Method and device for generating a digital passport of a lithium-ion battery cell

Abstract

The invention relates to a method (100) for generating a "digital passport" of a cell of a Lithium-Ion battery. The digital passport takes the form of a computer file comprising a set of incidence values ​​representative of a history of health states of the cell during its life. The method comprises, for each CV phase of a set of CC-CV charge cycles of the cell: a collection (110) of several measurements forming a floating current signal, a derivation (120) of the floating current signal, a decomposition into empirical modes (130) of the derivative of the floating current, a determination (150) of an incidence value representative of a health state of the cell, for the CV phase considered, from the intrinsic components obtained by the decomposition, a storage (160) in the computer file of the incidence value thus determined with a date of occurrence. Figure for the abstract: Fig. 1

Description

Title of the invention: Method and device for generating a digital passport of a Lithium-Ion battery cell Field of the invention

[0001] The present invention belongs to the field of management of “Lithium-Ion” type batteries. More particularly, a method and a device are proposed for generating a digital passport of a Lithium-Ion battery cell, with the aim of providing a synthetic and easily exploitable representation of the state of health of the cell. This digital passport can in particular be used to evaluate the possibility of reusing the cell in a second life. State of the art

[0002] The proposal for a Battery Regulation 2020 / 353 (COD), repealing European Directive 2006 / 66 / EC and amending European Union Regulation (EU) No 2019 / 1020, aims to improve the management of lithium batteries and waste from such batteries in the European Union. The proposal includes a series of measures aimed, among other things, at increasing the collection rate of batteries, reducing the amount of hazardous substances contained in batteries and improving battery recycling. This will protect the environment and conserve natural resources. This proposal for a Battery Regulation is currently under examination by the European Parliament and the Council of the European Union.

[0003] This proposed regulation also introduces the concept of a “digital battery passport” making it possible to provide synthetic and easily exploitable data regarding the safety of the battery, its dismantling and / or its reuse in a second life.

[0004] However, there is no specific recommendation on the exact nature of the data that the digital passport must contain to provide an overview of the health of the battery and whether or not it can be reused for a second life.

[0005] Many diagnostic methods are already known for estimating the state of health of a lithium battery. These diagnostic methods are generally based on voltage signals measured at the battery, as for example in patent applications US 2017 / 146608 A1 and US 2022 / 0381849 A1. Patent application EP 3324197 A1 describes a method for determining the state of health of a battery cell as a function of a ratio between a charge variation and a current difference measured between two instants of a CV phase (constant voltage charging phase) of a CC-CV cycle (charging cycle comprising a constant current charging phase followed by a constant voltage charging phase). The reliability of these methods is however not always fully satisfactory. Statement of the invention

[0006] The present invention aims to remedy all or part of the drawbacks of the prior art, in particular those set out above.

[0007] For this purpose, and according to a first aspect, the present invention proposes a method for generating a digital passport of a cell of a Lithium-Ion battery. The digital passport takes the form of a computer file comprising a set of incidence values ​​representative of a history of health states of the cell during a first life of the cell. The method comprises, for each “constant voltage” phase (CV phase) of a set of “constant current - constant voltage” charging cycles (CC-CV charging cycles) of the cell during its first life: - a collection of a plurality of current measurements carried out at the cell level during the CV phase considered, said plurality of measurements forming a “floating current” signal, - a derivation of the floating current signal to obtain a floating current derivative signal, - a decomposition into empirical modes of the floating current derivative signal in order to obtain a representation in the form of a sum of a residual signal and one or more intrinsic components, - a determination of an incidence value representative of a state of health of the cell, for the CV phase considered, from the intrinsic components thus obtained, - storage in the computer file of the determined incidence value associated with information on the time of occurrence of the CV phase considered.

[0008]

[0009]

[0010] In particular embodiments, the invention may further comprise one or more of the following characteristics, taken individually or in any technically possible combination. In particular modes of implementation, the determination of the incidence value, for the CV phase considered, includes: - a calculation of energy for each intrinsic component, - a calculation of a total intrinsic energy equal to a sum of the energies of the intrinsic components, - a determination of the incidence value, for the CV phase considered, as a function of the total intrinsic energy thus calculated. In particular modes of implementation, the determination of the value incidence, for the CV phase considered, includes: - a calculation of a spectral density for each intrinsic component, - a calculation of a total intrinsic spectral density equal to a sum of the spectral densities of the different intrinsic components, - a determination of the incidence value, for the CV phase considered, as a function of the total intrinsic spectral density thus calculated.

[0011] In particular embodiments, the total intrinsic spectral density is normalized with respect to a maximum value of the total intrinsic spectral density.

[0012] In particular embodiments, for each intrinsic component, the spectral density of the intrinsic component is calculated from a Hilbert transform of the intrinsic component.

[0013] The proposed method is clearly distinguished from conventional methods in that it is based on the analysis of the derivative of the floating current during a CV phase of a CC-CV charging cycle. Nothing suggests at first glance that this signal contains relevant information for monitoring the health status of the cell.

[0014] The decomposition into empirical modes is particularly well suited to the analysis of this signal. This decomposition also has the advantage of being relatively fast and not very demanding in terms of computing capacity.

[0015] The evolution of the total intrinsic energies or the total intrinsic spectral densities during the different CV phases of the first life of the cell provides a valuable database for exploring the history of the cell and estimating its state of health. Although particularly synthetic (the volume of data to be stored remains relatively low), this database gives very relevant indications on the state of health of the cell and on the possibility of reusing it in a second life.

[0016] In particular embodiments, the method further comprises, for each CV phase, an estimation of a statistical reliability of the CV phase as a function of the intrinsic components of the floating current derivative signal. The CV phase is filtered if it is deemed unreliable.

[0017] In particular embodiments, the statistical reliability of the CV phase is estimated as a function of an entropy calculated for a sum of the intrinsic components of the floating current derivative signal.

[0018] In particular embodiments, the statistical reliability of the CV phase is estimated by comparing the total intrinsic energy with a predetermined energy threshold, or with the total intrinsic energies calculated for all or part of previous CV phases.

[0019] Filtering CV phases deemed statistically unreliable makes it possible to limit the number of incidence values ​​to be stored and therefore to limit the size of the cell's digital passport. This also makes it possible to avoid introducing outliers into the cell's digital passport.

[0020] In particular modes of implementation, the method comprises a step of detecting at least one failure of the cell during its first life from the incidence values ​​stored in the computer file forming the digital passport of the cell.

[0021] In particular embodiments, the detection of said at least one failure comprises a comparison of the incidence value with a predetermined incidence threshold, for one or more consecutive CV phases.

[0022] In particular embodiments, the detection of said at least one failure comprises a comparison of a distance between the incidence value and an average incidence value with a predetermined distance threshold, for one or more consecutive CV phases.

[0023] The detection of one or more failures of the cell during its first life, from the digital passport of the cell, can in particular make it possible to estimate the possibility or not of reusing the cell in its second life (for example depending on the number and / or the importance of the failures observed).

[0024] In particular modes of implementation, when at least one failure is detected, the method further comprises a verification whether said at least one detected failure is linked to the environment in which the cell has evolved.

[0025] In particular embodiments, the verification whether said at least one detected failure is linked to the environment comprises a comparison, for a given period, of incidence values ​​stored for said cell during said period with incidence values ​​determined for at least one other cell subjected to the same environment during said period.

[0026] In particular embodiments, the verification whether said at least one detected failure is linked to the environment comprises a comparison, for a given period, of environmental measurements carried out and stored during said period with a predetermined threshold.

[0027] It may indeed be advantageous to know whether certain failures observed by the cell during its first life are linked to the environment in which the cell evolved. Failures linked to the environment are in fact generally less detrimental to the possibility of reusing the battery in a second life than failures intrinsic to the cell (for example failures linked to a manufacturing defect or to early degradation of the cell).

[0028] In particular embodiments, the method comprises a step of determining, from the digital passport of the cell, whether or not the cell can be reused for a second life.

[0029] According to a second aspect, the present invention provides a device for generating a “digital passport” of a cell of a Lithium-Ion battery. The digital passport takes the form of a computer file comprising a set of incidence values ​​representative of a history of health states of the cell during a first life of the cell. The device comprises: - a memory adapted to store the computer file, - a battery management system configured to provide measurements of currents carried out at the cell level during a CV phase of a CC-CV charge cycle of the cell, - a computing unit connected to the memory and to the battery management system, said computing unit being configured to implement the method according to any of the implementation modes previously described. Presentation of figures

[0030] The invention will be better understood on reading the following description, given by way of non-limiting example, and made with reference to Figures 1 to 14 which represent:

[0031] [Fig-1] a schematic representation of the main stages of an example of implementation implementing the method according to the invention for generating a digital passport of a Lithium-Ion battery cell,

[0032] [Fig.2] a schematic representation of a particular mode of implementation of the step of determining an incidence value,

[0033] [Fig.3] a schematic representation of another particular mode of implementing the step of determining an incidence value,

[0034] [Fig.4] a graph representing the current flowing in a Lithium-Ion battery cell during four successive CC-CV charge cycles,

[0035] [Fig.5] a graph representing the floating current flowing in a Lithium-Ion battery cell during a CV phase of a CC-CV charge cycle of the cell,

[0036] [Fig.6] a graph representing the derivative of the floating current shown in [Fig.5],

[0037] [Fig.7] a graph representing a decomposition into empirical modes of the floating current derivative represented in [Fig.6],

[0038] [Fig.8] a first example of representation of incidence values ​​determined for a Lithium-Ion battery cell during a given period,

[0039] [Fig.9] a second example of representation of determined incidence values for a Lithium-Ion battery cell over a given period,

[0040] [Fig. 10] a third example of representation of incidence values ​​determined for a Lithium-Ion battery cell over a given period,

[0041] [Fig. 11] a fourth example of representation of incidence values ​​determined for a Lithium-Ion battery cell during a given period,

[0042] [Fig. 12] a graph representing the evolution over time of the incidence value of a battery cell, as well as the evolution over time, during the same period, of the temperature experienced by the cell,

[0043] [Fig. 13] a graph representing another example of the evolution over time of the incidence value of a battery cell, as well as the evolution over time, during the same period, of the temperature experienced by the cell,

[0044] [Fig. 14] a schematic representation of a device according to the invention for generating a digital passport for a cell of a Lithium-Ion battery.

[0045] In these figures, identical references from one figure to another designate identical or similar elements. For reasons of clarity, the elements represented are not necessarily on the same scale, unless otherwise stated. Detailed description of the invention

[0046] As previously indicated, the present application proposes a method and a device for generating a “digital passport” of a cell of a Lithium-Ion battery.

[0047] A charging cycle of a Lithium-Ion battery cell typically comprises two phases: a first constant current charging phase, or CC phase (for "Constant Current" in English) and a second constant voltage charging phase, or CV phase (for "Constant Voltage" in English). This is then referred to as a CC-CV charging cycle. In the present invention, the current flowing in the cell during the CV phase is of interest. This current is generally referred to as "floating current".

[0048] Although conventionally the first charging phase (CC phase) is carried out at constant current, more elaborate charging schemes may exist during this first phase, with a change in the current for example to maximize the charging speed while remaining within the charging range compatible with the accumulator. The end of the first charging phase is then marked by the reaching of a voltage threshold which triggers the switch to the second charging phase at constant voltage (CV phase). For simplicity, these particular cases of the first charging phase will be considered as also covered by the term CC-CV charging “constant current - constant voltage” used in this application.

[0049] [Fig.4] is a graph representing four successive CC-CV charge cycles of a Lithium-Ion battery cell. The current flowing through the cell is represented on the ordinate (in amperes) and the time is represented on the abscissa (in seconds). Each cycle has a CC 31 phase and a CV 32 phase. As illustrated in the graph in [Fig.4], the current flowing through the cell during the CC 31 phase is approximately constant, and it exhibits an exponential decay during the CV 32 phase. [Fig.5] is a graph showing in more detail the CV 32 phase of a CC-CV charge cycle of the cell.

[0050] [Fig.l] schematically represents the main steps of an example of implementation of a method 100 according to the invention for generating a digital passport of a cell of a Lithium-Ion battery.

[0051] As illustrated in [Fig.l], the method 100 comprises the following steps, for each CV phase of a set of CC-CV charge cycles during a first life of the cell: - a collection 110 of several floating current measurements during the CV phase considered, - a 120 derivation of the floating current thus obtained, - a decomposition into empirical modes 130 (EMD for “Empirical Mode Decomposition » in English) of the derivative of the floating current, - a determination 150 of an incidence value from the intrinsic components obtained by the EMD decomposition, - a storage 160 of the incidence value in a computer file.

[0052] The computer file thus obtained forms a digital passport for the cell. The incidence values ​​stored in this passport are representative of a history of health states of the cell during its first life.

[0053] These steps can be implemented for the CV phase of all the CC-CV charging cycles undergone by the cell during its first life. However, nothing would prevent, in a variant, implementing these steps only for a subset of all the charging cycles, for example only for one charging cycle out of two.

[0054] The floating current measurements during the CV phase are for example carried out by a battery management system (BMS) connected to the cell. The measurements are for example carried out with an acquisition frequency of between one and sixty seconds, for an acquisition duration of ten to sixty minutes. However, nothing would prevent the measurements from being carried out with a different acquisition frequency, and / or for a different acquisition duration. It is advantageous to use a number of measurements of between thirty and fifty per CV phase (using a larger number of measurements does not necessarily imply a significant improvement in the method, using a A lower number of measurements can, however, limit the performance of the method). All the measurements collected during the collection step 110 form a “floating current” signal. The graph in [Fig.5] represents an example of a floating current signal obtained in the collection step 110.

[0055] In the derivation step 120, the floating current signal obtained in the step 110 is derived to obtain a floating current derivative signal. The graph of [Fig. 6] represents an example of a floating current derivative signal obtained in the derivation step 120 (this is the derivative of the floating current signal shown in the graph of [Fig. 5]).

[0056] In step 130, the floating current derivative signal is decomposed according to a decomposition into empirical modes. It should be noted that the floating current signal is generally too “smooth” and that it is difficult to decompose into empirical modes, which is why we are interested in its derivative, even if nothing could suggest at first glance that this floating current derivative signal could contain relevant information on the state of health of the cell.

[0057] Empirical mode decomposition consists of decomposing a signal in the form of a sum of functions, in a similar way to what Fourier series decomposition or wavelet decomposition does.

[0058] One of the particularities of the decomposition into empirical modes is that the basis of functions into which the signal is decomposed is not known a priori, but it is constructed adaptively according to the properties of the signal.

[0059] The empirical mode decomposition corresponds to the first part of the Hilbert-Huang transform (HHT). The empirical mode decomposition consists of decomposing a signal in the form of a sum of a residual signal and intrinsic mode functions (IMF for Intrinsic Mode Function). In the present application, these intrinsic mode functions are also called “intrinsic components”.

[0060] As previously indicated, the intrinsic components are not defined analytically. Rather, they are determined adaptively based on the properties of the signal.

[0061] An intrinsic component (IMF) resulting from an empirical mode decomposition (EMD) must satisfy the following requirements: - the number of extrema (i.e. the sum of the number of local maxima and the number of local minima) and the number of zero crossings of the intrinsic component must be equal or differ by a maximum of one; - at any point of the intrinsic component, the average value of the envelope defined by the local maxima and of the envelope defined by the local minima is zero.

[0062] A signal s(t) decomposed by EMD can then be written in the form: [0°63] s(t)

[0064] In this expression, r(t) corresponds to the residual signal, N is the number of intrinsic components of the EMD decomposition, and ci is the intrinsic component of index t. Each successive intrinsic component c / t) contains oscillations of lower frequency than the previous one. The residual signal corresponds to a general trend of the signal 5(0-

[0065] The decomposition into empirical modes involves a succession of sifting processes. The first sifting process takes the signal s(f) directly as input. The sifting process corresponds to identifying all the local extrema of the input signal, and to connecting the local maxima, respectively the local minima, by an interpolation by cubic splines, in order to obtain an upper envelope, respectively a lower envelope. An average between the upper envelope and the lower envelope can then be calculated and subtracted from the input signal. If the intermediate signal obtained (subtraction of the input signal with the average of the upper and lower envelopes) is not an intrinsic component, the sifting process is repeated on the intermediate signal (which therefore becomes the input signal of a new sifting process) until an intrinsic component is obtained.The sieving processes are repeated until the last intrinsic component is obtained, i.e., for example, until the intermediate signal becomes monotonic or has only one local extremum. The remaining signal then corresponds to the residual signal r(z).

[0066] A stopping criterion may be defined for the sieving process. For example, the stopping criterion is satisfied if the standard deviation between the results of two successive sieving processes is less than or equal to a predetermined stopping threshold. The stopping threshold may typically be between 0.2 and 0.3.

[0067] The paper "The empirical mode decomposition and the Hilbert spectrum for non-linear and non-stationary time series analysis", Norden E. Huang et al., Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A (1998) 454, pp. 903-995, describes empirical mode decomposition in detail, particularly in sections 4 and 5.

[0068] Empirical mode decomposition algorithms are available in programming libraries, for example in MATLAB or Python language.

[0069] The graph in Figure 7 represents an example of decomposition into empirical modes of the floating current derivative signal represented in Figure 6. In the example considered and illustrated in Figure 7, the decomposition into empirical modes gave a single intrinsic component 34 (U) and a residual signal 33. It is appropriate to Note that in other examples, a larger number of intrinsic components can be obtained. However, the number of intrinsic components generally remains less than five. It is advantageous to set the stop threshold to a relatively low level, of the order of 0.2, to extract a maximum of information from the floating current derivative signal. Using a lower stop threshold imposes particularly long calculation times.

[0070] The intrinsic components obtained in step 130 are then used in step 150 to determine an incidence value representative of the state of health of the cell for the CV phase considered.

[0071] Different methods can be considered to determine the incidence value associated with the CV phase considered.

[0072] According to a first example, and as illustrated in [Fig.2], the determination 150 of the incidence value may comprise: - a calculation 151 of an energy for each intrinsic component, - a calculation 152 of a total intrinsic energy equal to the sum of the energies intrinsic components, and - a determination 153 of the incidence value as a function of the total intrinsic energy thus calculated.

[0073] The energy £) of an intrinsic component ci corresponds for example to the integral of the square of the amplitude of the intrinsic component ci over the acquisition duration of the CV phase considered:

[0074]

[0075] The total intrinsic energy E of the CV phase considered can then be written in the form: [°076]

[0077] It should be noted that nothing would prevent, in a variant, the calculation of the total intrinsic energy E by summing the energies of only a subset of the intrinsic components obtained by the EMD decomposition (for example by considering only a predefined maximum number of the first intrinsic components obtained by the EMD decomposition).

[0078] The incidence value of the CV phase considered can then correspond to the total intrinsic energy of the CV phase, or to an average value of the total intrinsic energy for all or part of the total intrinsic energies calculated for previous CV phases.

[0079] According to a second example, and as illustrated in [Fig.3], the determination 150 of the incidence value may comprise: - a calculation 156 of a spectral density for each intrinsic component, - a calculation 157 of a total intrinsic spectral density equal to the sum of the spectral densities of the intrinsic components (or possibly equal to the sum of the spectral densities of the intrinsic components of only a subset of the intrinsic components), and - a determination 159 of the incidence value as a function of the total intrinsic spectral density thus calculated.

[0080] For example, the incidence value of the CV phase under consideration may correspond to the area of ​​the total intrinsic spectral density of the CV phase, or to an average value of the area of ​​the total intrinsic spectral density for all or part of the total intrinsic energies calculated for previous CV phases. The incidence value could also correspond to a set of samples of the total intrinsic spectral density.

[0081] However, nothing would prevent the incidence value of a CV phase from being determined by combining the total intrinsic energy and the total intrinsic spectral density. For example, the incidence value may correspond to a pair of values ​​comprising the total intrinsic energy and the area (or a set of samples) of the total intrinsic spectral density of the CV phase considered.

[0082] The spectral densities of the different intrinsic components can in particular be calculated by the Welch method. However, nothing would prevent the use of other methods of spectral density estimation, such as for example the Bartlett or Blackman-Tukey methods.

[0083] The spectral density of each intrinsic component can optionally be calculated from a Hilbert transform of the intrinsic component. For this purpose, and as illustrated in [Fig. 3], the step 150 of determining the incidence value comprises an additional step 155 of calculating a Hilbert transform of each intrinsic component of the floating current derivative signal, prior to the step 156 of calculating the spectral densities of the intrinsic components.

[0084] The Hilbert transform allows a real signal to be extended into the complex domain. The transformed signal then exhibits zero amplitude responses at zero frequencies. This avoids artifacts when exploiting the information contained in the processed signal. The Hilbert transform thus optimizes the spectral density calculation.

[0085] Algorithms allowing these Hilbert transform calculations and spectral density estimation are available in programming libraries, for example in MATLAB or in Python.

[0086] Further, and as illustrated in [Fig.3] by optional step 158, the total intrinsic spectral density may be normalized, for example relative to a value maximum of the total intrinsic spectral density. It is particularly advantageous to do this normalization when one wishes to "map" the total intrinsic spectral density and compare the different maps obtained for different CV phases. A map of the total intrinsic spectral density corresponds to a representation of the amplitude, spectral position and spectral width of the different peaks of the total intrinsic spectral density. This map can be made from a set of samples of the total intrinsic spectral density. [Fig. 11] is an example of a map of the total intrinsic spectral densities calculated for different dates (this graph will be described in detail later).

[0087] As illustrated in [Fig.l], the incidence value determined for each CV phase in step 150 is stored, in step 160, in the computer file forming the digital passport of the cell. In this computer file, each incidence value is associated with information on the instant of occurrence of the CV phase to which it corresponds. This information may, for example, correspond to a date of occurrence, with the day and possibly the time at which the CV phase took place. This information could also simply correspond to a CV phase number (this number being incremented at each new CV phase observed by the cell during its first life).

[0088] Figures 8 and 9 represent examples of incidence values, associated with the dates of the CV phases for which they were determined, for a Lithium-Ion battery cell during a given period (between July 2021 and April 2023).

[0089] In the graph of [Fig.8], each incidence value corresponds to an average of the total intrinsic energies calculated for twenty consecutive CV phases.

[0090] On the graph of [Fig.9], each incidence value corresponds to the total intrinsic spectral density calculated for each of the CV phases successively undergone by the cell during the period considered.

[0091] The number of incidence values ​​represented in [Fig.8] is therefore less than the number of incidence values ​​represented in [Fig.9] (in [Fig.8], one incidence value corresponds to twenty consecutive CV phases while in [Fig.9], one incidence value corresponds to a single CV phase).

[0092] The set of incidence values ​​shown in Figures 8 and 9 may correspond to a digital passport of the cell. The volume of data required to form this passport is relatively small, for example of the order of a few kilobytes to a few tens of kilobytes.

[0093] Figures 10 and 11 illustrate other examples of representation of the incidence values. As illustrated in [Fig. 10], it is possible to represent the incidence values ​​in the form of a graphical strip. The longitudinal axis of the strip represents the evolution of time. A color code represents the incidence value at a given date (e.g. the value of the total intrinsic energy, or the value of the total intrinsic spectral density).

[0094] As illustrated in [Fig.l 1], it is also possible to represent a map of the normalized total intrinsic spectral densities. Time is represented on the ordinate. The abscissa axis represents the ratio between the frequency and the acquisition frequency. A color code can be used to represent the amplitude of a peak in the spectral density at a given frequency. This thus makes it possible to map the amplitude, the spectral position and the spectral width of the different peaks of the normalized total intrinsic spectral density. This map can be carried out from a set of samples of the normalized total intrinsic spectral density. When the digital passport of a cell stores, for each CV phase considered, samples of the normalized total intrinsic spectral density, the volume of data required becomes larger, for example a few hundred kilobytes to a few megabytes.

[0095] As illustrated in [Fig.l], the method 100 according to the invention may also include an optional step 140 of estimating the statistical reliability of a CV phase, and filtering the CV phase if it is deemed unreliable (it can also be seen in Figures 8 and 9 that for certain dates incidence values ​​have not been determined or stored).

[0096] This filtering of CV phases deemed unreliable makes it possible to limit the number of incidence values ​​to be stored, and consequently to limit the size of the cell's digital passport. This also makes it possible to avoid introducing aberrant values ​​into the cell's digital passport.

[0097] The statistical reliability of a CV phase is estimated based on the intrinsic components of the floating current derivative signal obtained for the CV phase.

[0098] According to a first example, the statistical reliability of the CV phase is estimated as a function of an entropy calculated for a sum of the intrinsic components of the floating current derivative signal (for example for the sum of all the intrinsic components obtained by the EMD decomposition, or for the sum of a predefined maximum number of the first intrinsic components obtained by the EMD decomposition). Different methods of calculating entropy can be envisaged, such as for example a Shannon entropy calculation, or a Kolmogorov entropy calculation. For example, the CV phases for which the calculated entropy is too low (less than a predetermined threshold) are filtered. A Shannon entropy threshold of between 0.25 and 0.5 can in particular be envisaged.

[0099] According to a second example, the statistical reliability of the CV phase is estimated by comparing the total intrinsic energy calculated for the CV phase with a predetermined energy threshold. For example, CV phases that have a value of aberrant total intrinsic energy (greater than the energy threshold) are filtered.

[0100] According to yet another example, the statistical reliability of the CV phase is estimated by comparing the total intrinsic energy calculated for the CV phase with the total intrinsic energies calculated for all or part of previous CV phases (for example the total intrinsic energies can be compared with each other, or the total intrinsic energy of the current CV phase can be compared with an average value of total intrinsic energies of previous CV phases). Different statistical tests can be envisaged for this purpose (Pierce test, Pierson test, etc.).

[0101] The digital passport obtained by the method 100 described above can in particular be used to determine whether or not the cell can be recycled for a second life.

[0102] For example, it is possible to detect, from the digital passport, whether the cell has suffered one or more failures during its first life. The possibility or not of reusing the cell in a second life can then be estimated based on the number and / or the importance of the failures observed by the cell during its first life.

[0103] For this purpose, and as illustrated in [Fig. 1], the method 100 may comprise an optional step 170 of detecting one or more failures of the cell during its first life, from the incidence values ​​stored in the computer file forming the digital passport of the cell.

[0104] According to a first example, the detection of a failure can be implemented by comparing the incidence value with a predetermined incidence threshold, for one or more consecutive CV phases.

[0105] Other criteria for detecting a failure could, however, be envisaged. For example, the detection of a failure could be implemented by comparing a distance between an incidence value and an average incidence value with a predetermined distance threshold, for one or more consecutive CV phases.

[0106] As an example, Figures 8 and 9 highlight abnormal behavior of the cell in November 2022. Indeed, the values ​​of total intrinsic energy ([Fig.8]) and total intrinsic spectral density area ([Fig.9]) are particularly high during the month of November 2022. This highlights a possible failure of the cell during this period. In addition, it can be observed that the incidence values ​​then take lower values ​​compared to the values ​​observed before November 2022. This highlights premature (or early) aging of the cell following the failure in November 2022.

[0107] The abnormal behavior of the cell in November 2022 can also be observed in the graphical representations of Figures 10 and 11. In [Fig. 10], we can indeed observe a particularly dark color code on the graphical band from November 2022. In [Fig.l 1], we can observe a change in the position and width of the main peak of the spectral density from the month of November 2022.

[0108] It may be advantageous to know whether certain failures observed by the cell during its first life are linked to the environment in which the cell evolved. Failures linked to the environment are in fact generally less detrimental to the possibility of reusing the battery in a second life than failures intrinsic to the cell (for example failures linked to a manufacturing defect or to early degradation of the cell).

[0109] For this purpose, and as illustrated in [Fig. 1], the method 100 may include an optional verification step 180 if a detected failure is linked to the environment in which the cell has evolved.

[0110] This verification 180 may in particular comprise a comparison, for a given period, of incidence values ​​stored for the cell during said period with incidence values ​​determined and stored for at least one other cell subjected to the same environment during said period. If the incidence values ​​observed for one or more other cells subjected to the same environment highlight a similar abnormal evolution during a given period, then it is highly probable that this abnormal behavior is linked to the environment (for example because of an exceptional increase in the temperature experienced by the different cells during this period).

[0111] In a variant, the verification 180 may comprise a comparison, for a given period, of environmental measurements taken and stored during said period with a predetermined threshold. This may involve, for example, recording measurements of the temperature to which the cell was exposed.

[0112] By way of example, figures 12 and 13 illustrate the evolution over time of the incidence value of a battery cell (curve 35) as well as the evolution over time, during the same period, of the temperature experienced by the cell (curve 36).

[0113] In the example illustrated in [Fig. 12], the failure highlighted by the peak in incidence value is most likely related to the environment because a similar peak is observed at the same time for the temperature experienced by the cell.

[0114] On the other hand, in the example illustrated in [Fig.13], there is no particular correlation between the change in the incidence value and the change in temperature. The failure highlighted by the sudden increase in the incidence values ​​therefore does not appear to be linked to the environment.

[0115] [Fig. 14] schematically represents a device 10 for generating a digital passport of a cell 21 of a Lithium-Ion battery 22. The device 10 comprises in particular a memory 11, a battery management system 13 and a calculation unit 12 connected to the memory 11 and to the battery management system 13.

[0116] The digital passport corresponds to a computer file 14 saved in the memory 11. This computer file 14 includes a set of incidence values ​​representative of a history of health states of the cell 21 during a first life of the cell 21.

[0117] The battery management system is configured to provide current measurements made at the cell 21 during a CV phase of a CC-CV charge cycle.

[0118] The calculation unit 12 is configured to implement the method 100 according to any one of the implementation modes described above.

[0119] The device 10 may further comprise a sensor configured to measure the environment (for example a temperature sensor).

[0120] The battery management system 13 may also be configured to provide floating current measurements of one or more other cells 22 subjected to the same environment as the cell 21.

[0121] The above description clearly illustrates that, through its various characteristics and their advantages, the present invention achieves the set objectives. In particular, the evolution of the incidence values ​​observed for the different CV phases of the cell provides a particularly relevant database for estimating its state of health and the possibility of reusing it in a second life.

[0122] It should be noted that, for the reuse or reconditioning of different battery cells in a second life, it is possible to match cells with each other whose digital passport has similarities. For example, when the incidence value is determined in the form of a spectral density, it is possible to match cells with spectral similarities. By matching cells with the same spectral profile, greater homogeneity of the battery can be expected in a second life.

[0123] Advantageously, the volume of data to be stored to form the cell's digital passport remains particularly low. This digital passport can therefore easily be exchanged between different entities interested in the cell's state of health.

Claims

Claims

1. Method (100) for generating a “digital passport” of a cell (21) of a Lithium-Ion battery (20), said digital passport taking the form of a computer file (14) comprising a set of incidence values ​​representative of a history of health states of the cell (21) during a first life of the cell (21), the method comprising, for each “constant voltage” phase, or CV phase (32), a set of “constant current - constant voltage” charging cycles, or CC-CV charging cycles, of the cell (21) during its first life: - a collection (110) of a plurality of current measurements carried out at the cell (21) during the CV phase considered, said plurality of measurements forming a “floating current” signal, - a derivation (120) of the floating current signal to obtain a floating current derivative signal,- a decomposition into empirical modes (130) of the floating current derivative signal in order to obtain a representation thereof in the form of a sum of a residual signal and one or more intrinsic components, - a determination (150) of an incidence value representative of a state of health of the cell (21), for the CV phase considered, from the intrinsic components thus obtained, - a storage (160) in the computer file (14) of the determined incidence value associated with information on the instant of occurrence of the CV phase considered.,

2. Method (100) according to claim 1, in which the determination (150) of the incidence value, for the CV phase considered, comprises: - a calculation (151) of an energy for each intrinsic component, - a calculation (152) of a total intrinsic energy equal to a sum of the energies of the intrinsic components, - a determination (153) of the incidence value, for the CV phase considered, as a function of the intrinsic energy total thus calculated.

3. Method (100) according to any one of claims 1 to 2, in which the determination (150) of the incidence value, for the CV phase considered, comprises: - a calculation (156) of a spectral density for each intrinsic component, - a calculation (157) of a total intrinsic spectral density equal to a sum of the spectral densities of the different intrinsic components, - a determination (159) of the incidence value, for the CV phase considered, as a function of the total intrinsic spectral density thus calculated.

4. The method (100) of claim 3 wherein the total intrinsic spectral density is normalized relative to a maximum value of the total intrinsic spectral density.

5. A method (100) according to any one of claims 3 to 4, wherein, for each intrinsic component, the spectral density of the intrinsic component is calculated from a Hilbert transform of the intrinsic component.

6. Method (100) according to any one of claims 1 to 5, further comprising, for each CV phase, an estimation (140) of a statistical reliability of the CV phase, as a function of the intrinsic components of the floating current derivative signal, and a filtering of the CV phase if it is judged to be unreliable.

7. The method (100) of claim 6, wherein the statistical reliability of the CV phase is estimated based on an entropy calculated for a sum of the intrinsic components of the floating current derivative signal.

8. A method (100) according to claim 6, in combination with claim 2, wherein the statistical reliability of the CV phase is estimated by comparing the total intrinsic energy with a predetermined energy threshold, or with the total intrinsic energies calculated for all or part of previous CV phases.

9. Method (100) according to any one of claims 1 to 8, comprising a step of detecting (170) at least one failure of the cell (21) during its first life from the incidence values ​​stored in the computer file (14) forming the digital passport of the cell (21).

10. Method (100) according to claim 9, wherein the detection (170) of said at least one failure comprises a comparison of the incidence value with a predetermined incidence threshold, for one or more consecutive CV phases.

11. Method (100) according to any one of claims 9 to 10, wherein the detection (170) of said at least one failure comprises a comparison of a distance between the incidence value and an average incidence value with a predetermined distance threshold, for one or more consecutive CV phases.

12. Method (100) according to any one of claims 9 to 11 wherein, when at least one failure is detected, the method further comprises a verification (180) whether said at least one detected failure is linked to the environment in which the cell has evolved.

13. Method (100) according to claim 12, wherein the verification (180) whether said at least one detected failure is linked to the environment comprises a comparison, for a given period, of incidence values ​​stored for said cell (21) during said period with incidence values ​​determined for at least one other cell (22) subjected to the same environment during said period.

14. Method (100) according to any one of claims 12 to 13, wherein the verification (180) whether said at least one detected failure is linked to the environment comprises a comparison, for a given period, of environmental measurements carried out and stored during said period with a predetermined threshold.

15. Method (100) according to any one of claims 1 to 14, comprising a step of determining (190), from the digital passport of the cell (21), whether or not the cell (21) can be reused for a second life.

16. Device (10) for generating a “digital passport” of a cell (21) of a Lithium-Ion battery (22), said digital passport taking the form of a computer file (14) comprising a set of incidence values ​​representative of a history of health states of the cell (21) during a first life of the cell (21), said device (10) comprising: - a memory (11) adapted to store the computer file (14), - a battery management system (13) configured to provide current measurements made at the cell (21) during a CV phase of a CC-CV charging cycle of the cell (21), - a computing unit (12) connected to the memory (11) and to the battery management system (13), said computing unit (12) being configured to implement the method (100) according to any one of claims 1 to 15.

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