Electrical circuit comprising a unit capable of supplying electrical energy

Abstract

Electrical power generation circuit (1), in particular arranged to be mounted on a vehicle, in particular a land, air, sea or space vehicle, comprising: - a voltage source (100), - two output terminals (201, 202) between which a load (207) is suitable for being connected, - an electrical power generation stage (102), comprising at least one component (105) defining an inductor, in particular at least one component (106) defining a capacitor, and a unit (200) suitable for supplying electrical power to the voltage source (100) and / or between the two output terminals (201, 202), - a switching system (101), comprising at least one static power switch, the switching system being configured to electrically supply the electrical power generation stage (102) so that the unit (200) is powered by current pulses, and - a voltage converter (110),notably distinct from the switching system (101), through which electrical energy is supplied by the unit (200) to the voltage source (100) and / or between the two output terminals (201, 202) of the circuit. Figure from the abstract: Figure 1,

Description

Title of the invention: Electrical circuit comprising a unit capable of supplying electrical energy

[0001] The present invention relates to a unit capable of supplying electrical energy as well as an electrical circuit comprising such a unit.

[0002] Currently, to operate the electric motor of an electrically powered vehicle, the energy source must be stored in electrochemical accumulator batteries or more generally tanks, to be installed in said vehicle. These storage devices are expensive and bulky.

[0003] The invention aims in particular to provide usable electrical energy, in particular for electric mobility, which does not require having to store all or almost all of the source of electrical energy useful during operation of the vehicle, nor having to reconstitute all or part of this stock, in particular by recharging.

[0004] The invention also aims to approach as closely as possible, or even achieve, carbon neutrality, both for the transport of people or goods, and for the associated production of electrical energy.

[0005] The invention thus relates to a unit capable of supplying electrical energy, in particular arranged to be mounted on a vehicle, in particular a land, air, sea or space vehicle, this unit comprising:

[0006] - a cell comprising a first material made to behave superconductively granular at its interfaces, with the presence of Josephson junction couplings at these interfaces between superconducting regions, this superconducting behavior and Josephson junction coupling between superconducting regions manifesting itself for at least one predetermined temperature range, in particular this temperature range including a temperature of 20° Celsius, this cell further containing a second semiconductor material mixed with the first material, in particular this second semiconductor material being grains of silicon or silicon carbide,

[0007] - two electrodes, for example made of copper, placed in electrical contact with the cell, so as to ensure a passage of electric current through the cell, in particular through the entire cell, when the unit is put into operation,

[0008] unit in which:

[0009] - the Josephson junctions of the first material form chains of junctions Josephson junctions connected in series so that the electric current is subject to parametric amplification when it passes through these chains of Josephson junctions connected in series, this current being delivered in pulse form having, at the beginning of each pulse, a rising slope chosen sufficiently large to reach for example at least 100 amperes per microsecond at the start of the pulse supplied to the cell,

[0010] - pairs of Josephson junctions, each pair being formed of two junctions Josephson junctions connected in parallel forming a loop called a JJP loop, of which at least one of the Josephson junctions, or both junctions, belongs to one end of a chain of Josephson junctions connected in series, these loops being capable of producing a parametric excitation of the fundamental energy level of the field corresponding to the vacuum in the sense of quantum electrodynamics, so as to generate photons from these excitations,

[0011] the second semiconductor material is capable of converting, by internal photoelectric effect, the energy of the photons generated by the terminal JJP loops, into an additional source of electric current by extraction of electrons in the conduction band of the semiconductor, which provides an excess of free electric charges adding to the electric current which passes through the cell, this additional current being in turn subject to parametric amplification when it passes through the chains of Josephson junctions connected in series.

[0012] From an electrical point of view, each chain of series-connected Josephson junctions, present in fact in the granular material, can be likened to a succession of LC (inductance and capacitance) electrical diagrams with variable L (inductance).

[0013] A Josephson junction is usually considered to be a non-linear inductance, and the series connection of such junctions is considered to form a non-linear transmission line (NLTL) capable of parametrically amplifying the electric current flowing through it. Thus, along paths between the electrodes, non-linear NLTL transmission lines are formed with such Josephson junctions operating as traveling wave parametric amplifiers (TWPA). On this subject, reference may be made to the article “Traveling-wave parametric amplifier based on three-wave mixing in a Josephson metamaterial” by A. Zorin (IEEE, 2017, 16th International Super-conductive Electronics Conference, ISEC).

[0014] As can be seen by referring to the article "Soliton production with nonlinear homogeneous lines, with ability to amplify voltage" by J. Elizondo (IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science, 2015), where in amplification of electrical voltage, this time with non-linear capacitances, it can be obtained with 24 periodic patterns in series an amplification of a factor of approximately 10, from 7 to 75 kV, it is remarkable that an amplification of 22 decibels in current was thus measured by A. Zorin with 300 periodic LC patterns in series with non-linear inductances representing habit- actually Josephson junctions.

[0015] For each pair of Josephson junctions that are electrically connected in parallel rather than in series in the material formed, a SQUID arrangement is formed, designating in English a "Superconducting Device Quantum Interference Device".

[0016] While these arrangements of Josephson junctions (i.e. tunneling between superconducting regions), in so-called "SQUID" loops, are most often considered as measuring instruments - in particular interferometers - extremely sensitive for the magnetic field, we are interested here in a completely different one of their remarkable dynamic properties, which is to generate photons by extraction from the fundamental energy level of the field corresponding to the vacuum in the sense of quantum electrodynamics, the latter being on average of zero level as for the vacuum in the sense of classical physics, but presenting fluctuations of an exclusively quantum character, of which it is then possible to obtain an effect from a parametric excitation, in this case from a SQUID type device operating in microwave mode at the end of a transmission line.This is the dynamic Casimir effect (or DCE effect), as explained with reference to either the article “Observation of the Dynamical Casimir Effect in a superconducting circuit” by C. Wilson and P. Delsing (Nature, 2011), or the article “Dynamical Casimir Effect in a Josephson metamaterial” by P. Lâhteenmâki and P. Hakonen (PNAS, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA, 2012), or the article “Stimulating uncertainty: Amplifying the quantum vacuum with superconducting circuits” by P. Nation and F. Nori (American Physical Society, Reviews of Modern Physics, 2012).It is important to note that these three articles report experimental results in validation of theories put forward several decades earlier, and that in this context the operating mode using a Josephson junction loop at the end of the line to generate photons is evaluated as more efficient by several orders of magnitude, compared to the initial arrangement of principle with a moving mirror, for the DCE effect in question. In these publications, it is a parametric excitation mechanism which leads to an experimental result of creating a flux of real photons from the vacuum. We can also cite the publication "Parametric resonance", in "Course of theoretical physics" by Lev Landau, Acad. Sc. URSS, pp. 80-81 (volume 1 of 10, Elsevier, 3rd edition, 1976).This last publication refers to a system in which, at equilibrium, at x = 0 (x being for example a position), the system is in unstable equilibrium, and any deviation, even very small, is enough for a rapid growth of x and dx / dt (see in particular the solution with terms in exp(+t / T), and not only in exp(-t / T)). This system is non-closed, for which the external action amounts to a temporal variation of at least one or more of its pa . x-ray meters. Thus, in this very general framework, the x-positions are by nature generalizable to other state variables such as, for example, the magnetic flux and the electric charge (for which we can define energy expressions involving x or x2). These energies are, in general, of a non-identically zero level in the initial condition for such a system which is the seat of an amplification, interaction or parametric excitation. The energies are of a non-identically zero level in particular, for the energy background relating to the DCE effect, which has been experimentally demonstrated since 2011 that the latter can be achieved by parametric excitation on a background of fluctuating energy level, even extremely low.

[0017] In conclusion, in the present invention, the JJP loops are not used like these SQUIDs which serve as a measuring instrument but to generate photons as explained above, each of these photons, characterized by a frequency nu, also carrying a quantum of energy of level equal to the product (hx nu), where h is the Planck constant, approximately equal to 6.626 xlOA-34 Joule.second.

[0018] The fundamental energy level of the quantum field corresponding to the vacuum in the sense of quantum electrodynamics is also called "quantum vacuum". It presents fluctuations which can be the subject of parametric excitation, the energy density of these fluctuations of field relative to the vacuum being estimated at the colossal level of 10A94 g / cmA3, in comparison with nuclear densities of the order of 10A14 g / cmA3 in the relativistic framework where the equivalence between mass and energy is established, as explained in the work "Geometrodynamics" by J. Wheeler (Academie Press, 1962), itself cited in chapter "44.3 - Vacuum fluctuations: their prevalence and final dominance" in the work "Gravitation" by C. Misner and J. Wheeler (Princeton University Press, 1973).It should be emphasized that the present invention uses an energy extraction (hx nu) relative to the photons produced by the parametric excitation of a non-identically zero energy level, the latter forming very real particles observed, and not virtual particles like the pairs of particles and antiparticles of which it is well known that the quantum fluctuations of the vacuum give rise to them in extremely short durations (these virtual particles being unusable) by virtue of the uncertainty relation relating to time and energy. As an example, the notions of fluctuations of the vacuum, or zero-point energy, of non-identically zero level, are developed in two works, namely "Process of interaction between photons and atoms" by Claude Cohen-Tannoudji, pp.109, 111, 157, 251, 302, 304, 307, 381, 521 and 549, among 628 pages (EDP Sciences, CNRS, 1988, which is the sequel to "Photons and atoms: Introduction to quantum electrodynamics", by the same author and editor, 1987) and "Quantum physics, Volume II" by Michel Le Bellac, pp. 716 and 758, among . 1002 (EDP Sciences, CNRS, 2013). Vacuum fluctuations in the sense that they give rise to virtual particle-antiparticle pairs are described in the book "Quantum field theory in a nutshell" by Anthony Zee, pp. 59-60, among 576 (Princeton University Press, 2010). As for the time-energy uncertainty relation, one can refer in particular to the book "Quantum Mechanics", by Jean-Louis Basdevant and Jean Dalibard, pp. 367-368, among 520 pages (Editions de l'Ecole Polytechnique, 2004).

[0019] Concerning the first material which has undergone treatment (material not in its natural state), the superconducting and Josephson coupling behaviors between superconducting regions are advantageously manifested for at least one predetermined temperature range which has a lower limit equal to approximately -30° Celsius and / or an upper limit equal to approximately 100° Celsius. Of course, other lower and / or upper limits can be used.

[0020] Thus the superconducting and Josephson coupling behaviors between superconducting regions are manifested under easily controllable conditions, in particular those which can be manifested at room temperature.

[0021] The invention makes it possible in particular to avoid having to resort to complex and expensive cooling systems which many superconductors need for their superconducting operation.

[0022] The invention thus allows the provision of electrical energy in situ, for example allowing carbon-neutral electrical production on a vehicle.

[0023] According to the invention, the unit is capable of providing electrical energy in response to dynamic current stimulation, within a certain frequency range. The current is delivered in pulse form, with a rising edge in absolute value sufficiently abrupt so that its spectrum contains sufficient components at a sufficiently high frequency, for example at least 100 or 150 amperes per microsecond at the start of the pulse supplied to the cell.

[0024] According to one aspect of the invention, the first material rendered with granular superconducting behavior at its interfaces comprises carbon grains, in particular graphite grains, preferably having a characteristic size of 10 microns, these carbon grains, in particular these graphite grains remaining mixed with pure water after having been previously stirred for a predetermined duration, for example of the order of 24 hours.

[0025] These granular superconducting properties and especially the presence of Josephson couplings at these granular interfaces for graphite is described in the article “Evidence of Josephson-coupled superconducting regions at the interfaces of highly oriented pyrolytic graphite” by A. Ballestar and P. Esquinazi (New Journal of Physics, 2013).

[0026] The Josephson effect at the interfaces of the first material consists in particular of a tunnel effect between two superconducting zones distant from each other by a distance in particular of the order of a nanometer or several nanometers, and the superconductivity is a granular superconductivity at the interfaces of the carbon grains, in particular of graphite grains. Given the sizes of the Josephson junctions and JJP loops present, in a cylindrical volume defined by a diameter of the order of several centimeters and a thickness of the order of several millimeters, these junctions and loops are easily present in millions of copies. This evaluation is to be related to a known “xlO voltage” amplification with 24 series patterns with non-linear capacitance (see the article “Soliton production with nonlinear homogeneous Unes, with ability to amplify voltage” by J.Elizondo (IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science, 2015)), and "+22 dB in current" with 300 series patterns with non-linear inductance (see the article "Traveling-wave parametric amplifier based on three-wave mixing in a Josephson metamaterial" by A. Zorin (IEEE, 2017)). Non-linear parametric amplification processes having precisely the characteristic of presenting a multiplicative rather than additive cumulative effect, therefore of exponentially growing amplitude, one can reasonably expect, within the framework of the invention, a significant effect in current and electric charge due to the fact that one proceeds by millions of chained elementary patterns with non-linear inductance, whereas each individual effect is only almost infinitesimal.The effect in single parametric amplification of current over several orders of magnitude for a single elementary LC pattern with non-linear inductance, on the scale of a macroscopic electrical circuit, being described in particular by the applicant company in patent FR3077439B1, "Device for contactless power transmission by inductive resonance coupling for recharging a motor vehicle".The applicant thus demonstrates that it is possible to have access to electrical powers of the order of a kilowatt from elementary mechanisms of the order of a nanowatt: this, on the one hand, is due to the positive feedback implemented, therefore self-powered, where the conversion of photon energy (from parametric excitation) into additional electric current gives rise to a parametric amplification of this current itself as a supplement; and on the other hand, due to the colossal possibilities experimentally proven for several years, in amplification gain when these same parametric processes are implemented in non-linear electrodynamics or quantum optics, as explained for example by N. Forget in his doctoral thesis “From laser amplifiers to parametric amplifiers: studies of optical parametric amplification (...)” (Ecole Polytechnique, 2005), or by G.Mourou in the article “Exawatt-Zettawatt pulse generation and applications” (Optics Communications, Volume 285, Issue 5, pp. 720-724, 2012). A . ZettaWatt being worth IOA21 Watt or one billion billion kiloWatts.

[0027] According to one aspect of the invention, the excess electrical charges provided by the unit allows the quantity of electrical energy recovered at the output of the unit to be greater than the quantity of energy entering through the electrodes, over a predetermined operating cycle, this being due to the expression of the electrical energy E in question, proportional to Q2 if it is related to a capacitance of value C, Q being the electrical charge carried, equal to the time integral of the current i(t) varying over time (we have E = 1 / 2.Q2 / C, with Q = S(i(t).dt), S being the symbol of the integral).

[0028] According to one aspect of the invention, the electric current which passes through the cell exhibits a pseudo-periodic variation, that is to say in damped harmonic oscillation.

[0029] According to one aspect of the invention, these current variations have a substantially damped sinusoidal shape.

[0030] According to one aspect of the invention, the outgoing electric current is in the form of pulses having a duration of between 10 and 200 microseconds, for example between 60 and 120 microseconds, being for example approximately 10, 30, 50 or 200 microseconds.

[0031] According to one aspect of the invention, the outgoing electric current pulse (ia) has a maximum intensity greater than 100 Amperes, or even 1,000 Amperes or even 1,500 Amperes, in particular an intensity greater than 2,000 Amperes, this maximum being able in particular to be between 2,500 and 3,000 Amperes, and in which the outgoing electric current pulse (ia) has in absolute value an upward slope greater than 100 Amperes per microsecond, or even 500 or 1,000 Amperes per microsecond.

[0032] According to one aspect of the invention, the electrical current entering the cell comes from an electrical source external to the cell and forming part of an electrical energy generation stage, for example an electrical storage source such as a capacitor, and the electrical current leaving the cell carries a greater quantity of electrical energy than the quantity of energy carried by the incoming electrical current, for a predetermined cycle.

[0033] According to one aspect of the invention, the electrical source external to the cell comprises a power capacitor initially charged to a voltage between IVolt and IkVolts, in particular between 100 Volts and 900 Volts. According to another aspect of the invention, the electrical source external to the cell comprises a controlled current source with predetermined di / dt slope increase.

[0034] According to one aspect of the invention, the power relative to the electric current simultaneously under an electric voltage, or non-electric potential difference zero at the terminals of the cell is greater than 10 or 50 kiloWatts.

[0035] According to one aspect of the invention, the power relative to the electric current and the electric charge carried through the cell is greater than the ratio of 1 Joule per 100 microseconds or 2 Joules per 40 microseconds, i.e. greater than 10 or 50 kiloWatts.

[0036] According to one aspect of the invention, the unit is arranged so that a single external input is made to the cell from an electrical source, such as a battery or a capacitor, or from a controlled current source with a predetermined slope increase, the quantities of energy for the following excitations of the cell all coming from the surpluses provided by the effect of the previous excitations going back to the initial excitation, the only one to come from an external source.

[0037] According to one aspect of the invention, the cell is connected to a static power switch such as a thyristor or an IGBT transistor or a MOS transistor, this switch being arranged to control a discharge of a capacitor belonging to the electrical energy generation stage or an increase in the predetermined slope of the current in the cell, with discharge pulses of 10 to 200 microseconds each.

[0038] According to one aspect of the invention, the unit is arranged so that, when it is started up, the capacitor of the electrical energy generation stage is recharged only once at the beginning, its subsequent recharges being maintained, being carried out by excess current generated by the cell during each discharge, in particular at least 100 V and at least 100 A simultaneously.

[0039] According to one aspect of the invention, the capacitor is arranged, in the unit, to serve to initiate, supply and recover electrical energy.

[0040] According to one aspect of the invention, during electrical operation, the first material is placed between the electrodes which are metallic, in particular copper, in particular copper alloy, and porous immersed in distilled water such as that mixed with the first material, or these electrodes are solid, impermeable and separated by an arrangement of the first and second materials in an incorporation into an aqueous gel.

[0041] Alternatively, during electrical operation, the first material is incorporated into a highly absorbent hydrophilic polymer-based fluid.

[0042] For example, the first material is based on water-activated graphite, the graphite grains being in contact with water as much as possible in order to preserve the granular superconductor type properties at its interfaces.

[0043] According to one aspect of the invention, these grains come in particular from a graphite powder.

[0044] According to one aspect of the invention, the graphite grains have a diameter characteristic of the order of 10 micrometers.

[0045] According to one aspect of the invention, the cell has at least one dimension greater than 1 cm.

[0046] For example, the cell has a thickness of at least 1 mm, in particular at least 5 mm, this thickness being in particular between 1 mm and 100 mm.

[0047] For example, the volume of the first material is at least 1 cm3, in particular at least 5 cm3, for example 10 or even 100 cm3.

[0048] According to one aspect of the invention, the electrodes are placed on two opposite sides of the cell so that these electrodes are separated by the thickness of the cell.

[0049] According to one aspect of the invention, the second semiconductor material may be provided in the form of grains.

[0050] The present invention finds applications in particular in electrotechnical applications, for example as a source of electrical energy to power the electric propulsion or traction motor of a vehicle, whether land, air, sea or space. When it is a land vehicle, it may comprise any number of wheels, for example two, three, four or more wheels.

[0051] The invention also relates to a method for converting energy, in particular arranged to be mounted on a vehicle, this method comprising the steps:

[0052] - provide a cell comprising a first material made to behave supra granular conductor at its interfaces, with the presence of Josephson junction couplings at these interfaces between superconducting regions, this superconducting behavior and Josephson junction coupling between superconducting regions manifesting itself for at least one predetermined temperature range, in particular this temperature range including a temperature of 20° Celsius, this cell further containing a second semiconductor material mixed with the first material, in particular this second semiconductor material being grains of silicon or silicon carbide,

[0053] - ensure a passage of electric current through the cell, in particular through the entire cell, when the cell is put into operation, using two electrodes, for example copper, placed in contact with the cell,

[0054] method in which:

[0055] - the Josephson junctions of the first material form chains of junctions Josephson junctions connected in series so that the electric current is subject to parametric amplification when passing through these chains of Josephson junctions connected in series, this current being delivered in pulse form having, at the beginning of each pulse, a rising slope chosen sufficiently large to reach for example at least 100 amperes per microsecond at the beginning of the supplied pulse to the cell,

[0056] - pairs of Josephson junctions, each pair being formed of two junctions Josephson junctions connected in parallel forming a loop called a JJP loop, of which at least one of the Josephson junctions, or both junctions, belongs to one end of a chain of Josephson junctions connected in series, these loops being capable of producing a parametric excitation of the fundamental energy level of the field corresponding to the vacuum in the sense of quantum electrodynamics, so as to generate photons from these excitations,

[0057] - convert by internal photoelectric effect, using the second semi-material conductor, the energy of the photons generated by the terminal JJP loops, into a source of additional electric current by extraction of electrons in the conduction band of the semiconductor, which brings an excess of free electric charges adding to the electric current which passes through the cell, this additional current being in turn subject to parametric amplification when it passes through the chains of Josephson junctions connected in series.

[0058] According to one of the aspects of the invention, the operation initiating the supply of excess electricity is carried out by applying to the cell an internal electric field by means of an electric voltage at its terminals via its electrodes, in particular greater than 100 Volts, in particular by the discharge of a capacitor belonging to a resonant stage, or by an increase in current of predetermined slope, in particular greater than 100 amperes per microsecond.

[0059] According to one aspect of the invention, the capacitor is recharged, for example using a battery or a pre-charge power supply, only once, at the beginning, its subsequent recharges being maintained, carried out by excess current generated by the cell during discharges in particular at at least 100 Volts and at least 100 Amperes simultaneously. As a variant, a predetermined external energy supply is made to the cell from a controlled current source with a predetermined slope increase, the quantities of energy for the following excitations of the cell all coming from the excesses provided by the effect of the previous excitations going back to the initial excitation, the only one to come from an external source.

[0060] According to one aspect of the invention, the first material is manufactured as described below. Ultra-pure graphite powder is mixed in distilled water and this mixture is continuously stirred or stirred at room temperature. At the beginning of the preparation, the graphite grains swim on the surface of the water due to their highly hydrophobic property. After about one hour, it can be observed that the graphite powder forms a suspension within the water, which is quite homogeneous about one hour later. After further stirring or stirring for about 22 hours, the resulting powder is recovered by filtration with a filter clean non-metallic and drying is carried out at 100°C for approximately 8 to 12 hours.

[0061] For the manufacture of the first material, it is possible to refer to the article “Can doping graphite trigger room temperature superconductivity? Evidence for granular high-temperature superconductivity in water-treated graphite powder” by T. Scheike, W. Bôhlmann, P. Esquinazi, J. Barzola-Quiquia, A. Ballestar, A. Setzer (Advanced Materials, Volume 24, Issue 43, pp. 5826-5831, 2012).

[0062] The invention also relates, according to another of its aspects, to an electrical circuit generating electrical energy, in particular arranged to be mounted on a vehicle, in particular a land, air, sea or space vehicle, comprising:

[0063] - a voltage source,

[0064] - output terminals, in particular two output terminals, between which a load is able to be connected,

[0065] - an electrical energy generation stage, comprising at least one component defining an inductance, in particular at least one component defining a capacitor, and the aforementioned unit, capable of supplying electrical energy to the voltage source and / or between the output terminals,

[0066] - a switching system, comprising at least one static switch of power, in particular a thyristor, a MOS transistor, or an IGBT transistor, the switching system being configured to electrically supply the electrical energy generation stage such that the unit is supplied with current pulses, and

[0067] - a voltage converter, in particular separate from the switching system, to through which electrical energy is supplied by the unit to the voltage source and / or between the output terminals of the circuit.

[0068] The invention thus makes it possible to benefit from an electrical assembly making it possible to power the unit in such a way that it can operate as described above by supplying electrical energy, while also making it possible to recover this electrical energy at the voltage source and / or between the output terminals. The control of the switching system makes it possible to generate the current pulses for the unit, in particular by charging and discharging the component defining a capacitor of the electrical energy generation stage when this component is present. It is thus possible to use part of the electrical energy to electrically power a load. The electrical circuit belongs for example to the on-board network of a vehicle, and the load may comprise an electric machine for propelling the vehicle and / or one or more consumers of this on-board network, whether the latter have a nominal voltage of 12V or 48V.For example, this includes a lighting system, an air conditioning system, a wiping system, a system of . navigation, a cigarette lighter, a radio system, a connector for a portable electronic device...

[0069] The load is not necessarily a DC load, but may be an AC load, in which case the number of output terminals may be other than two.

[0070] The electrical energy generation stage comprises, for example, the component defining a capacitor, this stage then being able to be described as a resonant stage. The supply of electrical energy to the voltage source and / or between the output terminals by this stage then takes place following the resonance of this stage.

[0071] The circuit may comprise a system of switches selectively enabling: the supply of electrical energy by the unit to the voltage source exclusively, the supply of electrical energy by the unit to the voltage source and between the output terminals of the circuit, and the supply of electrical energy by the unit between the output terminals of the circuit exclusively. This switch system is for example distinct from the switching system and the voltage converter. Thus, where appropriate, the electrical energy generated by the unit can be directly supplied to the load, without passing through the voltage source.

[0072] For the purposes of the present application, "a component defining an inductance, respectively a capacitor" means that this inductance, respectively this capacitor, is not a parasitic inductance, respectively a parasitic capacitor.

[0073] The voltage source may have a nominal voltage of between 1 Volt and 1kVolts, for example being equal to 12 or 48 Volts, or even greater than 300V, for example 400V or 800V. It is for example a battery or a pre-charging power supply. The voltage source is for example a lithium-ion type battery, or a set of lithium-ion type batteries.

[0074] When the voltage source is a direct voltage source, the electrical energy converter may be an inverter / rectifier.

[0075] The switching system can be controlled so that the unit is traversed by pulses. Each of these pulses can have a duration of between 1 microsecond and 1 millisecond, in particular between 10 and 200 microseconds.

[0076] The switching system may be controlled such that the electrical current supplied to the unit exhibits a damped periodic variation. This damping may be caused in part by the supply of electrical energy to the voltage source by the unit.

[0077] The voltage across the unit has, for example, a damped sinusoidal shape and the switching system can be controlled so that each current pulse supplying the unit is generated in phase with the amplitude of the voltage across this unit during a voltage oscillation.

[0078] The control of the switching system may be such that the current pulses are generated with a fixed frequency, or not. In this case, the ratio between the frequency of generation of the current pulses and the frequency of the voltage at the terminals of the unit may be between 1 / 100 and 1.

[0079] According to an exemplary implementation of the invention, the component defining the inductance, the component defining the capacitor and the unit capable of supplying electrical energy can be mounted in parallel with each other.

[0080] According to another exemplary implementation of the invention, the component defining the inductance and the component defining the capacitor can be connected in parallel, and the unit can be connected in parallel with a fraction of the inductance, so as to achieve impedance matching.

[0081] In all of the above, the switching system can electrically supply the electrical energy generation stage through galvanic isolation, for example such as a transformer or isolation via capacitors.

[0082] In all of the above, the electrical energy generation stage may comprise a transformer, the inductance-defining component and the capacitor-defining component being coupled to the unit through this transformer. This coupling via a transformer may allow impedance matching to be achieved.

[0083] In all of the above, and according to a particular embodiment, the switching system may comprise two switching arms, each switching arm comprising:

[0084] - two static power switches connected in series, for example MOS transistors, IGBT or thyristors, and separated by midpoints, and

[0085] - a component defining an inductance and mounted between the two midpoints. This inductance can define a current source then supplying the electrical energy generation stage, if necessary via a transformer.

[0086] Control of the two arms of the switching system can then consist of acting on one of the following parameters:

[0087] - the phase shift between the control of one arm relative to the other, this phase shift ending the duration of the current pulses applied by the current source to the resonant stage,

[0088] - the duty cycle within the same switching arm, this duty cycle terminating the average voltage applied across the inductance arranged between the two midpoints, to maintain the current source, and

[0089] - the frequency at which current pulses are applied to the resonant stage.

[0090] As a further variant, the switching system may comprise a single switching arm and the electrical energy generation stage may have a terminal connected to the midpoint of this switching arm. The electrical energy generation stage here comprises in series the component defining the inductance and unit capable of supplying the aforementioned electrical energy. The other terminal of the electrical energy generation stage is for example connected to the midpoint of another switching arm belonging to the voltage converter, this other arm being for example the only switching arm of this voltage converter. In this variant, the voltage converter may only allow the supply of electrical energy between the output terminals of the circuit, and not to the voltage source.

[0091] Other characteristics, details and advantages of the invention will emerge more clearly on reading the detailed description given below, and an example of embodiment given for informational and non-limiting purposes with reference to the appended schematic drawings, in which:

[0092] [Fig-1] is a simplified diagram of an electrical circuit according to an example of the invention,

[0093] [Fig.2] is a simplified diagram of an electrical circuit another example of the invention

[0094] [Fig.3] represents, schematically and partially, the unit of [Fig.l] or of the [Fig.2],

[0095] [Fig.4] represents, schematically and partially, chains of junctions Josephson manifesting in the first material of the unit according to [Fig.3],

[0096] [Fig.5] is a diagram illustrating the sequence of phenomena at work in the unit of [Fig.3],

[0097] [Fig.6] schematically represents the evolution of the voltage at the terminals of the unit capable of supplying electrical energy of [Fig.3],

[0098] [Fig.7] represents a particular example of the realization of an electrical circuit according to the invention, and

[0099] [Fig.8] represents another particular example of the realization of an electrical circuit according to the invention.

[0100] [Fig.l] shows an electrical circuit 1 for generating electrical energy capable of supplying electrical energy and arranged to be mounted on a land, air, sea or space vehicle, for example an electric car. This electrical circuit 1 comprises a voltage source 100 which is here a direct voltage source, a switching system 101 and an electrical energy generation stage 102. The electrical energy generation stage 102 comprises a component 105 defining an inductance, a component 106 defining a capacitor, and a unit 200 capable of supplying electrical energy which will be described in more detail below. The voltage source 100 comprises for example a nominal voltage of between 1 Volt and 1kVolts, for example 12 or 48 Volts. It is for example a battery lithium-ion type or a set of lithium-ion type batteries which in particular powers an electric vehicle propulsion machine.

[0101] Within the scope of this invention, the inductor 105 can take any value between 100 nanoHenry and 100 microHenry and the capacitor 106 can take any value between 100 nanoFarad and 1 milliFarad.

[0102] In the example of [Fig.l], the power supply of the electrical energy generation stage 102 by the voltage source is carried out through a transformer according to a “flyback” type assembly.

[0103] In the example of [Fig.l], the switching system 101 comprises a single static power switch 103 which is for example a MOSFET transistor or an IGBT. This switch 103 is here connected in series with the primary winding of the transformer.

[0104] In the example of [Fig.2], the switching system comprises two static power switches 103 and 104, which are for example MOS transistors or IGBTs.

[0105] The switching system 101 is controlled to electrically supply the electrical energy generation stage 102 using a current source I so that the unit 200 is traversed by current pulses. The current source I is obtained from the voltage source 100.

[0106] In the examples considered, the electrical circuit 1 also comprises a voltage converter 110 which operates as a rectifier to supply the voltage source 100 with the excess electrical energy generated by the unit 200 and / or to supply this electrical energy to a load 207 mounted between output terminals 201 and 202 of the circuit 1 which are two in number in these examples, although another number of output terminals is possible. This load comprises for example at least one:

[0107] - an electric vehicle propulsion machine, where appropriate powered via a inverter,

[0108] - of a component of the on-board network being at least one of: a system lighting, air conditioning system, wiping system, navigation system.

[0109] The supply of electrical energy to the voltage source is represented by arrows 204 in [Fig.l].

[0110] Although not shown in [Fig.l], a system of switches 210 visible in [Fig.2] is for example provided to selectively allow:

[0111] - the supply of electrical energy by the unit 200 to the voltage source 100 excluded sively,

[0112] - the supply of electrical energy by the unit 200 to the voltage source and between the two output terminals of the circuit, and the supply of electrical energy by the unit between the two output terminals of the circuit.

[0113] In [Fig.2], the switch system 210 comprises a first switch 211 arranged to selectively interrupt the transfer of electrical energy from the unit 200 to the voltage source 100, and a second switch 212 arranged to selectively interrupt the transfer of electrical energy from the unit 200 to the load 27. Each switch 211, 212 is for example a static power switch such as a MOSFET transistor or an IGBT.

[0114] Unit 200 comprises, as already explained in the application filed by the present Applicant in France on December 21, 2021 under number 21 14089:

[0115] - -a cell 2 comprising a first material 3 made to behave supra granular conductor at its interfaces, with the presence of Josephson junction couplings 8 at these interfaces between superconducting regions, this superconducting behavior and Josephson junction coupling between superconducting regions manifesting itself for at least one predetermined temperature range, in particular this temperature range including a temperature of 20° Celsius, this cell further containing a second semiconductor material 4 mixed with the first material, in particular this second semiconductor material 4 being grains of silicon or silicon carbide,

[0116] - two disc-shaped electrodes 5, for example made of copper, placed in contact electrical connection with the cell, so as to ensure a passage of electric current through the entire cell 2 when the unit is put into operation.

[0117] The Josephson junctions 8 of the first material 3 form chains of series-connected Josephson junctions 7 so that the electric current is subject to parametric amplification when it passes through these chains of series-connected Josephson junctions, this current being delivered in pulse form having, at the start of each pulse, a rising slope chosen to be sufficiently large to reach, for example, at least 100 amperes per microsecond at the start of the pulse supplied to the cell. One of these chains 7 is illustrated in the form of an electrical diagram in [Fig. 4],

[0118] The cross symbol schematizes a Josephson junction.

[0119] Pairs of Josephson junctions are formed, each pair being formed of two Josephson junctions 8 connected in parallel forming a loop 9 called a JJP loop, of which at least one of the Josephson junctions, or both junctions, belongs to a termination of a chain 7 of Josephson junctions connected in series operating in NLTL, these loops 9 being capable of producing a parametric excitation of the fundamental energy level of the field corresponding to the vacuum in the sense of quantum electrodynamics, so as to generate photons from these excitations.

[0120] The second semiconductor material 4, here formed from grains of silicon or silicon carbide, is capable of converting, by internal photoelectric effect, the energy of the photons generated by the terminal JJP loops, into an additional source of electric current by extraction of electrons in the conduction band of the semiconductor, which brings an excess of free electric charges adding to the electric current which passes through cell 2, this additional current being in turn subject to parametric amplification when it passes through the chains of Josephson junctions connected in series.

[0121] The first material 3 is manufactured in the manner described below. Ultra-pure graphite powder is mixed in distilled water and this mixture is continuously stirred or stirred at room temperature. At the beginning of the preparation, the graphite grains swim on the surface of the water due to their highly hydrophobic property. After about one hour, it can be observed that the graphite powder forms a suspension within the water, which is well homogeneous about one hour later. After further stirring or stirring for about 22 hours, the obtained powder is recovered by filtration with a clean non-metallic filter and drying is carried out at 100°C for about 8 hours to 12 hours.

[0122] For the manufacture of the first material 3, it is possible to refer to the article “Can doping graphite trigger room temperature superconductivity? Evidence for granular high-temperature superconductivity in water-treated graphite powder” by T. Scheike, W. Bôhlmann, P. Esquinazi, J. Barzola-Quiquia, A. Ballestar, A. Setzer (Advanced Materials, Volume 24, Issue 43, pp. 5826-5831, 2012).

[0123] From an electrical point of view, each chain 7 of Josephson junctions 8 connected in series can be likened to a succession of LC (inductance and capacitance) electrical diagrams with variable L (inductance), as illustrated in [Fig.3].

[0124] Concerning the first material 3, the superconducting behavior is advantageously manifested for at least one predetermined temperature range which has a lower limit equal to approximately -30° Celsius and an upper limit equal to approximately 100° Celsius. Preferably, the unit 200 according to the invention is capable of operating at room temperature, for example at 20°.

[0125] The invention makes it possible in particular to avoid having to resort to complex and expensive cooling systems which many superconductors need for their superconducting operation.

[0126] The first material 3 with granular superconducting behavior at its interfaces comprises graphite grains having a characteristic size of 10 microns, these graphite grains being mixed with pure water.

[0127] The Josephson effect at the interfaces of the first material 3 consists in particular of a tunnel effect between two superconducting zones distant from each other by a distance in particular of the order of a nanometer or several nanometers.

[0128] The control of the switching system 101 is carried out to supply the electrical energy generation stage 102 from the current source I so as to control the discharge of the capacitor 106 in the cell 2 with discharge pulses being for example each between 10 and 200 microseconds, this range of values ​​not being limiting.

[0129] The unit 200 is arranged so that a single external input is made to the cell 2 from the current source I, the quantities of energy for the following excitations of the cell all coming from the surpluses provided by the effect of the previous excitations going back to the initial excitation, the only one to come from an external source.

[0130] The unit 200 is arranged so that, when it is started up, the capacitor 106 is recharged only once at the beginning, its subsequent recharges being maintained, taking place by excess current generated by the cell during each discharge, in particular at least 100 V and at least 100 A simultaneously. Part, or all of this excess can, as already mentioned, directly electrically supply the load 207.

[0131] The capacitor 106 is arranged, in the electrical energy generation stage 102, to serve to initiate, supply and recover electrical energy.

[0132] During electrical operation, the first material 3 is placed between the electrodes 5 which are metallic, in particular copper, and porous immersed in distilled water such as that mixed with the first material 3, or these electrodes are solid, impermeable and separated by an arrangement of the first and second materials 3 and 4 in an incorporation into an aqueous gel.

[0133] The electrodes 5, in the form of a disc, each cover a face 14 of this cell 2.

[0134] The first material 3 is based on water-activated graphite, the graphite grains being in contact with water as much as possible in order to preserve the granular superconductor type properties at its interfaces.

[0135] These grains come in particular from a graphite powder.

[0136] Graphite grains have a characteristic diameter of the order of 10 micrometers.

[0137] Cell 2 has at least one dimension greater than 1 cm.

[0138] For example, cell 2 has a thickness of at least 1 mm, in particular at least 5 mm, this thickness being in particular between 1 mm and 100 mm.

[0139] For example, the volume of the first material is at least 1 cm3, in particular at least 5 cm3, for example 10 or even 100 cm3.

[0140] The electrodes 5 are placed on two opposite faces 14 of the cell so that these electrodes are separated by the thickness of the cell, as illustrated in [Fig.3]

[0141] The second semiconductor material 4, for example silicon or silicon carbide, may be provided in the form of grains.

[0142] As can be seen in [Fig.6], the voltage across the terminals of the unit 200 may, in response to each current pulse, have a damped sinusoidal shape. The control of the switches 103 and 104 of the switching system 101 may make it possible to generate each current pulse at an instant h for which this voltage across the terminals of the unit 200 reaches its amplitude for a given oscillation. As can be seen in this figure, the current pulses may be generated according to a fixed frequency v2, this frequency v2 being here between 1 / 3 and 1 / 4 of the frequency Vi of the voltage across the terminals of the unit 200. This range of values ​​is however not limiting, this ratio being able for example to be between 1 / 100 and 1.

[0143] In the example of [Fig.2], the unit 200, the capacitor 106 and the inductor 105 are connected in parallel with each other, but the invention is not limited thereto, as will be seen later.

[0144] The phenomena at work to obtain the surplus are repeated below.

[0145] Along paths between the electrodes, non-linear transmission lines (NLTL) with Josephson junctions operating as traveling wave current parametric amplifiers (TWPA) are formed, in millions of patterns.

[0146] When, for such a line, a JJP loop operating in microwave mode is arranged at the end, this is then conducive to the generation of photons by parametric excitation producing the dynamic Casimir effect DCE, that is to say a production from the fluctuations of the vacuum in the sense of quantum electrodynamics (QED, for "Quantum Electrodynamics"), and which is excited parametrically.

[0147] All of the terminal NLTL, TWPA, and JJP of the chain pieces are excited by the application of an electrical pulse in hundreds of Volts or Amps by microprobe, with a sufficiently abrupt front so that the frequency content of the pulse includes harmonics up to high levels, and which make them capable of exciting the Josephson Junction chains connected in series and the JJP loops at frequencies related to their parametric amplification.

[0148] Semiconductor grains such as SiC for example, capable of withstanding high voltage, are added to the activated water / graphite mixture, and give rise to an extraction of electrons located in their conduction band, this under the action of the energy of the photons generated from the parametric excitation of the vacuum, as a result of the internal photoelectric effect.

[0149] These additional free electrons are added to the current which already passes through the medium consisting of paste containing (water - graphite grains - SiC grains) of cell 2.

[0150] Thus a positive feedback loop is set up and activated, with:

[0151] - a current supply with sufficient temporal increase during the priming (step 1000 of [Fig.5]) which is here carried out by discharging the capacitor 106,

[0152] -a parametric amplification of current through the multiple chains of Josephson junctions arranged in NLTL lines (step 1001 of [Fig.5]) with TWPA effect if the initial current supply was made with sufficient time increase,

[0153] - a generation of photons in the JJP loop terminations of the chains of Josephson junctions (step 1002) which results from step (1001),

[0154] - and which gives rise to an extraction of free electrons (step 1003) delivered in a additional current intensity (step 1004) established under the potential difference previously existing between the two electrodes, this additional current itself being amplified parametrically in step 1001,

[0155] and so on, starting from this step 1001, to arrive at an operation which is self-powered for a duration of a few tens of microseconds, that is to say with a continuous amplification during this duration, until its limit corresponding to the cancellation of the increase in current is reached, that is to say the reaching of the peak current level.

[0156] Hence, at the end of an individual electrical pulse, there appears an excess of outgoing electrons, compared to the quantity of incoming electrons and, consequently, an excess of energy.

[0157] This excess can reach a few Joules for a pulse of a few kilo-Amperes kA for a few tens of microseconds.

[0158] From which, then, comes the possibility via a control of the switching stage 101, of chaining these individual pulses into pulse trains, the same unitary excess of the order of a few Joules for a few tens of microseconds, amounting to expressing, in steady state, an excess of usable power, of the order of a few tens of kiloWatts, this for a desired duration, for example seconds, minutes, or hours.

[0159] We will now describe with reference to [Fig.7] a particular example of embodiment of a circuit 1 according to the invention.

[0160] As can be seen in this [Fig.7], the switching system 101 here comprises two switching arms, each switching arm comprising two static power switches 120 and 121 mounted in series and separated by midpoints 122, and a component defining an inductance 123 and mounted between the two midpoints 122. This inductance here defines the current source I supplying the electrical energy generation stage 102.

[0161] As can be seen in [Fig.7] and similarly to [Fig.l], this power supply of the electrical energy generation stage l02 is carried out here through a transformer.

[0162] It can be seen in [Fig.7] that the electrical energy generation stage 102 comprises the component 105 forming the inductance and the component 106 forming the capacitor which are connected in parallel, whereas the unit 200 is connected in parallel with only a fraction of the inductance 105.

[0163] The control of the switching system 101 can here allow:

[0164] - to charge the inductance 122 with a non-zero constant current, so as to maintain the existence of the current source I, and

[0165] - to electrically supply the electrical energy generation stage l02 of so as to obtain the succession of current pulses in the unit 200, similarly to what has been described above.

[0166] This command may consist of acting on one of the following parameters:

[0167] - the phase shift between the control of one switching arm relative to the other,

[0168] - the duty cycle within the same switching arm, and

[0169] - the frequency at which the current pulses are applied to the generator stage generation of electrical energy 102.

[0170] In an example not shown, a transformer may be integrated into the electrical energy generation stage 102, the unit 200 being for example separated from the capacitor 106 and the inductor 105 by this transformer.

[0171] [Fig.8] differs from the previous examples in that the electrical energy generation stage 102 is constituted by the component 105 defining an inductance and the unit 200 capable of supplying electrical energy described above. No component 106 defining a capacitor is present here in the stage 102. The switching system 101 here comprises a single switching arm with two static power switches 120, 121 defining between them a midpoint 122. One terminal of the electrical energy generation stage 102 is connected to this midpoint, and another terminal of this electrical energy generation stage is connected to the midpoint of a single switching arm of the inverter / rectifier 110. In the example of [Fig. 8], it can be seen that the switch 211 of the switch system 210 is confused with one of the switches 120, 121 of the switching system 101. In the example of [Fig.8], the supply of electrical energy to the voltage source 100 is done through the switching system 101 while the supply of electrical energy to the load 207 is done through the inverter / rectifier 110. .

[0172] The present invention serves as a source of electrical energy to power the electric propulsion or traction motor of a vehicle, land, air, sea or space.

[0173] In summary, in the invention, the energy produced by means of the converter device of energy, as explained above by experimental results, comes from a significant flux of photons, which are very real, created by the parametric excitation of vacuum fluctuations in the sense of quantum electrodynamics, as confirmed by the article "Observation of the Dynamical Casimir Effect in a superconducting circuit" by C. Wilson and P. Delsing (Nature, 2011) which describes the experimental observation of the creation of a significant flux of photons. From the article "Dynamical Casimir Effect in a Josephson metamaterial" by P. Lâhteenmâki and P. Hakonen (PNAS, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA, 2012), we can understand that the substantial flux of photons created and observed cannot be linked to thermal fluctuations, but rather falls under a specific point of quantum field theory (in other words, quantum electrodynamics).

[0174] Finally, the notion of parametric excitation, general in non-linear physics and here invoked in quantum electrodynamics, relates to exciting particular modes of a system already having a non-zero energy level at the start; and after a certain time we obtain as a result the manifestation of a very strongly amplified level (for the pre-existing energy level, not that of the pump), and exploitable. Thus, precisely in these terms and this framework of parametric amplification as specified by publications of experimental results such as the article “Dynamical Casimir Effect in a Josephson metamaterial” by P. Lâhteenmâki and P. Hakonen (PNAS, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA, 2012), and the article “Stimulating uncertainty: Amplifying the quantum vacuum with superconducting circuits” by P. Nation and F.Nori (American Physical Society, Reviews of Modern Physics, 2012) recalled above, it is clear that implicitly, the energy of the flux of photons produced by the dynamic Casimir effect DCE is counted by an addition, and is not included in the contribution where the test circuits are supplied with thermal and electrical energy.

Claims

Claims

1. Electrical circuit generating electrical energy (1), in particular arranged to be mounted on a vehicle, in particular a land, air, sea or space vehicle, comprising: - a voltage source (100), - output terminals (201, 202), in particular two output terminals (201, 202), between which a load (207) is capable of being connected, - an electrical energy generation stage (102), comprising at least one component (105) defining an inductance, in particular at least one component (106) defining a capacitor, and a unit (200) capable of supplying electrical energy to the voltage source (100) and / or between the output terminals (201, 202), and - a switching system (101), comprising at least one static power switch, the switching system being configured to electrically power the electrical energy generation stage (102) so that the unit (200) is powered by current pulses, characterized in that the unit (200) capable of supplying electrical energy comprises: - a cell (2) comprising a first material (3) rendered with granular superconducting behavior at its interfaces, with the presence of Josephson junction couplings at these interfaces between superconducting regions, this superconducting behavior and Josephson junction coupling between superconducting regions manifesting itself for at least one predetermined temperature range, in particular this temperature range including a temperature of 20° Celsius, this cell further containing a second semiconductor material (4) mixed with the first material, in particular this second semiconductor material being grains of silicon or silicon carbide, - two electrodes (5), for example made of copper, placed in electrical contact with the cell, so as to ensure a passage of electric current through the entire cell when the unit (200) is put into operation, unit in which: - the Josephson junctions (8) of the first material form chains of Josephson junctions connected in series so that the current electrical current is subject to parametric amplification when it passes through these chains of Josephson junctions connected in series, this current being delivered in pulse form having, at the start of each pulse, a rising slope chosen sufficiently large to reach for example at least 100 amperes per microsecond at the start of the pulse supplied to the cell, - pairs (9) of Josephson junctions, each pair being formed of two Josephson junctions connected in parallel forming a loop called a JJP loop, of which at least one of the Josephson junctions, or both junctions, belongs to an end of a chain of Josephson junctions connected in series, these loops being capable of producing a parametric excitation of the fundamental energy level of the field corresponding to the vacuum in the sense of quantum electrodynamics, so as to generate photons from these excitations, - the second semiconductor material (4) is capable of converting,by internal photoelectric effect, the energy of the photons generated by the terminal JJP loops, into an additional source of electric current by extraction of electrons in the conduction band of the semiconductor, which provides an excess of free electric charges adding to the electric current which passes through the cell (2), this additional current being in turn subject to parametric amplification when it passes through the chains of Josephson junctions connected in series, the circuit also being characterized by the fact that it comprises a voltage converter (110), in particular distinct from the switching system (101), through which electrical energy is supplied by the unit (200) to the voltage source (100) and / or between the output terminals (201, 202) of the circuit.,

2. A circuit according to claim 1, the electrical energy generation stage (102) comprising at least one component (106) defining a capacitor, and the voltage converter (110) being distinct from the switching system (101).

3. An electrical circuit according to claim 1 or 2, comprising a system of switches (210) selectively allowing: the supply of electrical energy by the unit (200) to the voltage source (100) exclusively, the supply of electrical energy by the unit (200) to the voltage source (100) and between the output terminals (201, 202) of the circuit, and the supply of electrical energy by the unit (200) between the output terminals (201, 202) of the circuit exclusively.

4. An electrical circuit according to any one of the dependent claims, the voltage source (100) being a direct voltage source and the electrical energy converter (110) being an inverter / rectifier.

5. A circuit according to any preceding claim, the switching system (110) being controlled so that the unit (200) is traversed by pulses of 10 to 200 microseconds each.

6. A circuit according to any preceding claim, the switching system (101) being controlled so that the voltage across the unit (200) has a damped sinusoidal shape and so that each current pulse supplying the unit (200) is generated in phase with the amplitude of the voltage across this unit during a voltage oscillation.

7. An electrical circuit according to claim 2 and any preceding claim, wherein the inductor-defining component (105), the capacitor-defining component (106) and the unit (200) capable of supplying electrical energy are connected in parallel with each other.

8. An electrical circuit according to claim 2 and any one of claims 1 to 6, the component defining the inductance (105) and the component defining the capacitor (106) being connected in parallel, and the unit (200) capable of supplying electrical energy being connected in parallel with a fraction of the inductance (105), so as to achieve impedance matching.

9. An electrical circuit according to any preceding claim, the switching system (101) electrically supplying the electrical energy generation stage (102) through galvanic isolation.

10. An electrical circuit according to claim 2 and any preceding claim, wherein the electrical energy generation stage (102) comprises a transformer, the inductor-defining component (105) and the capacitor-defining component (106) being coupled to the unit (200) capable of supplying electrical energy through this transformer.

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