Rechargeable battery with an SEI protective layer on the surface of a metal anode and method for making same

Abstract

A rechargeable battery has a metal anode with a solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) surface layer, a cathode with a halogen species integrated in a porous carbon material, an electrolyte with an organi

Description

[0001]rmn wn mrr rvr vnnnrnn wn n rr rmnrnrnn n nrrnrmn,w. r n rr ,n. r, nnr .,. r wrrnvnvn-n rrnr rr rn mr rr rmnn nr rn r mn r . r, vnn m,m r m n,nxn r nrn mr vr,rrnrrmnrrr w v rn n,rmm rr n rr rm rrmn rnrrn.rn mr m, wr rwn n r,rrmn, mrrr nr n n n nmn nmnr.r mrmn rr rw rn v rrrmrnrrrnrn-nrnnnvrrnnnmn:rnr r rn v nvrn rn r rr r, v r r mr. m w r .rrnnmmr- r nnrnmn v ,r m-nnr n mr v r,rvn-r mxrn mr n m- m r,n r, wr m r nv r rn n mvr r wnw r rmn vrm mr. r nr rrwn ,r rmnvr r. nmnn mr r rrmn m-m r nr nn mr r vr m, w mvrvmrmrrnm m mn nnrrrnmwmvrr,rrr. nrw,nnrrnr,mn mrn xrnvnr-mr,n w n rmnnr. w nn mnnnrmnn r. n,nvnm v. rn,r rmn nn , nnrnrn rr r. rrmrv m mn r n nrnnvnnrvrm nnr w rr rmrn m r rmnnr,nr vr nrmr m m n xn r. nn m,m r m n,n nnmmn,rnnvnn r rr rmrn: mn rn mrnnn, w w nn n rnr rn xr .-nn .,,!", n m nm, mrnrn rr,rn r m nrn rm , w# %&'nn, rn.r-..n -,, n ., nrmn nmr,nr rrnn,. n-n.-,rn nmnr,nn rn .-., n n rn .-., nmrn rn ++++++=.mrn rn .-.,n,,,,,,nr m mrnn:nmrmnmnr,rnnvnn r m rn rr r mn, nrn nxzn, wrn r mr, mrnnrn, wrnr mn r ,nnr nn vnnn ,r wrn r nn w nr mnrnnrrrn r wn r rm rr rn -rnr rr r, wrnn r rr rrm r m nrnn rrm , mn n r , wrn wrxn,!"n, m#n,%&'mrnr,n, rnr.n,-., nr nn,mrnrn r,n n.n-rn n ,n rn .-., nmrn rn .-., nmrn rn-..,-., nm nrmnrn rnm+.++-+.+,+=. nmrn rn .-.,n,,,,,,nr ,nmr, zrnmn,mnm,nm, vnrmm,rrnn,nnmnmn,r.m, m nn,nnrmmnmnn,r. rmr nn rn,rmnr,n, n nrrnmrmn,mrrnnnnvrnnn rvnn r,r rmrn: m r mnnr nxzn wnrn r nn w nn, wn n rnr rn rn w mnr, mn ! r, w,rn r m nrn rm , wnr rn,"#n .-m.,%&',r nn,mrnrn r,n nr.n,-.,rn n,mrn,n xn, nmr n nmmrnrn r rnn.-..-,.,n nm,,r,n,, r,nnr.-., nnmr rnn m rn.-. ++., ++-+.+,=. ,nmn ,,rm mnmmmn ,n,, mn mr m rmr nn m m rmnmn,rm.,rnmr,rm, mnm, rnn,rrnrm,rmmnn,r,n,mrn,nnmnnrrm. r nnn nnnnrmmnn,nvn.n n n rm m n nrrmmrnmn,mrnnnvrnnn r r rrrn mrrmrrmn: m nn rn,rnr,rn,rn nn r v rn,rn ,rn nn rr,rnr, r r,nmn,rnnr,rnxr, rmrrnnnrxn,vrnnn n, r nn w r mnnr nxzn, wrnn n w r, mn,n , wrnxzn rmr nnrnr,xrn, nrx m, nnrnxn,nnm wnnrr, wn rnr m nrn rm , rn wnr rn,!"#n .-m.,%&',r, nnn,rnrn, nrn, rn, n,n xn,nnrnr rn .-.,nnrn rn .-.,n nnnrn rn rn.-..-,.,nnn,,rn,,, r,nnr.-.,nnrnm rn++.++-+.+,=. mrnn:nmrmnmnr,rnnnrvnnn rnxz mn, wrn rr r mn, mrn m nrn r rrnn r mr, mn r ,nnr mrnn mr, wrnr wrn r nn w nr mnnrnvnnn, wn r rm rr rnnrnnrrrn r rrr r, wrnn r rr rrm -rnr rnn rrm , mn n r , wrn r m n wnr rn,!"#n .-m.,%&',r, nnn,rnrn r,n nr.n,-.,rnn,nrn,n xn,nnrnnnrnrn rn rn.-..-,.,nnn,,rn,,, r,nnr.-.,nnnr rnn m rn.-. ++., ++-+.n +,=. nnr.rmmn, r r mrn nrnvnn nnnn,-rmmxmnn, ,rnrnvn r rmr mnnr. m ,,-xn ,rrrn ,n rnrmrrnmnmn, n r rmr nn rnm ,mmx,rm nr63,,nmmnxnrr. ,m rn, wrrnrmxmznn, rrrmrrrrnmnrxnxn,znr, zrnr,nrn wx, nrx, nrnx,nmnnr. rnnnvnnnrmrmnw. nvnn w rv, w mn,n m r.rrvrwrn vnvmrn m,rn,nxnn m r mrn mrrmn w m mn, m ,n mxn ,n,-x nm ,m nr3,,- rmrv n , wr v w nrnm r nr m m.xm rr . rvwrnrvn vm wrnm m nrnn,,rn,nnn n r mrn , ,,n , wr v w mnr , m r nrrm3n nn.m mrrr wrnvx rrrm rm. r nv wm,rn,m n mrn,nx,n,rn,n m,rn nrrrmmrn ,3,,n , wr v w mnrn nn.m mrrr wrnvx rrrmm. rnv wm,rn,m n mrn,nx,n,rmn,n nr,nr r mrn ,3,,n ,n nrnm r v r.mr r.vrvx wwmn. m mn r,nnr mn rn r r nr , ,,n , wr v w mn ,n r mrn xm.3rnmr nrrmrv m r.r wn vn mrn m,rn,nxnn m r rmvrrnr, v w m mn, m ,n rr r w3,,n , wr v w nrn v .2r wnn vrr ~ rrmrvxm. m m r n mrn nrn,rn,nnn n r rmvrrnr, v w m mn, m , vrr r w3,,n , wr v w nrn . rr2wnn rr ~ rrmrvxm. nn m m r rrrrmr nv wm,rn,m n mrn,nx,n,rmn,n m,rnrxrnmmrrvn ,3,,n , wr v w nrn . rr wn xrm. nn m n m,rn, nrn,xn,rn,n ,nm m rr mrr r v w m mn, m m rr rn ,3,,n , wr v w nrn m r.x rrnm vrwrnrvvxmn. v wmrmn m m,rn,nxnn m r mrn , , ,,n , wrnv, wm ,n m r nrr3nrn m m. r wxnmv.n mrn nrn,rn,n,nrnn ,nr rrvrmrrn v w m mn, m nrnm r nrr ,3, ,,n , wr v w rn,n.nnrrm mwnxm r r. rrm n m,rn,rn, nrn,xn, m ,n r mrnr,r, v, w m mn, w nrnm r nrrxm.3,n , wr v rn,n.nnrrm mwnr rrrm nrm,rnv,rn, nrn,xn, m ,n r mrn , , , w,n ,m mn, w nrnm3wr v . r rw nrrxm. v rr.v n rnnr mn rn r r nr , , , w,nm, m wn, m ,n r mrn xm.3 r v w nrnmr nrr r m. rxr wnr nm n m m r rrrrmn w . rr3wn n nrnm r nrrxm. r r v wrm mmnn,rn rr m m r r ,3, ,,n n nrnm r ,nn-rrxmr.mrn mrnvnwn.nrrnnr w mrnrrn v rrr nrmmn vr n m. n nnnn,r,rrrrnn “n,”n “”n r rrnn nxrn nrw.m,rmn “mrrrm,” “,” “rmnr,” “mxrr,” rnr “mmrnnn,”,mnn,r,nnrn,n nm, r nnr mr rmnn,mn,r,nr. r rn rnr.rn,mnrmn “r” rrrmrnnnrnr,v,nnnvrrm, wnrrn mr rrmrnrrn “” nn wn r rm r. m n .., rr. mmmrr w xr wn r , w x. mm , w .,.n mm ,n .., , mmmr mr x mm ,rm rn ,,,nr .., , mm rnr wx mrmnmn.r w rmnmn,r m r m rr nr nnrnrwrnvm,n, , rm “r” m rr n rn wr rm “r” r rn, nrr v,nnn r nnrr v rrr mrnr rrn. m r nrrmwrrn, rm “n,rrn”, rvnr,r rnnrnnr wr mrm r rvrnrrn vn wnrmwr rn m nr m nn mnrnrn . nr n mnm mnmz vm rrmn. mmr v r nrnnxrn nn, n rr rn rrn m-nrvnr nr.nr nn wn r . w xm,nrn-n rnr n nrnn r vrr,rnn r,.rrvv nr w nrrnr n mnn rnrr rn w r n+nnnr rn rn r r wr rnr x r mnn w rnrm nv rvrnwnnvrn vnxrn nrv.rn. r rr,nxrn rnrnnrn,rnrm “nv.rnn”v rr rvr rx rn rnnrnrnnxrnnr m rnrrrm mr nmm r wnnr n m m n nr.r w. xnvrn rn nvrn ,rnrn,nrmn r wrx m, w r. nvrn , nrwwrrn n r w mr n nr m .mrnn.rnnvr+nn r mrnrnmnvvn vr mnm. nnnvrnn , m mr xnvrnnr rrnmn rn.n, w rrn m rvrmnnxn mrrrnrrnmnnnrn. mrnnrn,mnr r rm n mr n, w nvr nwnnnvrn x mzr rnrm. w xm,n x rn rn. nvr,n r rnw m rnrnnxz mrnmm r nmrnr mr.nrr nxrnrrrn,xrm “nn”r rr nv r r rnr rn n nx rr nr rrnn r ..,n rnrnrn. m rmnr mr mrrn,rn r m, nrn m m r r m,r -rnn m,nr - -rnn m.xm, rr.xm mn m,m, m, rm,m,nrnm rm,n rr r mn rm, mnm, m,rnmr, vnm,rmmmr,. mxnmn nr,rn-,rnn m, nn,, wrm, znn,,nrm, zrnmr, nm, m nm,nm, rnm, r m, vr,nmm.xm r - -rnn mnm, w, m, mnm,m,nmn,nnn.nr, mn mn, rm r m n r r m. wrmrn mrmnxrnrrn,rrm r “n”r rnrrnv r r rv rn n nx rr r r rnn,xz.., rnrnrn.n nr nrnvrn mr.xm nrmrn n nr w mn, n mn mrn, , m , n mnn , n24r mrnmrn-nmx4r,m mnnx ,m x2, mr mmr ,r rn mr,nmnnr.xm r rn nn ,rn nn rr,rnnr, w,vmrn,n,rrnn,,rrnn,r,rrnnx,rn r rnx,rn n,r , n r,nmnnr.xm xvrnn,r mrn, w mn, mx, x , mnn ,n m2nnxm23,n mrxr m , rn , rrnn m mn,2nm nr ,, vrnr3n rr2n wmnnn nm ,nnnr r, ,r w.mnn,rnn,nrn,r wmnr,nrm,nr n.r rn, rm “r” rr mr nnvn n mwnnn n rr r.nrrn,nrrmvmnnrm nnn r, r mvmnn wn r . nnrvnnrrnvr. wmnn,vnn , vnrrnrmrm “-rnr”r “” rr rvnnv r n rr..nnrr. rrmnr r rm xnn w mnrnrnrvnrrr m n xm xznrn,nrm “x, wznm” rnr,x n rx rnn r. nrn, nrx, nrnx,rnx,nnm,nr, zrr mxn rxn wr r, rx rn rnrn nr. nwn n r rnn nx r rnwn rnn nr xn nr xzn znn nr r nr n rn. r xzn nnr rxn r wn nn r wr rnmxn rn rn r.r xzn r, r rm r rn rx rn. n nx rr r mrnn,.xzn wrnnr w r rm rn r m m rn m, rmn “m ” rr mnvn mn n . m r mnr r r w r m,r r m.xm r mn, w mn,m,n, w mmn,, rrmm,, mnmm,n,rnmmr,.rxnm r r m . m w nnr,nn,nnr mr, n.rrm,n rm w mn,rn,rn,rm r, wn, m rr rnn, rr,nrmrrn mnnn w w mnnr r rn r mn r r . m mnnr, vnn rn,mrr m n,nxn r. r m m n wrn!"m m#,%,&'r,n, rn, nrn, rn, nn-rn n ,n x.-n., n nmmrnrn rn rn.-..-,., nmrn rn .-., nmrn rn .-.,n nmrn rn .-. nnmrnm rn + +. +-. +, + + nm =r.n rn mn,nmmmn,,m, znr m rmr nn m, r.nn n,mnm, vnm,rn,nmnn rn,rmrnmr,mnn, r n rmr nn rmr n ,nr,nmnnr.nrrmmn, !", mr rn rm , wrn,#m,%&'rn, rn, nrn, rn, n,n xn, nmr nnm rrnn r.n-.,.-. n,mrn nm rrnn r.-., nmrn rn .-., nmrn rn .-.,n,,,,,,nnr.-., nmrnm rn++.++-+.+,=. m.rnnrmmn, mn mr r mnrr r m, mm, r mm,rm m,nr rmr nn, r m m r mnrrnmrmr,nmnnr.r mnm, m,mnm,nmnnr.r nn rm, mnrr, wrmrmn, mr n n nrrn mnnr.nn n r rmr nn,,r,,,n nnvnn.nrmrrmmn, mr m n nn m n m nmnn, mnn mvn r rn, wrn m .nrrmmn, nnr .nnrmmn, m mr r rn.nnrmmn, n mrnnnr n nvrn mr r rn.nrrm nvrn mrn mrn r rn mr w n mnn,nrrnnr n mr m r r rmr nnrrnn.,rrnrn rn,rn nn ,rn nn rr,rnr, r, rnx, r rnx,rn n,rvrr,nn,rmnnn,rrn., mmnn,nrmnmn, m mnnn rr .nrrnrm.nmrr n rn mn mnrrn.nrrmmn, nn, n rrrn. vnnnnrmnm.nx,m rmrrrrnvr w n rrrnn, w mn, rmn,,-m n m n r rrrn , , n xn ,rm ,,-xn , xm rrm r,m rmm ,m x , n, rn, w mn,,nmnnr.xm m n mxx- mrrmnnm ,m nr3, nmnnrr. ,m rnm ,mxr6, nn wnrrmnmn,r,rmvrnxxznn,rnrnxzn wn r.nrrn rn m,nnrrr , m n r r m n rnn r nvrnmn m r w mn r r rn. mn rv vnrnn rmrvxmn r rmnn rnn, w nrrn vn n n nrnnrr. wnr nn rn n rvr r n3.. w mrrn,,nn n rvr r m . ww mrrn,,nn nn rn n nrn, mrrn,,,,, . r r wn!# %&', wr =.-. = =-.. =.-. =.-. =.-. n .-.w..mwrrnm,r,r,n,,n,,n,,,nrn rrrrn vrrn ,,,,,n m r r. wnrn r.. w rnnnn mnr rnrmrr r v. wnrn, r r mn rn r r n mn r. rnn r r rxm rm rmrvxmn r rmnn rn n, w nrrn rnvn nrrnn nrr2wnr nn n n rvn n3.. w mrrn,,n n rvrrrr n. w mrrn,,nn nn rn n rmr wn. wnr!,# %m&'r, wrrn =.,-,.,,, r =.r-n., =,.,-,.,n =.r-.r =.r-n. n =.-... w m n r r. nrm n . w mrrn,,,,, mrvxm r n r rrnmrvxm r2n nrm nrr r2w nr mrrrvrnrmn,,,n,r.vr, xmnrrnr nrmnnrnr wrnn, w nrrn r vn n n , ,n2n..r wnmnr rn n n rvr r3n. w mrrrnn,,n n n rvr r m . wnr, mrr,,,n ,,,,,nn rn n r r wn ,n wr, =.-. =.-. =.-. =!"# %&'=.r-.r =r.n-..nw =.-.m..- r..w mrrn,,,,,,n wnrn, n rrn,,,,,,n r r.n r.. w rnn rnnr vrmrn rn nr v.nnr rnn rwr mn rn r r w r rnn ~ rr r, nn. mrvxm, xm w nmn r n n rr r r.nn r w “ xm r rmnn rnn rr-n rrr rn r-rrnm,n”n n w r m x3n.r r nnnrrrnnvr n nrnrr wn w rn r r n.n. wn mrrnn3. r nn mr rr-nn. w mr ,,,,,, n mr r r. wnnrrn rn,,,,,,n r r nrn r r ,thr-rn. nrrrmn rnnrmmnmn,nnxmrr.xmrn mrmvn- mnrrn vn rmnn, w mn,m nr,mrrmn r r,r , ,nmnnr. nm,mx xznnnnrmnrmnn,xz mr mnr wmnx-nrrxxznn mvnnnnr v,n.rxmr ,xzn, m rnrmnn, w mn, nr v xzn n, wr mnnm,nmnrx.xm,,r vn m nnr,rrn.,nmnnr. r r m-rmrx rnnnr,rr xmnrrmmn,w m rrmnr rn m mn.r r,nwnvrrmnnrrrmnn.mnnn n rr m rr rrnn,r v nrnn nrmmn rnnvnnvnrn m nn vrn w rn xrnvrrmnr wmmnrnr .n rmmn. rmn rn w n m nrmmn,r nrn xnrn mr ,rn rrnr nrmrnvrmnnvrnnrmnn rn. mn w mnwnxmrnmrmrv rnr nr w m r m nr r w r vr n mnvnn,nmrrr,rn. rvn vn nr.nn rw,rrr w.,,xmrmrnrrrn nr.,nrr r nrm r r rn . mnn wr nmmr n rw ºnn wrnnxm,vx. wrvr ºn nrn vxnr r. n wrrvr m rvr r ,3,, n nr w wrrrr wn. w mm n. mm3,n vn w v nv . . n n w r,r,n mn wrx w nm-nnrrmnrrnnrrn wn2n2. m n. r w m mnn w wnn-- n rr r,,r,.., w rn- r wn rrnr-rr n .n n nr n n- r w nn m ,rn,n mn r , wnn, wn,n m.n w nmrm rnnnr,nn w . r m nz -r n rnnr,n n ,,nn n rn r .. w mrrn nn n r rrvrvrmrr n...ww rmrmrnn,,,, ,,n rrrn. w r m n, , r.. w rnn rr ,,,,n r v. mn rn r r nr ,3,,2w mrnnrnrrnm wrrrnr nnxmm,rn rnn r nmrmnrnn vr nrr. w rx. rrrn r r2wn rr nz nr,n rnnr,n n r m n..w. wmrmrnrrn,,n,,nnnn rn rvrr .. w r,nmrn,,,r, rvr mr r m n,,,, .,n rrrn. w ,3,,, wr n r wrrr nmrvxm,n rnn nmrmnrrnrrmrrn.nnmnrrv,xmn, r r w n r m nz ..° w nnr,n n rvrr n. mrrn ,,nn n r rvr mr .w. wmrrrnm n,,,,n,,n,,,n .rrwrn r.nnw rrrm mnn r,n,,r,,r,n rrnrthvr.. .m mn wx n- rrn rn nrn vx2< n,2n <r.rm.nvnrnm w w nnr rmv nvr rnnrnrxrmrn rrrnr rvrxmn nr nrn r-r,x nmn,nrrn m m.x mn w n x r mn r w n wrnr3nnm n wr,n r wr r vmr r.r r , w nmn n rnxm.nmn n rnnr,n n rr nmmrmnznrn.rr.rwn nr, m n,,,,,,n rrrmn r ,,n r r. n. w r m n,,,

Claims

. m rrn rmrn: nrrnnnr w nrn n m n nr mn, wrn r !"#rn%&rm, , wrn,'xn, m, rn, rn, nrn, rn, nn-rn n,n n nmmrrn rn .-., nmrnn rn .-., nmrn r rn .-., nmrn rnn .-., nmrn rn ..-., nmrn rn .--., ,,,,,,nr .,n m++++++=. .m, rrm,rmm, zn, wnr,nmnm, vnrmm,rrnn m, r. n,nmnn .rmnr, rnr,nr,nmm, wnrnnr.rmr nn rn, .nn rmr,mr,m, wmr,n r mn mr m rmr mnm, m,mnm,nmnmn,r.m,rnmr,rm, .r n rnrrn,rrnm,, wrmrnnr,n,mrn,nnmnnrr.m . rrn rnnm, wrnnnvnn. n n rm m.rnvn rnr nr.m, wrn r r mrn n .,-mx rnr ,rrmm,, w,rnrnvn rmr nn r. -xn ,rrrn ,nmnn .rrm rnr mnmr m ,mx,, w rmrn rmr nn rn nr3,6,nmxmxnn-rr. ,m w.rn rxznr rrmm,rrrnmrnnnxxnz,nr, znn w r, nrnx,nmnnr. rr,rnx, nrx, . m rrn rmrn: mnnrnmrrnnrnvnn , wrn r nn w r nxznrnnnr w rrn,r mn,n n r, wrn r m mn nn w !"# %&', nrn rm , wrn,m, rn, rn, nrn, rn, n,n xn, n nmmrn rn .-., nmrrnn r rn .-., nmrn rnn ..-., nmrn rn .--..,, n nmmrn rn .-., ,,,,,r,nn rrn .-.,n m++++++=. n.n rmr,mr,m,m wr, rn mmn,mmr,rn mmr,rrmm,rmnm, m,mnm,nmnnr. r.n rnrrn,rrnm,,r wmnrnr,nn,n,nmnnrrm. . rrn rnnm, wrnnnvnn. n n rm mr.,xn, n rrxr, nrnrx,mn, wmrnnnxrzn. rmr nn .vnn r.r r m, wrn r r mrnnrn,.- rr r m, wrnrnvn rmr nn rm.xn ,rm ,,-xn ,rrrn ,nmnn .rrm rnrnmr m,, wm nrrn ,mrxmxr- nn rnm ,mxr36,nmnnrr. ,m . rmrn rmrn: nn rnmr,nrnm nrn r rn mr rmr v rn, r,rn,rn nn ,rn nn rr,rnr, r r,nrnmn,rnn,rnx, r rnx,rn n, r xmr mrnrnrnvnn , wrn r nn w n nnr rzmnrnnn wn r,r, mn,n , wrnxznn xn, nrx, nrnx,nmnnr r, wrnrnrm nrnrnrr mn nn w !"#, m , wrn,%&'nnm,rnrn, rn, nrn, rn, n,n xn, nnrn r rnn ..-., nnrn rn .--..,, nnnnrn rn .-., nnrrnn r rn .-., nnrn rnn ..--., ,,,,,,nr .,n m++++++=. ,.- rr r m, wrnrnvn rmr nn rm.xn ,rm ,,-xn ,rrrn ,nmnn .rrm rnrnmr m,, wm nrrn ,mrmr nn rnm ,mxr36,nxmxnn-rr. ,m . m rn mmnn r rnrrnrnmxrznn:, wrn r mr, nr, w,rmnrnrnrn mvnnn , wr .n r mnn rn r nn w n nrnn r wn r rm rr rn rrm -nrrnrrrn rrrn rr, wrnn r rr , wrn r m nr mn n r !n , n rm , wr"# %&'xn, m,, rn, rn, nrn, rn, nn-rn n ,n n nmrn rn .-., nmmrrnn rn .-., nmrn r rnn ..-., nmrn rn .--..,,n nmrn rn .-., ,,,m,,r,nn rrn .-.,n m++++++=. ,.-mx rnr ,rrmm,, w,-rxnnrn,vrn rmr nn r. rrn ,nmnn .r rr r m, wrn rmr nn rrmnnmnm,mx,rm nr3,6,nmxmxnn-rr. ,m . mmnrrn rr rmrn: mn, nrn nxzn, wrn r mr, mn mrn m nrn r rn mr, wrnr nrrmrnnrn,n r vnn , wrn r nn w n nrn mn nnrn r wrrnn rr rm rr rn rr r r, wrnn r rr , wmrn-rrnrm nrrnnrrm , mn n r w!r"n,# %&', nnm,rnrn, rn, nrn, rn, n,n xn, nnrn r rnn .-., nnrn rn ..--., nnrn rn .-..,, nnnnrn rn .-., nnrrnn rn .-., ,,,,,,n rrn .-.,n m++++++=.

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