System and method for managing diagnostic testing and results

Abstract

The present invention relates to a health and disease management system whereby a user performs a medical test on a device, whereafter the resulting test data is transmitted to an electronic database for verifying the test data and comparing the test data to benchmark data stored to derive one or more health and disease management recommendations. The device may be a self-test kit for a range of applications such as testing for COVID-19. The test data may include location data. The verification may authenticate the test results by comparing image data to an authenticity threshold value. Location data may be used to notify the user about a nearby health facility where treatment is available. A machine learning model may be trained to provide the disease management recommendations.

Description

Diagnostic devices play a pivotal role in modern healthcare by enabling the rapid and accurate identification of medical conditions, diseases, and disorders. These devices encompass a wide range of technologies and applications, serving both clinical and home settings. Their evolution has been driven by advancements in medical science, technology, and the growing need for timely and precise diagnosis. In clinical settings, diagnostic devices are fundamental tools used by healthcare professionals to assess patients' health. These devices include blood pressure monitors, thermometers, electrocardiography (ECG) machines, X-ray machines, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanners. Each of these devices caters to specific diagnostic needs, from measuring vital signs to producing detailed images of internal structures, facilitating early disease detection and treatment. Laboratory-based diagnostic devices are crucial for in-depth analysis of patient samples, such as blood, urine, and tissue. Instruments like automated analyzers and mass spectrometers enable comprehensive testing for a wide array of biomarkers, identifying diseases ranging from diabetes to cancer. Molecular diagnostic techniques, like PCR (polymerase chain reaction), have revolutionized the detection of viruses, bacteria, and genetic disorders. Point of Care (POC) diagnostic devices have gained prominence for their ability to deliver rapid results at or near the patient's bedside. One such example is an In Vitro Diagnostic (IVD) device that is used to perform tests on biological samples such as blood, urine, tissue, and other bodily fluids or substances in a controlled environment outside of a living organism. Devices like glucose meters, rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs), and handheld ultrasound machines offer timely information for informed decision-making during emergencies and routine care. Advancements in technology have ushered in a new era of home testing and / or self-testing with diagnostic devices, empowering individuals to take charge of their health. These devices are designed to be user-friendly, requiring minimal technical expertise while providing reliable results. One of the earliest examples of home diagnostic devices, pregnancy tests, are simple and affordable kits that detect the presence of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) hormone in urine. They offer privacy and convenience for confirming pregnancy without the need for a medical appointment. For individuals with diabetes, home blood glucose monitors have become indispensable. These devices allow frequent monitoring of blood sugar levels, aiding in medication management and lifestyle adjustments. The rise of direct-to-consumer genetic testing companies has made it possible for individuals to explore their ancestry, identify potential genetic health risks, and discover personalized wellness recommendations from the comfort of their homes. During the COVID-19 pandemic, home test I self-test kits emerged as a crucial tool for monitoring and containing the virus's spread. These kits, often utilizing lateral flow technology, allow individuals to self-administer nasal or saliva swabs and obtain results within minutes. However, these diagnostic devices are sometimes confusing to operate, and their data is not accurately captured. The data includes some valuable information that can provide patients with medication and healthcare more swiftly. OBJECT OF THE INVENTION It is accordingly an object of the present invention to provide a system for capturing and analysing user health information. Moreover, it is an object of the invention to provide a user with user-specific health improvement suggestions. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION According to a first aspect thereof, there is provided a health and disease management system for providing one or more health and disease management recommendations to a user, the health and disease management system including: - a device for performing a medical test on the user to derive test data; - an electronic database for receiving the test data and a processor communicatively coupled to the electronic database for performing one or more calculations; - a verification module communicatively coupled to the electronic database for verifying the authenticity of the test data by comparing the test data with one or more verification parameters stored on the electronic database; - one or more algorithms stored on the electronic database, wherein the one or more algorithms are capable of being executed by the processor by comparing the test data to benchmark data stored on the electronic database to derive one or more health and disease management recommendations; and - transmission means communicatively coupled to the electronic database for transmitting the one or more health and disease management recommendations to a health facility. Any reference to a system shall in this document include reference to the health and disease management system. The term communicatively coupled shall refer to, but not be limited to, the exchange of information, commands, or data between devices or platforms. The use of Markush type claims for lists of components shall be understood to be Option 1 or Option 2 or Option 3 (etc.) or combinations of the listed components thereof. The device may be a home test kit for testing for an infection selected from the group consisting of Influenza, COVID-19, HIV, Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C, Herpes, Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Strep Throat, Norovirus, Urinary Tract Infection, Helicobacter pylori Infection, Group A Streptococcus, Chlamydia, Gonorrhea, Lyme Disease, and combinations thereof. The home test kit may test for one or more health conditions selected from the group consisting of infectious diseases, non-infectious diseases, general health, general wellness, and combinations thereof. The test data may include a user’s medical test results and location data. The electronic database may comprise one or more instances or units of cloud storage, remote server, a plurality of processors communicatively coupled to one another, a computer, and combinations thereof. The verification module may be capable of receiving a visual image of the medical test results to derive visual data, and wherein a authentication method is used to authenticate the visual data, the authentication method comprising the steps of: - Using the processor to compare the visual data to verification parameters stored on the electronic database to derive discrepancy data, wherein the verification parameters include benchmark parameters for verifying the authenticity of a visual image; and - Generating an authenticity certificate when the discrepancy data is below a predetermined threshold value. The system may include a user interface which allows for the user to interact or manipulate with the data selected from the group consisting of test data, verification parameters, benchmark data, algorithms, health and disease management recommendations, and combinations thereof. The user interface may include a question-and-answer module which allows for the user to provide one or more answers to one or more questions displayed on the user interface to derive the test data. The user interface may be accessible on a web-based platform including a cloudbased platform. The user interface may be accessible on a device selected from the group consisting of a computer, tablet, mobile device, and combinations thereof. The system may include a report module for generating reports. The report module may be a software application. The report may include information about one or more users, wherein the information may be selected from the details consisting of revenue, sales, user identity information, medical test results, medical test type, location, age, gender, medical test group, medical test validation, city, country, date, or combinations thereof. The system may include an analytics module communicatively coupled to the electronic database, the analytics module including one or more analytics tools which allows for data analysis of one or more data sets available on the electronic database. The analytics module may be selected from the group consisting of Tableau®, Oracle® Business Intelligence, IBM® Cognos Analytics, SAS®, Microsoft Power Bl®, Amazon Redshift®, Google BigQuery®, Snowflake®, Alteryx®, Cloudera®, Apache Hadoop®, Google Vertex Al®, Microsoft Azure Synapse®, Microsoft Data Explorer®, CosmosDB®, Redis®, Azure Cognitive Services®, Azure Machine Learning, Spark®, Databricks®, Sqream®, Confluent Kafka®, Presto®, Trino®, Flare®, HIDS®, and combinations thereof. The one or more algorithms may be selected from the group consisting of a machine learning algorithm, an artificial intelligence algorithm, a deep learning algorithm, a heuristic algorithm, and combinations thereof. The one or more algorithms may be trained by comparing the user’s test data to benchmark data obtained from a plurality of users stored on the electronic database to derive predictive information about one or more users. The predictive information may be used to derive a predictive health and disease management recommendation. The predictive health and disease management recommendation may provide a user with lifestyle change information to improve their health and avoid future adverse health conditions. The predictive information may be capable of being used for the purpose of data augmentation to improve the accuracy of one or more health and disease management recommendations presented to the user. The health and disease management recommendation may include a suggestion selected from the group consisting of therapeutic action, pharmaceutical dosage, lifestyle modification, preventive care, rehabilitation, physical therapy, dietary modification, sleep health modification, mental health, surgical care, and combinations thereof. The transmission means may transmit any data stored on the electronic database to a device. The transmission means may include, but is not limited to Bluetooth, radio waves, microwaves, fibre optical cables, local area network and / or wide area network. The health facility may be capable of providing the user with user-specific medication or user-specific medical treatment, or user-specific medication and user-specific medical treatment in combination. The user-specific medication may be automatically dispensed from the health facility to the user by using location data included in the health and disease management recommendation. The location data embedded in the one or more health and disease management recommendations may be used to communicate the one or more health and disease management recommendations to a health facility in close proximity to the user. The user-specific medication may be transported to the user’s location by a vehicle, robot, self-driving vehicle, unmanned aircraft, or an e-hailing service. The user-specific medication may be available for pickup at a location communicated to them, which may be in the form of a notification that is sent to them electronically. The system may be capable of accessing a remote electronic database to verify whether a health facility is authorised to dispense medication. The system may include a payment module for facilitating payment by a user for user-specific medication or user-specific medical treatment, or medication and treatment in combination. The system may include a certification module communicatively coupled to the electronic database which is capable of generating and transmitting a certificate to the user if the test data does not exceed one or more predetermined threshold values. The threshold value may be a medical test result. According to a second aspect thereof, there is provided a method of automatically providing a user with one or more health and disease management recommendations, the method including the steps of: - using a device to perform a medical test on the user to derive test data; - transmitting the test data to an electronic database by transmission means communicatively coupled to the electronic database, wherein a processor is communicatively coupled to the electronic database for performing one or more calculations; - verifying the test data with a verification module communicatively coupled to the electronic database by comparing the test data with one or more verification parameters stored on the electronic database; - executing one or more algorithms stored on the electronic database by the processor comparing the test data to benchmark data stored on the electronic database to derive one or more health and disease management recommendations; - using location data embedded in the one or more health and disease management recommendations to generate and transmit a notification from the electronic database to the user to alert the user of a health facility in close proximity to the user that one or more user-specific treatment suggestions are available at the health facility. The verification module may allow for the user to verify the test data by comparing the test data to one or more verification parameters that are presented as selectable options to the user on a user interface communicatively coupled to the electronic database. The method may include a step of generating a report including the test data of one or more users. The method may include the step of dispensing medication according to the information included in the one or more health and disease management recommendations, wherein the medication is capable of being automatically dispensed to the user’s location without any action required by the user. The user may collect the medication at a location communicated to the user. In accordance with another aspect of the invention, there is provided a data processing device comprising means for carrying out the steps of the method of automatically providing a user with one or more health and disease management recommendations and additional steps described and included above. In accordance with another aspect of the invention, there is provided a computer-readable storage medium comprising instructions which, when executed by a computer, cause the computer to carry out the steps of the method of automatically providing a user with one or more health and disease management recommendations and additional steps described and included above. In accordance with another aspect of the invention, there is provided a computer-implemented method of training a machine-learning model for a computer-implemented method of, in particular a machine-learning model of the method of automatically providing a user with one or more health and disease management recommendations described above, comprising: receiving test data from one or more users performing a medical test on a device; and training the machine-learning model by deriving one or more health and disease management recommendations with increasing accuracy by verifying the authenticity of medical test results. Embodiments of the invention may extend to one or more computer program product for implementing the health and disease management system, the computer program product comprising at least one computer-readable storage medium having program instructions embodied therewith, the program instructions being executable by at least one computer to cause the at least one computer to carry out techniques and implement features substantially as described above. Extend shall herein include the definition of being applicable to. The computer-readable storage medium may be a non-transitory storage medium. The computer program product may be implemented across multiple devices and locations, etc. The above and other characteristics, features and advantages of the present invention will become apparent from the following detailed description, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawing which illustrate, by way of example, the principles of the invention. This description is given for the sake of example only, without limiting the scope of the invention. The reference figures quoted below refer to the attached drawings. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS Preferred embodiments of the invention are described below with reference to the accompanying figures, wherein: Figure 1 is a schematic illustration of a health and disease management system; Figure 2 is a series of screengrabs of a user interface and software application on a mobile device; Figure 3 is a series of screengrabs of a reporting module and dashboard for interactively viewing data; Figure 4 is a series of screengrabs of a register new test module; and Figure 5 is a series of screengrabs of a health and disease management software application for automatically dispensing medication to a user in response to their test results. The presently disclosed subject matter will now be described more fully hereinafter with reference to the accompanying examples, in which representative embodiments are shown. The presently disclosed subject matter can, however, be embodied in different forms and should not be construed as limited to the embodiments set forth herein. Rather, these embodiments are provided so that this disclosure will be thorough and complete, and will fully convey the scope of the embodiments to those skilled in the art. DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION A non-limiting example of a preferred embodiment of the invention is described in more detail below, with reference to Figures 1 to 5. With reference to Figure 1, there is provided health and disease management system 2 wherein a user 4 performs a medical test 6 to derive test data 8. The test data 8 can automatically be derived and transmitted by a device (not shown) used to perform the medical test 6. In the alternative, the user 4 must complete a questionnaire which is capable of being converted into test data 8. It is required that the user 4 perform the medical test 6 and complete the questionnaire. As a further alternative, the user 4 can take a photograph 10 of the medical test 6, which is capable of being converted into test data 8. The device (not shown) used to perform the medical test 6 includes transmission means 12 for transmitting 14 the test data 8 to a data management platform 16 have an electronic database 18 for storing sets of data that include benchmark data. The data management platform 16 includes transmission means 12 for receiving the test data 8. The data management platform 16 includes a verification module (not shown) whereby the user 4 compares the test data 8 to available options displayed to the user 4, which allows for the user to 4 to self-verify their results. One or more algorithms 20 are stored on the data management platform 16 for performing a set of instructions to compare the test data 8 to the benchmark data to identify a health action 22. The data management platform 16 is capable of generating a report 24 for illustrating the data stored on the electronic database 18 interactively. The health action 22 can be transmitted to a remote device 26, which is capable of executing one or more instructions whereby the medication 28 is transported to the user 4 by a courier service 29, or the user 4 is contacted to collect the medication at location communicated to the user 4. With reference to Figure 2, there is provided a user interface 30 of the invention whereby a user (not shown) is capable of interacting with the invention on a mobile software application. In this embodiment, Global iMed is the software application with significant back-end and front-end software development whereby the application is capable of providing a user with user-friendly displays and wherein the device it is accessed is capable of accessing a remote database by its built-in network capabilities. A first display 32 of the application allows the user to log in with their email and password. A further function is provided to sign up as a new user. A second display 34 allows a user to select 1 of 3 tests, where the currently greyed-out tests are yet to be rolled out. A third display 36 sets out some of these steps of completing a COVID-19 self-test. With step 1, the user can scan the QR code of the test cassette in order to perform a medical test linked to a mobile application stored on a device, and the QR code links the device to the customer. The fourth display 38 provides step 2 and instruction on preparing the test. The fifth display 40 provides step 3 and instruction regarding the waiting period and a timer for the result. The sixth display 42 allows the user to take a photograph of the result in step 4, which is more clearly illustrated in the embedded tool 44 for taking the photo. The final display illustrates how the user manually verifying their test results, which are then transmitted to a remote server and a follow-up email including a certificate is mailed to the user. Importantly, the user interface 30 and software application may include an algorithm for automatically verifying the photograph’s authenticity and deriving visual data from it. With reference to Figure 3, there is provided a breakdown of the reporting module 50 which is capable of generating an interactive dashboard and displaying data via graphs and similar illustrations. Moreover, the reporting module 50 is web-based and therefore remotely accessible. After signing in or scanning a QR code to sign in on a welcome page 52, the user is redirected to a first dashboard page 54 showing a various measured values noted to include sales, revenue and location. The Manage Testing hyperlink at the top right region redirects the page to the main dashboard 56, which includes information pertaining to testing volumes, trends, test results, and testing activity. The All Organization dropdown menu 54 allows the user to navigate or filter the data to other operations, which include country locations, airports, cruises, and specializing facilities. As shown in the first dashboard page 54, a location filter 60 is visible when Zimbabwe is selected (^) to choose mobile selftesting and point-of-care facilities. Selecting the point-of-care filter allows the user to select a F2F - Testing link, which redirected the user to the point-of-care display 62 for viewing patient details. With reference to Figure 4, there is provided a register new test module 70 whereby a user enters their email address in the first display 72, whereafter the page is redirected to a second display 74 that includes client details for completion. A third display 76 allows the user to complete a questionnaire to provide test information. The questions differ depending on the answers selected, as is illustrated in the first set 78 and second set 80. Once the questionnaire is completed, the user can enter a barcode 82 related to the test cassette. The user is then required to refresh the page for the page to display a state of ‘Awaiting Test’ in the ‘Status’ column. A small spanner icon (®) appears and should be selected. A Capture Result 84 dropdown menu appears for capturing the test result. Once all information is captured, the user can select the queue for testing button / link shown in the barcode 82 display. The user can then selected the ‘Submit Completed Test Result’. The status will update to ‘completed’ and the result will show as either positive or negative. The user can also select the Mobile Self-Testing option as seen in the group display 86. The user selects the Self-testing button / link 88 and is then required to refresh the page. The user can then view all of the Self-Testing patient data 90. As indicated by the invalid result, an algorithm or a set of parameters can automatically indicate when a result or data is invalid or lack authenticity. With reference to Figure 5, there is provided a health and disease management software application 100. A first display 102 allows the user to log in or sign up to the application. A second display 104 allows the user to enter their details and sign up to the application. A third display 106 allows the user to selected a UTI Self-Test wizard or module whereby the user is guided no how to self-test for a possible infection. A fourth display 108 includes a questionnaire for completion by the user. A fifth display 110 allows user to input their symptoms. A sixth display 112 provides the user with a series of instructions on how to perform the test, including an illustrative video and text and visual instructions. A seventh display 114 indicates the date, time, and status of a test that has been completed. A “Order Medication” tab appears which allows for the user to order user-specific medication to treat their test results and health condition. Once the user has processed payment on a payment module included in the health and disease management software application 100, the medication is ordered, transported to the user’s location, or the user is alerted to collect the medication at a location communicated to the user, as illustrated in the final display 116. The user’s device on which the application 100 is accessed can transmit location data automatically to the health facility where the medication is dispensed, or the user can manually input their location information into the system.

Claims

1. A health and disease management system for providing one or more health and disease management recommendations to a user, the health and disease management system including:- a device for performing a medical test on the user to derive test data;- an electronic database for receiving the test data and a processor communicatively coupled to the electronic database for performing one or more calculations;- a verification module communicatively coupled to the electronic database for verifying the authenticity of the test data by comparing the test data with one or more verification parameters stored on the electronic database;- one or more algorithms stored on the electronic database, wherein the one or more algorithms are capable of being executed by the processor by comparing the test data to benchmark data stored on the electronic database to derive one or more health and disease management recommendations; and- transmission means communicatively coupled to the electronic database for transmitting the one or more health and disease management recommendations to a health facility.

2. The health and disease management system according claim 1 wherein the device is a self-test kit which allows for the user to test for a health condition consisting ofan infectious disease, a non-infectious disease, a general health condition, a general wellness condition, or combinations thereof.

3. The health and disease management system according claim 1 wherein the device is a self-test kit which allows for the user to test for an infection selected from the group consisting of Influenza, COVID-19, HIV, Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C, Herpes, Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Strep Throat, Norovirus, Urinary Tract Infection, Helicobacter pylori Infection, Group A Streptococcus, Chlamydia, Gonorrhea, Lyme Disease, or combinations thereof.

4. The health and disease management system according claim 1 wherein the test data includes the user’s medical test results and location data.

5. The health and disease management system according claim 1 wherein the electronic database includes one or more instances or units of cloud storage, remote server, a plurality of processors communicatively coupled to one another, computers, or combinations thereof.

6. The health and disease management system according claim 1 wherein the verification module is capable of receiving a visual image of the medical test results to derive visual data, and wherein a authentication method is used to authenticate the visual data, the authentication method comprising the steps of:- Using the processor to compare the visual data to verification parameters stored on the electronic database to derive discrepancy data, wherein the verification parameters include benchmark parameters for verifying the authenticity of a visual image; and- Generating an authenticity certificate when the discrepancy data is below a predetermined threshold value.

7. The health and disease management system according any one of the precedingclaims further including a user interface communicatively coupled to the electronic database, where the user interface allows for the user to interact with data selected from the group consisting of test data, verification parameters, benchmark data, discrepancy data, algorithms, health and disease management recommendations, or combinations thereof.

8. The health and disease management system according to claim 7 wherein the user interface includes a question-and-answer module which allows for the user to provide one or more answers to one or more questions displayed on the user interface to derive the test data.

9. The health and disease management system according to claim 1 further including a report module for generating one or more reports, wherein the report includes information selected from the group consisting of revenue, sales, user identity information, medical test results, medical test type, location, age, gender, medical test group, medical test validation, city, country, date, or combinations thereof.

10. The health and disease management system according to claim 1 further including an analytics module communicatively coupled to the electronic database, the analytics module including one or more analytics tools which allows for data analysis of one or more data sets available on the electronic database.

11. The health and disease management system according to claim 9 wherein the analytics module is selected from the group consisting of Tableau®, Oracle® Business Intelligence, IBM® Cognos Analytics, SAS®, Microsoft Power Bl®, Amazon Redshift®, Google BigQuery®, Snowflake®, Alteryx®, Cloudera®, Apache Hadoop®, Google Vertex Al®, Microsoft Azure Synapse®, Microsoft Data Explorer®, CosmosDB®, Redis®, Azure Cognitive Services®, Azure Machine Learning, Spark®, Databricks®, Sqream®, Confluent Kafka®, Presto®, Trino®, Flare®, HIDS®, or combinations thereof.

12. The health and disease management system according to claim 1 wherein the one or more algorithms is selected from the group consisting of a machine learning algorithm, an artificial intelligence algorithm, a deep learning algorithm, a heuristic algorithm, or combinations thereof.

13. The health and disease management system according to claim 12 wherein the one or more algorithms are capable of being trained by comparing the user’s test data to benchmark data obtained from a plurality of users stored on the electronic database to derive predictive information about one or more users, wherein the predictiveinformation is capable of being used for the purpose of data augmentation to improve the accuracy of one or more health and disease management recommendations presented to the user.

14. The health and disease management system according to claim 1 wherein the one or more health and disease management recommendations provides the user with one or more treatment suggestions selected from the group consisting of physical treatment, medicinal treatment, lifestyle modification, preventive care, rehabilitation, dietary modification, sleep health modification, mental health, surgical care, or combinations thereof.

15. The health and disease management system according to claim 1 wherein the transmission means is selected from the group consisting of Bluetooth, radio waves, microwaves, fibre optical cables, local area network, wide area network, or combinations thereof.

16. The health and disease management system according to any one of the preceding claims wherein the health facility is capable of generating and transmitting a notification to the user that one or more user-specific treatment suggestions are available at the health facility.

17. The health and disease management system according to 16 wherein location data embedded in the one or more health and disease management recommendations isused to communicate the one or more health and disease management recommendations to a health facility in close proximity to the user.

18. The health and disease management system according to 17 wherein user-specific medication is automatically dispensed from the health facility to the user and transported to the user’s location from the group consisting of a vehicle, robot, self-driving vehicle, unmanned aircraft, e-hailing service, or combinations thereof.

19. A method of automatically providing a user with one or more health and disease management recommendations, the method including the steps of:- using a device to perform a medical test on the user to derive test data;- transmitting the test data to an electronic database by transmission means communicatively coupled to the electronic database, wherein a processor is communicatively coupled to the electronic database for performing one or more calculations;- verifying the test data with a verification module communicatively coupled to the electronic database by comparing the test data with one or more verification parameters stored on the electronic database;- executing one or more algorithms stored on the electronic database by the processor comparing the test data to benchmark data stored on the electronic database to derive one or more health and disease management recommendations;- using location data embedded in the one or more health and disease management recommendations to generate and transmit a notification from 24the electronic database to the user to alert the user of a health facility in close proximity to the user that one or more user-specific treatment suggestions are available at the health facility.

20. The method according to claim 19 wherein the verification module allow for the user to verify the test data by comparing the test data to one or more verification parameters that are presented as selectable options to the user on a user interface communicatively coupled to the electronic database.

21. A data processing device including means for carrying out the steps of the method according to claim 19.

22. A computer-readable storage medium including instructions which, when executed by a computer, cause the computer to carry out the steps of the method according to claim 19.

23. A computer-implemented method of training a machine-learning model for a computer-implemented method of, in particular a machine-learning model of the method according to claim 19, including the steps of: receiving test data from one or more users performing a medical test on a device; and training the machine-learning model by deriving one or more health and disease management recommendations with increasing accuracy by verifying the authenticity of medical test results of a plurality of users.

24. A computer program product for implementing the method according to claim 19, the computer program product comprising at least one computer-readable storage medium having program instructions embodied therewith, the program instructions being executable by at least one computer to cause the at least one computer to carry out the method according to claim 19.

25. The computer program product according to claim 24 wherein the computer-readable storage medium is a non-transitory storage medium.27

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