combined to form the mixture each of the plurality of individual samples is separately processed such that the immune cells contained therein are associated with a unique sample barcode (e.g., via mixing the immune cells with a molecule comprising the unique sample barcode) . In some embodiments, the method further comprises removing unbound molecule comprising the barcode (molecules not bound by the immune cells) e.g., via washing the immune cells for at least one time. In some embodiments, the immune cells have been contacted with a bait composition comprising a display moiety comprising an antigenic peptide under a condition sufficient for an immune cell to bind to the display moiety prior to the immobilization. In some embodiments, the immune cells are contacted with a bait composition comprising a display moiety comprising an antigenic peptide under a condition sufficient for an immune cell to bind to the display moiety following the immobilization. In some embodiments, the sample is a blood sample (e.g., PBMC sample) . In some embodiments, the immune cells comprise T cells (e.g., CD8 T cells) , optionally the immune cells comprise no more than about 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%or 1%T cells specifically binding to antigenic peptide in the bait composition. In some embodiments, the display moiety comprises two or more antigenic peptides, optionally wherein the display moiety comprises four antigenic peptides. In some embodiments, the antigenic peptide has one or more of the following characteristics: a) having a binding affinity of about 1 nM to about 5000 nM to an MHC molecule; b) having a binding affinity of about 1 nM to about 5000 nM to a cognate TCR molecule; c) is hydrophobic; and d) has high content of aromatic residues. In some embodiments, the antigenic peptide has low immunogenicity. In some embodiments, the display moiety comprises an MHC molecule complexed with the antigenic peptide, optionally wherein the MHC molecule comprises a MHC multimer, further optionally the MHC multimer is a MHC tetramer or a MHC dextramer. In some embodiments, the MHC molecule comprises a MHC class I molecule. In some embodiments, the MHC class I molecule is selected from the group consisting of HLA-A, HLA-B, and HLA-C, optionally wherein MHC class I molecule comprises a HLA-A molecule, further optionally wherein the HLA-A molecule comprises a mutation that reduces its binding to CD8, further optionally where the HLA-A molecule comprises a HLA A2 heavy chain with a A245V mutation. In some embodiments, the display moiety comprises two or more different kinds of MHC class I molecules selected from the group consisting of a) HLA-A*24: 02, HLA-A*11: 01, HLA-A*02: 01, and HLA-A*03: 01, or b) HLA-A*69: 01, HLA-A*31: 01, HLA-A*29: 01HLA-A*33: 02, HLA-A*02: 06, HLA-A*02: 07, HLA-A*30: 01, HLA-A*01: 01, HLA-A*02: 03, HLA-A*33: 03. In some embodiments, the display moiety further comprises a detectable label (e.g., a fluorophore) . In some embodiments, the method further comprises isolating immune cells bound to the display moiety or removing the display moiety or immune cells not bound to each other.
[0171] In some embodiments, there is provided a method of analyzing a plurality of samples from one or more individuals for the presence or absence of immune cells capable of binding to an antigenic peptide comprising: a) immobilizing immune cells from the sample on a solid support, wherein the immune cells: 1) prior to immobilization, have been contacted with a bait composition comprising a display moiety comprising the antigenic peptide under a condition sufficient for an immune cell to bind to the display moiety; or 2) after the immobilization, are contacted with a bait composition comprising a display moiety comprising the antigenic peptide under a condition sufficient for an immune cell to bind to the display moiety; b) contacting the immobilized immune cells with a detection agent recognizing the display moiety under a condition sufficient for the agent to bind to the display moiety; and c) detecting the detection agent, thereby detecting the immune cells bound to the display moiety, wherein the display moiety comprises a library of antigenic peptides for a mutation associated with a cancer or tumor, a pathogen, or an autoantigen, wherein the library comprises at least about 5, 10, 12, 15, 18 or 20 distinct antigenic peptides (e.g., neoantigenic) . In some embodiments, the sample is obtained from a single individual. In some embodiments, the sample is a mixture a plurality of individual samples, each obtained from a different individual. In some embodiments, prior to being combined to form the mixture each of the plurality of individual samples is separately processed such that the immune cells contained therein are associated with a unique sample barcode (e.g., via mixing the immune cells with a molecule comprising the unique sample barcode) . In some embodiments, the method further comprises removing unbound molecule comprising the barcode (molecules not bound by the immune cells) e.g., via washing the immune cells for at least one time. In some embodiments, the immune cells have been contacted with a bait composition comprising a display moiety comprising an antigenic peptide under a condition sufficient for an immune cell to bind to the display moiety prior to the immobilization. In some embodiments, the immune cells are contacted with a bait composition comprising a display moiety comprising an antigenic peptide under a condition sufficient for an immune cell to bind to the display moiety following the immobilization. In some embodiments, the sample is a blood sample (e.g., PBMC sample) . In some embodiments, the immune cells comprise T cells (e.g., CD8 T cells) , optionally the immune cells comprise no more than about 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%or 1%T cells specifically binding to antigenic peptide in the bait composition. In some embodiments, the antigenic peptide has one or more of the following characteristics: a) having a binding affinity of about 1 nM to about 5000 nM to an MHC molecule; b) having a binding affinity of about 1 nM to about 5000 nM to a cognate TCR molecule; c) is hydrophobic; and d) has high content of aromatic residues. In some embodiments, the antigenic peptide has low immunogenicity. In some embodiments, the display moiety comprises an MHC molecule complexed with the antigenic peptide, optionally wherein the MHC molecule comprises a MHC multimer, further optionally the MHC multimer is a MHC tetramer or a MHC dextramer. In some embodiments, the MHC molecule comprises a MHC class I molecule. In some embodiments, the MHC class I molecule is selected from the group consisting of HLA-A, HLA-B, and HLA-C, optionally wherein MHC class I molecule comprises a HLA-A molecule, further optionally wherein the HLA-A molecule comprises a mutation that reduces its binding to CD8, further optionally where the HLA-A molecule comprises a HLA A2 heavy chain with a A245V mutation. In some embodiments, the display moiety comprises two or more different kinds of MHC class I molecules selected from the group consisting of a) HLA-A*24: 02, HLA-A*11: 01, HLA-A*02: 01, and HLA-A*03: 01, or b) HLA-A*69: 01, HLA-A*31: 01, HLA-A*29: 01HLA-A*33: 02, HLA-A*02: 06, HLA-A*02: 07, HLA-A*30: 01, HLA-A*01: 01, HLA-A*02: 03, HLA-A*33: 03. In some embodiments, the display moiety further comprises a detectable label (e.g., a fluorophore) . In some embodiments, the method further comprises isolating immune cells bound to the display moiety or removing the display moiety or immune cells not bound to each other.
[0172] In some embodiments, there is provided a method of analyzing a plurality of samples from one or more individuals for the presence or absence of immune cells capable of binding to an antigenic peptide comprising: a) immobilizing immune cells from the sample on a solid support, wherein the immune cells: 1) prior to immobilization, have been contacted with a bait composition comprising a display moiety comprising the antigenic peptide under a condition sufficient for an immune cell to bind to the display moiety; or 2) after the immobilization, are contacted with a bait composition comprising a display moiety comprising the antigenic peptide under a condition sufficient for an immune cell to bind to the display moiety; b) contacting the immobilized immune cells with a detection agent recognizing the display moiety under a condition sufficient for the agent to bind to the display moiety; and c) detecting the detection agent, thereby detecting the immune cells bound to the display moiety, wherein the antigenic peptide 1) has one or more of the following characteristics: a) having a binding affinity of about 1 nM to about 5000 nM to an MHC molecule; b) having a binding affinity of about 1 nM to about 5000 nM to a cognate TCR molecule; c) is hydrophobic; and d) has high content of aromatic residues, and / or 2) has low immunogenicity. In some embodiments, the sample is obtained from a single individual. In some embodiments, the sample is a mixture a plurality of individual samples, each obtained from a different individual. In some embodiments, prior to being combined to form the mixture each of the plurality of individual samples is separately processed such that the immune cells contained therein are associated with a unique sample barcode (e.g., via mixing the immune cells with a molecule comprising the unique sample barcode) . In some embodiments, the method further comprises removing unbound molecule comprising the barcode (molecules not bound by the immune cells) e.g., via washing the immune cells for at least one time. In some embodiments, the immune cells have been contacted with a bait composition comprising a display moiety comprising an antigenic peptide under a condition sufficient for an immune cell to bind to the display moiety prior to the immobilization. In some embodiments, the immune cells are contacted with a bait composition comprising a display moiety comprising an antigenic peptide under a condition sufficient for an immune cell to bind to the display moiety following the immobilization. In some embodiments, the sample is a blood sample (e.g., PBMC sample) . In some embodiments, the immune cells comprise T cells (e.g., CD8 T cells) , optionally the immune cells comprise no more than about 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%or 1%T cells specifically binding to antigenic peptide in the bait composition. In some embodiments, the display moiety comprises an MHC molecule complexed with the antigenic peptide, optionally wherein the MHC molecule comprises a MHC multimer, further optionally the MHC multimer is a MHC tetramer or a MHC dextramer. In some embodiments, the MHC molecule comprises a MHC class I molecule. In some embodiments, the MHC class I molecule is selected from the group consisting of HLA-A, HLA-B, and HLA-C, optionally wherein MHC class I molecule comprises a HLA-Amolecule, further optionally wherein the HLA-A molecule comprises a mutation that reduces its binding to CD8, further optionally where the HLA-A molecule comprises a HLA A2 heavy chain with a A245V mutation. In some embodiments, the display moiety comprises two or more different kinds of MHC class I molecules selected from the group consisting of a) HLA-A*24: 02, HLA-A*11: 01, HLA-A*02: 01, and HLA-A*03: 01, or b) HLA-A*69: 01, HLA-A*31: 01, HLA-A*29: 01HLA-A*33: 02, HLA-A*02: 06, HLA-A*02: 07, HLA-A*30: 01, HLA-A*01: 01, HLA-A*02: 03, HLA-A*33: 03. In some embodiments, the display moiety further comprises a detectable label (e.g., a fluorophore) . In some embodiments, the method further comprises isolating immune cells bound to the display moiety or removing the display moiety or immune cells not bound to each other.
[0173] In some embodiments, there is provided a method of analyzing a plurality of samples from one or more individuals for the presence or absence of immune cells capable of binding to an antigenic peptide comprising: a) immobilizing immune cells from the sample on a solid support, wherein the immune cells: 1) prior to immobilization, have been contacted with a bait composition comprising a display moiety comprising the antigenic peptide under a condition sufficient for an immune cell to bind to the display moiety; or 2) after the immobilization, are contacted with a bait composition comprising a display moiety comprising the antigenic peptide under a condition sufficient for an immune cell to bind to the display moiety; b) contacting the immobilized immune cells with a detection agent recognizing the display moiety under a condition sufficient for the agent to bind to the display moiety; and c) detecting the detection agent, thereby detecting the immune cells bound to the display moiety, wherein the display moiety further comprises a detectable label (e.g., a fluorophore, e.g., a PE or APC) , wherein the detection agent binds to the detectable label. In some embodiments, the sample is obtained from a single individual. In some embodiments, the sample is a mixture a plurality of individual samples, each obtained from a different individual. In some embodiments, prior to being combined to form the mixture each of the plurality of individual samples is separately processed such that the immune cells contained therein are associated with a unique sample barcode (e.g., via mixing the immune cells with a molecule comprising the unique sample barcode) . In some embodiments, the method further comprises removing unbound molecule comprising the barcode (molecules not bound by the immune cells) e.g., via washing the immune cells for at least one time. In some embodiments, the immune cells have been contacted with a bait composition comprising a display moiety comprising an antigenic peptide under a condition sufficient for an immune cell to bind to the display moiety prior to the immobilization. In some embodiments, the immune cells are contacted with a bait composition comprising a display moiety comprising an antigenic peptide under a condition sufficient for an immune cell to bind to the display moiety following the immobilization. In some embodiments, the sample is a blood sample (e.g., PBMC sample) . In some embodiments, the immune cells comprise T cells (e.g., CD8 T cells) , optionally the immune cells comprise no more than about 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%or 1%T cells specifically binding to antigenic peptide in the bait composition. In some embodiments, the display moiety comprises an MHC molecule complexed with the antigenic peptide, optionally wherein the MHC molecule comprises a MHC multimer, further optionally the MHC multimer is a MHC tetramer or a MHC dextramer. In some embodiments, the MHC molecule comprises a MHC class I molecule. In some embodiments, the MHC class I molecule is selected from the group consisting of HLA-A, HLA-B, and HLA-C, optionally wherein MHC class I molecule comprises a HLA-A molecule, further optionally wherein the HLA-A molecule comprises a mutation that reduces its binding to CD8, further optionally where the HLA-A molecule comprises a HLA A2 heavy chain with a A245V mutation. In some embodiments, the display moiety comprises two or more different kinds of MHC class I molecules selected from the group consisting of a) HLA-A*24: 02, HLA-A*11: 01, HLA-A*02: 01, and HLA-A*03: 01, or b) HLA-A*69: 01, HLA-A*31: 01, HLA-A*29: 01HLA-A*33: 02, HLA-A*02: 06, HLA-A*02: 07, HLA-A*30: 01, HLA-A*01: 01, HLA-A*02: 03, HLA-A*33: 03. In some embodiments, the method further comprises isolating immune cells bound to the display moiety or removing the display moiety or immune cells not bound to each other.
[0174] In some embodiments, there is provided a method of analyzing a plurality of samples from one or more individuals for the presence or absence of immune cells capable of binding to an antigenic peptide comprising a) contacting the immune cells with a bait composition comprising a display moiety comprising the antigenic peptide under a condition sufficient for an immune cell to bind to the display moiety; b) contacting the immune cells with a detection agent recognizing the display moiety under a condition sufficient for the agent to bind to the display moiety; c) immobilizing the immune cells from the sample on a solid support, and d) detecting the detection agent, thereby detecting the immune cells bound to the display moiety, wherein the antigenic peptide is associated with a cancer or tumor antigen, optionally wherein the antigenic peptide is a neoantigen peptide. In some embodiments, the sample is obtained from one or more individuals exhibiting no pathological symptom of a cancer. In some embodiments, the individual a) has not previously been diagnosed as having a cancer, optionally wherein the individual is at risk of having cancer, or b) the individual has been previously treated for cancer and exhibits no pathological symptom of a cancer after the treatment. In some embodiments, the neoantigenic peptide comprising a mutation relative to a wildtype peptide, optionally at the third amino acid position counting from the N-terminus. In some embodiments, the sample is obtained from a single individual. In some embodiments, the sample is a mixture a plurality of individual samples, each obtained from a different individual. In some embodiments, prior to being combined to form the mixture each of the plurality of individual samples is separately processed such that the immune cells contained therein are associated with a unique sample barcode (e.g., via mixing the immune cells with a molecule comprising the unique sample barcode) . In some embodiments, the method further comprises removing unbound molecule comprising the barcode (molecules not bound by the immune cells) e.g., via washing the immune cells for at least one time. In some embodiments, the sample is a blood sample (e.g., PBMC sample) . In some embodiments, the immune cells comprise T cells (e.g., CD8 T cells) , optionally the immune cells comprise no more than about 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%or 1%T cells specifically binding to antigenic peptide in the bait composition. In some embodiments, the immune cells are immobilized on the solid substrate such as a bead, optionally wherein the bead is associated with an antibody recognizing the immune cells, optionally wherein the antibody is a CD8 antibody. In some embodiments, the display moiety comprises two or more antigenic peptides, optionally wherein the display moiety comprises four antigenic peptides. In some embodiments, the antigenic peptide has one or more of the following characteristics: a) having a binding affinity of about 1 nM to about 5000 nM to an MHC molecule; b) having a binding affinity of about 1 nM to about 5000 nM to a cognate TCR molecule; c) is hydrophobic; and d) has high content of aromatic residues. In some embodiments, the antigenic peptide has low immunogenicity. In some embodiments, the display moiety comprises an MHC molecule complexed with the antigenic peptide, optionally wherein the MHC molecule comprises a MHC multimer, further optionally the MHC multimer is a MHC tetramer or a MHC dextramer. In some embodiments, the MHC molecule comprises a MHC class I molecule. In some embodiments, the MHC class I molecule is selected from the group consisting of HLA-A, HLA-B, and HLA-C, optionally wherein MHC class I molecule comprises a HLA-Amolecule, further optionally wherein the HLA-A molecule comprises a mutation that reduces its binding to CD8, further optionally where the HLA-A molecule comprises a HLA A2 heavy chain with a A245V mutation. In some embodiments, the display moiety comprises two or more different kinds of MHC class I molecules selected from the group consisting of a) HLA-A*24: 02, HLA-A*11: 01, HLA-A*02: 01, and HLA-A*03: 01, or b) HLA-A*69: 01, HLA-A*31: 01, HLA-A*29: 01HLA-A*33: 02, HLA-A*02: 06, HLA-A*02: 07, HLA-A*30: 01, HLA-A*01: 01, HLA-A*02: 03, HLA-A*33: 03. In some embodiments, the display moiety further comprises a detectable label (e.g., a fluorophore) . In some embodiments, the method further comprises isolating immune cells bound to the display moiety or removing the display moiety or immune cells not bound to each other.
[0175] In some embodiments, there is provided a method of analyzing a plurality of samples from one or more individuals for the presence or absence of immune cells capable of binding to an antigenic peptide comprising a) contacting the immune cells with a bait composition comprising a display moiety comprising the antigenic peptide under a condition sufficient for an immune cell to bind to the display moiety; b) contacting the immune cells with a detection agent recognizing the display moiety under a condition sufficient for the agent to bind to the display moiety; c) immobilizing the immune cells from the sample on a solid support, and d) detecting the detection agent, thereby detecting the immune cells bound to the display moiety, wherein the antigenic peptide is associated with a pathogen antigen, optionally wherein the antigenic peptide is associated with a virus, a bacteria, or a fungus antigen. In some embodiments, the individual a) has not been diagnosed as having an infection by a pathogen, optionally wherein the individual is at risk of having the infection, and / or b) exhibits no pathological symptom of an infection by a pathogen, optionally exhibits no pathological symptom of an infection by the pathogen. In some embodiments, the sample is obtained from a single individual. In some embodiments, the sample is a mixture a plurality of individual samples, each obtained from a different individual. In some embodiments, prior to being combined to form the mixture each of the plurality of individual samples is separately processed such that the immune cells contained therein are associated with a unique sample barcode (e.g., via mixing the immune cells with a molecule comprising the unique sample barcode) . In some embodiments, the method further comprises removing unbound molecule comprising the barcode (molecules not bound by the immune cells) e.g., via washing the immune cells for at least one time. In some embodiments, the sample is a blood sample (e.g., PBMC sample) . In some embodiments, the immune cells comprise T cells (e.g., CD8 T cells) , optionally the immune cells comprise no more than about 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%or 1%T cells specifically binding to antigenic peptide in the bait composition. In some embodiments, the immune cells are immobilized on the solid substrate such as a bead, optionally wherein the bead is associated with an antibody recognizing the immune cells, optionally wherein the antibody is a CD8 antibody. In some embodiments, the display moiety comprises two or more antigenic peptides, optionally wherein the display moiety comprises four antigenic peptides. In some embodiments, the antigenic peptide has one or more of the following characteristics: a) having a binding affinity of about 1 nM to about 5000 nM to an MHC molecule; b) having a binding affinity of about 1 nM to about 5000 nM to a cognate TCR molecule; c) is hydrophobic; and d) has high content of aromatic residues. In some embodiments, the antigenic peptide has low immunogenicity. In some embodiments, the display moiety comprises an MHC molecule complexed with the antigenic peptide, optionally wherein the MHC molecule comprises a MHC multimer, further optionally the MHC multimer is a MHC tetramer or a MHC dextramer. In some embodiments, the MHC molecule comprises a MHC class I molecule. In some embodiments, the MHC class I molecule is selected from the group consisting of HLA-A, HLA-B, and HLA-C, optionally wherein MHC class I molecule comprises a HLA-A molecule, further optionally wherein the HLA-A molecule comprises a mutation that reduces its binding to CD8, further optionally where the HLA-A molecule comprises a HLA A2 heavy chain with a A245V mutation. In some embodiments, the display moiety comprises two or more different kinds of MHC class I molecules selected from the group consisting of a) HLA-A*24: 02, HLA-A*11: 01, HLA-A*02: 01, and HLA-A*03: 01, or b) HLA-A*69: 01, HLA-A*31: 01, HLA-A*29: 01HLA-A*33: 02, HLA-A*02: 06, HLA-A*02: 07, HLA-A*30: 01, HLA-A*01: 01, HLA-A*02: 03, HLA-A*33: 03. In some embodiments, the display moiety further comprises a detectable label (e.g., a fluorophore) . In some embodiments, the method further comprises isolating immune cells bound to the display moiety or removing the display moiety or immune cells not bound to each other.
[0176] In some embodiments, there is provided a method of analyzing a plurality of samples from one or more individuals for the presence or absence of immune cells capable of binding to an antigenic peptide comprising a) contacting the immune cells with a bait composition comprising a display moiety comprising the antigenic peptide under a condition sufficient for an immune cell to bind to the display moiety; b) contacting the immune cells with a detection agent recognizing the display moiety under a condition sufficient for the agent to bind to the display moiety; c) immobilizing the immune cells from the sample on a solid support, and d) detecting the detection agent, thereby detecting the immune cells bound to the display moiety, wherein the antigenic is an autoantigenic peptide associated with an autoantigen. In some embodiments, the individual a) has not been diagnosed as having an immune response against the autoantigen, optionally wherein the individual is at risk of developing the immune response against the autoantigen, and / or b) exhibits no pathological symptom of an immune response (e.g., an autoimmune disease or disorder) , optionally exhibits no pathological symptom of an immune response against the autoantigen. In some embodiments, the sample is obtained from a single individual. In some embodiments, the sample is a mixture a plurality of individual samples, each obtained from a different individual. In some embodiments, prior to being combined to form the mixture each of the plurality of individual samples is separately processed such that the immune cells contained therein are associated with a unique sample barcode (e.g., via mixing the immune cells with a molecule comprising the unique sample barcode) . In some embodiments, the method further comprises removing unbound molecule comprising the barcode (molecules not bound by the immune cells) e.g., via washing the immune cells for at least one time. In some embodiments, the sample is a blood sample (e.g., PBMC sample) . In some embodiments, the immune cells comprise T cells (e.g., CD8 T cells) , optionally the immune cells comprise no more than about 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%or 1%T cells specifically binding to antigenic peptide in the bait composition. In some embodiments, the immune cells are immobilized on the solid substrate such as a bead, optionally wherein the bead is associated with an antibody recognizing the immune cells, optionally wherein the antibody is a CD8 antibody. In some embodiments, the display moiety comprises two or more antigenic peptides, optionally wherein the display moiety comprises four antigenic peptides. In some embodiments, the antigenic peptide has one or more of the following characteristics: a) having a binding affinity of about 1 nM to about 5000 nM to an MHC molecule; b) having a binding affinity of about 1 nM to about 5000 nM to a cognate TCR molecule; c) is hydrophobic; and d) has high content of aromatic residues. In some embodiments, the antigenic peptide has low immunogenicity. In some embodiments, the display moiety comprises an MHC molecule complexed with the antigenic peptide, optionally wherein the MHC molecule comprises a MHC multimer, further optionally the MHC multimer is a MHC tetramer or a MHC dextramer. In some embodiments, the MHC molecule comprises a MHC class I molecule. In some embodiments, the MHC class I molecule is selected from the group consisting of HLA-A, HLA-B, and HLA-C, optionally wherein MHC class I molecule comprises a HLA-A molecule, further optionally wherein the HLA-A molecule comprises a mutation that reduces its binding to CD8, further optionally where the HLA-A molecule comprises a HLA A2 heavy chain with a A245V mutation. In some embodiments, the display moiety comprises two or more different kinds of MHC class I molecules selected from the group consisting of a) HLA-A*24: 02, HLA-A*11: 01, HLA-A*02: 01, and HLA-A*03: 01, or b) HLA-A*69: 01, HLA-A*31: 01, HLA-A*29: 01HLA- A*33: 02, HLA-A*02: 06, HLA-A*02: 07, HLA-A*30: 01, HLA-A*01: 01, HLA-A*02: 03, HLA-A*33: 03. In some embodiments, the display moiety further comprises a detectable label (e.g., a fluorophore) . In some embodiments, the method further comprises isolating immune cells bound to the display moiety or removing the display moiety or immune cells not bound to each other.
[0177] In some embodiments, there is provided a method of analyzing a plurality of samples from one or more individuals for the presence or absence of immune cells capable of binding to an antigenic peptide comprising a) contacting the immune cells with a bait composition comprising a display moiety comprising the antigenic peptide under a condition sufficient for an immune cell to bind to the display moiety; b) contacting the immune cells with a detection agent recognizing the display moiety under a condition sufficient for the agent to bind to the display moiety; c) immobilizing the immune cells from the sample on a solid support, and d) detecting the detection agent, thereby detecting the immune cells bound to the display moiety, wherein the immune cells are immobilized on the solid substrate such as a bead, and optionally wherein the bead is associated with an antibody recognizing the immune cells, optionally wherein the antibody is a CD8 antibody. In some embodiments, the sample is obtained from a single individual. In some embodiments, the sample is a mixture a plurality of individual samples, each obtained from a different individual. In some embodiments, prior to being combined to form the mixture each of the plurality of individual samples is separately processed such that the immune cells contained therein are associated with a unique sample barcode (e.g., via mixing the immune cells with a molecule comprising the unique sample barcode) . In some embodiments, the method further comprises removing unbound molecule comprising the barcode (molecules not bound by the immune cells) e.g., via washing the immune cells for at least one time. In some embodiments, the sample is a blood sample (e.g., PBMC sample) . In some embodiments, the immune cells comprise T cells (e.g., CD8 T cells) , optionally the immune cells comprise no more than about 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%or 1%T cells specifically binding to antigenic peptide in the bait composition. In some embodiments, the display moiety comprises two or more antigenic peptides, optionally wherein the display moiety comprises four antigenic peptides. In some embodiments, the antigenic peptide has one or more of the following characteristics: a) having a binding affinity of about 1 nM to about 5000 nM to an MHC molecule; b) having a binding affinity of about 1 nM to about 5000 nM to a cognate TCR molecule; c) is hydrophobic; and d) has high content of aromatic residues. In some embodiments, the antigenic peptide has low immunogenicity. In some embodiments, the display moiety comprises an MHC molecule complexed with the antigenic peptide, optionally wherein the MHC molecule comprises a MHC multimer, further optionally the MHC multimer is a MHC tetramer or a MHC dextramer. In some embodiments, the MHC molecule comprises a MHC class I molecule. In some embodiments, the MHC class I molecule is selected from the group consisting of HLA-A, HLA-B, and HLA-C, optionally wherein MHC class I molecule comprises a HLA-Amolecule, further optionally wherein the HLA-A molecule comprises a mutation that reduces its binding to CD8, further optionally where the HLA-A molecule comprises a HLA A2 heavy chain with a A245V mutation. In some embodiments, the display moiety comprises two or more different kinds of MHC class I molecules selected from the group consisting of a) HLA-A*24: 02, HLA-A*11: 01, HLA-A*02: 01, and HLA-A*03: 01, or b) HLA-A*69: 01, HLA-A*31: 01, HLA-A*29: 01HLA-A*33: 02, HLA-A*02: 06, HLA-A*02: 07, HLA-A*30: 01, HLA-A*01: 01, HLA-A*02: 03, HLA-A*33: 03. In some embodiments, the display moiety further comprises a detectable label (e.g., a fluorophore) . In some embodiments, the method further comprises isolating immune cells bound to the display moiety or removing the display moiety or immune cells not bound to each other.
[0178] In some embodiments, there is provided a method of analyzing a plurality of samples from one or more individuals for the presence or absence of immune cells capable of binding to an antigenic peptide comprising a) contacting the immune cells with a bait composition comprising a display moiety comprising the antigenic peptide under a condition sufficient for an immune cell to bind to the display moiety; b) contacting the immune cells with a detection agent recognizing the display moiety under a condition sufficient for the agent to bind to the display moiety; c) immobilizing the immune cells from the sample on a solid support, and d) detecting the detection agent, thereby detecting the immune cells bound to the display moiety, wherein the display moiety comprises a library of antigenic peptides for a mutation associated with a cancer or tumor, a pathogen, or an autoantigen, wherein the library comprises at least about 5, 10, 12, 15, 18 or 20 distinct antigenic peptides (e.g., neoantigenic) . In some embodiments, the sample is obtained from a single individual. In some embodiments, the sample is a mixture a plurality of individual samples, each obtained from a different individual. In some embodiments, prior to being combined to form the mixture each of the plurality of individual samples is separately processed such that the immune cells contained therein are associated with a unique sample barcode (e.g., via mixing the immune cells with a molecule comprising the unique sample barcode) . In some embodiments, the method further comprises removing unbound molecule comprising the barcode (molecules not bound by the immune cells) e.g., via washing the immune cells for at least one time. In some embodiments, the sample is a blood sample (e.g., PBMC sample) . In some embodiments, the immune cells comprise T cells (e.g., CD8 T cells) , optionally the immune cells comprise no more than about 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%or 1%T cells specifically binding to antigenic peptide in the bait composition. In some embodiments, the antigenic peptide has one or more of the following characteristics: a) having a binding affinity of about 1 nM to about 5000 nM to an MHC molecule; b) having a binding affinity of about 1 nM to about 5000 nM to a cognate TCR molecule; c) is hydrophobic; and d) has high content of aromatic residues. In some embodiments, the antigenic peptide has low immunogenicity. In some embodiments, the display moiety comprises an MHC molecule complexed with the antigenic peptide, optionally wherein the MHC molecule comprises a MHC multimer, further optionally the MHC multimer is a MHC tetramer or a MHC dextramer. In some embodiments, the MHC molecule comprises a MHC class I molecule. In some embodiments, the MHC class I molecule is selected from the group consisting of HLA-A, HLA-B, and HLA-C, optionally wherein MHC class I molecule comprises a HLA-A molecule, further optionally wherein the HLA-A molecule comprises a mutation that reduces its binding to CD8, further optionally where the HLA-A molecule comprises a HLA A2 heavy chain with a A245V mutation. In some embodiments, the display moiety comprises two or more different kinds of MHC class I molecules selected from the group consisting of a) HLA-A*24: 02, HLA-A*11: 01, HLA-A*02: 01, and HLA-A*03: 01, or b) HLA-A*69: 01, HLA-A*31: 01, HLA-A*29: 01HLA-A*33: 02, HLA-A*02: 06, HLA-A*02: 07, HLA-A*30: 01, HLA-A*01: 01, HLA-A*02: 03, HLA-A*33: 03. In some embodiments, the display moiety further comprises a detectable label (e.g., a fluorophore) . In some embodiments, the method further comprises isolating immune cells bound to the display moiety or removing the display moiety or immune cells not bound to each other.
[0179] In some embodiments, there is provided a method of analyzing a plurality of samples from one or more individuals for the presence or absence of immune cells capable of binding to an antigenic peptide comprising a) contacting the immune cells with a bait composition comprising a display moiety comprising the antigenic peptide under a condition sufficient for an immune cell to bind to the display moiety; b) contacting the immune cells with a detection agent recognizing the display moiety under a condition sufficient for the agent to bind to the display moiety; c) immobilizing the immune cells from the sample on a solid support, and d) detecting the detection agent, thereby detecting the immune cells bound to the display moiety, wherein the antigenic peptide 1) has one or more of the following characteristics: a) having a binding affinity of about 1 nM to about 5000 nM to an MHC molecule; b) having a binding affinity of about 1 nM to about 5000 nM to a cognate TCR molecule; c) is hydrophobic; and d) has high content of aromatic residues, and / or 2) has low immunogenicity. In some embodiments, the sample is obtained from a single individual. In some embodiments, the sample is a mixture a plurality of individual samples, each obtained from a different individual. In some embodiments, prior to being combined to form the mixture each of the plurality of individual samples is separately processed such that the immune cells contained therein are associated with a unique sample barcode (e.g., via mixing the immune cells with a molecule comprising the unique sample barcode) . In some embodiments, the method further comprises removing unbound molecule comprising the barcode (molecules not bound by the immune cells) e.g., via washing the immune cells for at least one time. In some embodiments, the sample is a blood sample (e.g., PBMC sample) . In some embodiments, the immune cells comprise T cells (e.g., CD8 T cells) , optionally the immune cells comprise no more than about 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%or 1%T cells specifically binding to antigenic peptide in the bait composition. In some embodiments, the display moiety comprises an MHC molecule complexed with the antigenic peptide, optionally wherein the MHC molecule comprises a MHC multimer, further optionally the MHC multimer is a MHC tetramer or a MHC dextramer. In some embodiments, the MHC molecule comprises a MHC class I molecule. In some embodiments, the MHC class I molecule is selected from the group consisting of HLA-A, HLA-B, and HLA-C, optionally wherein MHC class I molecule comprises a HLA-A molecule, further optionally wherein the HLA-Amolecule comprises a mutation that reduces its binding to CD8, further optionally where the HLA-A molecule comprises a HLA A2 heavy chain with a A245V mutation. In some embodiments, the display moiety comprises two or more different kinds of MHC class I molecules selected from the group consisting of a) HLA-A*24: 02, HLA-A*11: 01, HLA-A*02: 01, and HLA-A*03: 01, or b) HLA-A*69: 01, HLA-A*31: 01, HLA-A*29: 01HLA-A*33: 02, HLA-A*02: 06, HLA-A*02: 07, HLA-A*30: 01, HLA-A*01: 01, HLA-A*02: 03, HLA-A*33: 03. In some embodiments, the display moiety further comprises a detectable label (e.g., a fluorophore) . In some embodiments, the method further comprises isolating immune cells bound to the display moiety or removing the display moiety or immune cells not bound to each other.
[0180] In some embodiments, there is provided a method of analyzing a plurality of samples from one or more individuals for the presence or absence of immune cells capable of binding to an antigenic peptide comprising a) contacting the immune cells with a bait composition comprising a display moiety comprising the antigenic peptide under a condition sufficient for an immune cell to bind to the display moiety; b) contacting the immune cells with a detection agent recognizing the display moiety under a condition sufficient for the agent to bind to the display moiety; c) immobilizing the immune cells from the sample on a solid support, and d) detecting the detection agent, thereby detecting the immune cells bound to the display moiety, wherein the display moiety further comprises a detectable label (e.g., a fluorophore, e.g., a PE or APC) , wherein the detection agent binds to the detectable label. In some embodiments, the sample is obtained from a single individual. In some embodiments, the sample is a mixture a plurality of individual samples, each obtained from a different individual. In some embodiments, prior to being combined to form the mixture each of the plurality of individual samples is separately processed such that the immune cells contained therein are associated with a unique sample barcode (e.g., via mixing the immune cells with a molecule comprising the unique sample barcode) . In some embodiments, the method further comprises removing unbound molecule comprising the barcode (molecules not bound by the immune cells) e.g., via washing the immune cells for at least one time. In some embodiments, the sample is a blood sample (e.g., PBMC sample) . In some embodiments, the immune cells comprise T cells (e.g., CD8 T cells) , optionally the immune cells comprise no more than about 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%or 1%T cells specifically binding to antigenic peptide in the bait composition. In some embodiments, the display moiety comprises an MHC molecule complexed with the antigenic peptide, optionally wherein the MHC molecule comprises a MHC multimer, further optionally the MHC multimer is a MHC tetramer or a MHC dextramer. In some embodiments, the MHC molecule comprises a MHC class I molecule. In some embodiments, the MHC class I molecule is selected from the group consisting of HLA-A, HLA-B, and HLA-C, optionally wherein MHC class I molecule comprises a HLA-Amolecule, further optionally wherein the HLA-A molecule comprises a mutation that reduces its binding to CD8, further optionally where the HLA-A molecule comprises a HLA A2 heavy chain with a A245V mutation. In some embodiments, the display moiety comprises two or more different kinds of MHC class I molecules selected from the group consisting of a) HLA-A*24: 02, HLA-A*11: 01, HLA-A*02: 01, and HLA-A*03: 01, or b) HLA-A*69: 01, HLA-A*31: 01, HLA-A*29: 01HLA-A*33: 02, HLA-A*02: 06, HLA-A*02: 07, HLA-A*30: 01, HLA-A*01: 01, HLA-A*02: 03, HLA-A*33: 03. In some embodiments, the method further comprises isolating immune cells bound to the display moiety or removing the display moiety or immune cells not bound to each other.
[0181] In some embodiments, there is provided a method of analyzing a plurality of samples from one or more individuals for the presence or absence of immune cells capable of binding to an antigenic peptide comprising a) separately processing each of the plurality of individual samples such that immune cells contained therein are associated with a unique sample barcode, b) combining the plurality of processed samples to form a sample mixture, c) contacting the sample mixture with a bait composition comprising a display moiety comprising an antigenic peptide under a condition sufficient for an immune cell to bind to the display moiety, thereby forming a bait-sample mixture, d) detecting immune cells bound to the display moiety in the bait-sample mixture; and e) determining the unique barcode associated with the immune cells bound to the display moiety, thereby identifying the sample from which the immune cells are derived, wherein the antigenic peptide is associated with a cancer or tumor antigen, optionally wherein the antigenic peptide is a neoantigen peptide. In some embodiments, the sample is obtained from one or more individuals exhibiting no pathological symptom of a cancer. In some embodiments, the individual a) has not previously been diagnosed as having a cancer, optionally wherein the individual is at risk of having cancer, or b) the individual has been previously treated for cancer and exhibits no pathological symptom of a cancer after the treatment. In some embodiments, the neoantigenic peptide comprising a mutation relative to a wildtype peptide, optionally at the third amino acid position counting from the N-terminus. In some embodiments, the immune cells have been contacted with a bait composition comprising a display moiety comprising an antigenic peptide under a condition sufficient for an immune cell to bind to the display moiety prior to the immobilization. In some embodiments, the immune cells are contacted with a bait composition comprising a display moiety comprising an antigenic peptide under a condition sufficient for an immune cell to bind to the display moiety following the immobilization. In some embodiments, the sample is a blood sample (e.g., PBMC sample) . In some embodiments, the immune cells comprise T cells (e.g., CD8 T cells) , optionally the immune cells comprise no more than about 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%or 1%T cells specifically binding to antigenic peptide in the bait composition. In some embodiments, the immune cells are immobilized on the solid substrate such as a bead, optionally wherein the bead is associated with an antibody recognizing the immune cells, optionally wherein the antibody is a CD8 antibody. In some embodiments, the display moiety comprises two or more antigenic peptides, optionally wherein the display moiety comprises four antigenic peptides. In some embodiments, the antigenic peptide has one or more of the following characteristics: a) having a binding affinity of about 1 nM to about 5000 nM to an MHC molecule; b) having a binding affinity of about 1 nM to about 5000 nM to a cognate TCR molecule; c) is hydrophobic; and d) has high content of aromatic residues. In some embodiments, the antigenic peptide has low immunogenicity. In some embodiments, the display moiety comprises an MHC molecule complexed with the antigenic peptide, optionally wherein the MHC molecule comprises a MHC multimer, further optionally the MHC multimer is a MHC tetramer or a MHC dextramer. In some embodiments, the MHC molecule comprises a MHC class I molecule. In some embodiments, the MHC class I molecule is selected from the group consisting of HLA-A, HLA-B, and HLA-C, optionally wherein MHC class I molecule comprises a HLA-A molecule, further optionally wherein the HLA-A molecule comprises a mutation that reduces its binding to CD8, further optionally where the HLA-A molecule comprises a HLA A2 heavy chain with a A245V mutation. In some embodiments, the display moiety comprises two or more different kinds of MHC class I molecules selected from the group consisting of a) HLA-A*24: 02, HLA-A*11: 01, HLA-A*02: 01, and HLA-A*03: 01, or b) HLA-A*69: 01, HLA-A*31: 01, HLA-A*29: 01HLA-A*33: 02, HLA-A*02: 06, HLA-A*02: 07, HLA-A*30: 01, HLA-A*01: 01, HLA-A*02: 03, HLA-A*33: 03. In some embodiments, the display moiety further comprises a detectable label (e.g., a fluorophore) . In some embodiments, the method further comprises isolating immune cells bound to the display moiety or removing the display moiety or immune cells not bound to each other.
[0182] In some embodiments, there is provided a method of analyzing a plurality of samples from one or more individuals for the presence or absence of immune cells capable of binding to an antigenic peptide comprising a) separately processing each of the plurality of individual samples such that immune cells contained therein are associated with a unique sample barcode, b) combining the plurality of processed samples to form a sample mixture, c) contacting the sample mixture with a bait composition comprising a display moiety comprising an antigenic peptide under a condition sufficient for an immune cell to bind to the display moiety, thereby forming a bait-sample mixture, d) detecting immune cells bound to the display moiety in the bait-sample mixture; and e) determining the unique barcode associated with the immune cells bound to the display moiety, thereby identifying the sample from which the immune cells are derived, wherein the antigenic peptide is associated with a pathogen antigen, optionally wherein the antigenic peptide is associated with a virus, a bacteria, or a fungus antigen. In some embodiments, the individual a) has not been diagnosed as having an infection by a pathogen, optionally wherein the individual is at risk of having the infection, and / or b) exhibits no pathological symptom of an infection by a pathogen, optionally exhibits no pathological symptom of an infection by the pathogen. In some embodiments, the immune cells have been contacted with a bait composition comprising a display moiety comprising an antigenic peptide under a condition sufficient for an immune cell to bind to the display moiety prior to the immobilization. In some embodiments, the immune cells are contacted with a bait composition comprising a display moiety comprising an antigenic peptide under a condition sufficient for an immune cell to bind to the display moiety following the immobilization. In some embodiments, the sample is a blood sample (e.g., PBMC sample) . In some embodiments, the immune cells comprise T cells (e.g., CD8 T cells) , optionally the immune cells comprise no more than about 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%or 1%T cells specifically binding to antigenic peptide in the bait composition. In some embodiments, the immune cells are immobilized on the solid substrate such as a bead, optionally wherein the bead is associated with an antibody recognizing the immune cells, optionally wherein the antibody is a CD8 antibody. In some embodiments, the display moiety comprises two or more antigenic peptides, optionally wherein the display moiety comprises four antigenic peptides. In some embodiments, the antigenic peptide has one or more of the following characteristics: a) having a binding affinity of about 1 nM to about 5000 nM to an MHC molecule; b) having a binding affinity of about 1 nM to about 5000 nM to a cognate TCR molecule; c) is hydrophobic; and d) has high content of aromatic residues. In some embodiments, the antigenic peptide has low immunogenicity. In some embodiments, the display moiety comprises an MHC molecule complexed with the antigenic peptide, optionally wherein the MHC molecule comprises a MHC multimer, further optionally the MHC multimer is a MHC tetramer or a MHC dextramer. In some embodiments, the MHC molecule comprises a MHC class I molecule. In some embodiments, the MHC class I molecule is selected from the group consisting of HLA-A, HLA-B, and HLA-C, optionally wherein MHC class I molecule comprises a HLA-A molecule, further optionally wherein the HLA-A molecule comprises a mutation that reduces its binding to CD8, further optionally where the HLA-A molecule comprises a HLA A2 heavy chain with a A245V mutation. In some embodiments, the display moiety comprises two or more different kinds of MHC class I molecules selected from the group consisting of a) HLA-A*24: 02, HLA-A*11: 01, HLA-A*02: 01, and HLA-A*03: 01, or b) HLA-A*69: 01, HLA-A*31: 01, HLA-A*29: 01HLA-A*33: 02, HLA-A*02: 06, HLA-A*02: 07, HLA-A*30: 01, HLA-A*01: 01, HLA-A*02: 03, HLA-A*33: 03. In some embodiments, the display moiety further comprises a detectable label (e.g., a fluorophore) . In some embodiments, the method further comprises isolating immune cells bound to the display moiety or removing the display moiety or immune cells not bound to each other.
[0183] In some embodiments, there is provided a method of analyzing a plurality of samples from one or more individuals for the presence or absence of immune cells capable of binding to an antigenic peptide comprising a) separately processing each of the plurality of individual samples such that immune cells contained therein are associated with a unique sample barcode, b) combining the plurality of processed samples to form a sample mixture, c) contacting the sample mixture with a bait composition comprising a display moiety comprising an antigenic peptide under a condition sufficient for an immune cell to bind to the display moiety, thereby forming a bait-sample mixture, d) detecting immune cells bound to the display moiety in the bait-sample mixture; and e) determining the unique barcode associated with the immune cells bound to the display moiety, thereby identifying the sample from which the immune cells are derived, wherein the antigenic is an autoantigenic peptide associated with an autoantigen. In some embodiments, the individual a) has not been diagnosed as having an immune response against the autoantigen, optionally wherein the individual is at risk of developing the immune response against the autoantigen, and / or b) exhibits no pathological symptom of an immune response (e.g., an autoimmune disease or disorder) , optionally exhibits no pathological symptom of an immune response against the autoantigen. In some embodiments, the immune cells have been contacted with a bait composition comprising a display moiety comprising an antigenic peptide under a condition sufficient for an immune cell to bind to the display moiety prior to the immobilization. In some embodiments, the immune cells are contacted with a bait composition comprising a display moiety comprising an antigenic peptide under a condition sufficient for an immune cell to bind to the display moiety following the immobilization. In some embodiments, the sample is a blood sample (e.g., PBMC sample) . In some embodiments, the immune cells comprise T cells (e.g., CD8 T cells) , optionally the immune cells comprise no more than about 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%or 1%T cells specifically binding to antigenic peptide in the bait composition. In some embodiments, the immune cells are immobilized on the solid substrate such as a bead, optionally wherein the bead is associated with an antibody recognizing the immune cells, optionally wherein the antibody is a CD8 antibody. In some embodiments, the display moiety comprises two or more antigenic peptides, optionally wherein the display moiety comprises four antigenic peptides. In some embodiments, the antigenic peptide has one or more of the following characteristics: a) having a binding affinity of about 1 nM to about 5000 nM to an MHC molecule; b) having a binding affinity of about 1 nM to about 5000 nM to a cognate TCR molecule; c) is hydrophobic; and d) has high content of aromatic residues. In some embodiments, the antigenic peptide has low immunogenicity. In some embodiments, the display moiety comprises an MHC molecule complexed with the antigenic peptide, optionally wherein the MHC molecule comprises a MHC multimer, further optionally the MHC multimer is a MHC tetramer or a MHC dextramer. In some embodiments, the MHC molecule comprises a MHC class I molecule. In some embodiments, the MHC class I molecule is selected from the group consisting of HLA-A, HLA-B, and HLA-C, optionally wherein MHC class I molecule comprises a HLA-A molecule, further optionally wherein the HLA-A molecule comprises a mutation that reduces its binding to CD8, further optionally where the HLA-A molecule comprises a HLA A2 heavy chain with a A245V mutation. In some embodiments, the display moiety comprises two or more different kinds of MHC class I molecules selected from the group consisting of a) HLA-A*24: 02, HLA-A*11: 01, HLA-A*02: 01, and HLA-A*03: 01, or b) HLA-A*69: 01, HLA-A*31: 01, HLA-A*29: 01HLA-A*33: 02, HLA-A*02: 06, HLA-A*02: 07, HLA-A*30: 01, HLA-A*01: 01, HLA-A*02: 03, HLA-A*33: 03. In some embodiments, the display moiety further comprises a detectable label (e.g., a fluorophore) . In some embodiments, the method further comprises isolating immune cells bound to the display moiety or removing the display moiety or immune cells not bound to each other.
[0184] In some embodiments, there is provided a method of analyzing a plurality of samples from one or more individuals for the presence or absence of immune cells capable of binding to an antigenic peptide comprising a) separately processing each of the plurality of individual samples such that immune cells contained therein are associated with a unique sample barcode, b) combining the plurality of processed samples to form a sample mixture, c) contacting the sample mixture with a bait composition comprising a display moiety comprising an antigenic peptide under a condition sufficient for an immune cell to bind to the display moiety, thereby forming a bait-sample mixture, d) detecting immune cells bound to the display moiety in the bait-sample mixture; and e) determining the unique barcode associated with the immune cells bound to the display moiety, thereby identifying the sample from which the immune cells are derived, wherein the immune cells are immobilized on a solid substrate (e.g., via a bead) , and optionally wherein the bead is associated with an antibody recognizing the immune cells, optionally wherein the antibody is a CD8 antibody. In some embodiments, the immune cells have been contacted with a bait composition comprising a display moiety comprising an antigenic peptide under a condition sufficient for an immune cell to bind to the display moiety prior to the immobilization. In some embodiments, the immune cells are contacted with a bait composition comprising a display moiety comprising an antigenic peptide under a condition sufficient for an immune cell to bind to the display moiety following the immobilization. In some embodiments, the sample is a blood sample (e.g., PBMC sample) . In some embodiments, the immune cells comprise T cells (e.g., CD8 T cells) , optionally the immune cells comprise no more than about 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%or 1%T cells specifically binding to antigenic peptide in the bait composition. In some embodiments, the display moiety comprises two or more antigenic peptides, optionally wherein the display moiety comprises four antigenic peptides. In some embodiments, the antigenic peptide has one or more of the following characteristics: a) having a binding affinity of about 1 nM to about 5000 nM to an MHC molecule; b) having a binding affinity of about 1 nM to about 5000 nM to a cognate TCR molecule; c) is hydrophobic; and d) has high content of aromatic residues. In some embodiments, the antigenic peptide has low immunogenicity. In some embodiments, the display moiety comprises an MHC molecule complexed with the antigenic peptide, optionally wherein the MHC molecule comprises a MHC multimer, further optionally the MHC multimer is a MHC tetramer or a MHC dextramer. In some embodiments, the MHC molecule comprises a MHC class I molecule. In some embodiments, the MHC class I molecule is selected from the group consisting of HLA-A, HLA-B, and HLA-C, optionally wherein MHC class I molecule comprises a HLA-A molecule, further optionally wherein the HLA-A molecule comprises a mutation that reduces its binding to CD8, further optionally where the HLA-A molecule comprises a HLA A2 heavy chain with a A245V mutation. In some embodiments, the display moiety comprises two or more different kinds of MHC class I molecules selected from the group consisting of a) HLA-A*24: 02, HLA-A*11: 01, HLA-A*02: 01, and HLA-A*03: 01, or b) HLA-A*69: 01, HLA-A*31: 01, HLA-A*29: 01HLA-A*33: 02, HLA-A*02: 06, HLA-A*02: 07, HLA-A*30: 01, HLA-A*01: 01, HLA-A*02: 03, HLA-A*33: 03. In some embodiments, the display moiety further comprises a detectable label (e.g., a fluorophore) . In some embodiments, the method further comprises isolating immune cells bound to the display moiety or removing the display moiety or immune cells not bound to each other.
[0185] In some embodiments, there is provided a method of analyzing a plurality of samples from one or more individuals for the presence or absence of immune cells capable of binding to an antigenic peptide comprising a) separately processing each of the plurality of individual samples such that immune cells contained therein are associated with a unique sample barcode, b) combining the plurality of processed samples to form a sample mixture, c) contacting the sample mixture with a bait composition comprising a display moiety comprising an antigenic peptide under a condition sufficient for an immune cell to bind to the display moiety, thereby forming a bait-sample mixture, d) detecting immune cells bound to the display moiety in the bait-sample mixture; and e) determining the unique barcode associated with the immune cells bound to the display moiety, thereby identifying the sample from which the immune cells are derived, wherein the display moiety comprises a library of antigenic peptides for a mutation associated with a cancer or tumor, a pathogen, or an autoantigen, wherein the library comprises at least about 5, 10, 12, 15, 18 or 20 distinct antigenic peptides (e.g., neoantigenic) . In some embodiments, the immune cells have been contacted with a bait composition comprising a display moiety comprising an antigenic peptide under a condition sufficient for an immune cell to bind to the display moiety prior to the immobilization. In some embodiments, the immune cells are contacted with a bait composition comprising a display moiety comprising an antigenic peptide under a condition sufficient for an immune cell to bind to the display moiety following the immobilization. In some embodiments, the sample is a blood sample (e.g., PBMC sample) . In some embodiments, the immune cells comprise T cells (e.g., CD8 T cells) , optionally the immune cells comprise no more than about 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%or 1%T cells specifically binding to antigenic peptide in the bait composition. In some embodiments, the antigenic peptide has one or more of the following characteristics: a) having a binding affinity of about 1 nM to about 5000 nM to an MHC molecule; b) having a binding affinity of about 1 nM to about 5000 nM to a cognate TCR molecule; c) is hydrophobic; and d) has high content of aromatic residues. In some embodiments, the antigenic peptide has low immunogenicity. In some embodiments, the display moiety comprises an MHC molecule complexed with the antigenic peptide, optionally wherein the MHC molecule comprises a MHC multimer, further optionally the MHC multimer is a MHC tetramer or a MHC dextramer. In some embodiments, the MHC molecule comprises a MHC class I molecule. In some embodiments, the MHC class I molecule is selected from the group consisting of HLA-A, HLA-B, and HLA-C, optionally wherein MHC class I molecule comprises a HLA-A molecule, further optionally wherein the HLA-A molecule comprises a mutation that reduces its binding to CD8, further optionally where the HLA-A molecule comprises a HLA A2 heavy chain with a A245V mutation. In some embodiments, the display moiety comprises two or more different kinds of MHC class I molecules selected from the group consisting of a) HLA-A*24: 02, HLA-A*11: 01, HLA-A*02: 01, and HLA-A*03: 01, or b) HLA-A*69: 01, HLA-A*31: 01, HLA-A*29: 01HLA-A*33: 02, HLA-A*02: 06, HLA-A*02: 07, HLA-A*30: 01, HLA-A*01: 01, HLA-A*02: 03, HLA-A*33: 03. In some embodiments, the display moiety further comprises a detectable label (e.g., a fluorophore) . In some embodiments, the method further comprises isolating immune cells bound to the display moiety or removing the display moiety or immune cells not bound to each other.
[0186] In some embodiments, there is provided a method of analyzing a plurality of samples from one or more individuals for the presence or absence of immune cells capable of binding to an antigenic peptide comprising a) separately processing each of the plurality of individual samples such that immune cells contained therein are associated with a unique sample barcode, b) combining the plurality of processed samples to form a sample mixture, c) contacting the sample mixture with a bait composition comprising a display moiety comprising an antigenic peptide under a condition sufficient for an immune cell to bind to the display moiety, thereby forming a bait-sample mixture, d) detecting immune cells bound to the display moiety in the bait-sample mixture; and e) determining the unique barcode associated with the immune cells bound to the display moiety, thereby identifying the sample from which the immune cells are derived, wherein the antigenic peptide 1) has one or more of the following characteristics: a) having a binding affinity of about 1 nM to about 5000 nM to an MHC molecule; b) having a binding affinity of about 1 nM to about 5000 nM to a cognate TCR molecule; c) is hydrophobic; and d) has high content of aromatic residues, and / or 2) has low immunogenicity. In some embodiments, the immune cells have been contacted with a bait composition comprising a display moiety comprising an antigenic peptide under a condition sufficient for an immune cell to bind to the display moiety prior to the immobilization. In some embodiments, the immune cells are contacted with a bait composition comprising a display moiety comprising an antigenic peptide under a condition sufficient for an immune cell to bind to the display moiety following the immobilization. In some embodiments, the sample is a blood sample (e.g., PBMC sample) . In some embodiments, the immune cells comprise T cells (e.g., CD8 T cells) , optionally the immune cells comprise no more than about 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%or 1%T cells specifically binding to antigenic peptide in the bait composition. In some embodiments, the display moiety comprises an MHC molecule complexed with the antigenic peptide, optionally wherein the MHC molecule comprises a MHC multimer, further optionally the MHC multimer is a MHC tetramer or a MHC dextramer. In some embodiments, the MHC molecule comprises a MHC class I molecule. In some embodiments, the MHC class I molecule is selected from the group consisting of HLA-A, HLA-B, and HLA-C, optionally wherein MHC class I molecule comprises a HLA-A molecule, further optionally wherein the HLA-A molecule comprises a mutation that reduces its binding to CD8, further optionally where the HLA-A molecule comprises a HLA A2 heavy chain with a A245V mutation. In some embodiments, the display moiety comprises two or more different kinds of MHC class I molecules selected from the group consisting of a) HLA-A*24: 02, HLA-A*11: 01, HLA-A*02: 01, and HLA-A*03: 01, or b) HLA-A*69: 01, HLA-A*31: 01, HLA-A*29: 01HLA-A*33: 02, HLA-A*02: 06, HLA-A*02: 07, HLA-A*30: 01, HLA-A*01: 01, HLA-A*02: 03, HLA-A*33: 03. In some embodiments, the display moiety further comprises a detectable label (e.g., a fluorophore) . In some embodiments, the method further comprises isolating immune cells bound to the display moiety or removing the display moiety or immune cells not bound to each other.
[0187] In some embodiments, there is provided a method of analyzing a plurality of samples from one or more individuals for the presence or absence of immune cells capable of binding to an antigenic peptide comprising a) separately processing each of the plurality of individual samples such that immune cells contained therein are associated with a unique sample barcode, b) combining the plurality of processed samples to form a sample mixture, c) contacting the sample mixture with a bait composition comprising a display moiety comprising an antigenic peptide under a condition sufficient for an immune cell to bind to the display moiety, thereby forming a bait-sample mixture, d) detecting immune cells bound to the display moiety in the bait-sample mixture; and e) determining the unique barcode associated with the immune cells bound to the display moiety, thereby identifying the sample from which the immune cells are derived, wherein the display moiety further comprises a detectable label (e.g., a fluorophore, e.g., a PE or APC) , wherein the detection agent binds to the detectable label. In some embodiments, the immune cells have been contacted with a bait composition comprising a display moiety comprising an antigenic peptide under a condition sufficient for an immune cell to bind to the display moiety prior to the immobilization. In some embodiments, the immune cells are contacted with a bait composition comprising a display moiety comprising an antigenic peptide under a condition sufficient for an immune cell to bind to the display moiety following the immobilization. In some embodiments, the sample is a blood sample (e.g., PBMC sample) . In some embodiments, the immune cells comprise T cells (e.g., CD8 T cells) , optionally the immune cells comprise no more than about 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%or 1%T cells specifically binding to antigenic peptide in the bait composition. In some embodiments, the display moiety comprises an MHC molecule complexed with the antigenic peptide, optionally wherein the MHC molecule comprises a MHC multimer, further optionally the MHC multimer is a MHC tetramer or a MHC dextramer. In some embodiments, the MHC molecule comprises a MHC class I molecule. In some embodiments, the MHC class I molecule is selected from the group consisting of HLA-A, HLA-B, and HLA-C, optionally wherein MHC class I molecule comprises a HLA-Amolecule, further optionally wherein the HLA-A molecule comprises a mutation that reduces its binding to CD8, further optionally where the HLA-A molecule comprises a HLA A2 heavy chain with a A245V mutation. In some embodiments, the display moiety comprises two or more different kinds of MHC class I molecules selected from the group consisting of a) HLA-A*24: 02, HLA-A*11: 01, HLA-A*02: 01, and HLA-A*03: 01, or b) HLA-A*69: 01, HLA-A*31: 01, HLA-A*29: 01HLA-A*33: 02, HLA-A*02: 06, HLA-A*02: 07, HLA-A*30: 01, HLA-A*01: 01, HLA-A*02: 03, HLA-A*33: 03. In some embodiments, the method further comprises isolating immune cells bound to the display moiety or removing the display moiety or immune cells not bound to each other.
[0188] In some embodiments, the “condition” in the term “under a condition sufficient for an immune cell to bind to the display moiety” refers to conditions in which specific binding between the immune cells and the display moiety happen. In some embodiments, it refers to conditions that involve about or at least about 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, or 30 minutes of incubation of the immune cells and display moiety (e.g., at room temperature in a medium) . In some embodiments, it refers to conditions under at least 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%of the maximum binding between the immune cells and the display moiety happen. Maximum binding can be assessed by, e.g., contacting immune cells with display moiety for adequate time (e.g., 30 minutes) under a proper condition (e.g., room temperature) .
[0189] In some embodiments, the immune cells are immobilized to a solid substrate, e.g., via an agent binding to the immune cells that is coated to or conjugated with the solid substrate. In some embodiments, the agent is an antibody that specifically recognizes a surface marker of the immune cells. In some embodiments, the agent is an anti-CD8 antibody and the immune cells are CD8 T cells. In some embodiments, the agent is an anti-CD4 antibody and the immune cells are CD4 T cells. In some embodiments, the agent is an anti-CD3 antibody and the immune cells are T cells. The immobilization can be carried out by mixing immune cells with the agent (or incubating the immune cells with the agent) that specifically binds to the immune cells. In some embodiments, the agent is already coated or conjugated on a solid substrate, such as a plate or magnetic bead. The immune cells are allowed to be contacting with the agent for a period time and then a washing step can be applied to remove the cells not bound to the agent (e.g., using a magnet) . See e.g., Example 2-4.
[0190] In some embodiments, the solid support (or “solid substrate” which can be used interchangeably) comprises a plate or a surface of a particle (such as a surface of a particle, such as an inner surface of a porous particle) . In some embodiments, the solid support comprises any of beads (e.g., magnetic beads) , porous beads, porous matrices, arrays, glass surfaces, silicon surfaces, plastic surfaces, filters, membranes, nylons, silicon wafer chips, flow-through chips. In some embodiments, the solid support comprises any of a biochip containing electronics, a microtiter well, an ELISA plate, a spin interference disc, a nitrocellulose membrane, a nitrocellulose-based polymer surface, a nanoparticle, or a microsphere.
[0191] In some embodiments, the sample is a mixture a plurality of individual samples. In some embodiments, the plurality of individual samples are from a single individual. In some embodiments, the plurality of individual samples are from a plurality of individuals.
[0192] In some embodiments, the sample is a mixture a plurality of individual samples and each of the plurality of individual samples is obtained from a different individual. In some embodiments, the method comprises prior to being combined to form the mixture each of the plurality of individual samples is separately processed such that the immune cells contained therein are associated with a unique sample barcode (e.g., via mixing the immune cells with a molecule comprising the unique sample barcode) . In some embodiments, the method further comprises removing unbound molecule comprising the barcode (molecules not bound by the immune cells) e.g., via washing the immune cells for at least one time. The association can be achieved by e.g., mixing immune cells with a molecule (e.g., an antibody that binds to the immune cells, e.g., a CD45 antibody) that comprises the unique barcode and binds to the immune cells for them to bind to each other. For example, unique barcode can be associated to cells via e.g., an antibody conjugated or fused with the barcode that specifically binds to the cells. In some embodiments, the barcode is a nucleic acid barcode (e.g., DNA barcode) . In some embodiments, the unique DNA barcode is randomized barcode with a length of about 10-20 nucleic acids (e.g., 12-18 nucleic acids) . In some embodiments, the barcode is a peptide barcode. In some embodiments, the method further comprises removing unbound molecule comprising the barcode (molecules not bound by the immune cells) e.g., via washing the immune cells for at least 1, 2, or 3 times.
[0193] In some embodiments, the method further comprises determining the unique barcode associated with the immune cells bound to the display moiety, thereby identifying the sample from which the immune cells are derived. For example, nucleic acids can be purified, and sequencing can used to identify the immune cells with which a unique DNA barcode is associated with. See e.g., Example 4.
[0194] In some embodiments, the particle described herein is a dextran particle. In some embodiments, the particle is a magnetic nanoparticle or polystyrene nanoparticle. In some embodiments, the particle is an agarose bead or a sepharose bead. In some embodiments, the antigenic peptide or MHC is directly attached to the particle. In some embodiments, the antigenic peptide or MHC is attached to the particle via a binding pair comprising a first binding component attached to the antigenic peptide and a second binding component bound to the particle. In some embodiments, the display moiety comprises a cell. In some embodiments, the cell comprises a polynucleotide encoding the antigenic peptide. In some embodiments, the polynucleotide encodes a plurality of antigenic peptides.
[0195] In some embodiments, the individual is a human. In some embodiments, the individual is at least about 50 years old (e.g., at least 50, 60, 70, or 80 years old) .
[0196] In some embodiments, the sample described herein (including this section and any other sections of the present application) can be any sample from the individual. In some embodiments, the sample described herein is a blood sample. In some embodiments, the sample described herein is a plasma sample. In some embodiments, the sample described herein comprises peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PMBC) . In some embodiments, the sample described herein is a sample (e.g., a biopsy sample) obtained from a tissue or organ of the individual. In some embodiments, the sample is obtained from a lymph node of the individual.
[0197] The methods described herein (including methods of analyzing immune cells and methods of detecting antigen-specific immune cells described in following sections) have high specificity and sensitivity and enable it to detect antigen-specific immune cells even when they are rare in the sample (e.g., less than 1%) . Sensitivity is calculated as the %of the true positive / (true positive +false negative) . Specificity is calculated as the %of the true negative / (true negative + false positive) . In some embodiments, the method described herein demonstrated a specificity of more than about 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, or 100%. In some embodiments, the method described herein demonstrated a sensitivity of more than about 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%or 80%. See e.g., FIG. 12. In some embodiments, the sample comprises PBMC and the immune cells comprise or are T cells or B cells contained in the PBMC. In some embodiments, the immune cells are not subject to an enrichment step for the immune cells in general or immune cells that specifically binds to the antigenic peptide prior to contacting with the bait composition. In some embodiments, the immune cells are not subject to an enrichment step for the immune cells in general or immune cells that specifically binds to the antigenic peptide throughout this methods. In some embodiments, the sample comprise no more than 1x108, 5x107, 2x107, 1x107, 5x106, 2x106, or 1x106 PBMCs. In some embodiments, the sample comprise no more than 1x106, 5x105, 2x105, 1x105, 5x104, 2x104, 1x104, 7x103, 5x103, 2x103, 1x103, 5x102, 2x102, or 1x102 immune cells (e.g., CD8 T cells, e.g., immune cells that bind to antigenic peptide (s) in the bait composition, e.g., CD4 or CD8 T cells that bind to antigenic peptide (s) in the bait composition) .
[0198] Methods of analyzing immune cells
[0199] The present application further comprises methods of analyzing immune cells in a sample from an individual, comprising a) contacting a plurality of immune cells with the one or more display moieties or a bait composition described herein, and b) detecting or analyzing the one or more immune cells that bind to one or more of the display moieties.
[0200] In some embodiments, there is provided a methods of analyzing immune cells in a sample from an individual, comprising a) contacting a plurality of immune cells with one or more display moieties or a bait composition described herein, and b) detecting or analyzing the one or more immune cells that bind to one or more of the display moieties, wherein the immune cells are obtained from a sample (e.g., PBMCs) of an individual, wherein the individual does not exhibit a pathological symptom of a cancer, infection or autoimmune disease. In some embodiments, the number of cells in the sample (e.g., PBMCs) is no more than about 5x106, 2x106, 106, 5x105, 2x105, 105, 5x104, 4x104, 2x104, or 104 cells. In some embodiments, each of the one or more display moieties comprises a particle (e.g., a spherical particle, e.g., a solid particle, e.g., a bead) associated with a plurality of MHC-peptide complexes, wherein the plurality of MHC-peptide complexes comprises at least more than 12 MHC-peptide complexes, wherein each of the MHC-peptide complex is an MHC-peptide monomer comprising an MHC molecule complexed with a peptide, wherein at least two MHC-peptide complexes are different. In some embodiments, the one or more display moieties are comprised in a bait composition. In some embodiments, the bait composition comprises a) at least two different (or at least three different) different MHC I molecules, and b) at least about 20, 50, 100, 150, 200, or 250 different peptides. In some embodiments, the bait composition comprises a) at least two, three, or four HLA-A molecules, and b) at least about 20, 50, 100, 150, 200, or 250 different peptides, wherein the two, three or four HLA-Amolecules are selected from the group consisting of HLA-A*24: 02, HLA-A*11: 01, HLA-A*02: 01, and HLA-A*03: 01. In some embodiments, the bait composition comprises a) at least two different (or at least three different) different MHC II molecules, and b) at least about 20, 50, 100, 150, 200, or 250 different peptides. In some embodiments, the bait composition comprises an HLA-DM molecule, an HLA-DO molecule, an HLA-DP molecule, an HLA-DQ molecule, or an HLA-DR molecule. In some embodiments, the bait composition comprises an HLA-DP molecule, an HLA-DQ molecule, and an HLA-DR molecule. In some embodiments, the peptides in the bait composition are associated with at least 25, 50, 75, 100, 125, 150, 175, 200, 225, or 250 different antigens. In some embodiments, the bait composition comprises at least 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, or 7 different overlapping peptides associated a mutation in a gene. In some embodiments, the gene is an oncogene. In some embodiments, the display moieties or the bait composition does not comprise a fluorochrome or fluorophore. In some embodiments, In some embodiments, the MHC molecules match with at least one, two, three, four, five or six HLA type of the individual from where the sample is obtained. In some embodiments, the immune cells are T cells (e.g., CD8+ T cells or CD4+ T cells) .
[0201] In some embodiments, there is provided a methods of analyzing immune cells in a sample from an individual, comprising a) contacting a plurality of immune cells with one or more display moieties or a bait composition described herein, and b) detecting or analyzing the one or more immune cells that bind to one or more of the display moieties, wherein the immune cells are obtained from a sample (e.g., PBMCs) of an individual, wherein the individual does not exhibit a pathological symptom of a cancer, infection or autoimmune disease. In some embodiments, the number of cells in the sample (e.g., PBMCs) is no more than about 5x106, 2x106, 106, 5x105, 2x105, 105, 5x104, 4x104, 2x104, or 104 cells. In some embodiments, each of the one or more display moieties comprises a particle (e.g., a spherical particle, e.g., a solid particle, e.g., a bead) associated with a plurality of MHC-peptide complexes, wherein the plurality of MHC-peptide complexes comprises at least or more than 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, or 12 MHC-peptide complexes, wherein each of the MHC-peptide complex comprises an MHC molecule complexed with a peptide, wherein at least two MHC-peptide complexes are different, wherein the plurality of MHC-peptide complexes comprises at least 20, 50, 100, 500, 1,000, 5,000, 10,000, 20,000, 50,000, 10,0000, 15,000, 20,0000 MHC-peptide complexes. In some embodiments, the one or more display moieties are comprised in a bait composition. In some embodiments, the bait composition comprises a) at least two different (or at least three different) different MHC I molecules, and b) at least about 20, 50, 100, 150, 200, or 250 different peptides. In some embodiments, the bait composition comprises a) at least two, three, or four HLA-A molecules, and b) at least about 20, 50, 100, 150, 200, or 250 different peptides, wherein the two, three or four HLA-Amolecules are selected from the group consisting of HLA-A*24: 02, HLA-A*11: 01, HLA-A*02: 01, and HLA-A*03: 01. In some embodiments, the bait composition comprises a) at least two different (or at least three different) different MHC II molecules, and b) at least about 20, 50, 100, 150, 200, or 250 different peptides. In some embodiments, the bait composition comprises an HLA-DM molecule, an HLA-DO molecule, an HLA-DP molecule, an HLA-DQ molecule, or an HLA-DR molecule. In some embodiments, the bait composition comprises an HLA-DP molecule, an HLA-DQ molecule, and an HLA-DR molecule. In some embodiments, the peptides in the bait composition are associated with at least 25, 50, 75, 100, 125, 150, 175, 200, 225, or 250 different antigens. In some embodiments, the bait composition comprises at least 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, or 7 different overlapping peptides associated a mutation in a gene. In some embodiments, the gene is an oncogene. In some embodiments, the display moieties or the bait composition does not comprise a fluorochrome or fluorophore. In some embodiments, In some embodiments, the MHC molecules match with at least one, two, three, four, five or six HLA type of the individual from where the sample is obtained. In some embodiments, the immune cells are T cells (e.g., CD8+ T cells or CD4+ T cells) . In some embodiments, one or more of the plurality of MHC-peptide complexes is an MHC-peptide dimer, an MHC-peptide tetramer, an MHC-peptide pentamer, an MHC-peptide octamer, an MHC-peptide dextramer, or an MHC-peptide dodecamer. In some embodiments, at least one MHC-peptide complex in the plurality of MHC-peptide complexes has two distinct MHC-peptide monomers. In some embodiments, the at least one MHC complex is an MHC-peptide dimer, an MHC-peptide trimer, or an MHC-peptide tetramer.
[0202] In some embodiments, there is provided a methods of analyzing immune cells in a sample from an individual, comprising a) contacting a plurality of immune cells with one or more display moieties or a bait composition described herein, and b) detecting or analyzing the one or more immune cells that bind to one or more of the display moieties, wherein the immune cells are obtained from a sample (e.g., PBMCs) of an individual, wherein the individual does not exhibit a pathological symptom of a cancer, infection or autoimmune disease. In some embodiments, the number of cells in the sample (e.g., PBMCs) is no more than about 5x106, 2x106, 106, 5x105, 2x105, 105, 5x104, 4x104, 2x104, or 104 cells. In some embodiments, each of the one or more display moieties comprises a particle (e.g., a spherical particle, e.g., a solid particle, e.g., a bead) associated with a plurality of MHC-peptide complexes, wherein the plurality of MHC-peptide complexes comprises at least or more than 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, or 12 MHC-peptide complexes, wherein each of the MHC-peptide complex comprises an MHC molecule complexed with a peptide, wherein at least two MHC-peptide complexes are different, wherein the particle has a surface area of at least about 1 μm2 , or has a diameter of at least 0.5 μm. In some embodiments, the one or more display moieties are comprised in a bait composition. In some embodiments, the bait composition comprises a) at least two different (or at least three different) different MHC I molecules, and b) at least about 20, 50, 100, 150, 200, or 250 different peptides. In some embodiments, the bait composition comprises a) at least two, three, or four HLA-A molecules, and b) at least about 20, 50, 100, 150, 200, or 250 different peptides, wherein the two, three or four HLA-Amolecules are selected from the group consisting of HLA-A*24: 02, HLA-A*11: 01, HLA-A*02: 01, and HLA-A*03: 01. In some embodiments, the bait composition comprises a) at least two different (or at least three different) different MHC II molecules, and b) at least about 20, 50, 100, 150, 200, or 250 different peptides. In some embodiments, the bait composition comprises an HLA-DM molecule, an HLA-DO molecule, an HLA-DP molecule, an HLA-DQ molecule, or an HLA-DR molecule. In some embodiments, the bait composition comprises an HLA-DP molecule, an HLA-DQ molecule, and an HLA-DR molecule. In some embodiments, the peptides in the bait composition are associated with at least 25, 50, 75, 100, 125, 150, 175, 200, 225, or 250 different antigens. In some embodiments, the bait composition comprises at least 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, or 7 different overlapping peptides associated a mutation in a gene. In some embodiments, the gene is an oncogene. In some embodiments, the display moieties or the bait composition does not comprise a fluorochrome or fluorophore. In some embodiments, In some embodiments, the MHC molecules match with at least one, two, three, four, five or six HLA type of the individual from where the sample is obtained. In some embodiments, the immune cells are T cells (e.g., CD8+ T cells or CD4+ T cells) . In some embodiments, one or more of the plurality of MHC-peptide complexes is an MHC-peptide dimer, an MHC-peptide tetramer, an MHC-peptide pentamer, an MHC-peptide octamer, an MHC-peptide dextramer, or an MHC-peptide dodecamer. In some embodiments, at least one MHC-peptide complex in the plurality of MHC-peptide complexes has two distinct MHC-peptide monomers. In some embodiments, the at least one MHC complex is an MHC-peptide dimer, an MHC-peptide trimer, or an MHC-peptide tetramer.
[0203] In some embodiments, there is provided a methods of analyzing immune cells in a sample from an individual, comprising a) contacting a plurality of immune cells with one or more display moieties or a bait composition described herein, and b) detecting or analyzing the one or more immune cells that bind to one or more of the display moieties, wherein the immune cells are obtained from a sample (e.g., PBMCs) of an individual, wherein the individual does not exhibit a pathological symptom of a cancer, infection or autoimmune disease. In some embodiments, the number of cells in the sample (e.g., PBMCs) is no more than about 5x106, 2x106, 106, 5x105, 2x105, 105, 5x104, 4x104, 2x104, or 104 cells. In some embodiments, each of the one or more display moieties comprises a particle (e.g., a spherical particle, e.g., a solid particle, e.g., a bead) associated with a plurality of MHC-peptide complexes, wherein the plurality of MHC-peptide complexes comprises at least or more than 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, or 12 MHC-peptide complexes, wherein each of the MHC-peptide complex comprises an MHC molecule complexed with a peptide, wherein at least two MHC-peptide complexes are different, wherein the plurality of MHC-peptide complexes comprise a) at least two different MHC molecules, and b) at least two different peptides. In some embodiments, the one or more display moieties are comprised in a bait composition. In some embodiments, the bait composition comprises a) at least two different (or at least three different) different MHC I molecules, and b) at least about 20, 50, 100, 150, 200, or 250 different peptides. In some embodiments, the bait composition comprises a) at least two, three, or four HLA-A molecules, and b) at least about 20, 50, 100, 150, 200, or 250 different peptides, wherein the two, three or four HLA-A molecules are selected from the group consisting of HLA-A*24: 02, HLA-A*11: 01, HLA-A*02: 01, and HLA-A*03: 01. In some embodiments, the bait composition comprises a) at least two different (or at least three different) different MHC II molecules, and b) at least about 20, 50, 100, 150, 200, or 250 different peptides. In some embodiments, the bait composition comprises an HLA-DM molecule, an HLA-DO molecule, an HLA-DP molecule, an HLA-DQ molecule, or an HLA-DR molecule. In some embodiments, the bait composition comprises an HLA-DP molecule, an HLA-DQ molecule, and an HLA-DR molecule. In some embodiments, the peptides in the bait composition are associated with at least 25, 50, 75, 100, 125, 150, 175, 200, 225, or 250 different antigens. In some embodiments, the bait composition comprises at least 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, or 7 different overlapping peptides associated a mutation in a gene. In some embodiments, the gene is an oncogene. In some embodiments, the display moieties or the bait composition does not comprise a fluorochrome or fluorophore. In some embodiments, In some embodiments, the MHC molecules match with at least one, two, three, four, five or six HLA type of the individual from where the sample is obtained. In some embodiments, the immune cells are T cells (e.g., CD8+ T cells or CD4+ T cells) . In some embodiments, one or more of the plurality of MHC-peptide complexes is an MHC-peptide dimer, an MHC-peptide tetramer, an MHC-peptide pentamer, an MHC-peptide octamer, an MHC-peptide dextramer, or an MHC-peptide dodecamer. In some embodiments, at least one MHC-peptide complex in the plurality of MHC-peptide complexes has two distinct MHC-peptide monomers. In some embodiments, the at least one MHC complex is an MHC-peptide dimer, an MHC-peptide trimer, or an MHC-peptide tetramer.
[0204] In some embodiments, there is provided a methods of analyzing immune cells in a sample from an individual, comprising a) contacting a plurality of immune cells with one or more display moieties or a bait composition described herein, and b) detecting or analyzing the one or more immune cells that bind to one or more of the display moieties, wherein the immune cells are obtained from a sample (e.g., PBMCs) of an individual, wherein the individual does not exhibit a pathological symptom of a cancer, infection or autoimmune disease. In some embodiments, the number of cells in the sample (e.g., PBMCs) is no more than about 5x106, 2x106, 106, 5x105, 2x105, 105, 5x104, 4x104, 2x104, or 104 cells. In some embodiments, each of the one or more display moieties comprises a particle (e.g., a spherical particle, e.g., a solid particle, e.g., a bead) associated with a plurality of MHC-peptide complexes, wherein the plurality of MHC-peptide complexes comprises at least or more than 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, or 12 MHC-peptide complexes, wherein each of the MHC-peptide complex comprises an MHC molecule complexed with a peptide, wherein at least two MHC-peptide complexes are different, wherein the display moiety comprises at least two different MHC class I molecules. In some embodiments, the one or more display moieties are comprised in a bait composition. In some embodiments, the bait composition comprises a) at least two different (or at least three different) different MHC I molecules, and b) at least about 20, 50, 100, 150, 200, or 250 different peptides. In some embodiments, the bait composition comprises a) at least two, three, or four HLA-A molecules, and b) at least about 20, 50, 100, 150, 200, or 250 different peptides, wherein the two, three or four HLA-Amolecules are selected from the group consisting of HLA-A*24: 02, HLA-A*11: 01, HLA-A*02: 01, and HLA-A*03: 01. In some embodiments, the bait composition comprises a) at least two different (or at least three different) different MHC II molecules, and b) at least about 20, 50, 100, 150, 200, or 250 different peptides. In some embodiments, the bait composition comprises an HLA-DM molecule, an HLA-DO molecule, an HLA-DP molecule, an HLA-DQ molecule, or an HLA-DR molecule. In some embodiments, the bait composition comprises an HLA-DP molecule, an HLA-DQ molecule, and an HLA-DR molecule. In some embodiments, the peptides in the bait composition are associated with at least 25, 50, 75, 100, 125, 150, 175, 200, 225, or 250 different antigens. In some embodiments, the bait composition comprises at least 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, or 7 different overlapping peptides associated a mutation in a gene. In some embodiments, the gene is an oncogene. In some embodiments, the display moieties or the bait composition does not comprise a fluorochrome or fluorophore. In some embodiments, In some embodiments, the MHC molecules match with at least one, two, three, four, five or six HLA type of the individual from where the sample is obtained. In some embodiments, the immune cells are T cells (e.g., CD8+ T cells or CD4+ T cells) . In some embodiments, one or more of the plurality of MHC-peptide complexes is an MHC-peptide dimer, an MHC-peptide tetramer, an MHC-peptide pentamer, an MHC-peptide octamer, an MHC-peptide dextramer, or an MHC-peptide dodecamer. In some embodiments, at least one MHC-peptide complex in the plurality of MHC-peptide complexes has two distinct MHC-peptide monomers. In some embodiments, the at least one MHC complex is an MHC-peptide dimer, an MHC-peptide trimer, or an MHC-peptide tetramer.
[0205] In some embodiments, there is provided a methods of analyzing immune cells in a sample from an individual, comprising a) contacting a plurality of immune cells with one or more display moieties or a bait composition described herein, and b) detecting or analyzing the one or more immune cells that bind to one or more of the display moieties, wherein the immune cells are obtained from a sample (e.g., PBMCs) of an individual, wherein the individual does not exhibit a pathological symptom of a cancer, infection or autoimmune disease. In some embodiments, the number of cells in the sample (e.g., PBMCs) is no more than about 5x106, 2x106, 106, 5x105, 2x105, 105, 5x104, 4x104, 2x104, or 104 cells. In some embodiments, each of the one or more display moieties comprises a particle (e.g., a spherical particle, e.g., a solid particle, e.g., a bead) associated with a plurality of MHC-peptide complexes, wherein the plurality of MHC-peptide complexes comprises at least or more than 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, or 12 MHC-peptide complexes, wherein each of the MHC-peptide complex comprises an MHC molecule complexed with a peptide, wherein at least two MHC-peptide complexes are different, wherein the display moiety comprises at least two different MHC class II molecules. In some embodiments, the one or more display moieties are comprised in a bait composition. In some embodiments, the bait composition comprises a) at least two different (or at least three different) different MHC I molecules, and b) at least about 20, 50, 100, 150, 200, or 250 different peptides. In some embodiments, the bait composition comprises a) at least two, three, or four HLA-A molecules, and b) at least about 20, 50, 100, 150, 200, or 250 different peptides, wherein the two, three or four HLA-Amolecules are selected from the group consisting of HLA-A*24: 02, HLA-A*11: 01, HLA-A*02: 01, and HLA-A*03: 01. In some embodiments, the bait composition comprises a) at least two different (or at least three different) different MHC II molecules, and b) at least about 20, 50, 100, 150, 200, or 250 different peptides. In some embodiments, the bait composition comprises an HLA-DM molecule, an HLA-DO molecule, an HLA-DP molecule, an HLA-DQ molecule, or an HLA-DR molecule. In some embodiments, the bait composition comprises an HLA-DP molecule, an HLA-DQ molecule, and an HLA-DR molecule. In some embodiments, the peptides in the bait composition are associated with at least 25, 50, 75, 100, 125, 150, 175, 200, 225, or 250 different antigens. In some embodiments, the bait composition comprises at least 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, or 7 different overlapping peptides associated a mutation in a gene. In some embodiments, the gene is an oncogene. In some embodiments, the display moieties or the bait composition does not comprise a fluorochrome or fluorophore. In some embodiments, In some embodiments, the MHC molecules match with at least one, two, three, four, five or six HLA type of the individual from where the sample is obtained. In some embodiments, the immune cells are T cells (e.g., CD8+ T cells or CD4+ T cells) . In some embodiments, one or more of the plurality of MHC-peptide complexes is an MHC-peptide dimer, an MHC-peptide tetramer, an MHC-peptide pentamer, an MHC-peptide octamer, an MHC-peptide dextramer, or an MHC-peptide dodecamer. In some embodiments, at least one MHC-peptide complex in the plurality of MHC-peptide complexes has two distinct MHC-peptide monomers. In some embodiments, the at least one MHC complex is an MHC-peptide dimer, an MHC-peptide trimer, or an MHC-peptide tetramer.
[0206] In some embodiments, there is provided a methods of analyzing immune cells in a sample from an individual, comprising a) contacting a plurality of immune cells with one or more display moieties or a bait composition described herein, and b) detecting or analyzing the one or more immune cells that bind to one or more of the display moieties, wherein the immune cells are obtained from a sample (e.g., PBMCs) of an individual, wherein the individual is at risk of developing a disease or condition, such as cancer, infection or autoimmune disease or disorder, e.g., an individual who has a family history of such disease or has been exposed to a pathogen, but has not been treated for the disease or condition. In some embodiments, the number of cells in the sample (e.g., PBMCs) is no more than about 5x106, 2x106, 106, 5x105, 2x105, 105, 5x104, 4x104, 2x104, or 104 cells. In some embodiments, the one or more display moieties are comprised in a bait composition. In some embodiments, the bait composition comprises a) at least two different (or at least three different) different MHC I molecules, and b) at least about 20, 50, 100, 150, 200, or 250 different peptides. In some embodiments, the bait composition comprises a) at least two, three, or four HLA-Amolecules, and b) at least about 20, 50, 100, 150, 200, or 250 different peptides, wherein the two, three or four HLA-A molecules are selected from the group consisting of HLA-A*24: 02, HLA-A*11: 01, HLA-A*02: 01, and HLA-A*03: 01. In some embodiments, the bait composition comprises a) at least two different (or at least three different) different MHC II molecules, and b) at least about 20, 50, 100, 150, 200, or 250 different peptides. In some embodiments, the bait composition comprises an HLA-DM molecule, an HLA-DO molecule, an HLA-DP molecule, an HLA-DQ molecule, or an HLA-DR molecule. In some embodiments, the bait composition comprises an HLA-DP molecule, an HLA-DQ molecule, and an HLA-DR molecule. In some embodiments, the peptides in the bait composition are associated with at least 25, 50, 75, 100, 125, 150, 175, 200, 225, or 250 different antigens. In some embodiments, the bait composition comprises at least 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, or 7 different overlapping peptides associated a mutation in a gene. In some embodiments, the gene is an oncogene. In some embodiments, the display moieties or the bait composition does not comprise a fluorochrome or fluorophore. In some embodiments, In some embodiments, the MHC molecules match with at least one, two, three, four, five or six HLA type of the individual from where the sample is obtained. In some embodiments, the immune cells are T cells (e.g., CD8+ T cells or CD4+ T cells) .
[0207] In some embodiments, there is provided a methods of analyzing immune cells in a sample from an individual, comprising a) contacting a plurality of immune cells with one or more display moieties, and b) detecting or analyzing the one or more immune cells that bind to one or more of the display moieties, wherein the immune cells are obtained from a sample (e.g., PBMCs) of an individual, wherein the individual is at risk of developing a disease or condition, such as cancer, infection or autoimmune disease or disorder, e.g., an individual who has a family history of such disease or has been exposed to a pathogen, but has not been treated for the disease or condition. In some embodiments, the number of cells in the sample (e.g., PBMCs) is no more than about 5x106, 2x106, 106, 5x105, 2x105, 105, 5x104, 4x104, 2x104, or 104 cells. In some embodiments, each of the one or more display moieties comprises a particle (e.g., a spherical particle, e.g., a solid particle, e.g., a bead) associated with a plurality of MHC-peptide complexes, wherein the plurality of MHC-peptide complexes comprises at least or more than 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, or 12 MHC-peptide complexes, wherein each of the MHC-peptide complex is an MHC-peptide monomer comprising an MHC molecule complexed with a peptide, wherein at least two MHC-peptide complexes are different. In some embodiments, the one or more display moieties are comprised in a bait composition. In some embodiments, the bait composition comprises a) at least two different (or at least three different) different MHC I molecules, and b) at least about 20, 50, 100, 150, 200, or 250 different peptides. In some embodiments, the bait composition comprises a) at least two, three, or four HLA-A molecules, and b) at least about 20, 50, 100, 150, 200, or 250 different peptides, wherein the two, three or four HLA-Amolecules are selected from the group consisting of HLA-A*24: 02, HLA-A*11: 01, HLA-A*02: 01, and HLA-A*03: 01. In some embodiments, the bait composition comprises a) at least two different (or at least three different) different MHC II molecules, and b) at least about 20, 50, 100, 150, 200, or 250 different peptides. In some embodiments, the bait composition comprises an HLA-DM molecule, an HLA-DO molecule, an HLA-DP molecule, an HLA-DQ molecule, or an HLA-DR molecule. In some embodiments, the bait composition comprises an HLA-DP molecule, an HLA-DQ molecule, and an HLA-DR molecule. In some embodiments, the peptides in the bait composition are associated with at least 25, 50, 75, 100, 125, 150, 175, 200, 225, or 250 different antigens. In some embodiments, the bait composition comprises at least 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, or 7 different overlapping peptides associated a mutation in a gene. In some embodiments, the gene is an oncogene. In some embodiments, the display moieties or the bait composition does not comprise a fluorochrome or fluorophore. In some embodiments, In some embodiments, the MHC molecules match with at least one, two, three, four, five or six HLA type of the individual from where the sample is obtained. In some embodiments, the immune cells are T cells (e.g., CD8+ T cells or CD4+ T cells) .
[0208] In some embodiments, there is provided a methods of analyzing immune cells in a sample from an individual, comprising a) contacting a plurality of immune cells with one or more display moieties, and b) detecting or analyzing the one or more immune cells that bind to one or more of the display moieties, wherein the immune cells are obtained from a sample (e.g., PBMCs) of an individual, wherein the individual is at risk of developing a disease or condition, such as cancer, infection or autoimmune disease or disorder, e.g., an individual who has a family history of such disease or has been exposed to a pathogen, but has not been treated for the disease or condition. In some embodiments, the number of cells in the sample (e.g., PBMCs) is no more than about 5x106, 2x106, 106, 5x105, 2x105, 105, 5x104, 4x104, 2x104, or 104 cells. In some embodiments, each of the one or more display moieties comprises a particle (e.g., a spherical particle, e.g., a solid particle, e.g., a bead) associated with a plurality of MHC-peptide complexes, wherein the plurality of MHC-peptide complexes comprises at least or more than 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, or 12 MHC-peptide complexes, wherein each of the MHC-peptide complex comprises an MHC molecule complexed with a peptide, wherein at least two MHC-peptide complexes are different, wherein the plurality of MHC-peptide complexes comprises at least 20, 50, 100, 500, 1,000, 5,000, 10,000, 20,000, 50,000, 10,0000, 15,000, 20,0000 MHC-peptide complexes. In some embodiments, the one or more display moieties are comprised in a bait composition. In some embodiments, the bait composition comprises a) at least two different (or at least three different) different MHC I molecules, and b) at least about 20, 50, 100, 150, 200, or 250 different peptides. In some embodiments, the bait composition comprises a) at least two, three, or four HLA-A molecules, and b) at least about 20, 50, 100, 150, 200, or 250 different peptides, wherein the two, three or four HLA-A molecules are selected from the group consisting of HLA-A*24: 02, HLA-A*11: 01, HLA-A*02: 01, and HLA-A*03: 01. In some embodiments, the bait composition comprises a) at least two different (or at least three different) different MHC II molecules, and b) at least about 20, 50, 100, 150, 200, or 250 different peptides. In some embodiments, the bait composition comprises an HLA-DM molecule, an HLA-DO molecule, an HLA-DP molecule, an HLA-DQ molecule, or an HLA-DR molecule. In some embodiments, the bait composition comprises an HLA-DP molecule, an HLA-DQ molecule, and an HLA-DR molecule. In some embodiments, the peptides in the bait composition are associated with at least 25, 50, 75, 100, 125, 150, 175, 200, 225, or 250 different antigens. In some embodiments, the bait composition comprises at least 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, or 7 different overlapping peptides associated a mutation in a gene. In some embodiments, the gene is an oncogene. In some embodiments, the display moieties or the bait composition does not comprise a fluorochrome or fluorophore. In some embodiments, In some embodiments, the MHC molecules match with at least one, two, three, four, five or six HLA type of the individual from where the sample is obtained. In some embodiments, the immune cells are T cells (e.g., CD8+ T cells or CD4+ T cells) . In some embodiments, one or more of the plurality of MHC-peptide complexes is an MHC-peptide dimer, an MHC-peptide tetramer, an MHC-peptide pentamer, an MHC-peptide octamer, an MHC-peptide dextramer, or an MHC-peptide dodecamer. In some embodiments, at least one MHC-peptide complex in the plurality of MHC-peptide complexes has two distinct MHC-peptide monomers. In some embodiments, the at least one MHC complex is an MHC-peptide dimer, an MHC-peptide trimer, or an MHC-peptide tetramer.
[0209] In some embodiments, there is provided a methods of analyzing immune cells in a sample from an individual, comprising a) contacting a plurality of immune cells with one or more display moieties, and b) detecting or analyzing the one or more immune cells that bind to one or more of the display moieties, wherein the immune cells are obtained from a sample (e.g., PBMCs) of an individual, wherein the individual is at risk of developing a disease or condition, such as cancer, infection or autoimmune disease or disorder, e.g., an individual who has a family history of such disease or has been exposed to a pathogen, but has not been treated for the disease or condition. In some embodiments, the number of cells in the sample (e.g., PBMCs) is no more than about 5x106, 2x106, 106, 5x105, 2x105, 105, 5x104, 4x104, 2x104, or 104 cells. In some embodiments, each of the one or more display moieties comprises a particle (e.g., a spherical particle, e.g., a solid particle, e.g., a bead) associated with a plurality of MHC-peptide complexes, wherein the plurality of MHC-peptide complexes comprises at least or more than 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, or 12 MHC-peptide complexes, wherein each of the MHC-peptide complex comprises an MHC molecule complexed with a peptide, wherein at least two MHC-peptide complexes are different, wherein the particle has a surface area of at least about 1 μm2 , or has a diameter of at least 0.5 μm. In some embodiments, the one or more display moieties are comprised in a bait composition. In some embodiments, the bait composition comprises a) at least two different (or at least three different) different MHC I molecules, and b) at least about 20, 50, 100, 150, 200, or 250 different peptides. In some embodiments, the bait composition comprises a) at least two, three, or four HLA-A molecules, and b) at least about 20, 50, 100, 150, 200, or 250 different peptides, wherein the two, three or four HLA-A molecules are selected from the group consisting of HLA-A*24: 02, HLA-A*11: 01, HLA-A*02: 01, and HLA-A*03: 01. In some embodiments, the bait composition comprises a) at least two different (or at least three different) different MHC II molecules, and b) at least about 20, 50, 100, 150, 200, or 250 different peptides. In some embodiments, the bait composition comprises an HLA-DM molecule, an HLA-DO molecule, an HLA-DP molecule, an HLA-DQ molecule, or an HLA-DR molecule. In some embodiments, the bait composition comprises an HLA-DP molecule, an HLA-DQ molecule, and an HLA-DR molecule. In some embodiments, the peptides in the bait composition are associated with at least 25, 50, 75, 100, 125, 150, 175, 200, 225, or 250 different antigens. In some embodiments, the bait composition comprises at least 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, or 7 different overlapping peptides associated a mutation in a gene. In some embodiments, the gene is an oncogene. In some embodiments, the display moieties or the bait composition does not comprise a fluorochrome or fluorophore. In some embodiments, In some embodiments, the MHC molecules match with at least one, two, three, four, five or six HLA type of the individual from where the sample is obtained. In some embodiments, the immune cells are T cells (e.g., CD8+ T cells or CD4+ T cells) . In some embodiments, one or more of the plurality of MHC-peptide complexes is an MHC-peptide dimer, an MHC-peptide tetramer, an MHC-peptide pentamer, an MHC-peptide octamer, an MHC-peptide dextramer, or an MHC-peptide dodecamer. In some embodiments, at least one MHC-peptide complex in the plurality of MHC-peptide complexes has two distinct MHC-peptide monomers. In some embodiments, the at least one MHC complex is an MHC-peptide dimer, an MHC-peptide trimer, or an MHC-peptide tetramer.
[0210] In some embodiments, there is provided a methods of analyzing immune cells in a sample from an individual, comprising a) contacting a plurality of immune cells with one or more display moieties, and b) detecting or analyzing the one or more immune cells that bind to one or more of the display moieties, wherein the immune cells are obtained from a sample (e.g., PBMCs) of an individual, wherein the individual is at risk of developing a disease or condition, such as cancer, infection or autoimmune disease or disorder, e.g., an individual who has a family history of such disease or has been exposed to a pathogen, but has not been treated for the disease or condition. In some embodiments, the number of cells in the sample (e.g., PBMCs) is no more than about 5x106, 2x106, 106, 5x105, 2x105, 105, 5x104, 4x104, 2x104, or 104 cells. In some embodiments, each of the one or more display moieties comprises a particle (e.g., a spherical particle, e.g., a solid particle, e.g., a bead) associated with a plurality of MHC-peptide complexes, wherein the plurality of MHC-peptide complexes comprises at least or more than 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, or 12 MHC-peptide complexes, wherein each of the MHC-peptide complex comprises an MHC molecule complexed with a peptide, wherein at least two MHC-peptide complexes are different, wherein the plurality of MHC-peptide complexes comprise a) at least two different MHC molecules, and b) at least two different peptides. In some embodiments, the one or more display moieties are comprised in a bait composition. In some embodiments, the bait composition comprises a) at least two different (or at least three different) different MHC I molecules, and b) at least about 20, 50, 100, 150, 200, or 250 different peptides. In some embodiments, the bait composition comprises a) at least two, three, or four HLA-Amolecules, and b) at least about 20, 50, 100, 150, 200, or 250 different peptides, wherein the two, three or four HLA-A molecules are selected from the group consisting of HLA-A*24: 02, HLA-A*11: 01, HLA-A*02: 01, and HLA-A*03: 01. In some embodiments, the bait composition comprises a) at least two different (or at least three different) different MHC II molecules, and b) at least about 20, 50, 100, 150, 200, or 250 different peptides. In some embodiments, the bait composition comprises an HLA-DM molecule, an HLA-DO molecule, an HLA-DP molecule, an HLA-DQ molecule, or an HLA-DR molecule. In some embodiments, the bait composition comprises an HLA-DP molecule, an HLA-DQ molecule, and an HLA-DR molecule. In some embodiments, the peptides in the bait composition are associated with at least 25, 50, 75, 100, 125, 150, 175, 200, 225, or 250 different antigens. In some embodiments, the bait composition comprises at least 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, or 7 different overlapping peptides associated a mutation in a gene. In some embodiments, the gene is an oncogene. In some embodiments, the display moieties or the bait composition does not comprise a fluorochrome or fluorophore. In some embodiments, In some embodiments, the MHC molecules match with at least one, two, three, four, five or six HLA type of the individual from where the sample is obtained. In some embodiments, the immune cells are T cells (e.g., CD8+ T cells or CD4+ T cells) . In some embodiments, one or more of the plurality of MHC-peptide complexes is an MHC-peptide dimer, an MHC-peptide tetramer, an MHC-peptide pentamer, an MHC-peptide octamer, an MHC-peptide dextramer, or an MHC- peptide dodecamer. In some embodiments, at least one MHC-peptide complex in the plurality of MHC-peptide complexes has two distinct MHC-peptide monomers. In some embodiments, the at least one MHC complex is an MHC-peptide dimer, an MHC-peptide trimer, or an MHC-peptide tetramer.
[0211] In some embodiments, there is provided a methods of analyzing immune cells in a sample from an individual, comprising a) contacting a plurality of immune cells with one or more display moieties, and b) detecting or analyzing the one or more immune cells that bind to one or more of the display moieties, wherein the immune cells are obtained from a sample (e.g., PBMCs) of an individual, wherein the individual is at risk of developing a disease or condition, such as cancer, infection or autoimmune disease or disorder, e.g., an individual who has a family history of such disease or has been exposed to a pathogen, but has not been treated for the disease or condition. In some embodiments, the number of cells in the sample (e.g., PBMCs) is no more than about 5x106, 2x106, 106, 5x105, 2x105, 105, 5x104, 4x104, 2x104, or 104 cells. In some embodiments, each of the one or more display moieties comprises a particle (e.g., a spherical particle, e.g., a solid particle, e.g., a bead) associated with a plurality of MHC-peptide complexes, wherein the plurality of MHC-peptide complexes comprises at least or more than 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, or 12 MHC-peptide complexes, wherein each of the MHC-peptide complex comprises an MHC molecule complexed with a peptide, wherein at least two MHC-peptide complexes are different, wherein the display moiety comprises at least two different MHC class I molecules. In some embodiments, the one or more display moieties are comprised in a bait composition. In some embodiments, the bait composition comprises a) at least two different (or at least three different) different MHC I molecules, and b) at least about 20, 50, 100, 150, 200, or 250 different peptides. In some embodiments, the bait composition comprises a) at least two, three, or four HLA-A molecules, and b) at least about 20, 50, 100, 150, 200, or 250 different peptides, wherein the two, three or four HLA-A molecules are selected from the group consisting of HLA-A*24: 02, HLA-A*11: 01, HLA-A*02: 01, and HLA-A*03: 01. In some embodiments, the bait composition comprises a) at least two different (or at least three different) different MHC II molecules, and b) at least about 20, 50, 100, 150, 200, or 250 different peptides. In some embodiments, the bait composition comprises an HLA-DM molecule, an HLA-DO molecule, an HLA-DP molecule, an HLA-DQ molecule, or an HLA-DR molecule. In some embodiments, the bait composition comprises an HLA-DP molecule, an HLA-DQ molecule, and an HLA-DR molecule. In some embodiments, the peptides in the bait composition are associated with at least 25, 50, 75, 100, 125, 150, 175, 200, 225, or 250 different antigens. In some embodiments, the bait composition comprises at least 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, or 7 different overlapping peptides associated a mutation in a gene. In some embodiments, the gene is an oncogene. In some embodiments, the display moieties or the bait composition does not comprise a fluorochrome or fluorophore. In some embodiments, In some embodiments, the MHC molecules match with at least one, two, three, four, five or six HLA type of the individual from where the sample is obtained. In some embodiments, the immune cells are T cells (e.g., CD8+ T cells or CD4+ T cells) . In some embodiments, one or more of the plurality of MHC-peptide complexes is an MHC-peptide dimer, an MHC-peptide tetramer, an MHC-peptide pentamer, an MHC-peptide octamer, an MHC-peptide dextramer, or an MHC-peptide dodecamer. In some embodiments, at least one MHC-peptide complex in the plurality of MHC-peptide complexes has two distinct MHC-peptide monomers. In some embodiments, the at least one MHC complex is an MHC-peptide dimer, an MHC-peptide trimer, or an MHC-peptide tetramer.
[0212] In some embodiments, there is provided a methods of analyzing immune cells in a sample from an individual, comprising a) contacting a plurality of immune cells with one or more display moieties, and b) detecting or analyzing the one or more immune cells that bind to one or more of the display moieties, wherein the immune cells are obtained from a sample (e.g., PBMCs) of an individual, wherein the individual is at risk of developing a disease or condition, such as cancer, infection or autoimmune disease or disorder, e.g., an individual who has a family history of such disease or has been exposed to a pathogen, but has not been treated for the disease or condition. In some embodiments, the number of cells in the sample (e.g., PBMCs) is no more than about 5x106, 2x106, 106, 5x105, 2x105, 105, 5x104, 4x104, 2x104, or 104 cells. In some embodiments, each of the one or more display moieties comprises a particle (e.g., a spherical particle, e.g., a solid particle, e.g., a bead) associated with a plurality of MHC-peptide complexes, wherein the plurality of MHC-peptide complexes comprises at least or more than 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, or 12 MHC-peptide complexes, wherein each of the MHC-peptide complex comprises an MHC molecule complexed with a peptide, wherein at least two MHC-peptide complexes are different, wherein the display moiety comprises at least two different MHC class II molecules. In some embodiments, the one or more display moieties are comprised in a bait composition. In some embodiments, the bait composition comprises a) at least two different (or at least three different) different MHC I molecules, and b) at least about 20, 50, 100, 150, 200, or 250 different peptides. In some embodiments, the bait composition comprises a) at least two, three, or four HLA-A molecules, and b) at least about 20, 50, 100, 150, 200, or 250 different peptides, wherein the two, three or four HLA-A molecules are selected from the group consisting of HLA-A*24: 02, HLA-A*11: 01, HLA-A*02: 01, and HLA-A*03: 01. In some embodiments, the bait composition comprises a) at least two different (or at least three different) different MHC II molecules, and b) at least about 20, 50, 100, 150, 200, or 250 different peptides. In some embodiments, the bait composition comprises an HLA-DM molecule, an HLA-DO molecule, an HLA-DP molecule, an HLA-DQ molecule, or an HLA-DR molecule. In some embodiments, the bait composition comprises an HLA-DP molecule, an HLA-DQ molecule, and an HLA-DR molecule. In some embodiments, the peptides in the bait composition are associated with at least 25, 50, 75, 100, 125, 150, 175, 200, 225, or 250 different antigens. In some embodiments, the bait composition comprises at least 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, or 7 different overlapping peptides associated a mutation in a gene. In some embodiments, the gene is an oncogene. In some embodiments, the display moieties or the bait composition does not comprise a fluorochrome or fluorophore. In some embodiments, In some embodiments, the MHC molecules match with at least one, two, three, four, five or six HLA type of the individual from where the sample is obtained. In some embodiments, the immune cells are T cells (e.g., CD8+ T cells or CD4+ T cells) . In some embodiments, one or more of the plurality of MHC-peptide complexes is an MHC-peptide dimer, an MHC-peptide tetramer, an MHC-peptide pentamer, an MHC-peptide octamer, an MHC-peptide dextramer, or an MHC-peptide dodecamer. In some embodiments, at least one MHC-peptide complex in the plurality of MHC-peptide complexes has two distinct MHC-peptide monomers. In some embodiments, the at least one MHC complex is an MHC-peptide dimer, an MHC-peptide trimer, or an MHC-peptide tetramer.
[0213] In some embodiments, there is provided a methods of analyzing immune cells in a sample from an individual, comprising a) contacting a plurality of immune cells with one or more display moieties or a bait composition described herein, and b) detecting or analyzing the one or more immune cells that bind to one or more of the display moieties, wherein the immune cells are obtained from a sample (e.g., PBMCs) of an individual, wherein the individual has minimal residual disease (MRD) . In some embodiments, the individual has minimal residual cancer. In some embodiments, the minimal residual cancer is seen after the cancer was surgical resected or cured. In some embodiments, the minimal residual disease is too minimal to be detected by imaging instruments (e.g., a routinely used or standard imaging instrument used for detection of the cancer) . In some embodiments, the location of the minimal residual disease is diverse. In some embodiments, the minimal residual cancer is a result of immune escape or resistance to treatment. In some embodiments, the individual has been previously treated for cancer and exhibits no pathological symptom of a cancer after the treatment. In some embodiments, the number of cells in the sample (e.g., PBMCs) is no more than about 5x106, 2x106, 106, 5x105, 2x105, 105, 5x104, 4x104, 2x104, or 104 cells. In some embodiments, the one or more display moieties are comprised in a bait composition. In some embodiments, the bait composition comprises a) at least two different (or at least three different) different MHC I molecules, and b) at least about 20, 50, 100, 150, 200, or 250 different peptides. In some embodiments, the bait composition comprises a) at least two, three, or four HLA-A molecules, and b) at least about 20, 50, 100, 150, 200, or 250 different peptides, wherein the two, three or four HLA-A molecules are selected from the group consisting of HLA-A*24: 02, HLA-A*11: 01, HLA-A*02: 01, and HLA-A*03: 01. In some embodiments, the bait composition comprises a) at least two different (or at least three different) different MHC II molecules, and b) at least about 20, 50, 100, 150, 200, or 250 different peptides. In some embodiments, the bait composition comprises an HLA-DM molecule, an HLA-DO molecule, an HLA-DP molecule, an HLA-DQ molecule, or an HLA-DR molecule. In some embodiments, the bait composition comprises an HLA-DP molecule, an HLA-DQ molecule, and an HLA-DR molecule. In some embodiments, the peptides in the bait composition are associated with at least 25, 50, 75, 100, 125, 150, 175, 200, 225, or 250 different antigens. In some embodiments, the bait composition comprises at least 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, or 7 different overlapping peptides associated a mutation in a gene. In some embodiments, the gene is an oncogene. In some embodiments, the display moieties or the bait composition does not comprise a fluorochrome or fluorophore. In some embodiments, In some embodiments, the MHC molecules match with at least one, two, three, four, five or six HLA type of the individual from where the sample is obtained. In some embodiments, the immune cells are T cells (e.g., CD8+ T cells or CD4+ T cells) . In some embodiments, one or more of the plurality of MHC-peptide complexes is an MHC-peptide dimer, an MHC-peptide tetramer, an MHC-peptide pentamer, an MHC-peptide octamer, an MHC-peptide dextramer, or an MHC-peptide dodecamer. In some embodiments, at least one MHC-peptide complex in the plurality of MHC-peptide complexes has two distinct MHC-peptide monomers. In some embodiments, the at least one MHC complex is an MHC-peptide dimer, an MHC-peptide trimer, or an MHC-peptide tetramer.
[0214] In some embodiments, there is provided a methods of analyzing immune cells in a sample from an individual, comprising a) contacting a plurality of immune cells with one or more display moieties, and b) detecting or analyzing the one or more immune cells that bind to one or more of the display moieties, wherein the immune cells are obtained from a sample (e.g., PBMCs) of an individual, wherein the individual has minimal residual disease (MRD) . In some embodiments, the individual has minimal residual cancer. In some embodiments, the minimal residual cancer is seen after the cancer was surgical resected or cured. In some embodiments, the individual has been previously treated for cancer and exhibits no pathological symptom of a cancer after the treatment. In some embodiments, the number of cells in the sample (e.g., PBMCs) is no more than about 5x106, 2x106, 106, 5x105, 2x105, 105, 5x104, 4x104, 2x104, or 104 cells. In some embodiments, each of the one or more display moieties comprises a particle (e.g., a spherical particle, e.g., a solid particle, e.g., a bead) associated with a plurality of MHC-peptide complexes, wherein the plurality of MHC-peptide complexes comprises at least or more than 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, or 12 MHC-peptide complexes, wherein each of the MHC-peptide complex is an MHC-peptide monomer comprising an MHC molecule complexed with a peptide, wherein at least two MHC-peptide complexes are different. In some embodiments, the one or more display moieties are comprised in a bait composition. In some embodiments, the bait composition comprises a) at least two different (or at least three different) different MHC I molecules, and b) at least about 20, 50, 100, 150, 200, or 250 different peptides. In some embodiments, the bait composition comprises a) at least two, three, or four HLA-A molecules, and b) at least about 20, 50, 100, 150, 200, or 250 different peptides, wherein the two, three or four HLA-A molecules are selected from the group consisting of HLA-A*24: 02, HLA-A*11: 01, HLA-A*02: 01, and HLA-A*03: 01. In some embodiments, the bait composition comprises a) at least two different (or at least three different) different MHC II molecules, and b) at least about 20, 50, 100, 150, 200, or 250 different peptides. In some embodiments, the bait composition comprises an HLA-DM molecule, an HLA-DO molecule, an HLA-DP molecule, an HLA-DQ molecule, or an HLA-DR molecule. In some embodiments, the bait composition comprises an HLA-DP molecule, an HLA-DQ molecule, and an HLA-DR molecule. In some embodiments, the peptides in the bait composition are associated with at least 25, 50, 75, 100, 125, 150, 175, 200, 225, or 250 different antigens. In some embodiments, the bait composition comprises at least 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, or 7 different overlapping peptides associated a mutation in a gene. In some embodiments, the gene is an oncogene. In some embodiments, the display moieties or the bait composition does not comprise a fluorochrome or fluorophore. In some embodiments, In some embodiments, the MHC molecules match with at least one, two, three, four, five or six HLA type of the individual from where the sample is obtained. In some embodiments, the immune cells are T cells (e.g., CD8+ T cells or CD4+ T cells) .
[0215] In some embodiments, there is provided a methods of analyzing immune cells in a sample from an individual, comprising a) contacting a plurality of immune cells with one or more display moieties, and b) detecting or analyzing the one or more immune cells that bind to one or more of the display moieties, wherein the immune cells are obtained from a sample (e.g., PBMCs) of an individual, wherein the individual has minimal residual disease (MRD) . In some embodiments, the individual has minimal residual cancer. In some embodiments, the minimal residual cancer is seen after the cancer was surgical resected or cured. In some embodiments, the individual has been previously treated for cancer and exhibits no pathological symptom of a cancer after the treatment. In some embodiments, the number of cells in the sample (e.g., PBMCs) is no more than about 5x106, 2x106, 106, 5x105, 2x105, 105, 5x104, 4x104, 2x104, or 104 cells. In some embodiments, each of the one or more display moieties comprises a particle (e.g., a spherical particle, e.g., a solid particle, e.g., a bead) associated with a plurality of MHC-peptide complexes, wherein the plurality of MHC-peptide complexes comprises at least or more than 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, or 12 MHC-peptide complexes, wherein each of the MHC-peptide complex comprises an MHC molecule complexed with a peptide, wherein at least two MHC-peptide complexes are different, wherein the plurality of MHC-peptide complexes comprises at least 20, 50, 100, 500, 1,000, 5,000, 10,000, 20,000, 50,000, 10,0000, 15,000, 20,0000 MHC-peptide complexes. In some embodiments, the one or more display moieties are comprised in a bait composition. In some embodiments, the bait composition comprises a) at least two different (or at least three different) different MHC I molecules, and b) at least about 20, 50, 100, 150, 200, or 250 different peptides. In some embodiments, the bait composition comprises a) at least two, three, or four HLA-A molecules, and b) at least about 20, 50, 100, 150, 200, or 250 different peptides, wherein the two, three or four HLA-A molecules are selected from the group consisting of HLA-A*24: 02, HLA-A*11: 01, HLA-A*02: 01, and HLA-A*03: 01. In some embodiments, the bait composition comprises a) at least two different (or at least three different) different MHC II molecules, and b) at least about 20, 50, 100, 150, 200, or 250 different peptides. In some embodiments, the bait composition comprises an HLA-DM molecule, an HLA-DO molecule, an HLA-DP molecule, an HLA-DQ molecule, or an HLA- DR molecule. In some embodiments, the bait composition comprises an HLA-DP molecule, an HLA-DQ molecule, and an HLA-DR molecule. In some embodiments, the peptides in the bait composition are associated with at least 25, 50, 75, 100, 125, 150, 175, 200, 225, or 250 different antigens. In some embodiments, the bait composition comprises at least 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, or 7 different overlapping peptides associated a mutation in a gene. In some embodiments, the gene is an oncogene. In some embodiments, the display moieties or the bait composition does not comprise a fluorochrome or fluorophore. In some embodiments, In some embodiments, the MHC molecules match with at least one, two, three, four, five or six HLA type of the individual from where the sample is obtained. In some embodiments, the immune cells are T cells (e.g., CD8+ T cells or CD4+ T cells) . In some embodiments, one or more of the plurality of MHC-peptide complexes is an MHC-peptide dimer, an MHC-peptide tetramer, an MHC-peptide pentamer, an MHC-peptide octamer, an MHC-peptide dextramer, or an MHC-peptide dodecamer. In some embodiments, at least one MHC-peptide complex in the plurality of MHC-peptide complexes has two distinct MHC-peptide monomers. In some embodiments, the at least one MHC complex is an MHC-peptide dimer, an MHC-peptide trimer, or an MHC-peptide tetramer.
[0216] In some embodiments, there is provided a methods of analyzing immune cells in a sample from an individual, comprising a) contacting a plurality of immune cells with one or more display moieties, and b) detecting or analyzing the one or more immune cells that bind to one or more of the display moieties, wherein the immune cells are obtained from a sample (e.g., PBMCs) of an individual, wherein the individual has minimal residual disease (MRD) . In some embodiments, the individual has minimal residual cancer. In some embodiments, the minimal residual cancer is seen after the cancer was surgical resected or cured. In some embodiments, the individual has been previously treated for cancer and exhibits no pathological symptom of a cancer after the treatment. In some embodiments, the number of cells in the sample (e.g., PBMCs) is no more than about 5x106, 2x106, 106, 5x105, 2x105, 105, 5x104, 4x104, 2x104, or 104 cells. In some embodiments, each of the one or more display moieties comprises a particle (e.g., a spherical particle, e.g., a solid particle, e.g., a bead) associated with a plurality of MHC-peptide complexes, wherein the plurality of MHC-peptide complexes comprises at least or more than 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, or 12 MHC-peptide complexes, wherein each of the MHC-peptide complex comprises an MHC molecule complexed with a peptide, wherein at least two MHC-peptide complexes are different, wherein the particle has a surface area of at least about 1 μm2 , or has a diameter of at least 0.5 μm. In some embodiments, the one or more display moieties are comprised in a bait composition. In some embodiments, the bait composition comprises a) at least two different (or at least three different) different MHC I molecules, and b) at least about 20, 50, 100, 150, 200, or 250 different peptides. In some embodiments, the bait composition comprises a) at least two, three, or four HLA-A molecules, and b) at least about 20, 50, 100, 150, 200, or 250 different peptides, wherein the two, three or four HLA-A molecules are selected from the group consisting of HLA-A*24: 02, HLA-A*11: 01, HLA-A*02: 01, and HLA-A*03: 01. In some embodiments, the bait composition comprises a) at least two different (or at least three different) different MHC II molecules, and b) at least about 20, 50, 100, 150, 200, or 250 different peptides. In some embodiments, the bait composition comprises an HLA-DM molecule, an HLA-DO molecule, an HLA-DP molecule, an HLA-DQ molecule, or an HLA-DR molecule. In some embodiments, the bait composition comprises an HLA-DP molecule, an HLA-DQ molecule, and an HLA-DR molecule. In some embodiments, the peptides in the bait composition are associated with at least 25, 50, 75, 100, 125, 150, 175, 200, 225, or 250 different antigens. In some embodiments, the bait composition comprises at least 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, or 7 different overlapping peptides associated a mutation in a gene. In some embodiments, the gene is an oncogene. In some embodiments, the display moieties or the bait composition does not comprise a fluorochrome or fluorophore. In some embodiments, In some embodiments, the MHC molecules match with at least one, two, three, four, five or six HLA type of the individual from where the sample is obtained. In some embodiments, the immune cells are T cells (e.g., CD8+ T cells or CD4+ T cells) . In some embodiments, one or more of the plurality of MHC-peptide complexes is an MHC-peptide dimer, an MHC-peptide tetramer, an MHC-peptide pentamer, an MHC-peptide octamer, an MHC-peptide dextramer, or an MHC-peptide dodecamer. In some embodiments, at least one MHC-peptide complex in the plurality of MHC-peptide complexes has two distinct MHC-peptide monomers. In some embodiments, the at least one MHC complex is an MHC-peptide dimer, an MHC-peptide trimer, or an MHC-peptide tetramer.
[0217] In some embodiments, there is provided a methods of analyzing immune cells in a sample from an individual, comprising a) contacting a plurality of immune cells with one or more display moieties, and b) detecting or analyzing the one or more immune cells that bind to one or more of the display moieties, wherein the immune cells are obtained from a sample (e.g., PBMCs) of an individual, wherein the individual has minimal residual disease (MRD) . In some embodiments, the individual has minimal residual cancer. In some embodiments, the minimal residual cancer is seen after the cancer was surgical resected or cured. In some embodiments, the individual has been previously treated for cancer and exhibits no pathological symptom of a cancer after the treatment. In some embodiments, the number of cells in the sample (e.g., PBMCs) is no more than about 5x106, 2x106, 106, 5x105, 2x105, 105, 5x104, 4x104, 2x104, or 104 cells. In some embodiments, each of the one or more display moieties comprises a particle (e.g., a spherical particle, e.g., a solid particle, e.g., a bead) associated with a plurality of MHC-peptide complexes, wherein the plurality of MHC-peptide complexes comprises at least or more than 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, or 12 MHC-peptide complexes, wherein each of the MHC-peptide complex comprises an MHC molecule complexed with a peptide, wherein at least two MHC-peptide complexes are different, wherein the plurality of MHC-peptide complexes comprise a) at least two different MHC molecules, and b) at least two different peptides. In some embodiments, the one or more display moieties are comprised in a bait composition. In some embodiments, the bait composition comprises a) at least two different (or at least three different) different MHC I molecules, and b) at least about 20, 50, 100, 150, 200, or 250 different peptides. In some embodiments, the bait composition comprises a) at least two, three, or four HLA-Amolecules, and b) at least about 20, 50, 100, 150, 200, or 250 different peptides, wherein the two, three or four HLA-A molecules are selected from the group consisting of HLA-A*24: 02, HLA-A*11: 01, HLA-A*02: 01, and HLA-A*03: 01. In some embodiments, the bait composition comprises a) at least two different (or at least three different) different MHC II molecules, and b) at least about 20, 50, 100, 150, 200, or 250 different peptides. In some embodiments, the bait composition comprises an HLA-DM molecule, an HLA-DO molecule, an HLA-DP molecule, an HLA-DQ molecule, or an HLA-DR molecule. In some embodiments, the bait composition comprises an HLA-DP molecule, an HLA-DQ molecule, and an HLA-DR molecule. In some embodiments, the peptides in the bait composition are associated with at least 25, 50, 75, 100, 125, 150, 175, 200, 225, or 250 different antigens. In some embodiments, the bait composition comprises at least 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, or 7 different overlapping peptides associated a mutation in a gene. In some embodiments, the gene is an oncogene. In some embodiments, the display moieties or the bait composition does not comprise a fluorochrome or fluorophore. In some embodiments, In some embodiments, the MHC molecules match with at least one, two, three, four, five or six HLA type of the individual from where the sample is obtained. In some embodiments, the immune cells are T cells (e.g., CD8+ T cells or CD4+ T cells) . In some embodiments, one or more of the plurality of MHC-peptide complexes is an MHC-peptide dimer, an MHC-peptide tetramer, an MHC-peptide pentamer, an MHC-peptide octamer, an MHC-peptide dextramer, or an MHC-peptide dodecamer. In some embodiments, at least one MHC-peptide complex in the plurality of MHC-peptide complexes has two distinct MHC-peptide monomers. In some embodiments, the at least one MHC complex is an MHC-peptide dimer, an MHC-peptide trimer, or an MHC-peptide tetramer.
[0218] In some embodiments, there is provided a methods of analyzing immune cells in a sample from an individual, comprising a) contacting a plurality of immune cells with one or more display moieties, and b) detecting or analyzing the one or more immune cells that bind to one or more of the display moieties, wherein the immune cells are obtained from a sample (e.g., PBMCs) of an individual, wherein the individual has minimal residual disease (MRD) . In some embodiments, the individual has minimal residual cancer. In some embodiments, the minimal residual cancer is seen after the cancer was surgical resected or cured. In some embodiments, the individual has been previously treated for cancer and exhibits no pathological symptom of a cancer after the treatment. In some embodiments, the number of cells in the sample (e.g., PBMCs) is no more than about 5x106, 2x106, 106, 5x105, 2x105, 105, 5x104, 4x104, 2x104, or 104 cells. In some embodiments, each of the one or more display moieties comprises a particle (e.g., a spherical particle, e.g., a solid particle, e.g., a bead) associated with a plurality of MHC-peptide complexes, wherein the plurality of MHC-peptide complexes comprises at least or more than 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, or 12 MHC-peptide complexes, wherein each of the MHC-peptide complex comprises an MHC molecule complexed with a peptide, wherein at least two MHC-peptide complexes are different, wherein the display moiety comprises at least two different MHC class I molecules. In some embodiments, the one or more display moieties are comprised in a bait composition. In some embodiments, the bait composition comprises a) at least two different (or at least three different) different MHC I molecules, and b) at least about 20, 50, 100, 150, 200, or 250 different peptides. In some embodiments, the bait composition comprises a) at least two, three, or four HLA-A molecules, and b) at least about 20, 50, 100, 150, 200, or 250 different peptides, wherein the two, three or four HLA-A molecules are selected from the group consisting of HLA-A*24: 02, HLA-A*11: 01, HLA-A*02: 01, and HLA-A*03: 01. In some embodiments, the bait composition comprises a) at least two different (or at least three different) different MHC II molecules, and b) at least about 20, 50, 100, 150, 200, or 250 different peptides. In some embodiments, the bait composition comprises an HLA-DM molecule, an HLA-DO molecule, an HLA-DP molecule, an HLA-DQ molecule, or an HLA- DR molecule. In some embodiments, the bait composition comprises an HLA-DP molecule, an HLA-DQ molecule, and an HLA-DR molecule. In some embodiments, the peptides in the bait composition are associated with at least 25, 50, 75, 100, 125, 150, 175, 200, 225, or 250 different antigens. In some embodiments, the bait composition comprises at least 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, or 7 different overlapping peptides associated a mutation in a gene. In some embodiments, the gene is an oncogene. In some embodiments, the display moieties or the bait composition does not comprise a fluorochrome or fluorophore. In some embodiments, In some embodiments, the MHC molecules match with at least one, two, three, four, five or six HLA type of the individual from where the sample is obtained. In some embodiments, the immune cells are T cells (e.g., CD8+ T cells or CD4+ T cells) . In some embodiments, one or more of the plurality of MHC-peptide complexes is an MHC-peptide dimer, an MHC-peptide tetramer, an MHC-peptide pentamer, an MHC-peptide octamer, an MHC-peptide dextramer, or an MHC-peptide dodecamer. In some embodiments, at least one MHC-peptide complex in the plurality of MHC-peptide complexes has two distinct MHC-peptide monomers. In some embodiments, the at least one MHC complex is an MHC-peptide dimer, an MHC-peptide trimer, or an MHC-peptide tetramer.
[0219] In some embodiments, there is provided a methods of analyzing immune cells in a sample from an individual, comprising a) contacting a plurality of immune cells with one or more display moieties, and b) detecting or analyzing the one or more immune cells that bind to one or more of the display moieties, wherein the immune cells are obtained from a sample (e.g., PBMCs) of an individual, wherein the individual has minimal residual disease (MRD) . In some embodiments, the individual has minimal residual cancer. In some embodiments, the minimal residual cancer is seen after the cancer was surgical resected or cured. In some embodiments, the individual has been previously treated for cancer and exhibits no pathological symptom of a cancer after the treatment. In some embodiments, the number of cells in the sample (e.g., PBMCs) is no more than about 5x106, 2x106, 106, 5x105, 2x105, 105, 5x104, 4x104, 2x104, or 104 cells. In some embodiments, each of the one or more display moieties comprises a particle (e.g., a spherical particle, e.g., a solid particle, e.g., a bead) associated with a plurality of MHC-peptide complexes, wherein the plurality of MHC-peptide complexes comprises at least or more than 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, or 12 MHC-peptide complexes, wherein each of the MHC-peptide complex comprises an MHC molecule complexed with a peptide, wherein at least two MHC-peptide complexes are different, wherein the display moiety comprises at least two different MHC class II molecules. In some embodiments, the one or more display moieties are comprised in a bait composition. In some embodiments, the bait composition comprises a) at least two different (or at least three different) different MHC I molecules, and b) at least about 20, 50, 100, 150, 200, or 250 different peptides. In some embodiments, the bait composition comprises a) at least two, three, or four HLA-A molecules, and b) at least about 20, 50, 100, 150, 200, or 250 different peptides, wherein the two, three or four HLA-A molecules are selected from the group consisting of HLA-A*24: 02, HLA-A*11: 01, HLA-A*02: 01, and HLA-A*03: 01. In some embodiments, the bait composition comprises a) at least two different (or at least three different) different MHC II molecules, and b) at least about 20, 50, 100, 150, 200, or 250 different peptides. In some embodiments, the bait composition comprises an HLA-DM molecule, an HLA-DO molecule, an HLA-DP molecule, an HLA-DQ molecule, or an HLA-DR molecule. In some embodiments, the bait composition comprises an HLA-DP molecule, an HLA-DQ molecule, and an HLA-DR molecule. In some embodiments, the peptides in the bait composition are associated with at least 25, 50, 75, 100, 125, 150, 175, 200, 225, or 250 different antigens. In some embodiments, the bait composition comprises at least 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, or 7 different overlapping peptides associated a mutation in a gene. In some embodiments, the gene is an oncogene. In some embodiments, the display moieties or the bait composition does not comprise a fluorochrome or fluorophore. In some embodiments, In some embodiments, the MHC molecules match with at least one, two, three, four, five or six HLA type of the individual from where the sample is obtained. In some embodiments, the immune cells are T cells (e.g., CD8+ T cells or CD4+ T cells) . In some embodiments, one or more of the plurality of MHC-peptide complexes is an MHC-peptide dimer, an MHC-peptide tetramer, an MHC-peptide pentamer, an MHC-peptide octamer, an MHC-peptide dextramer, or an MHC-peptide dodecamer. In some embodiments, at least one MHC-peptide complex in the plurality of MHC-peptide complexes has two distinct MHC-peptide monomers. In some embodiments, the at least one MHC complex is an MHC-peptide dimer, an MHC-peptide trimer, or an MHC-peptide tetramer.
[0220] In some embodiments, the immune cells are immobilized to a solid substrate, e.g., via an agent binding to the immune cells that is coated to or conjugated with the solid substrate. In some embodiments, the agent is an antibody that specifically recognizes a surface marker of the immune cells. In some embodiments, the agent is an anti-CD8 antibody and the immune cells are CD8 T cells. In some embodiments, the agent is an anti-CD4 antibody and the immune cells are CD4 T cells. In some embodiments, the agent is an anti-CD3 antibody and the immune cells are T cells. The immobilization can be carried out by mixing immune cells with the agent (or incubating the immune cells with the agent) that specifically binds to the immune cells. In some embodiments, the agent is already coated or conjugated on a solid substrate, such as a plate or magnetic bead. The immune cells are allowed to be contacting with the agent for a period time and then a washing step can be applied to remove the cells not bound to the agent (e.g., using a magnet) . See e.g., Examples.
[0221] In some embodiments, the number of immune cells is no more than about 108, 5x107, 107, 5x106, 2x106, 106, 5x105, 2x105, 105, 5x104, 4x104, 2x104, or 104 cells.
[0222] In some embodiments, the solid substrate comprises a plate or a surface of a particle (such as a surface of a particle which is different from the particle used as support in display moieties, such as an inner surface of a porous particle) . In some embodiments, the solid substrate comprises any of beads (e.g., magnetic beads) , porous beads, porous matrices, arrays, glass surfaces, silicon surfaces, plastic surfaces, filters, membranes, nylons, silicon wafer chips, flow-through chips. In some embodiments, the solid substrate comprises any of a biochip containing electronics, a microtiter well, an ELISA plate, a spin interference disc, a nitrocellulose membrane, a nitrocellulose-based polymer surface, a nanoparticle, or a microsphere.
[0223] In some embodiments, contacting a plurality of immune cells with the display moiety or a bait composition is conducted under a condition sufficient for an immune cell to bind to the display moieties. In some embodiments, the “condition” in the term “under a condition sufficient for an immune cell to bind to the display moieties” refers to conditions in which specific binding between the immune cells and the display moieties happen. In some embodiments, it refers to conditions that involve about or at least about 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, or 30 minutes of incubation of the immune cells and display moieties (e.g., at room temperature in a medium) . In some embodiments, it refers to conditions under at least 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%of the maximum binding between the immune cells and the display moieties happen. Maximum binding can be assessed by, e.g., contacting immune cells with display moieties for adequate time (e.g., 30 minutes) under a proper condition (e.g., room temperature) .
[0224] In some embodiments, the sample is a mixture a plurality of individual samples. In some embodiments, the plurality of individual samples are from a single individual. In some embodiments, the plurality of individual samples are from a plurality of individuals.
[0225] In some embodiments, the sample is a mixture a plurality of individual samples and each of the plurality of individual samples is obtained from a different individual. In some embodiments, the method comprises prior to being combined to form the mixture each of the plurality of individual samples is separately processed such that the immune cells contained therein are associated with a unique sample barcode (e.g., via mixing the immune cells with a molecule comprising the unique sample barcode) . In some embodiments, the method further comprises removing unbound molecule comprising the barcode (molecules not bound by the immune cells) e.g., via washing the immune cells for at least one time. The association can be achieved by e.g., mixing immune cells with a molecule (e.g., an antibody that binds to the immune cells, e.g., a CD45 antibody) that comprises the unique barcode and binds to the immune cells for them to bind to each other. For example, unique barcode can be associated to cells via e.g., an antibody conjugated or fused with the barcode that specifically binds to the cells. In some embodiments, the barcode is a nucleic acid barcode (e.g., DNA barcode) . In some embodiments, the unique DNA barcode is randomized barcode with a length of about 10-20 nucleic acids (e.g., 12-18 nucleic acids) . In some embodiments, the barcode is a peptide barcode. In some embodiments, the method further comprises removing unbound molecule comprising the barcode (molecules not bound by the immune cells) e.g., via washing the immune cells for at least 1, 2, or 3 times.
[0226] In some embodiments, the method further comprises determining the unique barcode associated with the immune cells bound to the display moieties, thereby identifying the sample from which the immune cells are derived. For example, nucleic acids can be purified, and sequencing can used to identify the immune cells with which a unique DNA barcode is associated with.
[0227] In some embodiments, the individual is a human. In some embodiments, the individual is at least about 50 years old (e.g., at least 50, 60, 70, or 80 years old) .
[0228] In some embodiments, the sample described herein (including this section and any other sections of the present application) can be any sample from the individual. In some embodiments, the sample described herein is a blood sample. In some embodiments, the sample described herein is a plasma sample. In some embodiments, the sample described herein comprises peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PMBC) . In some embodiments, the number of PBMCs is no more than about 108, 5x107, 107, 5x106, 2x106, 106 , 5x105, 2x105, 105, 5x104, 4x104, 2x104, or 104 cells. In some embodiments, the sample described herein is a sample (e.g., a biopsy sample) obtained from a tissue or organ of the individual. In some embodiments, the sample is obtained from a lymph node of the individual.
[0229] The methods described herein have high specificity and sensitivity that enable it to detect antigen-specific immune cells even when they are rare in the sample (e.g., less than 1%) . In some embodiments, the sample comprises PBMC and the immune cells comprise or are T cells or B cells contained in the PBMC. In some embodiments, the immune cells are not subject to an enrichment step for the immune cells in general or immune cells that specifically binds to the peptide prior to contacting with the bait composition. In some embodiments, the immune cells are not subject to an enrichment step for the immune cells in general or immune cells that specifically binds to the peptide throughout this methods. In some embodiments, the sample comprise no more than 1x108, 5x107, 2x107, 1x107, 5x106, 2x106, or 1x106 PBMCs. In some embodiments, the sample comprise no more than 1x106, 5x105, 2x105, 1x105, 5x104, 2x104, 1x104, 7x103, 5x103, 2x103, 1x103, 5x102, 2x102, or 1x102 immune cells (e.g., CD8 T cells, e.g., immune cells that bind to peptide (s) in the bait composition, e.g., CD4 or CD8 T cells that bind to peptide (s) in the bait composition) .
[0230] Methods of detecting antigen-specific immune cells in an individual
[0231] In some embodiments, there is provided a method of detecting antigen-specific immune cells in an individual (e.g., an individual not exhibiting a pathological symptom of a cancer or tumor, an infection by a particular pathogen, or an autoimmune disease or condition associated with an autoantigen, e.g., an individual being at risk of developing the disease or condition, such as cancer, infection or autoimmune disease or disorder, e.g., an individual who has not been treated for the disease or condition, e.g., an individual who has been treated with disease or condition such as cancer and is suspected to have minimal residual cancer cells) , comprising: analyzing a sample from the individual according to any of the methods described herein, wherein a predetermined characteristic of the immune cells is indicative of a disease or a disorder in the individual. In some embodiments, the predetermined characteristic of the immune cell comprises the presence of the immune cells. In some embodiments, the presence of immune cells specifically binds to a bait composition comprising one or more neoantigens is indicative of the presence of a cancer. In some embodiments, the presence of immune cells specifically binds to a bait composition comprising one or more antigens of a pathogen (e.g., virus, bacteria, fungus) is indicative of the presence of an infection of the pathogen. In some embodiments, the presence of immune cells specifically binds to a bait composition comprising one or more autoantigens associated with an autoimmune disease or disorder is indicative of the presence of the immune disease or disorder. In some embodiments, the predetermined characteristic of the immune cell comprises a quantity of the immune cell above a threshold level. In some embodiments, the predetermined characteristic of the immune cell comprises a gene expression profile signature, a gene mutation profile signature, and / or an epigenetic modification signature. In some embodiments, the signature epigenetic modification comprises a DNA methylation signature and a histone glycosylation signature.
[0232] In some embodiments, there is provided a method of detecting antigen-specific immune cells in an individual (e.g., an individual not exhibiting a pathological symptom of a cancer or tumor, an infection by a particular pathogen, or an autoimmune disease or condition associated with an autoantigen, e.g., an individual being at risk of developing the disease or condition, such as cancer, infection or autoimmune disease or disorder, e.g., an individual who has not been treated for the disease or condition, e.g., an individual who has been treated with disease or condition such as cancer and is suspected to have minimal residual cancer cells) , comprising: a) immobilizing immune cells from the sample on a solid support, wherein the immune cells: 1) prior to immobilization, have been contacted with a bait composition comprising a display moiety comprising the antigenic peptide under a condition sufficient for an immune cell to bind to the display moiety; or 2) after the immobilization, are contacted with a bait composition comprising a display moiety comprising the antigenic peptide under a condition sufficient for an immune cell to bind to the display moiety; b) contacting the immobilized immune cells with a detection agent recognizing the display moiety under a condition sufficient for the agent to bind to the display moiety; and c) detecting the detection agent, thereby detecting the immune cells bound to the display moiety. In some embodiments, the sample is obtained from a single individual. In some embodiments, the sample is a mixture a plurality of individual samples, each obtained from a different individual. In some embodiments, prior to being combined to form the mixture each of the plurality of individual samples is separately processed such that the immune cells contained therein are associated with a unique sample barcode (e.g., via mixing the immune cells with a molecule comprising the unique sample barcode) . In some embodiments, the method further comprises removing unbound molecule comprising the barcode (molecules not bound by the immune cells) e.g., via washing the immune cells for at least one time. In some embodiments, the immune cells have been contacted with a bait composition comprising a display moiety comprising an antigenic peptide under a condition sufficient for an immune cell to bind to the display moiety prior to the immobilization. In some embodiments, the immune cells are contacted with a bait composition comprising a display moiety comprising an antigenic peptide under a condition sufficient for an immune cell to bind to the display moiety following the immobilization.
[0233] In some embodiments, there is provided a method of detecting antigen-specific immune cells in an individual (e.g., an individual not exhibiting a pathological symptom of a cancer or tumor, an infection by a particular pathogen, or an autoimmune disease or condition associated with an autoantigen, e.g., an individual being at risk of developing the disease or condition, such as cancer, infection or autoimmune disease or disorder, e.g., an individual who has not been treated for the disease or condition, e.g., an individual who has been treated with disease or condition such as cancer and is suspected to have minimal residual cancer cells) , comprising: a) contacting the immune cells with a bait composition comprising a display moiety comprising the antigenic peptide under a condition sufficient for an immune cell to bind to the display moiety; b) contacting the immune cells with a detection agent recognizing the display moiety under a condition sufficient for the agent to bind to the display moiety; c) immobilizing the immune cells from the sample on a solid support, and d) detecting the detection agent, thereby detecting the immune cells bound to the display moiety. In some embodiments, the sample is obtained from a single individual. In some embodiments, the sample is a mixture a plurality of individual samples, each obtained from a different individual. In some embodiments, prior to being combined to form the mixture each of the plurality of individual samples is separately processed such that the immune cells contained therein are associated with a unique sample barcode.
[0234] In some embodiments, there is provided a method of detecting antigen-specific immune cells in a plurality of individuals (e.g., a plurality of individuals a) not exhibiting a pathological symptom of a cancer or tumor, an infection by a particular pathogen, or an autoimmune disease or condition associated with an autoantigen, b) being at risk of developing the disease or condition, such as cancer, infection or autoimmune disease or disorder, c) who has not been treated for the disease or condition, or d) who has been treated with disease or condition such as cancer and is suspected to have minimal residual cancer cells) , comprising: a) separately processing each of the plurality of individual samples such that immune cells contained therein are associated with a unique sample barcode, b) combining the plurality of processed samples to form a sample mixture, c) contacting the sample mixture with a bait composition comprising a display moiety comprising an antigenic peptide under a condition sufficient for an immune cell to bind to the display moiety, thereby forming a bait-sample mixture, d) detecting immune cells bound to the display moiety in the bait-sample mixture; and e) determining the unique barcode associated with the immune cells bound to the display moiety, thereby identifying the sample from which the immune cells are derived.
[0235] In some embodiments, there is provided a method of detecting antigen-specific immune cells in an individual (e.g., an individual not exhibiting a pathological symptom of a cancer or tumor, an infection by a particular pathogen, or an autoimmune disease or condition associated with an autoantigen, e.g., an individual being at risk of developing the disease or condition, such as cancer, infection or autoimmune disease or disorder, e.g., an individual who has not been treated for the disease or condition, e.g., an individual who has been treated with disease or condition such as cancer and is suspected to have minimal residual cancer cells) , comprising: a) contacting the sample with a bait composition comprising an display moiety comprising an antigenic peptide under a condition sufficient for an immune cell (e.g., a T cell, a cytotoxic T cell, a helper T cell, a memory T cell, and / or a tumor infiltrating T cell) to bind to the display moiety; b) isolating an immune cell associated with the display moiety; and c) analyzing the immune cell, wherein a predetermined characteristic of the immune cell is indicative of disease or condition in the individual, and wherein the predetermined characteristic of the immune cell comprises the presence of the immune cell, optionally wherein the predetermined characteristic of the immune cell comprises a quantity of the immune cell above a threshold level. In some embodiments, the predetermined characteristic of the immune cell further comprises a gene expression profile signature, a gene mutation profile signature, and / or an epigenetic modification signature (e.g., a DNA methylation signature and a histone glycosylation signature) . In some embodiments, the display moiety comprises two or more (e.g., four) antigenic peptides. In some embodiments, the two or more antigenic peptides in the display moiety are the same. In some embodiments, the antigenic peptide has one or more of the following characteristics: a) having a binding affinity of about 1 nM to about 5000 nM (e.g., about 1 nM to about 50 nM, about 50 nM to about 500 nM, about 500 nM to about 5000 nM) to an MHC molecule; b) having a binding affinity of about 1 nM to about 5000 nM (e.g., about 1 nM to about 50 nM, about 50 nM to about 500 nM, about 500 nM to about 5000 nM) to a cognate TCR molecule; c) having a mutation relative to a wildtype peptide, optionally at the third amino acid position counting from the N-terminus; d) is hydrophobic; and e) has high content of aromatic residues. In some embodiments, the antigenic peptide has low immunogenicity. In some embodiments, the display moiety comprises an MHC molecule complexed with the antigenic peptide. In some embodiments, the MHC molecule is a MHC class I molecule and / or a MHC class II molecule. In some embodiments, the immune cell is an isolated single immune cell. In some embodiments, the immune cell is in a mixture of immune cells. In some embodiments, the mixture of immune cells is a mixture comprising T cells, memory T cells, macrophage cells, or dendritic cells, or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, further analyzing the immune cell comprises quantifying the immune cell. In some embodiments, further analyzing the immune cell comprises sequencing one or more nucleic acids in the immune cell, optionally further comprising analyzing the sequences of the one or more nucleic acids (e.g., a TCR related sequence) . In some embodiments, further analyzing the immune cell further comprises identifying one or more epigenetic modifications (e.g., DNA or RNA methylation, hydroxymethylation, and / or histone modifications such as acetylation, methylation, glycosylation) in the immune cell. In some embodiments, the method further comprises generating a report comprising information about the cancer status in the individual. In some embodiments, the information about cancer status comprises: classification of cancer; type of cancer; nature of cancer; origin of cancer; stage of cancer; likelihood of cancer progression; likelihood of developing one or more cancer symptoms; molecular diagnosis; NGS pathology; and / or treatment options for the individual. In some embodiments, the bait composition comprises a plurality of different display moieties. In some embodiments, each of the plurality of different display moieties in the bait composition comprises a different antigenic peptide (e.g., at least about two, four, 10, 25, 50, 75, or 100 different display moieties, each comprising a different MHC molecule) . In some embodiments, each of the different display moieties comprising different MHC molecules comprises a different detectable label (e.g., a fluorophore) . In some embodiments, the isolating step comprises using fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) , and / or separating immune cells associated with each of the different display moieties comprising different MHC molecules into different populations, optionally further comprises contacting each of a plurality of different display moieties with a sample from the individual separately and isolating the immune cell associated with each of the different display moiety. In some embodiments, the method further comprises culturing the immune cell prior to the analyzing step. In some embodiments, the display moiety comprises a particle (e.g., a particle selected from the group consisting of: a surface, a nanoparticle, a bead, and a polymer) . In some embodiments, the display moiety further comprises a detectable label. In some embodiments, the detectable label is a fluorophore. In some embodiments, analyzing the sequences of the one or more nucleic acids comprises whole genome sequencing, RNAseq sequencing, and / or subjecting the immune cell to mass spectrometry analysis.
[0236] In some embodiments, there is provided a method of detecting antigen-specific immune cells in an individual (e.g., an individual not exhibiting a pathological symptom of a cancer or tumor, an infection by a particular pathogen, or an autoimmune disease or condition associated with an autoantigen, e.g., an individual being at risk of developing the disease or condition, such as cancer, infection or autoimmune disease or disorder, e.g., an individual who has not been treated for the disease or condition, e.g., an individual who has been treated with disease or condition such as cancer and is suspected to have minimal residual cancer cells) , comprising: a) contacting the sample with a bait composition comprising an display moiety comprising an antigenic peptide under a condition sufficient for an immune cell (e.g., a T cell, a cytotoxic T cell, a helper T cell, a memory T cell, and / or a tumor infiltrating T cell) to bind to the display moiety; b) isolating an immune cell associated with the display moiety; and c) analyzing the immune cell, wherein a predetermined characteristic of the immune cell is indicative of cancer in the individual, and wherein the predetermined characteristic of the immune cell comprise a gene expression profile signature. In some embodiments, the predetermined characteristic of the immune cell further comprises a gene mutation profile signature, and / or an epigenetic modification signature (e.g., a DNA methylation signature and a histone glycosylation signature) . In some embodiments, the display moiety comprises two or more (e.g., four) antigenic peptides. In some embodiments, the two or more antigenic peptides in the display moiety are the same. In some embodiments, the antigenic peptide has one or more of the following characteristics: a) having a binding affinity of about 1 nM to about 5000 nM (e.g., about 1 nM to about 50 nM, about 50 nM to about 500 nM, about 500 nM to about 5000 nM) to an MHC molecule; b) having a binding affinity of about 1 nM to about 5000 nM (e.g., about 1 nM to about 50 nM, about 50 nM to about 500 nM, about 500 nM to about 5000 nM) to a cognate TCR molecule; c) having a mutation relative to a wildtype peptide, optionally at the third amino acid position counting from the N-terminus; d) is hydrophobic; and e) has high content of aromatic residues. In some embodiments, the antigenic peptide has low immunogenicity. In some embodiments, the display moiety comprises an MHC molecule complexed with the antigenic peptide. In some embodiments, the MHC molecule is a MHC class I molecule and / or a MHC class II molecule. In some embodiments, the immune cell is an isolated single immune cell. In some embodiments, the immune cell is in a mixture of immune cells. In some embodiments, the mixture of immune cells is a mixture comprising T cells, memory T cells, macrophage cells, or dendritic cells, or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, further analyzing the immune cell comprises detecting and / or quantifying the immune cell. In some embodiments, further analyzing the immune cell comprises sequencing one or more nucleic acids in the immune cell, optionally further comprising analyzing the sequences of the one or more nucleic acids (e.g., a TCR related sequence) . In some embodiments, further analyzing the immune cell further comprises identifying one or more epigenetic modifications (e.g., DNA or RNA methylation, hydroxymethylation, and / or histone modifications such as acetylation, methylation, glycosylation) in the immune cell. In some embodiments, the method further comprises generating a report comprising information about the cancer status in the individual. In some embodiments, the information about cancer status comprises: classification of cancer; type of cancer; nature of cancer; origin of cancer; stage of cancer; likelihood of cancer progression; likelihood of developing one or more cancer symptoms; molecular diagnosis; NGS pathology; and / or treatment options for the individual. In some embodiments, the bait composition comprises a plurality of different display moieties. In some embodiments, each of the plurality of different display moieties in the bait composition comprises a different antigenic peptide (e.g., at least about two, four, 10, 25, 50, 75, or 100 different display moieties, each comprising a different MHC molecule) . In some embodiments, each of the different display moieties comprising different MHC molecules comprises a different detectable label (e.g., a fluorophore) . In some embodiments, the isolating step comprises using fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) , and / or separating immune cells associated with each of the different display moieties comprising different MHC molecules into different populations, optionally further comprises contacting each of a plurality of different display moieties with a sample from the individual separately and isolating the immune cell associated with each of the different display moiety. In some embodiments, the method further comprises culturing the immune cell prior to the analyzing step. In some embodiments, the display moiety comprises a particle (e.g., a particle selected from the group consisting of: a surface, a nanoparticle, a bead, and a polymer) . In some embodiments, the display moiety further comprises a detectable label. In some embodiments, the detectable label is a fluorophore. In some embodiments, analyzing the sequences of the one or more nucleic acids comprises whole genome sequencing, RNAseq sequencing, and / or subjecting the immune cell to mass spectrometry analysis.
[0237] In some embodiments, there is provided a method of detecting cancer in an individual (e.g., an individual who has not been diagnosed as having a cancer, e.g., an individual being at risk of developing a cancer, e.g., an individual who have been treated for cancer) , comprising: a) contacting the sample with a bait composition comprising an display moiety comprising a cancer antigenic peptide under a condition sufficient for an immune cell (e.g., a T cell, a cytotoxic T cell, a helper T cell, a memory T cell, and / or a tumor infiltrating T cell) to bind to the display moiety; b) isolating an immune cell associated with the display moiety; and c) analyzing the immune cell, wherein a predetermined characteristic of the immune cell is indicative of cancer in the individual, and wherein the predetermined characteristic of the immune cell comprises a gene mutation profile signature, and / or an epigenetic modification signature (e.g., a DNA methylation signature and a histone glycosylation signature) . In some embodiments, the display moiety comprises two or more (e.g., four) antigenic peptides. In some embodiments, the two or more antigenic peptides in the display moiety are the same. In some embodiments, the antigenic peptide has one or more of the following characteristics: a) having a binding affinity of about 1 nM to about 5000 nM (e.g., about 1 nM to about 50 nM, about 50 nM to about 500 nM, about 500 nM to about 5000 nM) to an MHC molecule; b) having a binding affinity of about 1 nM to about 5000 nM (e.g., about 1 nM to about 50 nM, about 50 nM to about 500 nM, about 500 nM to about 5000 nM) to a cognate TCR molecule; c) having a mutation relative to a wildtype peptide, optionally at the third amino acid position counting from the N-terminus; d) is hydrophobic; and e) has high content of aromatic residues. In some embodiments, the antigenic peptide has low immunogenicity. In some embodiments, the display moiety comprises an MHC molecule complexed with the antigenic peptide. In some embodiments, the MHC molecule is a MHC class I molecule and / or a MHC class II molecule. In some embodiments, the immune cell is an isolated single immune cell. In some embodiments, the immune cell is in a mixture of immune cells. In some embodiments, the mixture of immune cells is a mixture comprising T cells, memory T cells, macrophage cells, or dendritic cells, or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, further analyzing the immune cell comprises detecting and / or quantifying the immune cell. In some embodiments, further analyzing the immune cell comprises sequencing one or more nucleic acids in the immune cell, optionally further comprising analyzing the sequences of the one or more nucleic acids (e.g., a TCR related sequence) . In some embodiments, further analyzing the immune cell further comprises identifying one or more epigenetic modifications (e.g., DNA or RNA methylation, hydroxymethylation, and / or histone modifications such as acetylation, methylation, glycosylation) in the immune cell. In some embodiments, the method further comprises generating a report comprising information about the cancer status in the individual. In some embodiments, the information about cancer status comprises: classification of cancer; type of cancer; nature of cancer; origin of cancer; stage of cancer; likelihood of cancer progression; likelihood of developing one or more cancer symptoms; molecular diagnosis; NGS pathology; and / or treatment options for the individual. In some embodiments, the bait composition comprises a plurality of different display moieties. In some embodiments, each of the plurality of different display moieties in the bait composition comprises a different antigenic peptide (e.g., at least about two, four, 10, 25, 50, 75, or 100 different display moieties, each comprising a different MHC molecule) . In some embodiments, each of the different display moieties comprising different MHC molecules comprises a different detectable label (e.g., a fluorophore) . In some embodiments, the isolating step comprises using fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) , and / or separating immune cells associated with each of the different display moieties comprising different MHC molecules into different populations, optionally further comprises contacting each of a plurality of different display moieties with a sample from the individual separately and isolating the immune cell associated with each of the different display moiety. In some embodiments, the method further comprises culturing the immune cell prior to the analyzing step. In some embodiments, the display moiety comprises a particle (e.g., a particle selected from the group consisting of: a surface, a nanoparticle, a bead, and a polymer) . In some embodiments, the display moiety further comprises a detectable label. In some embodiments, the detectable label is a fluorophore. In some embodiments, analyzing the sequences of the one or more nucleic acids comprises whole genome sequencing, RNAseq sequencing, and / or subjecting the immune cell to mass spectrometry analysis.
[0238] In some embodiments, there is provided a method of detecting residual cancer in an individual, wherein the individual has been previously treated with an anti-cancer therapy and exhibits no pathological symptom of cancer after treatment, the method comprising analyzing a post-treatment sample from the individual. In some embodiments, the method further comprises a) analyzing a pre-treatment sample from the individual prior to anti-cancer therapy and a post-treatment sample from the individual according to any of the methods described herein, and b) comparing the characteristics of the immune cells from the pre-treatment sample and isolated immune cells from the post-treatment sample. In some embodiments, a predetermined difference in characteristics of the immune cell from the pre-treatment sample and the immune cell from the post-treatment sample is indicative of residual cancer in the individual. In some embodiments, the predetermined characteristic of the immune cell comprises the presence of the immune cell, optionally further comprising a quantity of the immune cell above a threshold level. In some embodiments, the predetermined characteristic of the immune cell comprises a gene expression profile signature, a gene mutation profile signature, and / or an epigenetic modification signature (e.g., a DNA methylation signature and / or a histone glycosylation signature) . In some embodiments, the method comprises: a) contacting the pre-treatment and / or post-treatment sample with a bait composition comprising an display moiety comprising a cancer antigenic peptide under a condition sufficient for an immune cell (e.g., a T cell, a cytotoxic T cell, a helper T cell, a memory T cell, and / or a tumor infiltrating T cell) to bind to the display moiety; b) isolating an immune cell associated with the display moiety; and c) analyzing the immune cell. In some embodiments, the display moiety comprises two or more (e.g., four) antigenic peptides. In some embodiments, the two or more antigenic peptides in the display moiety are the same. In some embodiments, the antigenic peptide has one or more of the following characteristics: a) having a binding affinity of about 1 nM to about 5000 nM (e.g., about 1 nM to about 50 nM, about 50 nM to about 500 nM, about 500 nM to about 5000 nM) to an MHC molecule; b) having a binding affinity of about 1 nM to about 5000 nM (e.g., about 1 nM to about 50 nM, about 50 nM to about 500 nM, about 500 nM to about 5000 nM) to a cognate TCR molecule; c) having a mutation relative to a wildtype peptide, optionally at the third amino acid position counting from the N-terminus; d) is hydrophobic; and e) has high content of aromatic residues. In some embodiments, the antigenic peptide has low immunogenicity. In some embodiments, the display moiety comprises an MHC molecule complexed with the antigenic peptide. In some embodiments, the MHC molecule is a MHC class I molecule and / or a MHC class II molecule. In some embodiments, the immune cell is an isolated single immune cell. In some embodiments, the immune cell is in a mixture of immune cells. In some embodiments, the mixture of immune cells is a mixture comprising T cells, memory T cells, macrophage cells, or dendritic cells, or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, further analyzing the immune cell comprises detecting and / or quantifying the immune cell. In some embodiments, further analyzing the immune cell comprises sequencing one or more nucleic acids in the immune cell, optionally further comprising analyzing the sequences of the one or more nucleic acids (e.g., a TCR related sequence) . In some embodiments, further analyzing the immune cell further comprises identifying one or more epigenetic modifications (e.g., DNA or RNA methylation, hydroxymethylation, and / or histone modifications such as acetylation, methylation, glycosylation) in the immune cell. In some embodiments, the method further comprises generating a report comprising information about the cancer status in the individual. In some embodiments, the information about cancer status comprises: classification of cancer; type of cancer; nature of cancer; origin of cancer; stage of cancer; likelihood of cancer progression; likelihood of developing one or more cancer symptoms; molecular diagnosis; NGS pathology; and / or treatment options for the individual. In some embodiments, the bait composition comprises a plurality of different display moieties. In some embodiments, each of the plurality of different display moieties in the bait composition comprises a different antigenic peptide (e.g., at least about two, four, 10, 25, 50, 75, or 100 different display moieties, each comprising a different MHC molecule) . In some embodiments, each of the different display moieties comprising different MHC molecules comprises a different detectable label (e.g., a fluorophore) . In some embodiments, the isolating step comprises using fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) , and / or separating immune cells associated with each of the different display moieties comprising different MHC molecules into different populations, optionally further comprises contacting each of a plurality of different display moieties with a sample from the individual separately and isolating the immune cell associated with each of the different display moiety. In some embodiments, the method further comprises culturing the immune cell prior to the analyzing step. In some embodiments, the display moiety comprises a particle (e.g., a particle selected from the group consisting of: a surface, a nanoparticle, a bead, and a polymer) . In some embodiments, the display moiety further comprises a detectable label. In some embodiments, the detectable label is a fluorophore. In some embodiments, analyzing the sequences of the one or more nucleic acids comprises whole genome sequencing, RNAseq sequencing, and / or subjecting the immune cell to mass spectrometry analysis.
[0239] Agglutination Test
[0240] In some embodiments, the methods described herein (such as methods of analyzing immune cells or detecting antigen-specific immune cells) involve (e.g., comprises) conducting an agglutination test. In some embodiments, the agglutination test comprises observing the agglutination of cells under a microscope or bare eyes. In some embodiments, the number of immune cells is no more than about 108, 5x107, 107, 5x106, 2x106, 106, 5x105, 2x105, 105, 5x104, 4x104, 2x104, or 104 cells.
[0241] Agglutination tests are a class of bioanalytical methods used to detect the presence (qualitive) and sometimes the amount of a substance (quantitative) in a sample. The process generally involves the clumping or aggregation of particles in response to a specific substance, such as an antigen, antibody, or cell. In some embodiments, the agglutination reaction occurs with specially designed particles and is often utilized in various diagnostic applications, including blood typing, pathogen detection, and measuring antibody levels.
[0242] In some embodiments, in an agglutination test, antibodies or other binding agents are mixed with a sample containing potential target antigens. If the antigens are present, they bind to the antibodies, causing the particles to clump together, or agglutinate. This clumping can be observed directly or quantified using various detection methods. In some embodiments, the reaction is controlled to avoid non-specific agglutination, which can lead to false-positive results. In some embodiments, various buffers and additives may be used to achieve the desired reaction conditions, including pH, ionic strength, and temperature. In some embodiments, the test may be performed in various formats, such as slide agglutination, tube agglutination, or microplate agglutination, depending on the sample type, target concentration, and required throughput.
[0243] In some embodiments, a latex beads-based agglutination test (LBAT) is utilized to employ latex beads as the carrier particles for the binding agents. In some embodiments, these latex beads offer several advantages, including uniform size, shape, and surface properties, which can be precisely controlled to optimize the test’s performance. In some embodiments, the latex beads can be functionalized with various chemical groups and conjugated to appropriate reagents such as antibodies or antigens, or they can passively bind to these reagents.
[0244] In some embodiments, the LBAT comprises bead functionalization. The latex beads are functionalized with the required binding agents. This may involve chemical activation, coupling chemistry, and purification steps. In some embodiments, the LBAT comprises sample preparation. The sample is prepared according to the specific requirements of the test, which may include dilution, filtration, or other preprocessing steps. In some embodiments, the LBAT comprises reaction mixing: The functionalized beads are mixed with the sample in a controlled environment. Buffer solutions, stabilizers, or other additives may be used to ensure optimal reaction conditions. In some embodiments, the LBAT comprises incubation. The reaction mixture is incubated to allow time for the agglutination to occur. The temperature, time, and agitation may be adjusted to achieve the desired reaction kinetics. In some embodiments, the LBAT comprises detection. The agglutination is observed or quantified using appropriate detection methods. This may include visual inspection, microscopy, or instrumental analysis, such as spectrophotometry.
[0245] In some embodiments, the use of latex beads in agglutination tests allows for the customization of the beads to meet the unique requirements of different applications, including infectious disease diagnosis, immunological research, food testing, etc.
[0246] Latex beads, colloquial particles developed in the mid-20th century, play a significant role in advancing diagnostics and molecular biology. In some embodiments, these beads are synthesized through emulsion polymerization, where monomers are polymerized in an aqueous phase to form polymer beads. In some embodiments, this process often involves the use of stabilizers and surfactants to control the size and shape of the particles. In some embodiments, subsequent refinements in synthesis techniques have allowed for greater uniformity and control over the physical properties of the particles, such as size, shape, and surface charge.
[0247] In some embodiments, Latex beads have a core made of synthetic polymers, with polystyrene being the most common core material. In some embodiments, it is best known for its structural strength and for being chemically and physically inert when interacting with biological systems. In some embodiments, other variants of latex beads have been synthesized using polymers such as poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) and poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) , a biodegradable polymer known for its use in drug delivery applications. In some embodiments, the size of latex beads can be finely controlled and typically ranges from about 20 nanometers to about 100 micrometers in diameter. In some embodiments, the core of the beads often incorporates a crosslinking agent, such as divinylbenzene (DVB) . In some embodiments, crosslinking imparts a three-dimensional network within the polymer, greatly enhancing the structural integrity and solvent resistance of the beads.
[0248] In some embodiments, the latex beads have a diameter of about at least 0.01, 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, or 1 μm. In some embodiments, the latex beads have a diameter of about 0.01 to about 150 μm, or 0.1 to about 100 μm (such as about 0.1 to about 50 μm, such as about 0.5 μm to about 20 μm, such as about 0.5 μm to about 10 μm, such as about 0.5 μm to about 5 μm, such as about 0.5 μm to about 2.5 μm) . In some embodiments, the latex beads have a diameter of about 0.1 to about 10 μm. In some embodiments, the latex beads have a diameter of about 0.5 to about 2 μm. In some embodiments, the latex beads have a diameter of about 1 μm.
[0249] In some embodiments, the surface modification of latex beads is central to their utility in various applications, as it allows them to be tailored to specific test requirements. In some embodiments, the beads can be designed to conjugate various biological targets such as antibodies, proteins, carbohydrates, DNA, or RNA by introducing different surface functional groups. In some embodiments, carboxylated beads, for instance, provide a reactive surface for covalent conjugation of biomolecules, making them ideal for immobilizing proteins or antibodies through carbodiimide chemistry. In some embodiments, amine-functionalized beads contain primary amine groups that can react with various target molecules, and are commonly utilized for oligonucleotide and peptide conjugation. In some embodiments, aldehyde-functionalized beads have the capacity to react with amine groups to form Schiff bases, making them suitable for protein coupling, while hydroxyl beads can be used for additional modifications or as blank controls. In some embodiments, specialized functionalization options include magnetic beads, fluorescently-labeled beads, and biotinylated beads that can bind to streptavidin or avidin, enhancing the flexibility and adaptability of latex beads across a broad range of applications.
[0250] Methods of treatment
[0251] In some embodiments, there is provided a method of treating a cancer in an individual (e.g., an individual who has not been diagnosed as having a cancer, e.g., an individual being at risk of developing a cancer, e.g., an individual who have been treated for cancer) , comprising a) diagnosing the individual as having cancer according to the methods described herein; and b) subjecting the individual to an anti-cancer therapy. In some embodiments, diagnosing the individual comprises a) obtaining a sample from the individual, b) contacting the sample with a bait composition comprising an display moiety comprising a cancer antigenic peptide under a condition sufficient for an immune cell (e.g., a T cell, a cytotoxic T cell, a helper T cell, a memory T cell, and / or a tumor infiltrating T cell) to bind to the display moiety; c) isolating an immune cell associated with the display moiety; and d) analyzing the immune cell, wherein a predetermined characteristic of the immune cell is indicative of cancer in the individual. In some embodiments, the predetermined characteristic of the immune cell comprises the presence of the immune cell. In some embodiments, the predetermined characteristic of the immune cell comprises a quantity of the immune cell above a threshold level. In some embodiments, the predetermined characteristic of the immune cell comprises a gene expression profile signature, a gene mutation profile signature, and / or an epigenetic modification signature (e.g., a DNA methylation signature and / or a histone glycosylation signature) . In some embodiments, the display moiety comprises two or more (e.g., four) antigenic peptides. In some embodiments, the two or more antigenic peptides in the display moiety are the same. In some embodiments, the antigenic peptide has one or more of the following characteristics: a) having a binding affinity of about 1 nM to about 5000 nM (e.g., about 1 nM to about 50 nM, about 50 nM to about 500 nM, about 500 nM to about 5000 nM) to an MHC molecule; b) having a binding affinity of about 1 nM to about 5000 nM (e.g., about 1 nM to about 50 nM, about 50 nM to about 500 nM, about 500 nM to about 5000 nM) to a cognate TCR molecule; c) having a mutation relative to a wildtype peptide, optionally at the third amino acid position counting from the N-terminus; d) is hydrophobic; and e) has high content of aromatic residues. In some embodiments, the antigenic peptide has low immunogenicity. In some embodiments, the display moiety comprises an MHC molecule complexed with the antigenic peptide. In some embodiments, the MHC molecule is a MHC class I molecule and / or a MHC class II molecule. In some embodiments, the immune cell is an isolated single immune cell. In some embodiments, the immune cell is in a mixture of immune cells. In some embodiments, the mixture of immune cells is a mixture comprising T cells, memory T cells, macrophage cells, or dendritic cells, or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, further analyzing the immune cell comprises detecting and / or quantifying the immune cell. In some embodiments, further analyzing the immune cell comprises sequencing one or more nucleic acids in the immune cell, optionally further comprising analyzing the sequences of the one or more nucleic acids (e.g., a TCR related sequence) . In some embodiments, further analyzing the immune cell further comprises identifying one or more epigenetic modifications (e.g., DNA or RNA methylation, hydroxymethylation, and / or histone modifications such as acetylation, methylation, glycosylation) in the immune cell. In some embodiments, the method further comprises generating a report comprising information about the cancer status in the individual. In some embodiments, the information about cancer status comprises: classification of cancer; type of cancer; nature of cancer; origin of cancer; stage of cancer; likelihood of cancer progression; likelihood of developing one or more cancer symptoms; molecular diagnosis; NGS pathology; and / or treatment options for the individual. In some embodiments, the bait composition comprises a plurality of different display moieties. In some embodiments, each of the plurality of different display moieties in the bait composition comprises a different antigenic peptide (e.g., at least about two, four, 10, 25, 50, 75, or 100 different display moieties, each comprising a different MHC molecule) . In some embodiments, each of the different display moieties comprising different MHC molecules comprises a different detectable label (e.g., a fluorophore) . In some embodiments, the isolating step comprises using fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) , and / or separating immune cells associated with each of the different display moieties comprising different MHC molecules into different populations, optionally further comprises contacting each of a plurality of different display moieties with a sample from the individual separately and isolating the immune cell associated with each of the different display moiety. In some embodiments, the method further comprises culturing the immune cell prior to the analyzing step. In some embodiments, the display moiety comprises a particle (e.g., a particle selected from the group consisting of: a surface, a nanoparticle, a bead, and a polymer) . In some embodiments, the display moiety further comprises a detectable label. In some embodiments, the detectable label is a fluorophore. In some embodiments, analyzing the sequences of the one or more nucleic acids comprises whole genome sequencing, RNAseq sequencing, and / or subjecting the immune cell to mass spectrometry analysis.
[0252] In some embodiments, the anti-cancer therapy is a standard or commonly used agent or therapy for treating cancer (e.g., a specific cancer) . In some embodiments, the anti-cancer therapy comprises a chemotherapeutic agent. In some embodiments, the anti-cancer therapy comprises a surgery. In some embodiments, the anti-cancer therapy comprises a radiation therapy. In some embodiments, the anti-cancer therapy comprises an immunotherapy. In some embodiments, the anti-cancer therapy comprises a cell therapy (such as a cell therapy comprising an immune cell (e.g., CAR T cell) ) . In some embodiments, the anti-cancer therapy comprises an angiogenesis inhibitor.
[0253] In some embodiments, the anti-cancer therapy is not an immunotherapy.
[0254] In some embodiments, the individual has minimal residual disease (MRD) . In some embodiments, the individual has minimal residual cancer. In some embodiments, the minimal residual cancer is seen after the cancer was surgical resected or cured. In some embodiments, the minimal residual disease is too minimal to be detected by imaging instruments (e.g., a routinely used or standard imaging instrument used for detection of the cancer) . In some embodiments, the location of the minimal residual disease is diverse. In some embodiments, the minimal residual cancer is a result of immune escape or resistance to treatment. In some embodiments, the individual has been previously treated for cancer and exhibits no pathological symptom of a cancer after the treatment.
[0255] In some embodiments, there is provided a method of treating an infection in an individual (e.g., an individual who has not been diagnosed as having an infection by a pathogen such as a virus, bacteria or fungus, e.g., an individual being at risk of developing the infection, e.g., an individual who have been treated for infection) , comprising a) diagnosing the individual as having infection according to the methods described herein; and b) subjecting the individual to an anti-infection therapy. In some embodiments, diagnosing the individual comprises a) obtaining a sample from the individual, b) contacting the sample with a bait composition comprising an display moiety comprising an infection antigenic peptide under a condition sufficient for an immune cell (e.g., a T cell, a cytotoxic T cell, a helper T cell, a memory T cell, and / or a tumor infiltrating T cell) to bind to the display moiety; c) isolating an immune cell associated with the display moiety; and d) analyzing the immune cell, wherein a predetermined characteristic of the immune cell is indicative of infection in the individual. In some embodiments, the predetermined characteristic of the immune cell comprises the presence of the immune cell. In some embodiments, the predetermined characteristic of the immune cell comprises a quantity of the immune cell above a threshold level. In some embodiments, the predetermined characteristic of the immune cell comprises a gene expression profile signature, a gene mutation profile signature, and / or an epigenetic modification signature (e.g., a DNA methylation signature and / or a histone glycosylation signature) . In some embodiments, the display moiety comprises two or more (e.g., four) antigenic peptides. In some embodiments, the two or more antigenic peptides in the display moiety are the same. In some embodiments, the antigenic peptide has one or more of the following characteristics: a) having a binding affinity of about 1 nM to about 5000 nM (e.g., about 1 nM to about 50 nM, about 50 nM to about 500 nM, about 500 nM to about 5000 nM) to an MHC molecule; b) having a binding affinity of about 1 nM to about 5000 nM (e.g., about 1 nM to about 50 nM, about 50 nM to about 500 nM, about 500 nM to about 5000 nM) to a cognate TCR molecule; c) having a mutation relative to a wildtype peptide, optionally at the third amino acid position counting from the N-terminus; d) is hydrophobic; and e) has high content of aromatic residues. In some embodiments, the antigenic peptide has low immunogenicity. In some embodiments, the display moiety comprises an MHC molecule complexed with the antigenic peptide. In some embodiments, the MHC molecule is a MHC class I molecule and / or a MHC class II molecule. In some embodiments, the immune cell is an isolated single immune cell. In some embodiments, the immune cell is in a mixture of immune cells. In some embodiments, the mixture of immune cells is a mixture comprising T cells, memory T cells, macrophage cells, or dendritic cells, or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, further analyzing the immune cell comprises detecting and / or quantifying the immune cell. In some embodiments, further analyzing the immune cell comprises sequencing one or more nucleic acids in the immune cell, optionally further comprising analyzing the sequences of the one or more nucleic acids (e.g., a TCR related sequence) . In some embodiments, further analyzing the immune cell further comprises identifying one or more epigenetic modifications (e.g., DNA or RNA methylation, hydroxymethylation, and / or histone modifications such as acetylation, methylation, glycosylation) in the immune cell. In some embodiments, the method further comprises generating a report comprising information about the infection status in the individual. In some embodiments, the information about infection status comprises: classification of infection; type of infection; nature of infection; origin of infection; stage of infection; likelihood of infection progression; likelihood of developing one or more infection symptoms; molecular diagnosis; NGS pathology; and / or treatment options for the individual. In some embodiments, the bait composition comprises a plurality of different display moieties. In some embodiments, each of the plurality of different display moieties in the bait composition comprises a different antigenic peptide (e.g., at least about two, four, 10, 25, 50, 75, or 100 different display moieties, each comprising a different MHC molecule) . In some embodiments, each of the different display moieties comprising different MHC molecules comprises a different detectable label (e.g., a fluorophore) . In some embodiments, the isolating step comprises using fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) , and / or separating immune cells associated with each of the different display moieties comprising different MHC molecules into different populations, optionally further comprises contacting each of a plurality of different display moieties with a sample from the individual separately and isolating the immune cell associated with each of the different display moiety. In some embodiments, the method further comprises culturing the immune cell prior to the analyzing step. In some embodiments, the display moiety comprises a particle (e.g., a particle selected from the group consisting of: a surface, a nanoparticle, a bead, and a polymer) . In some embodiments, the display moiety further comprises a detectable label. In some embodiments, the detectable label is a fluorophore. In some embodiments, analyzing the sequences of the one or more nucleic acids comprises whole genome sequencing, RNAseq sequencing, and / or subjecting the immune cell to mass spectrometry analysis.
[0256] In some embodiments, there is provided a method of treating an autoimmune disease or condition in an individual (e.g., an individual who has not been diagnosed as having an autoimmune disease or condition, e.g., an individual being at risk of developing an autoimmune disease or condition, e.g., an individual who have been treated for autoimmune disease or condition) , comprising a) diagnosing the individual as having autoimmune disease or condition according to the methods described herein; and b) subjecting the individual to an anti-autoimmune disease or condition therapy. In some embodiments, diagnosing the individual comprises a) obtaining a sample from the individual, b) contacting the sample with a bait composition comprising an display moiety comprising an autoimmune disease or condition antigenic peptide under a condition sufficient for an immune cell (e.g., a T cell, a cytotoxic T cell, a helper T cell, a memory T cell, and / or a tumor infiltrating T cell) to bind to the display moiety; c) isolating an immune cell associated with the display moiety; and d) analyzing the immune cell, wherein a predetermined characteristic of the immune cell is indicative of autoimmune disease or condition in the individual. In some embodiments, the predetermined characteristic of the immune cell comprises the presence of the immune cell. In some embodiments, the predetermined characteristic of the immune cell comprises a quantity of the immune cell above a threshold level. In some embodiments, the predetermined characteristic of the immune cell comprises a gene expression profile signature, a gene mutation profile signature, and / or an epigenetic modification signature (e.g., a DNA methylation signature and / or a histone glycosylation signature) . In some embodiments, the display moiety comprises two or more (e.g., four) antigenic peptides. In some embodiments, the two or more antigenic peptides in the display moiety are the same. In some embodiments, the antigenic peptide has one or more of the following characteristics: a) having a binding affinity of about 1 nM to about 5000 nM (e.g., about 1 nM to about 50 nM, about 50 nM to about 500 nM, about 500 nM to about 5000 nM) to an MHC molecule; b) having a binding affinity of about 1 nM to about 5000 nM (e.g., about 1 nM to about 50 nM, about 50 nM to about 500 nM, about 500 nM to about 5000 nM) to a cognate TCR molecule; c) having a mutation relative to a wildtype peptide, optionally at the third amino acid position counting from the N-terminus; d) is hydrophobic; and e) has high content of aromatic residues. In some embodiments, the antigenic peptide has low immunogenicity. In some embodiments, the display moiety comprises an MHC molecule complexed with the antigenic peptide. In some embodiments, the MHC molecule is a MHC class I molecule and / or a MHC class II molecule. In some embodiments, the immune cell is an isolated single immune cell. In some embodiments, the immune cell is in a mixture of immune cells. In some embodiments, the mixture of immune cells is a mixture comprising T cells, memory T cells, macrophage cells, or dendritic cells, or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, further analyzing the immune cell comprises detecting and / or quantifying the immune cell. In some embodiments, further analyzing the immune cell comprises sequencing one or more nucleic acids in the immune cell, optionally further comprising analyzing the sequences of the one or more nucleic acids (e.g., a TCR related sequence) . In some embodiments, further analyzing the immune cell further comprises identifying one or more epigenetic modifications (e.g., DNA or RNA methylation, hydroxymethylation, and / or histone modifications such as acetylation, methylation, glycosylation) in the immune cell. In some embodiments, the method further comprises generating a report comprising information about the autoimmune disease or condition status in the individual. In some embodiments, the information about autoimmune disease or condition status comprises: classification of autoimmune disease or condition; type of autoimmune disease or condition; nature of autoimmune disease or condition; origin of autoimmune disease or condition; stage of autoimmune disease or condition; likelihood of autoimmune disease or condition progression; likelihood of developing one or more autoimmune disease or condition symptoms; molecular diagnosis; NGS pathology; and / or treatment options for the individual. In some embodiments, the bait composition comprises a plurality of different display moieties. In some embodiments, each of the plurality of different display moieties in the bait composition comprises a different antigenic peptide (e.g., at least about two, four, 10, 25, 50, 75, or 100 different display moieties, each comprising a different MHC molecule) . In some embodiments, each of the different display moieties comprising different MHC molecules comprises a different detectable label (e.g., a fluorophore) . In some embodiments, the isolating step comprises using fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) , and / or separating immune cells associated with each of the different display moieties comprising different MHC molecules into different populations, optionally further comprises contacting each of a plurality of different display moieties with a sample from the individual separately and isolating the immune cell associated with each of the different display moiety. In some embodiments, the method further comprises culturing the immune cell prior to the analyzing step. In some embodiments, the display moiety comprises a particle (e.g., a particle selected from the group consisting of: a surface, a nanoparticle, a bead, and a polymer) . In some embodiments, the display moiety further comprises a detectable label. In some embodiments, the detectable label is a fluorophore. In some embodiments, analyzing the sequences of the one or more nucleic acids comprises whole genome sequencing, RNAseq sequencing, and / or subjecting the immune cell to mass spectrometry analysis.
[0257] Bait compositions, display moieties, MHC-peptide complexes, and antigenic peptides
[0258] In some embodiments, the present application provides a composition comprising one or more display moieties or bait compositions. Bait compositions described herein comprise one or more display moieties comprising one or more antigenic peptides (e.g., comprising one or more MHC-peptide complexes) , wherein an immune cell (such as a T cell) binds (e.g., cognately binds) to the display moiety and / or antigenic peptide. Any of these bait compositions, display moieties can be used in the methods of analyzing a sample, methods of detecting antigen-specific immune cells and methods of treatment described herein.
[0259] Display moiety (i.e., MHC multimer unit)
[0260] In some embodiments, the display moiety described herein comprises an MHC molecule complexed with an antigenic peptide (e.g. a neoantigenic peptide, e.g., a truncal neoantigenic peptide) .
[0261] The present application in one aspect provides display moieties that comprise a support (e.g., a particle) associated with a plurality of MHC-peptide complexes (e.g., MHC-peptide monomers) , wherein at least two of the MHC-peptide complexes are different.
[0262] In some embodiments, the display moiety comprises a support (such as a particle) associated with a plurality of MHC-peptide complexes, wherein the plurality of MHC-peptide complexes comprises no less than or more than 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, or 12 MHC-peptide complexes, wherein each of the MHC-peptide complex comprises at least one MHC molecule complexed with a peptide, wherein at least two or more of the MHC-peptide complexes are different.
[0263] In some embodiments, the display moiety does not comprise a fluorochrome or fluorophore.
[0264] In some embodiments, the present application provides a display moiety comprising a particle (e.g., a spherical particle, e.g., a solid particle, e.g., a bead) associated with a plurality of MHC-peptide complexes, wherein the plurality of MHC-peptide complexes comprises at least or more than 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, or 12 MHC-peptide complexes, wherein each of the MHC-peptide complex is an MHC-peptide monomer comprising an MHC molecule complexed with a peptide, wherein at least two MHC-peptide complexes are different. In some embodiments, the plurality of MHC-peptide complexes comprise at least 20 MHC-peptide complexes. In some embodiments, the plurality of MHC-peptide complexes 20, 50, 100, 500, 1,000, 5,000, 10,000, 20,000, 50,000, 10,0000, 15,000, 20,0000 MHC-peptide complexes. In some embodiments, the MHC-peptide complex is attached to the particle via a binding pair comprising a first binding component attached to MHC-peptide complex or a unit thereof (i.e., a MHC-peptide monomer) and a second binding component bound to the particle. In some embodiments, the first binding component comprises a biotin, and the second binding component comprises streptavidin. In some embodiments, the particle has a diameter of at least 0.5 μm (e.g., at least 1 μm) . In some embodiments, the particle has a diameter of about 0.01 μm to about 100 μm (e.g., 0.5 μm to about 100 μm, e.g., 0.5 μm to about 20 μm) . In some embodiments, the particle has a diameter of about 0.5 μm to about 10 μm.In some embodiments, the particle has a diameter of about 1 μm. In some embodiments, the particle has a surface area of about 0.01 μm2 to about 1000 μm2 (e.g., about 0.1 μm2 to about 100 μm2, about 1 μm2 to about 20 μm2) . In some embodiments, the particle has a number of about 10 to about 200,000 (e.g., about 100 to about 20000, e.g., about 10 to about 10000) second binding component associated with it. In some embodiments, the display moiety comprises at least two different MHC class I molecules. In some embodiments, wherein the display moiety comprises at least two different MHC class II molecules. In some embodiments, wherein the display moiety comprises at least one MHC class I molecule and at least one MHC class II molecule. In some embodiments, the display moiety comprises an HLA-A molecule. In some embodiments, . In some embodiments, the HLA-A molecule comprises a mutation that reduces its binding to CD8. In some embodiments, the HLA-Amolecule comprises an HLA A2 heavy chain with a A245V mutation. In some embodiments, the display moiety comprises at least two MHC class I molecules selected from the group consisting of a) HLA-A*24: 02, HLA-A*11: 01, HLA-A*02: 01, and HLA-A*03: 01, or b) HLA-A*69: 01, HLA-A*31: 01, HLA-A*29: 01HLA-A*33: 02, HLA-A*02: 06, HLA-A*02: 07, HLA-A*30: 01, HLA-A*01: 01, HLA-A*02: 03, HLA-A*33: 03. In some embodiments, the display moiety comprises an MHC class II molecule selected from the group consisting of HLA-DP, HLA-DQ, and HLA-DR. In some embodiments, the peptide is associated with a cancer or tumor antigen. In some embodiments, the peptide is associated with a neoantigen. In some embodiments, the peptide is associated with an antigen of a pathogen. In some embodiments, the pathogen is a virus, bacteria of fungus. In some embodiments, the peptide is associated with an autoantigen. In some embodiments, the display moiety comprises at least two different peptides (e.g., at least 2, 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 100, 200, 500, or 1000 different peptides) . In some embodiments, the at least two distinct peptides are associated with two different antigens. In some embodiments, the two distinct antigens comprise two distinct mutations of one or more genes (e.g., oncogenes) associated with a disease (e.g., a cancer) . In some embodiments, the oncogene has a driven mutation. In some embodiments, the oncogene comprises one or more of KRAS, EGFR, POLE, TP53, SMAD, BRCA1, CDKN2A, TNN, MUC16, BRAF and ALK. In some embodiments, the oncogene comprises TP53, KRAS, MUC16, SMAD, CDKN2A and TNN. In some embodiments, the at least two different peptides overlap (e.g., overlap for at least 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 amino acids) . In some embodiments, the at least two different peptides do not overlap. In some embodiments, the display moiety does not comprise a fluorochrome or fluorophore.
[0265] In some embodiments, the present application provides a display moiety comprising a particle (e.g., a spherical particle, e.g., a solid particle, e.g., a bead) associated with a plurality of MHC-peptide complexes, wherein the plurality of MHC-peptide complexes comprises at least or more than 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, or 12 MHC-peptide complexes, wherein each of the MHC-peptide complex comprises an MHC molecule complexed with a peptide, wherein at least two MHC-peptide complexes are different, wherein the plurality of MHC-peptide complexes comprises at least 20, 50, 100, 500, 1,000, 5,000, 10,000, 20,000, 50,000, 10,0000, 15,000, 20,000, 50,000, 100,000, 200,000, 500,000, or 1,000,000 MHC-peptide complexes. In some embodiments, one or more of the plurality of MHC-peptide complexes is an MHC-peptide dimer, an MHC-peptide tetramer, an MHC-peptide pentamer, an MHC-peptide octamer, an MHC-peptide dextramer, or an MHC-peptide dodecamer. In some embodiments, at least one MHC-peptide complex in the plurality of MHC-peptide complexes has two distinct MHC-peptide monomers. In some embodiments, the at least one MHC complex is an MHC-peptide dimer, an MHC-...
Claims
1.A method of analyzing a sample from one or more individuals for the presence or absence of immune cells capable of binding to an antigenic peptide, the method comprising:a) immobilizing immune cells from the sample on a solid support, wherein the immune cells:1) prior to immobilization, have been contacted with a bait composition comprising a display moiety comprising the antigenic peptide under a condition sufficient for an immune cell to bind to the display moiety; or2) after the immobilization, are contacted with a bait composition comprising a display moiety comprising the antigenic peptide under a condition sufficient for an immune cell to bind to the display moiety;b) contacting the immobilized immune cells with a detection agent recognizing the display moiety under a condition sufficient for the agent to bind to the display moiety; andc) detecting the detection agent, thereby detecting the immune cells bound to the display moiety,optionally wherein the method further comprises isolating immune cells bound to the display moiety or removing the display moiety or immune cells not bound to each other prior to step c) .2.A method of analyzing a sample from one or more individuals for the presence or absence of immune cells capable of binding to an antigenic peptide, the method comprising:a) contacting the immune cells with a bait composition comprising a display moiety comprising the antigenic peptide under a condition sufficient for an immune cell to bind to the display moiety;b) contacting the immune cells with a detection agent recognizing the display moiety under a condition sufficient for the agent to bind to the display moiety;c) immobilizing the immune cells from the sample on a solid support, andd) detecting the detection agent, thereby detecting the immune cells bound to the display moiety,optionally wherein the method further comprises isolating immune cells bound to the display moiety or removing the display moiety or immune cells not bound to each other prior to step d) .3.The method of claim 1 or claim 2, wherein the sample is obtained from a single individual.4.The method of claim 1 or claim 2, wherein the sample is a mixture a plurality of individual samples, each obtained from a different individual, optionally wherein prior to being combined to form the mixture each of the plurality of individual samples is separately processed such that the immune cells contained therein are associated with a unique sample barcode, optionally wherein method further comprises removing unbound molecule comprising the barcode, optionally wherein the method further comprises determining the unique barcode associated with the immune cells bound to the display moiety, thereby identifying the sample from which the immune cells are derived.5.The method of any one of claims 1 and 3-4, wherein a) the immune cells have been contacted with a bait composition comprising a display moiety comprising an antigenic peptide under a condition sufficient for an immune cell to bind to the display moiety prior to the immobilization, b) the immune cells are contacted with a bait composition comprising a display moiety comprising an antigenic peptide under a condition sufficient for an immune cell to bind to the display moiety following the immobilization.6.A method of analyzing a plurality of samples from one or more individuals for the presence or absence of immune cells capable of binding to an antigenic peptide, comprising:a) separately processing each of the plurality of individual samples such that immune cells contained therein are associated with a unique sample barcode,b) combining the plurality of processed samples to form a sample mixture,c) contacting the sample mixture with a bait composition comprising a display moiety comprising an antigenic peptide under a condition sufficient for an immune cell to bind to the display moiety, thereby forming a bait-sample mixture,d) detecting immune cells bound to the display moiety in the bait-sample mixture; ande) determining the unique barcode associated with the immune cells bound to the display moiety, thereby identifying the sample from which the immune cells are derived,optionally wherein the method further comprises isolating immune cells bound to the display moiety or removing the display moiety or immune cells not bound to each other prior to step d) .7.The method of any one of claims 1-6, wherein the immune cells comprise T cells, optionally the immune cells comprise no more than about 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%or 1%T cells specifically binding to antigenic peptide in the bait composition, optionally wherein the immune cells are selected from the group consisting of: a cytotoxic T cell, a memory T cell, and a tumor infiltrating T cell.8.The method of any one of claims 1-7, wherein the method further comprises removing unbound display moiety following contacting the immune cells with the agent recognizing the display moiety and prior to detecting the immune cells bound to the display moiety.9.The method of any one of claims 1-8, wherein the antigenic peptide is associated with a cancer or tumor antigen, optionally wherein the antigenic peptide is a neoantigen peptide, optionally wherein the sample is obtained from one or more individuals exhibiting no pathological symptom of a cancer.10.The method of any one of claims 1-5 and 7-9, wherein the immune cells are immobilized on the solid substrate such as a bead, optionally wherein the bead is associated with an antibody recognizing the immune cells, optionally wherein the antibody is a CD8 antibody.11.The method of any one of claims 1-10, wherein the display moiety comprises two or more antigenic peptides, optionally wherein the display moiety comprises four antigenic peptides, optionally wherein the two or more antigenic peptides in the display moiety are the same.12.The method of claims 9-11, wherein the display moiety comprises a library of antigenic peptides for a mutation associated with a cancer or tumor, wherein the library comprises at least about 5, 10, 12, 15, 18 or 20 distinct neoantigenic peptides.13.The method of any one of claims 1-12, wherein the display moiety comprises an MHC molecule complexed with the antigenic peptide (i.e., MHC-peptide complex) , wherein the MHC molecule comprises a MHC class I molecule, optionally wherein the MHC molecule comprises a MHC multimer, further optionally the MHC multimer is a MHC dimer, a MHC trimer, a MHC tetramer, or a MHC dextramer.14.The method of claim 13, wherein the display moiety comprises two or more different kinds of MHC class I molecules selected from the group consisting ofa) HLA-A*24: 02, HLA-A*11: 01, HLA-A*02: 01, and HLA-A*03: 01, orb) HLA-A*69: 01, HLA-A*31: 01, HLA-A*29: 01HLA-A*33: 02, HLA-A*02: 06, HLA-A*02: 07, HLA-A*30: 01, HLA-A*01: 01, HLA-A*02: 03, HLA-A*33: 03.14.The method of any one of claims 1-13, wherein the display moiety comprises a particle, optionally wherein the particle in the display moiety is selected from the group consisting of: a surface, a nanoparticle, a bead, and a polymer.15.The method of claim 14, wherein the particle comprises a bead, wherein the bead has a diameter of at least about 0.1 μm, 0.25 μm, 0.5 μm or 1 μm.16.The method of any one of claims 14-15, wherein the antigenic peptide or MHC a) is directly attached to the particle in the display moiety or b) is attached to the particle in the display moiety via a binding pair comprising a first binding component attached to the antigenic peptide or MHC and a second binding component bound to the particle.17.The method of any one of claims 1-16, wherein the method further comprises a) isolating immune cells bound to the display moiety or removing the display moiety or immune cells not bound to each other, and / or b) phenotyping immune cells bound to the display moiety.18.The method of any one of claims 1-17, wherein the individual is a human.19.The method of any one of claims 9-18, wherein the individuala) has not previously been diagnosed as having a cancer, optionally wherein the individual is at risk of having cancer, orb) the individual has been previously treated for cancer and exhibits no pathological symptom of a cancer after the treatment.20.The method of any one of claims 1-19, wherein the sample is selected from the group consisting of: blood, plasma, and a peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) sample.21.The method of any one of claims 1-20, wherein the bait composition comprises a plurality of different display moieties, optionally wherein the plurality of different display moieties in the bait composition comprises at least two different display moieties, each comprising a different MHC molecule.22.A method of detecting antigen-specific immune cells in an individual, comprising: analyzing a sample from the individual according to any one of claims 1-21,wherein a predetermined characteristic of the immune cells is indicative of a disease or a disorder in the individual.23.The method of claim 22, wherein the predetermined characteristic of the immune cell comprises the presence of the immune cells, optionally wherein a) the presence of immune cells specifically binds to a bait composition comprising one or more neoantigens is indicative of the presence of a cancer, b) the presence of immune cells specifically binds to a bait composition comprising one or more antigens of a pathogen (e.g., virus, bacteria, fungus) is indicative of the presence of an infection of the pathogen, or c) the presence of immune cells specifically binds to a bait composition comprising one or more autoantigens associated with an autoimmune disease or disorder is indicative of the presence of the immune disease or disorder.24.A method of detecting residual cancer in an individual, wherein the individual has been previously treated with an anti-cancer therapy and exhibits no pathological symptom of cancer after treatment, the method comprising analyzing a post-treatment sample from the individual according to the method of any one of claims 9-21,wherein a predetermined characteristic of the immune cell from the post-treatment sample is indicative of residual cancer in the individual.25.A method of treating a cancer in an individual, comprisinga) diagnosing the individual as having cancer according to the method of claim 23; and b) subjecting the individual to an anti-cancer therapy.26.A method of treating an infection in an individual, comprisinga) diagnosing the individual as having an infection by a pathogen according to the method of claim 23; andb) subjecting the individual to a therapy for the pathogen.27.A method of treating an autoimmune disease or disorder in an individual, comprisinga) diagnosing the individual as having an autoimmune disease or disorder according to the method of claim 23; andb) subjecting the individual to a therapy for the disease or disorder.28.A display moiety comprising a particle associated with a plurality of MHC-peptide complexes, wherein the plurality of MHC-peptide complexes comprises no less than or more than 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, or 12 MHC-peptide complexes, wherein each of the MHC-peptide complex comprises at least one MHC molecule complexed with a peptide, wherein at least two or more of the MHC-peptide complexes are different.29.The display moiety of claim 28, wherein one or more of the plurality of MHC-peptide complexes is an MHC-peptide monomer, an MHC-peptide dimer, an MHC-peptide trimer, an MHC-peptide tetramer, an MHC-peptide pentamer, an MHC-peptide octamer, an MHC-peptide dextramer, or an MHC-peptide dodecamer.30.The display moiety of claim 28 or claim 29, wherein at least one MHC-peptide complex in the plurality of MHC-peptide complexes has two distinct MHC-peptide monomers, optionally the at least one MHC complex is an MHC-peptide dimer, an MHC-peptide trimer, or an MHC-peptide tetramer.31.The display moiety of any one of claims 28-30, wherein the plurality of MHC-peptide complexes comprises at least 20 MHC-peptide complexes, optionally wherein the plurality of MHC-peptide complexes comprises at least 50 or 100 MHC-peptide complexes.32.The display moiety of any one of claims 28-31, wherein the MHC-peptide complex is attached to the particle via a binding pair comprising a first binding component attached to the MHC-peptide complex or a unit thereof and a second binding component bound to the particle, optionally wherein the first binding component comprises a biotin, and the second binding component comprises streptavidin.33.The display moiety of any one of claims 28-32, wherein the particlea) is solid;b) has a diameter of about 0.1 μm to about 50 μm (e.g., at least 0.1 μm, 0.2 μm, 0.25 μm, 0.5 μm, 0.75 μm, or 1 μm, optionally wherein the particle has a diameter of about 0.5 μm to about 20 μm, optionally wherein the particle has a diameter of about 0.5 μm to about 10 μm, further optionally wherein the particle has a diameter of about 1 μm;c) has a surface area of about 1 μm2 to about 20 μm2;d) has a number of about 10 to about 10000 second binding component associated with it; e) the particle is spherical, optionally wherein the particle is a bead; and / orf) is magnetic.34.The display moiety of any one of claims 28-33, wherein display moiety comprises at least two different MHC molecules, optionally whereina) the at least two different MHC molecules comprises two different MHC class I molecules;b) the at least two different MHC molecules comprises two different MHC class II molecules; and / orc) the at least two different MHC molecules comprises both an MHC class I molecule and an MHC class II molecule.35.The display moiety of any one of claims 28-34, wherein:a) the display moiety comprises an HLA-A molecule, further optionally wherein the HLA-A molecule comprises a mutation that reduces its binding to CD8, further optionally where the HLA-A molecule comprises an HLA A2 heavy chain with a A245V mutation;b) the display moiety comprises at least two MHC class I molecules selected from the group consisting of a) HLA-A*24: 02, HLA-A*11: 01, HLA-A*02: 01, and HLA-A*03: 01, or b) HLA-A*69: 01, HLA-A*31: 01, HLA-A*29: 01HLA-A*33: 02, HLA-A*02: 06, HLA-A*02: 07, HLA-A*30: 01, HLA-A*01: 01, HLA-A*02: 03, HLA-A*33: 03; and / orc) the display moiety comprises an MHC class II molecule selected from the group consisting of HLA-DQ and HLA-DR.36.The display moiety of any one of claims 28-35, wherein:a) the peptide is associated with a cancer or tumor antigen, optionally wherein the peptide is associated with a neoantigen;b) the peptide is associated with an antigen of a pathogen, optionally wherein the pathogen is a virus, bacteria of fungus;c) the peptide is associated with an autoantigen;d) the display moiety comprises at least two distinct peptides; optionally wherein the display moiety comprises at least five distinct peptides, optionally wherein the display moiety comprises at least 2, 5, or 10 distinct peptides; and / ore) the display moiety does not comprise a fluorochrome or fluorophore.37.A bait composition comprising the display moiety of any one of claims 28-36.38.The bait composition of claim 37, wherein:a) the bait composition comprises at least two different display moieties;b) the bait composition comprises an HLA-A molecule, an HLA-B molecule, and an HLA-C molecule;c) the bait composition comprises HLA-A*24: 02, HLA-A*11: 01, HLA-A*02: 01, and HLA-A*03: 01;d) the bait composition comprises an HLA-DP molecule, an HLA-DQ molecule, and an HLA-DR molecule;e) the bait composition comprises at least 25, 50, 100, 150, 200, or 250 different peptides;f) the peptides in the bait composition are associated with at least 25, 50, 75, 100, 125, 150, 175, 200, 225, or 250 different antigens;g) the bait composition comprises at least 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, or 7 different overlapping peptides associated a mutation in a gene, optionally wherein the gene is an oncogene;h) the peptides in the bait composition are associated with mutations in at least two, three, four, five or six genes, optionally wherein the genes are oncogenes; and / ori) the bait composition does not comprise a fluorochrome or fluorophore.39.A method of analyzing immune cells in a sample from an individual, comprising:a) contacting a plurality of immune cells with the display moiety of any one of claims 28-36 or a bait composition of claim 37 or claim 38,b) detecting or analyzing the one or more immune cells that bind to one or more of the display moieties.40.The method of claim 39, wherein:a) the immune cells comprise T cells;b) the immune cells are selected from the group consisting of: cytotoxic T cells, memory T cells, and tumor infiltrating T cells, optionally wherein the T cells are CD4+ T cells and / or CD8+ T cells;c) the immune cells comprise B cells; and / ord) the immune cells comprise a mixture of immune cells comprising T cells, B cells, macrophage cells, or dendritic cells, or combinations thereof.41.The method of claim 39 or claim 40, wherein:a) the sample is selected from the group consisting of: blood, plasma, and a peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PMBC) sample; and / orb) the sample is obtained from a diseased tissue, optionally wherein the diseased tissue is a cancer tissue or tumor tissue.42.The method of any one of claims 39-41, wherein a) the sample is obtained from a single individual, or b) the sample is a mixture a plurality of individual samples, each obtained from a different individual.43.The method of any one of claims 39-42, wherein the individual a) is a human, and / or b) has no indication of a disease, optionally wherein the disease is a cancer.44.The method of any one of claims 39-43, wherein detecting or analyzing the immune cells that bind to one or more display moieties comprises observing the agglutination of immune cells and the one or more display moieties.45.The method of any one of claims 39-44, wherein detecting or analyzing the immune cells that bind to one or more display moieties comprises 1) immobilizing immune cells on a solid substrate prior to or after step a) , 2) contacting the immobilized immune cells with a detection agent recognizing the display moieties under a condition sufficient for the agent to bind to the display moieties; and 3) detecting the detection agent, thereby detecting the immune cells bound to the display moieties.