A pestle and mortar

Abstract

A mortar 10 comprising two cavities, a bowl portion 11 (first cavity) and an inclined slope 13 (second cavity). The distal end of the inclined slope extends from the first cavity portion in a first direction, tangential to the bowl portion. The inclined slope may have a concave / curved cross-sectional profile. The inclined slope may have an overhanging lip 15, extending downwards. The second cavity may comprise a tapered portion (21, fig 4) when viewed from the top of the mortar. A pestle (40, fig 39) and mortar arrangement for grinding substances is also claimed. A method of operating a pestle and mortar comprising placing a substance, such as a soft food items like fruit and vegetables, into a cavity of the mortar, grinding the substance along the inclined slope with the pestle, and pushing them down until the desired consistency of the substance is achieved.

Description

Background of Invention The present invention is in the field of grinding apparatuses. More specifically, the present invention is in the field of pestle and mortars with high degrees of processing freedom. Background Grinding substances with a pestle and mortar is a well-established practice spanning generations and cultures. However, even with this extended usage history, each component is utilised today largely as it has been for centuries and with little variation in the construction of either of the known utensils. The challenges of efficiently grinding softer substances are distinct and separate to the challenges of grinding harder substances, and it is the latter that is more readily addressed with current pestle and mortar designs. As such, there is a technical need to mechanically reconfigure both utensils to ensure they are optimised for movement patterns and techniques that are more conducive for the efficient grinding of all types of substances- both hard and soft. This would then enable maximum efficiency at every stage of the grinding process (for example, when a hard substance is ground into a softer substance). With these changes, it would no longer be the case that the processing of the softer state is the limiting factor in the overall efficiency of such grinding processes. Naturally, for grinding processes only seeking to process soft substances from the start, such mechanical reconfiguration would enable a drastic and direct improvement in efficiency. There is yet to be disclosed a pestle and mortar with the above-described dual functionality that seeks to better address the rather distinct grinding requirements of hard and soft substances. Aspects of the present invention look to address at least some of these issues. Statements of Invention Aspects of the present invention are set out in the independent claims. Optional features are set out in the dependant claims. In accordance with a first aspect of invention there is disclosed a mortar for grinding substances, wherein the mortar comprises; a first cavity portion and a second cavity portion; wherein the first cavity portion comprises a bowl portion; wherein the second cavity portion comprises an inclined slope; wherein a distal end of the inclined slope extends from the first cavity portion in a first direction. Advantageously, this arrangement may provide two separate yet connected cavity portions that may each be configured to optimise efficiency for different grinding processes for different substances. This arrangement may be such that the bowl portion is optimised for the grinding of a harder substance and the inclined slope is optimised for the grinding of a softer (or semi-processed) substance. This may improve the overall efficiency of a grinding process as the arrangement accounts for a substance's texture in each stage of the grinding cycle (as it transitions from hard to soft). The extension of the second cavity portion from the first cavity portion may further enable an effective transfer from the first cavity portion to the second as needed. This may be for when a harder (or whole) substance is first ground in the bowl portion and transferred to the inclined slope when softer (or broken down). The inclined slope may also be better aligned for a user to exert a greater force when grinding softer substances as well as allow for a greater surface area for such grinding. The inclined slope may further enable a more efficient grinding motion of dragging and pushing substances down a slope that is previously not seen in mortars. Optionally, wherein the second cavity portion comprising the inclined slope has a concave cross-sectional profile. This concave cross-section may allow for the substances to be ground in the second cavity portion to funnel back into the centre of the second cavity portion, wherein the centre of the second cavity portion may be the main grinding portion. Additionally, the concave profile may allow for a greater surface area to be employed for grinding in the second cavity portion and one that complements and introduces additional degrees of freedom to the grinding motion by a user i.e. circular motions. This concaved profile may further complement the shape of the pestle. Optionally, wherein the radius of the curvature of the concave profile is the same as the radius of the first cavity portion, wherein the radius of the first cavity portion is the radius of the bowl portion. This may allow for the effective transfer of substances from the first cavity portion to the second cavity portion. This arrangement may also for the same grinding motion to be implemented in both the first and second cavity portions. Optionally, wherein the inclined slope extends from the base of the first cavity portion. Optionally, wherein the inclined slope is tangential to the bowl portion of the first cavity portion. Optionally wherein the distal end of the inclined slope is tangential to the bowl portion. The above three statements may allow for a seamless transition of substances between the first and second cavity portions. Optionally, wherein the distal end of the second cavity portion extends from the first cavity portion in a first direction. Optionally, wherein the mortar further comprises an overhanging lip. This may allow for a more efficient decanting of the ground substances. Optionally, wherein the overhanging lip is situated at a proximal end of the inclined slope. Optionally wherein the overhanging lip is situated at a proximal end of the second cavity portion. The above two statements may be the most convenient position to decant substances from as it may allow the unidirectional removal of all the contents in the mortar. Optionally, wherein the overhanging lip is an extension of the inclined slope of the second cavity portion and extends in a second direction. The may enable a seamless transfer and removal of substances from within the mortar. This arrangement may further reduce the likelihood of substances being caught in obstructing geometry when being removed and may further prevent the overhanging lip from obstructing the grinding motion as it largely replicates the inclined slope. Optionally wherein the overhanging lip extends downwards. This may enable the removal of substances by virtue of harnessing gravitational forces to drive the decanting process. Optionally, wherein the angle between the second direction in which the overhanging lip extends and the first direction of extension of the inclined slope is greater than 180 degrees. This may further enable the removal of substances by virtue of harnessing gravitational forces to drive the decanting process. Optionally, wherein the mortar is constructed of ceramic, granite or stone. Optionally, wherein the surface of the mortar has a course texture. Optionally, wherein the first cavity portion has a course texture. Optionally, wherein the second cavity portion has a course texture. The above four statements may each independently, or as a collective, allow for a surface texture that allows for the purchase of substances onto the mortar. This may allow for a more efficient grinding process. Optionally, wherein the mortar further comprises a vertical portion, wherein the vertical portion extends from the first cavity portion to a top surface of the mortar. Optionally, wherein the vertical portion further extends from a portion of the second cavity portion to a top surface of the mortar. The above two statements may allow for the clearance of a pestle into the cavity portions. Optionally, wherein the vertical portion connects with the top surface of the mortar with a convex profile. This may prevent any sharp edges or profiles that may injure a user should contact be made with a user's hands with the mortar edge when grinding. Optionally, wherein the mortar further comprises flat external sides, wherein the first cavity portion and the second cavity portion are held within the flat external sides. This may allow for stabilising the mortar onto a flat surface. Optionally, wherein the mortar further comprises a stand, wherein the stand supports the mortar at a proximal end of the second cavity portion. Optionally wherein the stand supports the mortar at a proximal end of the inclined slope. Optionally, wherein when the mortar is positioned on a flat plane, an aperture is formed that extends between the portion of the mortar beneath the first cavity portion and the stand. The above three statements may allow for a weight saving profile that seeks to support the mortar at only key structural points. The aperture, and free space as a result of the aperture, may further allow for an ergonomic means of gripping the mortar when in use. Optionally, wherein the portion of the bowl of the first cavity portion is a hemisphere. This arrangement may be the most effective in collecting and containing the substances to be ground both before and after the grinding process. Optionally, wherein the first cavity portion is wider than the second cavity portion when viewed from the top of the mortar. Optionally, wherein the inclined slope comprises a shape formed from a cylindrical pipe dissected by a plane that is inclined relative to a centre line of the cylindrical pipe. This may introduce a tapered profile to the inclined slope when viewed from atop, resulting in a convenient funnelling profile to decant the substance post grinding. Optionally, wherein the second cavity portion comprises a tapered portion when viewed from the top of the mortar. The above two statements may allow for the funnelling of the substances when decanting substances from the mortar. This may lead to a more accurate removal process. Optionally, wherein the distal end of the tapered portion is wider than the proximal end of the tapered portion, wherein the width of the tapered portion decreases as the distance from the first cavity portion increases. This may allow for the funnelling of the substances when decanting substances from the mortar. This may lead to a more accurate removal process. Optionally, wherein the tapered portion is a majority portion of the second cavity portion. Optionally, wherein the entire length of the second cavity portion is tapered. Optionally, wherein the width of the second cavity portion matches the width of the first cavity portion at the point of connection. Optionally, wherein the width of the first cavity portion is the width of the bowl portion. The above two statements may further allow for a seamless transition between the two cavity portions which may enable a more efficient transfer of substances from one portion to the other. This may further allow the intersection of the two cavity portions to be employed as a grinding surface. Optionally, wherein the radius of the curvature of the concave profile is between 55 mm and 65 mm. Optionally, wherein it is 61mm, and / or wherein the radius of the bowl portion of the first cavity portion is between 55mm and 65mm. Optionally, wherein it is 61 mm. The above three statements may each individually provide radius values that are conducive for the grinding of most household food substances. In accordance with a second aspect of invention, there is disclosed a pestle for grinding substances in a curved cavity mortar, wherein the pestle comprises; a gripping portion; a stem portion; a round bottom portion, wherein the round bottom portion comprises a radius that is less than the radius of curvature of the mortar cavity. This under sizing of the pestle with respect to the mortar cavity may allow for a gap between the pestle and the mortar at the extremities of the pestle. This gap may aid substances to fall into the grinding path of the pestle should they be displaced by previous grinding motions out of this path. This may improve the efficiency of the grinding process. Optionally, wherein the radius of the round bottom portion is between 2mm and 3mm lower than the radius of curvature of the mortar cavity. Optionally wherein it is 2.5mm lower. The range of radii differences of the above two statements may strike a balance between affording a suitable grinding surface area between pestle and mortar and providing sufficient clearance for substances at the extremities of the pestle. Optionally, wherein the radius of the round bottom portion is between 53mm and 68mm. Optionally, wherein it is 58.5mm. The above two statements may allow for the agreement between the pestle of the second aspect with the mortar of the first aspect. Optionally, wherein the round bottom portion comprises a course surface. Advantageously, this may allow for greater purchase between the substances to be ground and the pestle surface. Optionally, wherein the material of the round bottom portion is ceramic, granite or stone. These materials may allow for a suitable surface texture for the grinding process that increases the purchase between the pestle and the substances. In accordance with a third aspect of invention there is disclosed a pestle and mortar arrangement for grinding substances, wherein the pestle and mortar arrangement comprises; a mortar in accordance with the first aspect; a pestle; wherein, in use, the pestle is configured to grind substances within the first and second cavity portions of the mortar. Advantageously, this arrangement may provide two separate yet connected cavity portions that may each be configured to optimise efficiency for different grinding processes for different substances. This arrangement may be such that the bowl portion is optimised for the grinding of a harder substance and the inclined slope is optimised for the grinding of a softer (or semi-processed) substance. This may improve the overall efficiency of a grinding process as the arrangement accounts for a substance's texture in each stage of the grinding cycle (as it transitions from hard to soft). The extension of the second cavity portion from the first cavity portion may further enable an effective transfer from the first cavity portion to the second as needed. This may be for when a harder (or whole) substance is first grinded in the bowl portion and transferred to the inclined slope when softer (or broken down). The inclined slope may also be better aligned for a user to exert a greater force when grinding softer substances as well as allow for a greater surface area for such grinding. The inclined slope may further enable a more efficient grinding motion of dragging and pushing substances down a slope that is previously not seen in pestle and mortar systems. Optionally, wherein the pestle is in accordance with any statements of the second aspect. In accordance with a fourth aspect of invention, there is disclosed a method of operating a pestle and mortar for grinding / processing substances, wherein the method comprises the steps of; placing a substance into a cavity of a mortar, wherein the cavity of the mortar comprises a bowl portion and a curved inclined slope portion; grinding the substance along the inclined slope of the mortar cavity with a pestle, wherein the pestle comprises a round bottom portion. The inclined slope may enable a more efficient grinding motion of dragging and pushing substances down a slope that is previously not seen in pestle and mortar systems. This may increase the efficiency of grinding softer substances (but are not limited to only grinding soft substances) as it enables a longer grinding stroke in both time and length. A two portion mortar cavity may further enable the efficient grinding of both hard and soft substances and for different substance textures at different stages of the grinding process. Optionally, wherein grinding further comprises the steps of drawing substances up along the curved inclined slope; and pushing substances down the curved inclined slope until the desired consistency of the substance is achieved. The inclined slope may enable a more efficient grinding motion of dragging and pushing substances down a slope that is previously not seen in pestle and mortar systems. This may increase the efficiency of grinding softer substances (but are not limited to only grinding soft surfaces) as it enables a longer grinding stroke in both time and length. The inclined slope may also be better aligned for a user to exert a greater force when grinding softer substances as well as allow for a greater surface area for such grinding. Optionally, wherein drawing substances up along the inclined slope comprises substances being gathered behind the pestle, and wherein pushing substances down the curved inclined slope comprises substances being captured underneath the pestle. This may ensure substances are subject to an increased number of grinding strokes in a unit time. Optionally, wherein the substances processed are soft substances. Optionally wherein soft substances include soft food items, wherein such food items are green vegetables, fruits, peppers, cloves, other vegetables. The above two statements encompass many commonly used substances that are grinded in professional and household cooking. Optionally, wherein the method further comprises; oscillating the pestle to grind the substances in the curved inclined slope. This may further add another degree of freedom in the movement associated with the grinding process. Optionally, wherein the gap between the radius of the pestle and the radius of the mortar enables substances to fall into the contacting region between the pestle and the mortar. This may increase efficiency of the grinding process by allowing for a greater number of substances to be present in the grinding portion of the pestle and mortar. In accordance with a fifth aspect of invention, there is disclosed a method of operating a pestle and mortar for grinding / processing substances, wherein the method comprises the steps of; placing a substance into a cavity of a mortar, wherein the cavity of the mortar comprises a bowl portion and a curved inclined slope portion; grinding / processing the substance in the bowl portion of the mortar cavity; tilting and simultaneously twisting the pestle to grind the substances in the bowl portion. These method arrangements provide bases for an efficient grinding process that allows for a grinding motion with multiple degrees of freedom. Optionally, wherein the method further comprises; oscillating the pestle to grind the substances in the bowl portion. This may further add another degree of freedom in the movement associated with the grinding process to the basic pounding motion. Optionally, wherein the substances are hard substances. Optionally wherein the hard substances include hard food items such as whole spices, black peppercorns, nuts, and dried spices. Optionally, wherein the hard substances includes chemicals and precipitates and pharmaceutical ingredients. Optionally, wherein the methods of the fourth and fifth aspects further comprise: pouring the processed substances out of the mortar by tilting the mortar such that the processed substances flow over a mortar lip; wherein the mortar lip funnels the pour increasing its accuracy. Optionally, decanting the processed substances by dragging the processed substances with a second removal utensil. Brief Description of Figures Figure 1 shows a cross section of a mortar of a first embodiment from a side view. Figure 2 shows a cross section of a bowl portion of the mortar of Figure 1 when facing the distal end of the mortar. Figure 3 shows a cross section of the bowl portion of the mortar of Figures 1 and 2 when facing the proximal end of the mortar. Figure 4 shows a top view of the mortar of Figures 1 to 3. Figure 5 shows a pitched cylinder when dissected with a horizontal plane. Figure 6 shows the arrangement of Figure 1 with construction lines to segment the first cavity portion of the mortar from the second cavity portion. Figure 7 shows the arrangement of Figure 6 from a top view. Figure 8 shows the arrangement of Figure 6 when the first and second cavity portions are separated. Figure 9 shows the bowl portion of the mortar of Figures 1 to 8 when viewed in isolation from side on. Figure 10 is a view facing the distal end of the mortar, when viewed from the intersection between the first and second cavity portions. Figure 11 shows the inclined slope of the mortar of Figures 1 to 10 when viewed in isolation from side on. Figure 12 is a view facing the proximal end of the mortar, when viewed from the intersection between the first and second cavity portion. Figure 13 is an external side view of the mortar of Figures 1 to 12. Figure 14 is an external bottom view of the mortar of Figures 1 to 13. Figure 15 is an external view of the distal wall of the mortar. Figure 16 is an external view of the proximal wall of the mortar. Figure 17 shows an outline of a second embodiment of a mortar from a side on view. Figure 18 shows the cross section of the mortar of Figure 17 from a side view. Figure 19 shows a top view of the mortar of Figures 17 and 18. Figure 20 shows an external bottom view of the mortar of Figures 17 to 19. Figure 21 is an external view of the distal end of the mortar of Figures 17 to 20. Figure 22 is a cross section of the bowl portion of the mortar of Figures 17 to 21 when facing the distal end of the mortar. Figure 23 is an external view of the proximal end of the mortar of Figures 17 to 22. Figure 24 shows a cross section of the inclined slope of the mortar of Figures 17 to 23 when facing the proximal end of the mortar. Figure 25 shows the arrangement of Figure 18 with construction lines to segment the first cavity portion of the mortar from the second cavity portion. Figure 26 shows the arrangement of Figure 25 from a top view. Figure 27 shows the arrangement of Figure 18 when the first and second cavity portions are separated. Figure 28 shows the bowl portion of the mortar of Figures 17 to 27 when viewed in isolation from side on. Figure 29 is a view facing the distal end of the mortar of Figures 17 to 28, when viewed from the intersection between the first and second cavity portions. Figure 30 shows the inclined slope of the mortar of Figures 17 to 28, when viewed in isolation from side on. Figure 31 is a view facing the proximal end of the mortar of Figures 17 to 28, when viewed from the intersection between the first and second cavity portion. Figure 32 shows a top view of a pestle of a first embodiment in a first orientation. Figure 33 shows a top view of the pestle of Figure 32 in a second orientation. Figure 34 shows a side view of the pestle of Figures 32 and 33 in a first orientation. Figure 35 shows a side view of the pestle of Figures 32 to 34 in a second orientation. Figure 36 shows a bottom view of the pestle of Figures 32 to 35 in a first orientation. Figure 37 shows a bottom view of the pestle of Figures 32 to 36 in a second orientation. Figure 38 shows a cross section view of the pestle of Figures 32 to 37 positioned within the bowl portion of the mortar of Figures 1 to 16, when viewed facing the distal end of the mortar. Figure 39 shows the arrangement of Figure 38 when viewed from side on. Figure 40 shows a side elevation view of the pestle of Figures 32 to 37 positioned at an angle within the bowl portion of the mortar of Figures 1 to 16. Figure 41 shows a side elevation view of the pestle of Figures 32 to 37 positioned at an angle within the second cavity portion of the mortar of Figures 1 to 16. Figure 42 shows a front elevation view of the pestle of Figures 32 to 37 positioned within the bowl portion of the mortar of Figures 17 to 31, when viewed facing the distal end of the mortar. Figure 43 shows the arrangement of Figure 42 when viewed from a side elevation. Figure 44 shows a side elevation view of the pestle of Figures 32 to 37 positioned at an angle within the bowl portion of the mortar of Figures 17 to 31. Figure 45 shows a side elevation view of the pestle of Figures 32 to 37 positioned at an angle within the second cavity portion of the mortar of Figures 17 to 31. Figure 46 shows a flowchart of a first method of operating a pestle and mortar for grinding / processing substances. Figure 47 shows a flowchart of a second method of operating a pestle and mortar for grinding / processing substances. Detailed Description of Figures Figure 1 shows a mortar 10 for grinding substances, wherein the mortar comprises; a first cavity portion and a second cavity portion; wherein the first cavity portion comprises a bowl portion 11; wherein the second cavity portion comprises an inclined slope 13; wherein a distal end of the inclined slope extends from the first cavity portion in a first direction. To aid the clarity and fluency of this description passage, reference to the bowl portion 11 may naturally incorporate reference to the first cavity portion. Likewise, reference to the inclined slope 13 may naturally reference the second cavity portion. This is due to each respective cavity portion being defined, at least partially, by these named features. Furthermore, the Figures described herein are described such that 'distal' references the leftmost portion of the mortar 10 in the specific orientation shown in Figure 1 and 'proximal' references the rightmost portion of the mortar in the same orientation. With that established, Figure 1 shows a cross section of the mortar 10 from a side view. In the embodiment of the mortar seen in Figure 1, the inclined slope 13 has a distal end adjacent the bowl portion 11 and extends such that its proximal end is elevated with respect to its distal end. As such, the word 'incline' (when referencing the inclined slope) denotes a positive gradient when the positive horizontal direction is taken to be the direction which extends from the bowl portion 11 to the proximal end of the inclined slope 13. Furthermore, the inclined slope 13 extends such that it is tangential to the bowl portion 11 in the embodiment seen in Figure 1. The result of this tangential relationship is an absence of a lip between the two cavity portions. Such unobstructed transition between the two cavity portions allows for a pestle (to be described) an unhindered grinding stroke that can span both the cavity portions. This may play an active role in increasing the efficiency of the grinding process as it may allow for longer and more forceful grinding strokes. This lipless intersection may further provide a means of a seamless transfer of substances between the two cavity portions in grinding processes. This may be particularly helpful in transporting the substances to the relevant portions of the mortar cavity depending on their hardness or the stage of the grinding process. For example, a substance may start the grinding process in the bowl portion 11 when hard, and be transported to the inclined slope 13 when processed to be softer. Other embodiments may instead opt to include a lip (not shown) between the first and second cavity portions such that a natural barrier between the first and second cavity portions is provided. This lip may be a result of either the base of the bowl portion 11 or the distal end of the inclined slope 13 being elevated with respect to one another. This arrangement would be a non-tangential extension of the inclined slope 13 with respect to the bowl portion. The inclined slope 13, when viewed from the side on perspective of Figure 1 comprises a constant gradient. In other embodiments, this may be an exponentially increasing or decreasing gradient (not shown). It may even be a combination of both and take a corrugated or S shape (also not shown). The inclined slope 13 may comprise a different gradient to that seen in Figure 1 in other embodiments. However, the gradient of Figure 1 is specifically selected to better align with the angle of a user's grinding motion and to enable a more force grinding stroke. This inclined slope 13, as will be further described later, enables grinding motions that are better suited for the efficient grinding of softer substances, such as dragging and pushing substances along the slope. It also introduces a further degree of freedom to the grinding stroke when compared with traditional bowl only mortars, that of a longitudinal movement. Furthermore, the inclined slope 13 also increase the contact time of the pestle on the substances being ground and hence enables a greater amount of grinding per stroke for substances being ground in this portion of the mortar. Also seen in Figure 1 is an overhanging lip 15 situated at the proximal end of the inclined slope 13. In the embodiment of Figure 1, the overhanging lip 15 is integrated with the inclined slope 13 and is described as an extension of the inclined slope 13 beyond the proximal wall of the mortar and in a second direction to the primary (or first) direction of extension of the inclined slope 13. This second direction is angled downwards in the embodiment of Figure 1 to aid in the decanting of substances through the utilisation of gravity. In other embodiments, the overhanging lip may simply extend horizontally. The overhanging lip 15 is a point of projection for the mortar 10 and can further be described as a downturned lip. The angle between the direction in which the overhanging lip 15 extends and that in which the inclined slope 13 extends (its first direction of extension) is greater than 180 degrees in this embodiment. Although not seen in any great detail, the surface of the mortar 10, including both the mortar cavity portions, has a coarse texture. This course texture may aid in increasing the purchase, or grip, of the substances on the mortar and may enable a more easily executable grinding process whereby the substances are less prone to excessive sliding or slipping within the cavity portions when contacted and pushed by the pestle. This coarse texture may be enabled by a mortar construction of ceramic, granite or stone. However, it is not a requirement for alternative embodiments of the present mortar 10 to comprise this coarse surface texture and it is entirely possible a mortar comprises a smooth texture when constructed of materials such as porcelain. As already alluded to with the tangential relationship outlined above when describing the connection of the inclined slope 13 with the bowl portion 11, the bowl portion 11 can further be described as hemispherical, or a portion of a hemisphere. This is better seen in conjunction with Figure 2, which shows the cross-section of the bowl portion 11 when facing the distal end of the mortar 10. It is noted that alternative embodiments may comprise other rounded yet not spherical shapes for this cavity portion. Figure 3 shows a cross section view of the bowl portion 11 when facing the proximal end of the mortar 10 and from a vertical plane that intersects its lowest point. This view highlights the concave profile of the inclined slope 13 when viewed in cross section. It is also a point of note, that the radius of the curvature of the concave profile of the inclined slope 13 is the same as the radius of the bowl portion 11. This is shown via the parallelism between the curved surface of the bowl portion and the surface of the inclined slope 13. This consistency in curvature allows for both of the first and second cavity portions to be utilised as one continuous grinding surface in the grinding process. This may allow for grinding strokes with an aspect of lateral movement to require less adjustment from a user when transferring between first and second cavity portions. This may lead to a more efficient grinding process. Said arrangement also reduces obstructions between the two cavity portions reducing the likelihood that substances will be trapped at the intersection between the cavity portions. The radius of the curvature of the concave profile (of the inclined slope) in this embodiment is between 55 mm and 65 mm, and is preferably 61mm. As such, the radius of the bowl portion matches these values. In other embodiments, the radius of curvature of the concave profile of the inclined slope 13 may be different to the radius of the bowl portion 11. This difference may be "blended" by smooth geometry to transition between the two regions. This may result in similar benefits described above. Where the radius of the inclined slope and the bowl differ the resulting device still comprises many of the advantages described above - and blending to create a smooth geometry in the transition region may also mitigate any difficulty in transferring items from one portion to the other. Figures 2 and 3 show vertical portions 17 extending from the bowl portion 11 of the first cavity portion to the top surface of the mortar 10. Figure 4 is a view of the mortar 10 from atop and also shows that the region of the second cavity portion adjacent the first cavity portion too comprises these vertical portions 17 (this can also be seen from Figure 3). For this region, the vertical portions 17 extend in a tangential fashion between the concaved profile of the inclined slope 13 to the top of the mortar. This tangential relationship is also seen with the vertical portions 17 extending between the bowl portion 11 and the top of the mortar 10. The tangential arrangement of these vertical portions 17 complements the circular geometry of the bowl portion 11 and the inclined slope 13 and ensures a wide entry point into the first and second cavity portions from the top of the mortar 10. This may be particular useful for applications in which the cavity portions are positioned at a depth within the mortar 10 such that their base is a greater distance from the top of the mortar 10 as compared to their radius of curvature. These deep cavity portions may further aid in containing substances in the grinding process and are seen in the embodiment of the mortar of Figures 1 to 16. It is noted this relationship need be tangential - but may be blended to create a smooth geometry at a transition region. Embodiments with shallower cavities may not require vertical portions 17 (but may still implement them). Here, shallow may refer to the cavities that are placed within the mortar at a depth where the radius of their curvature is equal to or less than the distance between the top of the mortar 10 and their base. Vertical portions 17 implemented alongside such shallow cavities may reduce the width of the bowl portion 11 and inclined slope 13 and introduce angular geometry into these regions by virtue of losing the tangential relationship between the vertical portions 17 and said surfaces. This may lead to a less smooth transition from the curved geometry of the cavities to the vertical portions 17. However, this reduced cavity size and angled geometry may be advantageous for some applications. As such, the non-tangential relationship between the vertical portions 17 and the circular geometry may also be applied to deep placed cavities in other embodiments. The vertical portions 17 are further seen to connect with the top of the mortar with chamfered or convex profiles 19. In the embodiment of the present mortar, this is feature is embossed (lifted) with respect to the rest of the mortar. Figure 4 also shows a tapered portion 21 situated at the proximal end of the inclined slope 13, whereby the width of the tapered portion 21 decreases as the longitudinal distance from the first cavity portion increases. The distance between the base of the inclined slope 13 to the top of the mortar within this tapered portion 21 (in the embodiment of Figure 4) is less than its radius of curvature. As such, there are no vertical portions in this region due to its shallowness. Instead, the taper is utilised as a funnelling feature that aids in the decanting of substances from the mortar. It may in alternative embodiments be possible for the tapered portion 21 to extend to cover a greater length of the mortar 10 or second cavity portion and may even cover the entire length of the second cavity portion. For these embodiments, the length of the tapered portion may be controlled by the placement of the vertical portions 17. This tapered portion 21 can be better visualised with the aid of Figure 5 and as a shape formed from dissecting a cylindrical pipe 23 (representative of the second cavity portion) by a plane 25 that is inclined relative to a centre line of the cylindrical pipe (representative of the top horizontal surface of the mortar). The tapered portion here referring to the right half of the dissected cylinder 27. The left half of the dissected cylinder in the context of the mortar is masked with the vertical portions to show straight lines instead of the parabola formed by the dissected cylinder. It is noted that to produce the inclined slop of the embodiment the horizontal plane may dissect the cylinder 23 such that the plane protrudes through both flat top and bottom surfaces, whilst the plane is not parallel with the centreline of the cylinder. Figure 4 also shows that the width of the second cavity portion matches the width of the first cavity portion at the point of connection and the first cavity portion is wider than a substantial portion of the tapered portion 21 of the second cavity portion. Figure 6 and 7 provide further information in the sizing and location of the above-mentioned vertical portions 17 for deeper regions of the mortar cavity portions. Figure 6 shows the longitudinal point 29 of the mortar 10 at which the vertical portions 17 truncate. This point 29 represents the point of sufficiently deep cavity portions that may benefit from the vertical portions 17. In the embodiment seen and from a practical manufacturing / design perspective, this point 29 is determined by a construction line 31 intersecting the top of the mortar, wherein this construction line is parallel to the inclined slope 13 and spaced from it by the distance equal to the radius of curvature of the inclined slope. In other embodiments, this need not be specific and may only require an approximate resemblance. Figure 7 shows the segmenting of the bowl portion from the inclined slope via line 33. Figure 8 provides a visualisation of the segmentation of the two cavity portions. This view further highlights the tangential extension of the inclined slope 13 from the bowl portion 11. Figure 10 provides a cross section view of the bowl portion 11 when facing the distal end of the mortar 10 and from the connection point of the two cavity portions (and that shown by line 33 in Figure 9). This view further shows that the point of connection between the two cavity portions is not at the minima of the bowl portion 11 in this embodiment. There is no flat surface between the two cavity portions and instead more fluid geometry that provides a circular intersection point. Figure 12 provides a cross section view of the inclined slope when facing its proximal end and from the connection point of the two cavity portions (that shown by the line 33 in Figure 11). Figures 13-16 show various external views of the mortar in this fist embodiment. These Figures in particular show the mortar further comprising flat external sides. These sides extend around the mortar and may aid in providing additional stability during the grinding process. Figure 13 further shows the projection of the overhanging lip beyond the proximal external wall of the mortar. Figures 17 to 31 show a mortar 35 of a second embodiment. In this second embodiment the notable changes from the embodiment of the mortar described in Figures 1 to 16 relate only to external features. The arrangement and description of the grinding surfaces along with the first and second cavity portions remains consistent between both embodiments. These description passages are not repeated once more for the sake of avoiding repetition. In the embodiment of the mortar of Figures 17 to 31, there is seen an absence of the flat external sides of the previous embodiment. Instead, a stand is seen that supports the mortar at the proximal end of the inclined slope. Furthermore, also seen is a second, shallower, stand underneath the bowl portion or the first cavity portion. The distance between the first and second stands is vacant of all obstructions in the embodiment seen. Such that once placed on a flat plane, the external profile of the mortar forms an aperture formed that extends between the portion of the mortar beneath the first cavity portion and the stand. Figures 32 to 37 show a pestle 40 to be used alongside the mortar of Figures 1 to 31. The pestle 40 seen may also be used with any appropriately sized curved cavity mortar. The pestle comprises a gripping portion 41 that, in the embodiment seen in Figure 35, is shaped to ergonomically enhance a user's grip of the pestle by virtue of projecting portions. Furthermore, the pestle also comprises a round bottom portion 43 that is connected to the gripping portion by a step portion 45. The round bottom portion 43 comprises a radius that is less than the radius of curvature of the mortar cavity. More specifically, the radius of the round bottom portion 43 is between 2mm and 3mm lower than the radius of curvature of the mortar cavity (both first and second cavity portions). This under sizing of the round bottom portion 43 of the pestle 40 with respect to the curvature of the mortar cavity results in an elevation of the perimeter of the round bottom portion from the mortar cavity when the centre point of the round bottom portion is in contact with the mortar cavity. This elevated portion results in free space, or a gap, between the pestle and the mortar that enables substances to 'fall' into the contacting / or grinding portions of the pestle during the grinding process. The radius of the round bottom portion in the embodiments of Figures 32 to 27, is 58.5mm, but may be between 53mm and 68mm in other embodiments. Once more, the round bottom portion 43 comprises a course surface and can be made of the same materials as the mortar cavity. These materials are ceramic, granite or stone. Figures 38 to 41 shows the pestle 40 within the first and second cavity portions of the mortar 10 of the first embodiment in various positions. However, these Figures do not show the elevation of the round bottom portion 43 from the surface of the mortar cavities at its peripherals. However, it is seen that the near equivalence of the radius values of the pestle 40 (round bottom portion 43) and the curvature of the cavity portions allows for a large grinding surface. This radius sizing balances the benefits achieved from the gap formed by the slight differences in geometry (not seen in these figures) and a large grinding surface. Figure 39 in particular shows the elevated portion of the round bottom surface 43 from the cavity surface of the inclined slope 13 when the pestle 40 is positioned within the bowl portion 11. This elevated portion may aid in allowing substances within the second cavity portion to enter the grinding portions of the pestle when grinding in the bowl portion 11. As mentioned, other embodiments may implement a lip that segments and separates these two cavity portions so as to prevent this exchange of substance between the first and second cavity portions. This elevated portion may also allow for additional clearance to pivot the pestle 40 within the mortar cavities at a greater angle that if it was not present, see Figures 40 and 41. These Figures also show one manner in which the pestle can be used to grind substances in both the first and second cavity portions of the mortar 10. Figures 42 to 45 shows the pestle within the first and second cavity portions of the mortar of the second embodiment and in various positions. These positions are the same as those seen in Figures 38 to 41, and are as such not described once more for the sake of avoiding repletion. Figure 46 is a flowchart 50 that shows a method of operating a pestle and mortar for grinding / processing substances. The mortar in this methodology may be the mortar of the first and second embodiments described above or it may be another mortar that comprises a bowl portion and a curved inclined slope. A first step 51 of this method relates to placing a substance into a cavity of a mortar. With reference to the mortars of Figures 1 to 31 this may be any of the first or second cavity portions. A second step 52 relates to grinding the substances along the curved inclined slope of the mortar with a pestle comprising a round bottom portion. This may be the pestle as described in Figures 32 to 37. The method may further comprise the steps of drawing substances up and along the inclined slope and pushing substances down the incline slope. This step may be repeated until the desired consistency of the substances is achieved. As part of this step, the motion of drawing substances up and along the inclined slope may be implemented by gathering the substances behind the pestle and wherein pushing the substances down the inclined slope may further capture the substances underneath the pestle. These gathering and capturing steps may be executed by pivoting the pestle on its contact point with the mortar cavity, and utilising the under sizing of the pestle in relation to the curved cavity portion to do so. Although the substances are not shown, Figure 41 may aid in visualising this method step. The method steps discussed so far may be aided by utilising the bowl portion of the mortar too. This bowl portion may increase the grinding surface and provide a greater length to build momentum in each grinding stroke. Further method steps may also include oscillating the pestle to grind the substances within the curved inclined slope. Due to the curvature of both pestle and mortar, the grinding that can occur within the inclined portion is multi-axial, i.e. the enablement of movements in both the parallel and perpendicular direction with respect to the mortars longitudinal axis. Should these movements be implemented simultaneously, for example, through a grinding stroke that oscillates along the concave profile of the inclined slope and drags substances up and down the inclined slope, a greater rate of grinding can be achieved. A further method step may also utilise the gap between the peripheral region of the round bottom portion of the pestle and the mortar cavity (specially at the inclined slope) and enable substances to fall into the contacting region between the pestle and the mortar. This may also further aid in increasing grinding efficiency. A non-limiting list of substances that may be processed within the inclined portion of the mortar may include an abundance of soft substances. These soft substances may include various soft food items, such as green vegetables, fruits, peppers, cloves, and other vegetables. Furthermore, a final step may comprise pouring the processed substances out of the mortar by tilting the mortar such that the processed substances flow over a mortar lip. This mortar lip may be the overhanging lip situated at the proximal end of the mortar should the mortars as described in Figures 1 to 31 be used. Here, the mortar lip may aid in funnelling the decanting substances and increase the accuracy of the pour. This pouring / decanting process may be further aided by dragging the processed substances with a second removal utensil. Naturally, other decanting methods to those described herein may be implemented and not all of them need utilise the mortar lip. Substances may therefore also be poured or removed from the mortar from the bowl portion. This may further involve inverting the mortar. Figure 47 shows a flowchart of a method 60 of operating a pestle and mortar for grinding / processing substances. The mortar in this methodology may be the mortar of Figures 1 to 31 or it may be another mortar that comprises a bowl portion and a curved inclined slope. A first step 61 relates to placing a substance into the bowl portion of the mortar cavity. With reference to the mortar of Figures 1 to 31 this is the first cavity portion. A second step 62 relates to grinding or processing the substances in the bowl portion. A third step 63 relates to tilting and simultaneously twisting the pestle to grind the substances in the bowl portion. The inclined slope of the second cavity portion may further enable this tilting, or enable it to a greater angle, by virtue of providing greater clearance geometry for the manoeuvre. Figure 41, may aid in visualising this. Once more, a further method step may also relate to grinding the substance in this bowl portion. The substances that may be processed in this manner may include hard substances. Wherein these hard substances may comprise of hard food items such as whole spices, black peppercorns, nuts, and dried spices. These method steps may further be used to process chemicals, precipitates and pharmaceutical ingredients. The above embodiments are to be understood as illustrative examples. Further embodiments are also envisaged. It is to be understood that any feature described in relation to any one embodiment may be used alone, or in combination with other features described and may also be used in combination with one or more features of any other of the embodiments, or any combination of any other of the embodiments. Furthermore, equivalents and modifications not described above may also be employed without departing from the scope of the invention, which is defined in the accompanying claims. In some examples, one or more memory elements can store data and / or program instructions used to perform the methods described herein. This may particularly relate to a processor used to determine the steps to be performed, and when each step has been completed. Embodiments of the disclosure provide tangible, non-transitory storage media comprising program instructions operable to program a processor to said method. 5 The processor / controller of such method of use (and any of the methods, activities or instructions outlined herein) may be implemented with fixed logic such as assemblies of logic gates or programmable logic such as software and / or computer program instructions executed by a processor. Other kinds of programmable logic include programmable processors, programmable digital logic (e.g. a field programmable gate 10 array (FPGA), an erasable programmable read only memory (EPROM), an electrically erasable programmable read only memory (EEPROM), an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC) or any other kind of digital logic, software, code, electronic instructions, flash memory, optical disks, CD-ROMs, DVD ROMs, magnetic or optical cards, other types of machine-readable mediums suitable for storing electronic 15 instructions, or any suitable combination thereof.

Claims

1. A mortar for grinding substances, wherein the mortar comprises;a first cavity portion and a second cavity portion;wherein the first cavity portion comprises a bowl portion;wherein the second cavity portion comprises an inclined slope;wherein a distal end of the inclined slope extends from the first cavity portion in a first direction.

2. The mortar of claim 1, wherein the second cavity portion comprising the inclined slope has a concave cross-sectional profile.

3. The mortar of any preceding claim, wherein the radius of the curvature of the concave profile is the same as the radius of the first cavity portion, wherein the radius of the first cavity portion is the radius of the bowl portion.

4. The mortar of any preceding claim, wherein the inclined slope extends from the base of the first cavity portion, optionallywherein the inclined slope is tangential to the bowl portion of the first cavity portion, optionally wherein the distal end of the inclined slope is tangential to the bowl portion.

5. The mortar of any preceding claim, wherein the distal end of the second cavity portion extends from the first cavity portion in a first direction.

6. The mortar of any preceding claim, wherein the mortar further comprises an overhanging lip, optionally wherein the overhanging lip is situated at a proximal end of the inclined slope, further optionally wherein the overhanging lip is situated at a proximal end of the second cavity portion, further further optionallywherein the overhanging lip is an extension of the inclined slope of the second cavity portion and extends in a second direction, optionally wherein the overhanging lip extends downwards,optionally wherein the angle between the second direction in which the overhanging lip extends and the first direction of extension of the inclined slope is greater than 180 degrees.

7. The mortar of any preceding claim, wherein the mortar is constructed of ceramic, granite or stone; and / orwherein the surface of the mortar has a course texture, optionally wherein the first cavity portion has a course texture, further optionally wherein the second cavity portion has a course texture.

8. The mortar of any preceding claim, wherein the mortar further comprises a vertical portion, wherein the vertical portion extends from the first cavity portion to a top surface of the mortar, optionally wherein the vertical portion further extends from a portion of the second cavity portion to a top surface of the mortar, further optionally wherein the vertical portion connects with the top surface of the mortar with a convex profile.

9. The mortar of any preceding claim, wherein the mortar further comprises either flat external sides, wherein the first cavity portion and the second cavity portion are held within the flat external sides; orwherein the mortar further comprises a stand, wherein the stand supports the mortar at a proximal end of the second cavity portion, optionally wherein the stand supports the mortar at a proximal end of the inclined slope, optionally wherein when the mortar is positioned on a flat plane, an aperture is formed that extends between the portion of the mortar beneath the first cavity portion and the stand.

10. The mortar of any preceding claim, wherein the portion of the bowl of the first cavity portion is a hemisphere; and / orwherein the first cavity portion is wider than the second cavity portion when viewed from the top of the mortar; and / or11. The mortar of any preceding claim, wherein the inclined slope comprises a shape formed from a cylindrical pipe dissected by a plane that is inclined relative to a centre line of the cylindrical pipe.

12. The mortar of any preceding claim, wherein the second cavity portion comprises a tapered portion when viewed from the top of the mortar, optionallywherein the distal end of the tapered portion is wider than the proximal end of the tapered portion, wherein the width of the tapered portion decreases as the distance from the first cavity portion increases, optionallywherein the tapered portion is a majority portion of the second cavity portion, further optionallywherein the entire length of the second cavity portion is tapered.

13. The mortar of any preceding claim, wherein the width of the second cavity portion matches the width of the first cavity portion at the point of connection, optionally wherein the width of the first cavity portion is the width of the bowl portion.

14. The mortar of any preceding claim, when dependant on claim 3, wherein the radius of the curvature of the concave profile is between 55 mm and 65 mm, optionally wherein it is 61mm, and / or wherein the radius of the bowl portion of the first cavity portion is between 55mm and 65mm, optionally wherein it is 61 mm.

15. A pestle for grinding substances in a curved cavity mortar, wherein the pestle comprises;a gripping portion;a stem portion;a round bottom portion, wherein the round bottom portion comprises a radius that is less than the radius of curvature of the mortar cavity.

16. The pestle of claim 15, wherein the radius of the round bottom portion is between 2mm and 3mm lower than the radius of curvature of the mortar cavity, optionally wherein it is 2.5mm lower, further optionally wherein the radius of the round bottom portion is between 53mm and 68mm, optionally wherein it is 58.5mm.

17. The pestle of any of claims 15 or 16 , wherein the round bottom portion comprises a course surface; and / orwherein the material of the round bottom portion is ceramic, granite or stone.

18. A pestle and mortar arrangement for grinding substances, wherein the pestle and mortar arrangement comprises;a mortar in accordance with any of claims 1-14;a pestle;wherein, in use, the pestle is configured to grind substances within the first and second cavity portions of the mortar.

19. The pestle and mortar arrangement of claim 18, wherein the pestle is in accordance with any of claims 15-17.

20. A method of operating a pestle and mortar for grinding / processing substances, wherein the method comprises the steps of;placing a substance into a cavity of a mortar, wherein the cavity of the mortar comprises a bowl portion and a curved inclined slope portion;grinding the substance along the inclined slope of the mortar cavity with a pestle, wherein the pestle comprises a round bottom portion.

21. The method of claim 20, wherein grinding further comprises the steps ofdrawing substances up along the curved inclined slope; andpushing substances down the curved inclined slope until the desired consistency of the substance is achieved, optionallywherein drawing substances up along the inclined slope comprises substances being gathered behind the pestle, and wherein pushing substances down the curved inclined slope comprises substances being captured underneath the pestle.

22. The method of any of claims 20 or 21, wherein the substances processed are soft substances, optionally wherein soft substances include soft food items, wherein such food items are green vegetables, fruits, peppers, cloves, other vegetables; and / orwherein the method further comprises;oscillating the pestle to grind the substances in the curved inclined slope; and / orwherein the gap between the radius of the pestle and the radius of the mortar enables substances to fall into the contacting region between the pestle and the mortar.

23. A method of operating a pestle and mortar for grinding / processing substances, wherein the method comprises the steps of;placing a substance into a cavity of a mortar, wherein the cavity of the mortar comprises a bowl portion and a curved inclined slope portion;grinding / processing the substance in the bowl portion of the mortar cavity;tilting and simultaneously twisting the pestle to grind the substances in the bowl portion.

24. The method of claim 23, wherein the method further comprises;oscillating the pestle to grind the substances in the bowl portion.5 25. The method of any of claims 23 or 24, wherein the substances are hardsubstances, optionally wherein the hard substances include hard food items such as whole spices, black peppercorns, nuts, and dried spices, further optionally wherein the hard substances includes chemicals and precipitates and pharmaceutical ingredients; and / or10 wherein the method further comprises:pouring the processed substances out of the mortar by tilting the mortar such that the processed substances flow over a mortar lip; wherein the mortar lip funnels the pour increasing its accuracy, optionally wherein the method further comprises;decanting the processed substances by dragging the processed substances 15 with a second removal utensil.AMENDMENTS TO THE CLAIMS HAVE BEEN FILED AS FOLLOWS:-Claims1. A mortar for grinding substances, wherein the mortar comprises;a first cavity portion and a second cavity portion;wherein the first cavity portion comprises a bowl portion;wherein the second cavity portion comprises an inclined slope;wherein a distal end of the inclined slope extends from the first cavity portion in a first direction;wherein the inclined slope is tangential to the bowl portion of the first cavity portion.

2. The mortar of claim 1, wherein the second cavity portion comprising the inclined slope has a concave cross-sectional profile.

3. The mortar of any preceding claim, wherein the radius of the curvature of the concave profile is the same as the radius of the first cavity portion, wherein the radius of the first cavity portion is the radius of the bowl portion.

4. The mortar of any preceding claim, wherein the inclined slope extends from the base of the first cavity portion.

5. The mortar of claim 4, wherein the distal end of the inclined slope is tangential to the bowl portion.

6. The mortar of any preceding claim, wherein the mortar further comprises an overhanging lip.

7. The mortar of claim 6, wherein the overhanging lip is situated at a proximal end of the inclined slope.

8. The mortar of any of claims 6 or 7, wherein the overhanging lip is situated at a proximal end of the second cavity portion.

9. The mortar of any of claims 6-8, wherein the overhanging lip is an extension of the inclined slope of the second cavity portion and extends in a second direction.

10. The mortar of any of claims 6-9, wherein the overhanging lip extends downwards,11. The mortar of any of claims 9 or 10, wherein the angle between the second direction in which the overhanging lip extends and the first direction of extension of the inclined slope is greater than 180 degrees.

12. The mortar of any preceding claim, wherein the mortar is constructed of ceramic, granite or stone.

13. The mortar of any preceding claim, wherein the mortar further comprises a vertical portion, wherein the vertical portion extends from the first cavity portion to a top surface of the mortar.

14. The mortar of any preceding claim, wherein the mortar further comprises either flat external sides, wherein the first cavity portion and the second cavity portion are held within the flat external sides; orwherein the mortar further comprises a stand, wherein the stand supports the mortar at a proximal end of the second cavity portion.

15. The mortar of claim 14, wherein when the mortar is positioned on a flat plane, an aperture is formed that extends between the portion of the mortar beneath the first cavity portion and the stand.

16. The mortar of any preceding claim, wherein the portion of the bowl of the first cavity portion is a hemisphere.

17. The mortar of claim 16, wherein the first cavity portion is wider than the second cavity portion when viewed from the top of the mortar.

18. The mortar of any preceding claim, wherein the inclined slope comprises a shape formed from a cylindrical pipe dissected by a plane that is inclined relative to a centre line of the cylindrical pipe.

19. The mortar of any preceding claim, wherein the second cavity portion comprises a tapered portion when viewed from the top of the mortar.

20. The mortar of any preceding claim, wherein the width of the second cavity portion matches the width of the first cavity portion at the point of connection.

21. The mortar of any preceding claim, when dependant on claim 3, wherein the radius of the curvature of the concave profile is between 55 mm and 65 mm.19 11 2422. A pestle and mortar arrangement for grinding substances, wherein the pestle and mortar arrangement comprises;a mortar in accordance with any of claims 1-21;a pestle;5 wherein, in use, the pestle is configured to grind substances within the firstand second cavity portions of the mortar.

23. A method of operating a pestle and mortar for grinding / processing substances, wherein the method comprises the steps of;placing a substance into a cavity of a mortar, wherein the cavity of the 10 mortar comprises a bowl portion and an inclined slope portion, wherein the inclined slope is tangential to the bowl portion;grinding the substance along the inclined slope of the mortar cavity with a pestle, wherein the pestle comprises a round bottom portion;wherein grinding further comprises the steps of:15 drawing substances up along the inclined slope; andpushing substances down the inclined slope until the desired consistency of the substance is achieved.

24. The method of claim 23, wherein drawing substances up along the inclined slope comprises substances being gathered behind the pestle, and wherein pushing20 substances down the inclined slope comprises substances being captured underneath the pestle.

25. The method of any of claims 23 or 24, wherein the substances processed are soft substances.

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