Quantum computing using signal manipulation elements

Abstract

To provide a system that includes an atomic object confinement apparatus and one or more signal manipulation elements.SOLUTION: Each signal manipulation element is configured to: (a) be associated with a respective atomic object location in an atomic object confinement apparatus; and (b) be one of a collection array or an effect array. The collection array is configured to provide induced collection signals to respective collection locations in response to radiation signals emitted by the atomic objects at the respective atomic object locations being incident on the collection array. The effect array is configured to provide induced effect signals to the respective atomic object locations in response to incoming signals being incident on the effect array. The one or more signal manipulation elements comprise metamaterial arrays and / or diffractive optical elements.SELECTED DRAWING: Figure 7A

Description

Technical Field

[0001] Cross - Reference to Related Applications This application claims the benefit of priority of U.S. Provisional Application No. 63 / 201,018, filed on April 8, 2021, the content of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

[0002] Various embodiments relate to apparatuses, systems, and methods for using a metamaterial structure to supply a light beam to, and / or receive an optical signal from, a confined atomic object. Exemplary embodiments relate to providing a light beam to, and / or receiving an optical signal from, a confined atomic object of a quantum charge - coupled device (QCCD) - based quantum computer.

Background Art

[0003] When using an ion trap to perform quantum computing, gates and other functions of the quantum computer are executed by applying a laser beam to the ions contained within the ion trap. Delivering these laser beams to a large - scale quantum computer is a significant challenge due to the low ion height on the trap, the Rayleigh length of the laser beam, and the amount of laser power that needs to be delivered to the ions within the trap to perform the functions of the quantum computer. Through applied effort, ingenuity, and innovation, many of the deficiencies of conventional laser - beam application techniques have been solved by developing structured solutions in accordance with embodiments of the present invention, and many of these examples are described in detail herein.

Prior Art Documents

Patent Documents

[0004]

Patent Document 1

Patent Document 2

[0005] Exemplary embodiments provide methods, systems, apparatus, computer program products, etc., for providing one or more operational signals to an atomic object confined within an atomic object confinement device, and / or for capturing and / or detecting (optionally) (optical) signals emitted by the atomic object. In various embodiments, the atomic object is an atom, an ion, or a pair or group of atoms and / or ions (e.g., an ionic crystal). For example, in various embodiments, the atomic object is used as a qubit in a quantum computer. In various such embodiments, the operational signals are configured to control the photoionization, state preparation, qubit detection and / or reading, cooling, shelving, re-pumping, single-qubit gates, and two-qubit gates of the quantum computer. While exemplary embodiments are described herein in relation to quantum computing applications (e.g., quantum charge-coupled device (QCCD)-based quantum computers), various embodiments relate to atomic clocks and various other applications of atomic objects confined by their respective atomic object confinement devices, lithographically defined arrays of quantum dots, and / or other applications requiring the precise delivery of optical signals to specific locations and / or the capture of signals emitted at specific locations.

[0006] In various embodiments, an atomic object confinement device has one or more metamaterial structures disposed on / formed on and / or bonded / fixed to it. In various embodiments, at least some of the metamaterial structures are configured to guide an incident operation signal onto the metamaterial structure to emit the respective operation signal to the corresponding atomic object location and / or a portion thereof. In various embodiments, at least some of the metamaterial structures are configured to guide an emitted signal emitted by an atomic object at the corresponding atomic object location to emit an acquisition signal toward an acquisition optical system configured to capture, detect, measure, etc., the acquisition signal.

[0007] A system is provided according to aspects of the present disclosure. In an exemplary embodiment, the system comprises an atomic object confinement device having a plurality of electrodes configured to generate a confinement potential configured to confine one or more atomic objects, wherein the confinement potential defines a plurality of atomic object locations, and one or more signal manipulation elements. Each of the one or more signal manipulation elements is (a) associated with each of the plurality of atomic object locations, and (b) one of a collection array or an action array. The collection array is configured to respond to radiated signals emitted by atomic objects located at atomic object locations incident on the collection array and to provide induced collection signals to each collection location, and the action array is configured to respond to incoming signals generated by an action source incident on the action array and to provide induced action signals to each atomic object location.

[0008] In an exemplary embodiment, multiple atomic object locations are arranged in a two-dimensional layout.

[0009] In an exemplary embodiment, each of one or more signal manipulation elements comprises a metamaterial array.

[0010] In exemplary embodiments, one or more signal manipulation elements comprise at least one of (a) a metamaterial array or (b) a diffractive optical element (DOE).

[0011] In an exemplary embodiment, the atomic object confinement device is a surface ion trap.

[0012] In an exemplary embodiment, one or more signal manipulation elements comprise at least one collection array and one or more action arrays associated with each atomic object location.

[0013] In an exemplary embodiment, the action array is configured to perform quantum computer functions selected from the group consisting of photoionizing atomic objects, preparing the state of atomic objects, reading the quantum state of atomic objects, cooling atomic objects or atomic object crystals containing atomic objects, shelving atomic objects, re-pumping atomic objects, executing a single qubit gate on an atomic object, and executing multiple qubit gates on a set of atomic objects containing an atomic object.

[0014] In an exemplary embodiment, one or more metamaterial structures of the action array are wavelength-tuned to guide an action beam of a wavelength used when performing quantum computer functions.

[0015] In an exemplary embodiment, one or more of the multiple metamaterial structures are pillars extending from the surface of the atomic object confinement device at a distance ranging from 0.5 nm to 1 μm.

[0016] In an exemplary embodiment, each metamaterial structure of the plurality of metamaterial structures forms a metasurface.

[0017] In an exemplary embodiment, the surface of the atomic object confinement device defines a plane, one or more signal manipulation elements are disposed on the surface, and the action array is configured to receive an incoming signal that propagates laterally with respect to the plane.

[0018] In an exemplary embodiment, the surface of the atomic object confinement device defines a plane, and the collection position is located outside the plane.

[0019] In an exemplary embodiment, one or more signal manipulation elements are metasurface lenses formed on the surface of the atomic object confinement device.

[0020] In an exemplary embodiment, at least one or more portions of the substrate of the atomic object confinement device are transparent to at least one of light having the wavelength of the input signal or light having the wavelength of the radiation signal.

[0021] In an exemplary embodiment, one or more signal manipulation elements are disposed on a second substrate, and the second substrate is disposed such that the surface of the second substrate including at least one of the one or more signal manipulation elements faces the surface of the first substrate on which a plurality of electrodes of the atomic object confinement device are disposed.

[0022] In an exemplary embodiment, the system further includes a controller configured to control the operation of the plurality of electrodes and at least one operation source.

[0023] In an exemplary embodiment, the controller is further configured to receive a signal indicating a collection signal incident on the collection position.

[0024] In an exemplary embodiment, the system is part of a quantum computer, the controller is configured to control the operation of a plurality of electrodes and at least one operation source so as to cause the quantum computer to execute at least a part of a quantum circuit, and one or more atomic objects are used as qubits of the quantum computer.

[0025] In an exemplary embodiment, the system further comprises one or more optical elements configured to define an optical path from an operation source to an action array.

[0026] In an exemplary embodiment, the one or more optical elements comprise at least one of a bilayer metasurface beam splitter, a photonic integrated circuit chip and one or more bulk optical components, or a photonic integrated circuit chip having an integrated metasurface.

[0027] In an exemplary embodiment, the system further comprises a collection optical system located at a collection position corresponding to each atomic object position, and one or more photodetectors optically coupled to the collection optical system, and the one or more photodetectors are configured to generate a signal indicating a collection signal incident on the collection optical system.

[0028] In an exemplary embodiment, the plurality of action arrays are associated with respective atomic object positions, a first action array of the plurality of action arrays is configured to provide a first induced action signal in response to an action signal incident thereon, a second action array of the plurality of action arrays is configured to provide a second induced action signal in response to an action signal incident thereon, and the first induced action signal and the second induced action signal are different in at least one of the beam width at each atomic object position or the propagation path passing through each atomic object position.

[0029] In an exemplary embodiment, the one or more signal operation elements comprise an alignment arrangement comprising at least one signal operation element.

[0030] Having thus described the present invention in general terms, I would now like to refer to the attached drawings, which are not necessarily drawn to scale. [Brief explanation of the drawing]

[0031] [Figure 1] This is a schematic diagram illustrating an exemplary quantum computing system comprising an atomic object confinement device having a metamaterial structure on its surface, according to an exemplary embodiment. [Figure 2] This is a schematic diagram of a portion of the surface of an atomic object confinement device according to an exemplary embodiment. [Figure 3] This is a schematic diagram of an enlarged portion of the surface of the atomic object confinement apparatus shown in Figure 2, according to an exemplary embodiment. [Figure 4A] This is a partial cross-sectional view of an atomic object confinement device, according to an exemplary embodiment, which includes an action array formed on its surface from an array metamaterial structure. [Figure 4B] This is a partial cross-sectional view of an atomic object confinement device, according to an exemplary embodiment, which includes a collection array formed from an array of metamaterial structures on its surface. [Figure 4C] This is a partial perspective view of an array of metamaterial structures according to an exemplary embodiment. [Figure 5] This is a schematic diagram of a portion of the surface of an atomic object confinement device, which has signal manipulation elements arranged on its surface, according to an exemplary embodiment. [Figure 6] This is a schematic diagram of a portion of the surface of an atomic object confinement device having another arrangement of metamaterial arrays on its surface, according to an exemplary embodiment. [Figure 7A] This is a schematic diagram showing signals entering a housing at least partially positioned around an atomic object confinement device, according to various embodiments. [Figure 7B]This is a schematic diagram showing signals emanating from a housing at least partially positioned around an atomic object confinement device, according to various embodiments. [Figure 8] This is a schematic diagram of a translucent substrate delivery arrangement with signal manipulation elements on the surface of an atomic object confinement device, according to an exemplary embodiment. [Figure 9] This is a schematic diagram of a flip-chip signal delivery arrangement according to an exemplary embodiment, in which a second substrate equipped with signal manipulation elements is mounted to an atomic object confinement device in a fixed relationship. [Figure 10A] This is a schematic diagram showing the beam profiles of each action signal induced by the action signal incident on each signal manipulation element according to various embodiments. [Figure 10B] This is a schematic diagram showing the beam profiles of each action signal induced by the action signal incident on each signal manipulation element according to various embodiments. [Figure 10C] This is a schematic diagram showing the beam profiles of each action signal induced by the action signal incident on each signal manipulation element according to various embodiments. [Figure 11] This is a partial cross-sectional view of an optical assembly configured to provide operational signals to and / or receive collected signals from a metamaterial structure on the surface of an atomic object confinement device, according to an exemplary embodiment. [Figure 12] This is a partial cross-sectional view of an optical configuration configured to provide operational signals to and / or receive collected signals from a metamaterial structure on the surface of an atomic object confinement device, according to an exemplary embodiment. [Figure 13] This figure shows an exemplary double-layer metamaterial array beam splitter configured for use in delivering operational signals to atomic object locations, according to an exemplary embodiment. [Figure 14A]This is a front view of an exemplary photonic integrated circuit (PIC) configured for use in delivering operational signals to atomic object locations, according to an exemplary embodiment. [Figure 14B] This is a side view of an exemplary PIC and corresponding bulk optical system configured for use in delivering operational signals to atomic object locations, according to an exemplary embodiment. [Figure 14C] This is a side view of an exemplary PIC, according to an exemplary embodiment, which has an integrated metamaterial array and is configured for use in delivering operational signals to atomic object locations. [Figure 15A] This figure shows exemplary portions of the alignment arrangement of signal manipulation elements configured for use in each alignment operation according to various embodiments. [Figure 15B] This figure shows exemplary portions of the alignment arrangement of signal manipulation elements configured for use in each alignment operation according to various embodiments. [Figure 16] This is a schematic diagram of exemplary controllers for a quantum computer configured to perform one or more deterministic reshaping and / or reordering functions in various embodiments. [Figure 17] This is a schematic diagram of an exemplary computing entity of a quantum computer system that may be used according to an exemplary embodiment. [Modes for carrying out the invention]

[0032] The present invention is described more fully below with reference to the accompanying drawings, which illustrate some, though not all, embodiments of the invention. In fact, the invention can be embodied in many different forms and should not be construed as being limited to the embodiments described herein, but rather these embodiments are provided to satisfy the applicable legal requirements of this disclosure. The term "or" (also written as " / ") is used in both an alternative and a conjunctive sense unless otherwise specified. The terms "explanatory" and "exemplary" are used as examples that do not indicate a level of quality. The terms "generally," "substantially," and "approximately" refer to within engineering tolerances and / or manufacturing tolerances, and / or within user measurement capabilities, unless otherwise specified. Similar numbers refer to similar elements throughout.

[0033] In various embodiments, methods, apparatus, systems, computer program products, etc., for providing operational signals to atomic object locations within an atomic object confinement device, and / or for collecting, capturing, detecting, and / or measuring radiated signals emitted by atomic objects confined by the atomic object confinement device. For example, various embodiments provide a signal management system associated with and / or comprising an atomic object confinement device, comprising one or more signal manipulation elements. In various embodiments, one or more signal manipulation elements are used to provide operational signals to atomic object locations defined by the atomic object confinement device, and / or for collecting, capturing, detecting, and / or measuring radiated signals emitted by atomic objects located at atomic object locations.

[0034] In various embodiments, the atomic object is an atom and / or an ion. The atomic object may be a qubit atomic object of an atomic object crystal comprising two or more atomic objects, and in exemplary embodiments, the two or more atomic objects of the atomic object crystal include atomic objects of at least two different atomic numbers. In exemplary embodiments, the atomic object confinement device is an ion trap (e.g., a surface ion trap, a pulse trap, etc.).

[0035] In various embodiments, one or more signal manipulation elements are positioned and / or mounted to the atomic object confinement device such that the signal manipulation elements form at least a portion of the respective optical paths between each atomic object location and each manipulation source and / or photodetector.

[0036] In various embodiments, at least one of the signal manipulation elements of the signal management system is located on the surface of the atomic object confinement device and / or at least partially within the first substrate on which the atomic object confinement device is formed. For example, in various embodiments, the atomic object confinement device is formed on the first substrate, and at least one signal manipulation element is formed and / or located on the surface of the first substrate. As should be understood, the first substrate may comprise multiple layers of circuitry configured to control various elements / components of the operation of the function of the atomic object confinement device. In exemplary embodiments, at least one of the signal manipulation elements is part of the atomic object confinement device and is recessed and / or set back from the surface of the atomic object confinement device. For example, at least one signal manipulation element may be located in the first substrate and / or in a fabricated layer rather than directly on the surface defined by the plane of the atomic object confinement device. For example, there may be holes or openings within the surface of the atomic object confinement device into which at least one signal manipulation element is embedded. In exemplary embodiments, a transparent layer surrounds at least one signal manipulation element within the hole or opening. Various embodiments provide atomic object confinement devices having one or more signal manipulation elements formed on the surface of the atomic object confinement device and / or disposed as part of a substrate comprising the atomic object confinement device.

[0037] An exemplary embodiment provides a second substrate having one or more signal manipulation elements formed on and / or disposed on it, mounted in a fixed relationship to an atomic object confinement device, such that operation signals can be provided to atomic object locations via each of the signal manipulation elements of the second substrate.

[0038] In various embodiments, each signal manipulation element is formed and / or configured for use in performing one or more functions of a QCCD-based quantum computer (photoionization, state preparation, qubit detection and / or reading, cooling, shelfing, re-pumping, single-qubit gate, or two-qubit gate). For example, in various embodiments, the signal manipulation element is a metamaterial array comprising multiple metamaterial structures. In various embodiments, each of the multiple metamaterial structures is a positive metamaterial structure (e.g., column, row, cylinder, etc.). In various embodiments, each of the multiple metamaterial structures is a negative metamaterial structure (e.g., hole, pit, pocket, bubble, etc.). In various embodiments, the metamaterial array may comprise a combination of positive and negative metamaterial structures. In various embodiments, some of the metamaterial arrays consist of and / or comprise positive metamaterial structures, while other metamaterial arrays consist of and / or comprise negative metamaterial structures.

[0039] In various embodiments, each signal manipulation element is configured to provide a resonant response to incident signals (e.g., incoming manipulation signals and / or emitted signals) within a specific wavelength range. For example, for incident signals (and / or parts thereof) characterized by wavelengths within a specific wavelength range, the signal manipulation element is induced to emit a controlled induced signal (e.g., controlled with respect to direction, focus, beam profile, polarization, etc.) as a result of the incident signal being incident on the signal manipulation element. However, for incident signals (and / or parts thereof) characterized by one or more wavelengths outside a specific wavelength range, the resulting signal has a uniform phase delay applied to it, but does not experience the focusing, polarization control, beam profile control, etc., of a controlled induced signal. In other words, in various embodiments, the signal manipulation element can be used as a color filter. For example, one or more signals of various wavelengths, and / or signals containing various wavelengths, can be incident on the signal manipulation element. Color filtering performed by a signal manipulation element (e.g., a metamaterial array configured to have a resonant response for each specific wavelength) causes the controlled inductive signal to contain only wavelengths within each specific wavelength and / or each specific wavelength range configured for use by the signal manipulation element. For example, an incoming manipulation signal incident on the signal manipulation element is focused to the corresponding atomic object location only if the incoming manipulation signal is characterized by wavelengths within each specific wavelength range.

[0040] In various embodiments, a signal manipulation element has two or more manipulation signals incident upon it and is configured to be guided to radiate each manipulation signal in response. For example, a signal manipulation element may be configured to be guided to radiate a first manipulation signal directed to a first portion of a corresponding atomic object location, having a wavelength corresponding to the first wavelength and a polarization corresponding to the first polarization, in response to a first manipulation signal of a first wavelength and a first polarization incident upon it. The same signal manipulation element may, in an exemplary embodiment, be configured to radiate a second manipulation signal directed to a second portion of a corresponding atomic object location, having a wavelength corresponding to the second wavelength and a polarization corresponding to the second polarization, in response to a second manipulation signal of a second wavelength and a second polarization incident upon it. In various embodiments, the first and second wavelengths are substantially the same, and the first and second polarizations are different. In an exemplary embodiment, the first and second wavelengths are different, and the first and second polarizations are substantially the same. In exemplary embodiments, the first and second wavelengths are different, and the first and second polarizations are different. The first and second portions of the atomic object location may overlap or not, depending on the application. In various embodiments, the first and second operation signals may be provided at least partially simultaneously. For example, the first and second operation signals may be incident on the signal operation element simultaneously for at least a portion of the time that the first and / or second operation signals are incident on the signal operation element. In exemplary embodiments, the first and second operation signals are provided separately (e.g., not overlapping in time).

[0041] In various embodiments, signal manipulation elements are configured to be induced to emit action signals and / or collection signals in response to incoming manipulation signals and / or emitted signals within a corresponding wavelength range being incident upon them. For example, each function of a quantum computer may be associated with one or more wavelengths. Thus, each signal manipulation element may correspond to one or more functions of a quantum computer, and one or more functions of a quantum computer may correspond to wavelengths within the wavelength range on which the multiple metamaterial structures of each signal manipulation element are configured to operate.

[0042] In various embodiments, each signal manipulation element is associated with a corresponding atomic object location presented by an atomic object confinement device. In various embodiments, one or more atomic object locations defined by the atomic object confinement device are associated with an arrangement of signal manipulation elements comprising multiple signal manipulation elements. In various embodiments, each signal manipulation element in the arrangement of signal manipulation elements associated with the atomic object confinement device is configured for use when performing one or more functions of a quantum computer (e.g., photoionization, state preparation, qubit detection and / or reading, cooling, shelving, re-pumping, single-qubit gate, two-qubit gate, radiated signal detection, etc.). For example, the performance of various functions of a quantum computer may include the use of manipulation signals and / or the detection of radiated signals at various wavelengths. Various signal manipulation elements are configured for use at different wavelengths such that a particular signal manipulation element in the arrangement of signal manipulation elements is configured for use when performing one or more corresponding functions of a quantum computer at the relevant atomic object location.

[0043] Conventionally, a laser beam is directed to a position within an ion trap by transmitting the laser beam parallel to the plane of the ion trap so that the laser beam is incident on the ions within the ion trap. However, for atomic object confinement devices that are two-dimensional and / or have larger dimensions, it is difficult to focus a laser beam onto ions within the ion trap without cutting off the edges of the ion trap. Therefore, there are technical challenges regarding how to provide an operating signal to an atomic object confinement device that can vary in proportion to the size and / or dimensions of the atomic object confinement device. For example, there are technical challenges regarding how to provide an operating signal to the atomic object position in an atomic object confinement device as shown in Figure 2.

[0044] Various embodiments provide technical solutions to these technical challenges. In particular, in various embodiments, the operation signal is transmitted laterally with respect to the plane of the atomic object confinement device (for example, nearly perpendicular, at an angle of about 45 degrees, etc.). For example, the operation signal is transmitted in such a way that the operation signal is incident on a signal manipulation element and guides the signal manipulation element to radiate an operation signal directed towards the corresponding atomic object position. In other words, the signal management systems of various embodiments use a signal manipulation element to enable the operation signal to be provided laterally with respect to the plane of the atomic object confinement device. Thus, various embodiments provide technical solutions to the technical challenges of how to provide operation signals to an atomic object confinement device so that the operation signal is not transmitted parallel to the plane of the atomic object confinement device, so that the operation signal can be effectively provided to a two-dimensional trap.

[0045] In addition, detecting the quantum state of atomic objects presents challenges due to the large field of view required for optics to collect and / or detect signals emitted by atomic objects in large and / or two-dimensional atomic object confinement devices. Various embodiments provide technical solutions to these technical challenges by assisting in the collection and / or orientation of the emitted signals so that signals emitted by atomic objects are more efficiently captured, detected, and / or measured. For example, one or more collection arrays of a signal manipulation element in a signal management system may be arranged and / or configured to guide a detection beam to be emitted in response to the incidence of an emitted signal emitted by an atomic object onto the collection array. In various embodiments, the detection beam is emitted in a known direction so that the detection beam can be captured (e.g., via a collection optical system, etc.) and supplied (e.g., via an optical fiber cable, waveguide, etc.) to a photodetector (e.g., a photodiode, photomultiplier tube, charge-coupled device (CCD) sensor, complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) sensor, and / or other photodetector). Therefore, various embodiments provide solutions to the broad technical challenge of determining the quantum state of atomic objects confined by large and / or two-dimensional atomic object confinement devices.

[0046] Exemplary quantum computing system with atomic object confinement device Figure 1 provides a schematic diagram of an exemplary quantum computing system 100 comprising an atomic object confinement device 300 (e.g., an ion trip) according to an exemplary embodiment. As shown in Figures 4A, 4B, 5, 6, and 14, in various embodiments, a plurality of signal manipulation elements are formed and / or arranged on the surface of the atomic object confinement device. In various embodiments, at least some of the signal manipulation elements formed and / or arranged on the surface of the atomic object confinement device are configured to be guided to emit action signals toward and / or focused toward each atomic object location in response to incoming signals incident upon them. The incoming signals are at least some of the action signals generated by the operation source 60 of the quantum computer 110. In various embodiments, at least one signal manipulation element formed and / or arranged on the surface of the atomic object confinement device is configured to be guided to emit collection signals toward and / or focused toward collection locations (e.g., where corresponding collection optical elements are located) corresponding to each atomic object location in response to emitted signals emitted by atomic objects located at each atomic object location.

[0047] In various embodiments, the quantum computing system 100 comprises a computing entity 10 and a quantum computer 110. In various embodiments, the quantum computer 110 comprises a controller 30, a cryostat and / or vacuum chamber 40 surrounding a confinement device 300 (e.g., an ion trap), and one or more operating sources 60. For example, the cryostat and / or vacuum chamber 40 may be a pressure-controlled chamber. In an exemplary embodiment, operating signals generated by the operating sources 60 are provided into the cryostat and / or vacuum chamber 40 (where the atomic object confinement device 30 is located) via corresponding optical paths 66 (e.g., 66A, 66B, 66C). In various embodiments, the optical paths 66 are defined at least in part by one or more components and / or elements of a signal management system. For example, at least one of the optical paths 66 comprises and / or is partially defined by a signal manipulation element of a signal management system.

[0048] In exemplary embodiments, one or more manipulation sources 60 may comprise one or more lasers (e.g., optical lasers, microwave sources, etc.). In various embodiments, each manipulation source is configured to generate a manipulation signal 60 having a characteristic wavelength in the microwave, infrared, visible, or ultraviolet portion of the electromagnetic spectrum. In various embodiments, one or more manipulation sources 60 are configured to manipulate and / or induce a controlled quantum state evolution of one or more atomic objects in the confinement device. For example, in exemplary embodiments where one or more manipulation sources 60 comprises one or more lasers, the lasers may provide one or more laser beams to atomic objects trapped by the confinement device 300 in the cryostat and / or vacuum chamber 40.

[0049] For example, the manipulation source 60 generates an manipulation signal that is provided as an arriving signal to the appropriate signal manipulation element of the signal management system. The arriving signal incident on the signal manipulation element, for example, on a metamaterial array, induces multiple metamaterial structures of the metamaterial array to emit an action signal directed and / or focused at the corresponding atomic object location in the atomic object confinement device. For example, the manipulation source 60 may be configured to generate one or more beams that can be used to initialize the atomic object to a state in qubit space so that the atomic object can be used as a qubit in the confined atomic object quantum computer, to execute one or more gates on one or more qubits of the confined atomic object quantum computer, to read and / or determine the state of one or more qubits of the confined atomic object quantum computer, and so on.

[0050] In various embodiments, the quantum computer 110 includes an optical collection system 70 configured to collect and / or detect photons generated by qubits (e.g., during a read procedure). The optical collection system 70 may comprise one or more optical elements (e.g., lenses, mirrors, waveguides, optical fiber cables, etc.) and one or more photodetectors. In various embodiments, the photodetectors may be photodiodes, photomultiplier tubes, charge-coupled device (CCD) sensors, complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) sensors, micro-electromechanical system (MEMS) sensors, and / or other photodetectors sensitive to light of the predicted fluorescence wavelength of the quantum computer's qubits. In various embodiments, the detectors may communicate electronically with the controller 30 via one or more A / D converters 1625 (see Figure 16), etc. For example, an atomic object that has been read and / or whose quantum state has been determined may emit a radiation signal, at least a portion of which is incident on the collection array of the signal management system. The radiation signal incident on the collection array induces multiple metamaterial structures of the collection array to emit a focused detection signal directed towards and / or directed towards the collection optics of the atomic object confinement device. The collection optics are configured to provide the collection signal to a photodetector.

[0051] In various embodiments, the quantum computer 110 comprises one or more voltage sources 50. For example, the voltage source 50 may comprise multiple voltage drivers and / or voltage sources, and / or at least one RF driver and / or voltage source. In exemplary embodiments, the voltage source 50 may be electrically coupled to corresponding potential generating elements (e.g., electrodes) of the confinement device 300.

[0052] In various embodiments, the computing entity 10 is configured to allow a user to provide input to the quantum computer 110 (for example, through the user interface of the computing entity 10) and to receive, view, etc., outputs from the quantum computer 110. The computing entity 10 may communicate with the controller 30 of the quantum computer 110 via one or more wired or wireless networks 20 and / or via direct wired and / or wireless communication. In exemplary embodiments, the computing entity 10 may convert, configure, format, etc., information / data, quantum computing algorithms, and / or circuits, etc., into a computing language, executable instructions, command set, etc., that the controller 30 can understand and / or implement.

[0053] In various embodiments, the controller 30 is configured to control a voltage source 50, a cryostat system and / or vacuum system that controls the temperature and pressure within the cryostat and / or vacuum chamber 40, an operating source 60, an optical collection system 70, and / or other systems that control various environmental conditions (e.g., temperature, pressure, etc.) within the cryostat and / or vacuum chamber 40, and / or to operate and / or induce a controlled evolution of the quantum state of one or more atomic objects within the confinement device. For example, the controller 30 may induce a controlled evolution of the quantum state of one or more atomic objects within the confinement device in order to execute a quantum circuit and / or algorithm. For example, the controller 30 may cause a read procedure, possibly including coherent shelving, to be performed, possibly as part of executing a quantum circuit and / or algorithm. In various embodiments, the atomic objects confined within the confinement device are used as qubits in a quantum computer 110.

[0054] Exemplary atomic object confinement device In various embodiments, an atomic object confinement device comprises a plurality of electrodes configured to generate a confinement potential. For example, a controller 30 may control a voltage source 50 to provide an electrical signal to the electrodes of the atomic object confinement device so that the electrodes generate a confinement potential. The confinement potential is configured to confine a plurality of atomic objects within a confinement volume defined by the atomic object confinement device. For example, in an exemplary embodiment, the atomic object confinement device is a surface ion trap, and the confinement volume is a volume located in close proximity to the surface of the surface ion trap. In various embodiments, the electrodes and / or the confinement potential are configured to define the positions of a plurality of atomic objects within the confinement volume.

[0055] In various embodiments, atomic object locations are arranged in a one-dimensional or two-dimensional layout. For example, in an exemplary embodiment, atomic object locations are arranged along the axes of a linear atomic object confinement device. In another exemplary embodiment, atomic object locations are arranged in a two-dimensional array or layout defined by a two-dimensional atomic object confinement device. An exemplary linear atomic object confinement device is described in U.S. Application No. 16 / 717,602, filed December 17, 2019, but various other linear atomic object confinement devices may be used in various embodiments. An exemplary two-dimensional atomic object confinement device is described in U.S. Application No. 63 / 199,279, filed December 17, 2020, but various other two-dimensional atomic object confinement devices may be used in various embodiments.

[0056] In various embodiments, the confinement potential evolves over time based on an electrical signal supplied to the electrodes by a voltage source 50. The evolution of the confinement potential may be configured to move one or more atomic objects from their respective first atomic object locations to their respective second atomic object locations. Figures 2 and 3 show portions of exemplary two-dimensional atomic object confinement devices 300, each comprising an array of electrodes 310 spaced apart by a spacing factor α. In exemplary embodiments, the spacing factor α is in the range between 500 μm and 1000 μm (e.g., about 750 μm). The array of electrodes 310 defines a plurality of atomic object locations 305. In various embodiments, the atomic object locations 305 are volumes corresponding to a portion of an atomic object path 320, and the electrodes 310 are configured to maintain atomic objects (e.g., as part of an atomic object crystal) and / or pairs or sets of atomic objects (e.g., for executing two or more qubit gates) for the execution of functions of a quantum computer, and / or to store one or more atomic objects during the execution of functions of a quantum computer for other atomic objects located at other atomic locations.

[0057] In the illustrated embodiment, the array of electrodes 310 defines a plurality of islands 330 and an atomic object path 320. In various embodiments, atomic objects may move between various atomic object positions 305 along the atomic object path 320. Generally, atomic objects are not located on the islands 330. In various embodiments, one or more signal manipulation elements (e.g., action arrays) may be arranged and / or formed on the islands 330. In various embodiments, one or more signal manipulation elements (e.g., collection arrays) may be arranged and / or formed on the atomic object path 320.

[0058] In various embodiments, the voltage source 50 provides an electrical signal to a potential generating element (e.g., an electrode 310) of the confinement device 300 so that a confinement potential is formed. Based on the contour and time evolution of the confinement potential, one or more atomic objects are confined at their respective atomic object locations, moved between atomic object locations, and so on. When atomic objects are located at atomic object locations, one or more functions (e.g., quantum computing functions) can be performed on the atomic objects. An exemplary function that can be performed on atomic objects is the photoionization of atomic objects. For example, an operational signal may be applied to an atomic object to photoionize it.

[0059] Another exemplary function that can be performed on an atomic object is state preparation of the atomic object. For example, one or more operational signals can be applied to an atomic object to prepare it in a particular quantum state. For example, a particular quantum state may be a state in a defined qubit space used by a quantum computer, so that the atomic object can be used as a qubit in a quantum computer.

[0060] Another exemplary function that can be performed on an atomic object is to read its quantum state. For example, an operation signal (e.g., a read signal) may be applied to the atomic object. When the wave function of the atomic object decays into a first state in qubit space, the atomic object fluoresces in response to the applied read signal. When the wave function of the atomic object decays into a second state in qubit space, the atomic object does not fluoresce in response to the applied read signal.

[0061] Another exemplary function that can be performed on atomic objects is cooling atomic objects or atomic object crystals containing atomic objects. An atomic object crystal is a pair or set of atomic objects, where one of the atomic objects in the atomic object crystal is a qubit atomic object used as a qubit in a quantum computer, and one or more other atomic objects in the atomic object crystal are used to perform sympathetic cooling of the qubit atomic object. For example, an operation signal (e.g., a cooling signal or sympathetic cooling signal) may be applied to an atomic object or atomic object crystal to cool the (qubit) atomic object (e.g., reduce the vibration and / or other kinetic energy of the (qubit) atomic object).

[0062] Another exemplary function that can be performed on an atomic object is to shelf it. In various embodiments, an atomic object in a second state in qubit space may be shelfed during the execution of a read function. For example, a shelf operation may include evolving the quantum state of an atomic object in a second state in qubit space to at least a metastable state outside of qubit space while the read operation is being performed. An exemplary shelf process is described in U.S. Application No. 63 / 200,263 filed February 25, 2021, but various other shelf processes may be used in various embodiments. In various embodiments, shelfing an atomic object is performed by applying one or more operational signals to the atomic object to evolve the quantum state of the atomic object to at least a metastable state outside of qubit space while the atomic object is in a second state in qubit space.

[0063] Another exemplary function that can be performed on an atomic object is the (optical) re-pumping of the atomic object. In various embodiments, re-pumping an atomic object involves applying one or more operational signals to the atomic object in order to evolve the quantum state of the atomic object into an excited state.

[0064] Another exemplary function that can be performed on an atomic object is to execute a single qubit gate on the atomic object. For example, one or more operation signals may be applied to the atomic object in order to execute a single qubit qubit gate on it.

[0065] Another exemplary function that can be performed on atomic objects is to perform a two-qubit gate on them. For example, one or more operation signals may be applied to a pair or set of atomic objects containing an atomic object in order to perform two (or three, four, or more) qubit quantum gates on an atomic object and at least one other atomic object.

[0066] In various embodiments, the atomic object confinement device 300 comprises one or more signal manipulation elements. In various embodiments, the manipulation signal is provided laterally to a plane defined by the surface of the atomic object confinement device 300 so that the manipulation signal is incident on the corresponding signal manipulation element. Each signal manipulation element is configured to respond to the incidence of an incoming manipulation signal by inducing an action signal that is emitted so that the action signal is directed to the respective atomic object location of the atomic object confinement device 300 corresponding to the signal manipulation element. The action signal is a suitable signal (for example, having an appropriate wavelength, polarization, amplitude, etc.) for causing the corresponding function to be performed in response to the incidence of the action signal (and optionally other action signals, such as the application of a magnetic field) on the atomic object (or set of atomic objects) at the corresponding atomic object location.

[0067] Exemplary signal management system In various embodiments, the signal management system is configured to control the provision and / or collection of signals to and from each atomic object location defined by the atomic object confinement device 300. In various embodiments, the signal management system defines optical paths used to provide signals to and / or collect signals emitted by atomic objects located at each atomic object location. The optical paths include respective signal manipulation elements. In various embodiments, the signal manipulation elements are configured to allow the optical paths to be lateral to the surface 350 of the atomic object confinement device.

[0068] Various embodiments are disclosed in which the surface 350 of the atomic object confinement device 300 comprises one or more signal manipulation elements. For example, in various embodiments, the surface 350 of the atomic object confinement device 300 comprises an arrangement of signal manipulation elements for each atomic object position 305 defined by the atomic object confinement device 300. Various embodiments are disclosed in which, as shown in Figure 8, the first substrate 810 on which the atomic object confinement device 300 is formed is transparent at one or more wavelengths and / or comprises waveguides and / or vias through which the arriving signal 62 and / or the transmitted and collected signal 74 can propagate. Various embodiments are disclosed in which, as shown in Figure 9, a second substrate 910 is attached and / or fixed in association with the atomic object confinement device 300, and the signal manipulation elements (and / or arrangement of signal manipulation elements) are formed and / or arranged on the surface of the second substrate.

[0069] In various embodiments, the atomic object confinement device 300 comprises one or more signal manipulation elements. In various embodiments, one or more of the signal manipulation elements are metamaterial arrays, each metamaterial array comprising a plurality of metamaterial structures, each defining and / or comprising its own metamaterial surface. An array of metamaterial structures (e.g., a composite surface formed by combining the respective metamaterial surfaces of a plurality of metamaterial structures) forms and / or provides a photonic metasurface. The terms metasurface array and photonic metasurface are used interchangeably herein. A photonic metasurface is an engineered surface designed to manipulate light through coherent interference, which is implemented through local control of the amplitude, phase, and / or polarization of reflected or transmitted light. This control is implemented by an array of light scattering elements (e.g., metamaterial structures), each of which has dimensions on the wavelength of light or a smaller scale in at least one dimension, with intervals on the wavelength of light or a smaller scale. For example, as used herein, a photonic metasurface refers to a composite metasurface formed by a plurality of metamaterial structures of a metamaterial array. The metamaterial structure of the metamaterial array is a high-contrast structure (compared to other parts of the surface of the atomic object confinement device 300) of near-wavelength or sub-wavelength (e.g., nanometer scale) that controls the phase, amplitude, and polarization of electromagnetic waves, with its geometric shape, size, arrangement, and orientation. This control of electromagnetic waves is a result of the size and shape of the metamaterial structure, not of the bulk material used to make the metamaterial structure.

[0070] In various embodiments, the metamaterial structure is a Huygen metamaterial structure. For example, in various embodiments, electric and magnetic dipoles are induced within each of the metamaterial structures, and when a suitable electromagnetic beam, signal, wave, etc., is incident on the metamaterial structure, each metamaterial structure generates electromagnetic waves such as Huygen wavelets. The phases of the magnetic and electric dipoles determine the phase, direction, and / or polarization of the electromagnetic waves, radiation, beams, and / or signals emitted by the metamaterial structure. In various embodiments, one or more plasmonic photonic metasurfaces are used. For example, a negative plasmonic photonic metasurface (e.g., a hole in a flat metal surface) can be etched onto the metal surface and / or part thereof of the surface 350 of the atomic object confinement device 300. In various embodiments, one or more photonic metasurfaces are used, which are dielectric photonic metasurfaces configured to change the geometric phase (e.g., Pancharatnam-Berry (PB) phase) using one or more electric or magnetic resonances. In various embodiments, dielectric photonic metasurfaces (e.g., truncated waveguides) configured to change the propagation phase without resonance are used. In various embodiments, the photonic metasurfaces are dielectric and / or plasmonic metasurfaces that use two or more electrical or magnetic resonances in any order to locally manipulate the desired phase and amplitude response of each photonic metasurface. Various other types of metamaterial structures defining various types of metamaterial surfaces are used in various embodiments.

[0071] A photonic metasurface may be designed and / or configured to generate electromagnetic waves, radiation, beams, and / or signals in specific and / or specified directions, for example, due to the phases of electric and magnetic dipoles established on the surface of the constituent metamaterial structure. In various embodiments, the metamaterial structure comprises positive and / or sized positive and / or negative structures shaped and / or configured such that a metamaterial array formed by a plurality of metamaterial structures provides action signals to each atomic object location of an atomic object confinement device in response to incoming signals incident on at least a portion of the metamaterial array, and / or provides collection signals to the collection optics of a quantum computer in response to emitted signals incident on at least a portion of the metamaterial array.

[0072] As described elsewhere in this specification, photonic metasurfaces can be used to control the polarization of induced signals (e.g., action signals and / or acquisition signals), to focus and / or collimate induced signals, to color-filter induced signals, to control the phase of induced signals, and so on.

[0073] In exemplary embodiments, at least one of the signal manipulation elements is a DOE or an assembly of DOEs. Generally, a DOE is an optical element having properties that have dimensions on a scale larger than each particular wavelength of light. For example, the signal manipulation element may be a DOE configured to control the polarization of an induced signal (e.g., an action signal and / or a collection signal), focus and / or collimate an induced signal, color-filter an induced signal, or control the phase of an induced signal. In exemplary embodiments, the signal manipulation element comprises both a metamaterial array (e.g., a plurality of metamaterial structures) and DOE components.

[0074] In exemplary embodiments, the signal manipulation element is formed, deposited, and / or arranged on the surface of the atomic object confinement device. Figure 4A shows a partial cross-sectional view of the atomic object confinement device in which an action array 400 is used to apply an action signal to an atomic object location 305. For example, a controller 30 controls one or more action sources 60 to generate the action signal. The action signal is provided to the atomic object confinement device 300 as an arriving signal 62 that propagates laterally across a plane defined by the surface 350 of the atomic object confinement device 300 so that the arriving signal 62 is incident on the action array 400. The arriving signal 62 incident on the action array 400 causes each induced action signal 64 to radiate toward the corresponding atomic object location 305. For example, the induced action signal 64 is incident on the atomic object 5 located at the atomic object location 305. As used herein, the action array 400 is a signal manipulation element configured to provide induced action signals to respective atomic object locations in response to the arrival signal generated by the action sources being incident on the action array. In the illustrated embodiment, the working array 400 is formed on a portion of the surface 350 of the atomic object confinement device 300 corresponding to the electrodes 310 and / or islands 330.

[0075] Figure 4B shows a partial cross-sectional view of an atomic object confinement apparatus in which a collection array 440 is used to collect radiated signals generated by atomic objects 5 at each atomic object position 305. For example, during a qubit readout function, an atomic object 5 located at atomic object position 305 may be made to radiate a radiated signal 72. At least a portion of the radiated signal 72 is incident on the collection array 440. At least a portion of the radiated signal 72 incident on the collection array 440 causes an induced collection signal 74 to radiate from the collection array 440 toward the collection position 445. In various embodiments, a collection optical system is located and / or positioned at the collection position 445. For example, in the illustrated embodiment, the collection optical system comprises one or more optical elements, such as a collection lens 420 configured to couple at least a portion of the collection signal 74 to a collection fiber 425.

[0076] As used herein, the acquisition array 440 is a signal manipulation element configured to provide an induced acquisition signal to the corresponding acquisition position 445 in response to the incidence of radiated signals emitted by atomic objects located at the corresponding atomic object positions onto the acquisition array. In various embodiments, the acquisition array 440 is configured to provide an induced acquisition signal (in response to radiated signals incident upon it), which is then collimated toward the acquisition optical system corresponding to each atomic object position 305, focused thereto, and so on.

[0077] In various embodiments, the collection array 440 is formed on a portion of the surface 350 of the atomic object confinement device 300 corresponding to the atomic object path 320. For example, in the illustrated embodiment, the collection array 440 is generally positioned between the corresponding atomic object location 305 and the atomic object confinement device 300. In various embodiments, the collection array 440 is configured to collect signals radiated from large solid angles around each atomic object location 305. For example, the collection array 440 may be positioned and sized to collect and / or incident on radiated signals radiated near about 2π steradians and / or approximately 2π steradians. For example, from the viewpoint of the atomic object location 305, the collection array 440 may include solid angles around the atomic object location 305 of π, 1.25π, 1.5π, 1.75π, and / or more than about 2π steradians.

[0078] Figure 4C shows some exemplary signal manipulation elements, such as the action array 400 and / or the collection array 440. The exemplary signal manipulation elements comprise a plurality of metamaterial structures 410. The geometric shape, size, arrangement, and / or orientation of the plurality of metamaterial structures 410 control the phase, amplitude, and polarization of the induced action signals and / or collection signals emitted by the corresponding signal manipulation elements. In various embodiments, each of the plurality of metamaterial structures 410 is a column extending from the surface 350 of the atomic object confinement device 300 at a distance ranging from 0.5 nm to 1 μm. For example, the metamaterial structure is a nanometer-scale structure. In various embodiments, the metamaterial structure is a subwavelength structure. In various embodiments, the subwavelength structure is a structure that extends from the surface 350 and / or has a diameter / side length less than the wavelength of the incoming signal and / or emitted signal intended to be incident on the structure and / or less than the wavelength of the action signal and / or collection signal intended to be emitted by the structure. In various embodiments, metamaterial structures may be formed or fabricated from conductive materials, semiconductor materials, and / or dielectric materials. In various embodiments, the metamaterial structure is a negative structure (e.g., a hole, a depression, etc.).

[0079] In various embodiments, the energy of the arriving signal or the emitted signal is effectively transferred to the corresponding induced action signal or the collected signal, respectively. For example, the induced action signal or the collected signal transmits approximately 90–99% of the energy and / or energy flux incident on the respective action array or collected array as the corresponding arriving signal or the emitted signal, respectively. In various embodiments, an action signal providing 50–90 mW at the atomic object location is used to perform several functions of the quantum computer (e.g., a two-qubit gate in an exemplary embodiment). The efficiency of the signal manipulation element in converting energy and / or energy flux from the arriving signal to the action signal allows the quantum computer to perform functions at relatively high flux levels (e.g., approximately 100 mW) without requiring a high-power manipulation source 60 to account for losses in energy flux due to the use of the signal manipulation element in the optical path of the manipulation signal. In addition, the efficiency of the signal manipulation element in converting energy and / or energy flux from the emitted signal to the collected signal allows for the effective detection of the emitted signal (e.g., used in a read function to determine the quantum state of a qubit / atomic object).

[0080] In various embodiments, the radius and / or height (positive or negative) of the metamaterial structures within a signal manipulation element (e.g., a metamaterial array), as well as the spacing between the metamaterial structures, affect and / or define the efficiency with which the signal manipulation element converts the energy and / or energy flux of an incoming signal into an action signal and / or the efficiency with which it converts a radiated signal into a collected signal.

[0081] In various embodiments, the shape of the metamaterial structure of the metamaterial array (for example, in a cross-section in a plane substantially parallel to the surface 350 of the atomic object confinement device 300) affects and / or defines the polarization of the induced action signal or collected signal emitted by the metamaterial array.

[0082] In various embodiments, the spacing and / or height of the metamaterial structures within a metamaterial array affects and / or defines the direction in which the induced action signals or collected signals emitted by the metamaterial array propagate. For example, the spacing and / or height of the metamaterial structures within an action array 400 may be configured to direct and / or focus the induced action signals towards the corresponding atomic object positions 305. For example, the spacing and / or height of the metamaterial structures within a collected array 440 may be configured to direct and / or focus the induced collected signals towards the corresponding detection positions 445.

[0083] In various embodiments, signal manipulation elements are arranged and / or configured to generate a focusable beam. For example, the action array 400 may be configured to emit an induced action signal that is focused at the corresponding atomic object location 305. For example, the collection array 440 may be configured to emit an induced collection signal that is focused at the corresponding detection location 445.

[0084] In various embodiments, signal manipulation elements (e.g., action arrays and / or collection arrays) are formed on the surface 350 of the atomic object confinement device 300 via one or more deposition and / or etching steps. For example, signal manipulation elements may be formed on the surface 350 of the atomic object confinement device 300 using one or more photolithography steps. In exemplary embodiments, signal manipulation elements are formed on the surface 350 of the atomic object confinement device 300 using deep / extreme ultraviolet (D / EUV) lithography, electron beam lithography (EBL), nanoprint lithography, etc.

[0085] In an exemplary embodiment, a signal manipulation element formed and / or positioned on the surface 350 of the atomic object confinement device 300 has a diameter in the range of 5 μm to 200 μm (e.g., about 100 μm). In an exemplary embodiment, the signal manipulation element has a diameter at least three times the specific wavelength to which the signal manipulation element is configured to be used. In an exemplary embodiment, the arriving signal is a beam focused to a diameter of about 32 μm. For example, the arriving signal may have a diameter of about 32 μm when the arriving signal interacts with the signal manipulation element. For example, the signal manipulation element may have a diameter larger than the diameter of the arriving signal beam (e.g., 1 to 7 times larger). In an exemplary embodiment, the arriving signal beam has a diameter larger than at least one dimension of the signal manipulation element into which the arriving signal is incident. In various embodiments, the geometric shape of the metallic material structure of the signal manipulation element has a greater influence on the orientation of the induced action signal and / or acquired signal than the angle of incidence of the incoming signal and / or emitted signal incident on the signal manipulation element to cause the generation of the action signal and / or acquired signal.

[0086] In various embodiments, the action array 400 and / or collection array 440 of the atomic object confinement device 300 are formed and / or disposed on the surface 350 of the atomic object confinement device 300. In various embodiments, at least a portion of the surface 350 of the atomic object confinement device 300 comprises an oxide and / or electrical insulating layer 360, as shown in Figure 4B. In various embodiments, the oxide and / or electrical insulating layer 360 is configured to electrically insulate, for example, the metamaterial structure of a signal manipulation element (e.g., a metamaterial array) formed and / or disposed on the surface 350 from the electrodes 310 of the atomic object confinement device 300. For example, the oxide and / or electrical insulating layer 360 may be disposed and / or positioned between the signal manipulation element and other components of the atomic object confinement device 300 (e.g., the electrodes 310). In exemplary embodiments, an oxide film (e.g., indium tin oxide) is used to coat the dielectric signal manipulation element. For example, the portion of the surface 350 on which the signal manipulation element is formed and / or disposed may comprise the oxide and / or electrical insulating layer 360. In various embodiments, the oxide and / or electrical insulating layer 360 is a thin layer of indium tin oxide or another oxide or electrical insulating material (for example, about 10-30 nm thick or about 20 nm thick in a direction substantially perpendicular to the plane defined by the surface 350). In exemplary embodiments, the grounding conductor 365 may be configured to enable electrical communication between a signaling element (e.g., the metamaterial structure of a metamaterial array) and the ground of the atomic object confinement device 300 in order to prevent charge accumulation on the metamaterial structure. For example, the atomic object confinement device 300 and the metamaterial structure of a metamaterial array formed and / or placed on the surface 350 of the atomic object confinement device 300 have a common ground in exemplary embodiments. In exemplary embodiments, the oxide and / or electrical insulating layer 360 functions as the grounding conductor 365. In exemplary embodiments, the signaling element is in contact with a conductive layer of the atomic object confinement device (e.g., a first substrate).

[0087] As described above, in various embodiments, multiple signal manipulation elements are associated with and / or correspond to their respective atomic object positions. For example, each signal manipulation element may be configured to perform one or more functions of a quantum computer. Since metamaterial structures are configured to be used with signals and / or electromagnetic waves of a specific wavelength or wavelength range, in various embodiments, functions of a quantum computer that use different wavelength signals require the use of different signal manipulation elements.

[0088] Figure 5 shows an exemplary arrangement 500 of signal manipulation elements for corresponding atomic object locations 305 of the atomic object confinement device 300. Each signal manipulation element in the arrangement corresponds to a common atomic object location 305. The embodiment shown in Figure 5 includes a plurality of action arrays 400 (e.g., 510A, 510B, 520A, 520B, 530) formed and / or positioned on an island 330 adjacent to the corresponding atomic object location 305. The embodiment shown in Figure 5 further includes a collection array 540 formed and / or positioned on an atomic object path 320 extending below the corresponding atomic object location 305. For example, the collection array 540 may be substantially located between the corresponding atomic object location 305 and the surface 350 of the atomic object confinement device 300.

[0089] The multiple action arrays 440 include two-qubit gate arrays 510A, 510B. In various embodiments, the two-qubit gate arrays 510A, 510B are configured to be used to perform two-qubit gate functions of a quantum computer. The two-qubit gate arrays 510A, 510B are configured to receive an arriving signal configured to perform two-qubit gates on two or more atomic objects located at corresponding atomic object positions 305, and to emit a corresponding induced action signal directed and / or focused to the corresponding atomic object positions 305. In various embodiments, the first two-qubit gate array 510A is configured to have an arriving signal of a first wavelength incident upon it and to emit an induced action signal corresponding to the first wavelength (for example, substantially equal to the first wavelength in an exemplary embodiment), and the second two-qubit gate array 510B is configured to have an arriving signal of a second wavelength incident upon it and to emit an induced action signal corresponding to the second wavelength (for example, substantially equal to the second wavelength in an exemplary embodiment). In exemplary embodiments, the first and second wavelengths are not equal to each other. In exemplary embodiments, the first and second wavelengths are substantially equal to each other. For example, in exemplary embodiments, the first and second wavelengths correspond to frequencies separated from each other by less than 15 GHz (e.g., about 12.64 GHz).

[0090] In exemplary embodiments, the two-qubit gate arrays 510A, 510B are further configured to be used for performing a shelf function of a quantum computer. For example, in exemplary embodiments, the two-qubit gate arrays 510A, 510B are configured to receive an arriving signal configured to perform a shelf function for an atomic object located at a corresponding atomic object position 305, and to emit a corresponding induced action signal directed and / or focused to the corresponding atomic object position 305.

[0091] The multiple action arrays 440 further include cooling arrays 520A, 520B. In various embodiments, the cooling arrays 520A, 520B are configured to receive arriving signals configured to perform cooling (e.g., co-cooling) of atomic objects or atomic object crystals (e.g., groups of atomic objects) located at corresponding atomic object locations. The cooling arrays 520A, 520B are further configured to emit induced cooling signals corresponding to arriving signals incident on the cooling arrays 520A, 520B such that the induced cooling signals are radiated toward and / or focused toward the atomic object locations 305. In various embodiments, the first cooling array 520A is configured to allow an arriving signal of a third wavelength to be incident upon it and emit an induced action signal corresponding to the third wavelength (e.g., substantially equal to the third wavelength in an exemplary embodiment), and the second cooling array 520B is configured to allow an arriving signal of a fourth wavelength to be incident upon it and emit an induced action signal corresponding to the fourth wavelength (e.g., substantially equal to the fourth wavelength in an exemplary embodiment). In exemplary embodiments, the third and fourth wavelengths are not equal to each other. For example, in exemplary embodiments, the third wavelength is 493 nm and the fourth wavelength is 650 nm.

[0092] The multiple action arrays 440 further include a detection and / or single-qubit gate array 530. In various embodiments, the detection and / or single-qubit gate array 530 is configured to receive an arriving signal configured to perform a single-qubit gate on an atomic object located at a corresponding atomic object position 305, and to emit an induced action signal corresponding to an incident arriving signal directed toward and / or focused toward the atomic object position 305. In various embodiments, the detection and / or single-qubit gate array 530 is configured to receive an arriving signal configured to perform a detection or read function (hereinafter referred to as a read function) on an atomic object located at a corresponding atomic object position 305, and to emit an induced action signal corresponding to an incident arriving signal directed toward and / or focused toward the atomic object position 305.

[0093] In the illustrated embodiment, the atomic object confinement device 300 further comprises a collection array 520 corresponding to the atomic object location 305. In various embodiments, the collection array 520 is configured to receive radiated signals emitted by the atomic object located at the atomic object location (for example, in response to an action signal configured to perform a read function being incident on the atomic object). The collection array 540 is further configured to emit induced collection signals in response to radiated signals being incident on the collection array. The collection array 540 is configured to emit collection signals directed toward and / or focused to the collection location corresponding to the atomic object location 305.

[0094] Figure 6 shows another exemplary arrangement 600 of signal manipulation elements on the surface 350 of the atomic object confinement device 300. The arrangement 600 comprises a plurality of action arrays 620 (e.g., 620A-H) and a collection array 640. In exemplary embodiments, each of the action arrays 620 is configured to be used to perform one or more functions of a quantum computer. For example, each action array 620 may be configured to be used with a specific wavelength and / or a specific wavelength range corresponding to its respective function. For example, each action array 620 may be configured to provide an action array that is focused in a particular way, as will be described in more detail with respect to Figures 10A, 10B, and 10C. For example, an action array 620 may be configured to focus induced action signals on and / or on one or more portions of each atomic object location (overall). The specific focusing characteristics of each action array 620 are configured at least in part on the corresponding function designed to be used when the action array 620 is performed.

[0095] In various embodiments, the atomic object confinement device 300 is located within a vacuum / cryogenic chamber, one or more radiation shields, etc. For example, as shown in Figures 7A and 7B, the atomic object confinement device 300 is placed within some housing 705 (e.g., a cryostat and / or vacuum chamber 40, a radiation shield, etc.). The housing 705 comprises a number of windows, ports, etc. For example, an operation signal window 715 (e.g., 715A, 715B) is configured to allow an operation signal 62 propagating laterally with respect to the plane of the surface of the atomic object confinement device 300 (e.g., at an angle in the range of 20 to 70 degrees) to enter the housing 705. In an exemplary embodiment, the operation signal is provided such that the operation signal forms a 45-degree angle with the plane of the surface of the atomic object confinement device 300. In other embodiments, various other elevation angles of the operation signal (e.g., in the range of 20 to 70 degrees) may be used.

[0096] In various embodiments, the operation signal windows 715 and the operation array 620 are configured such that operation signals are incident on and / or pass through each atomic object location before exiting the housing 705 through the opposite operation signal window 715. For example, in an exemplary embodiment, a first operation signal enters the housing through operation signal window 715A, is incident on the operation array 620B, and the resulting operation signal passes through each atomic object location before exiting the housing 705 through the opposite operation signal window 715B. Similarly, a second operation signal enters the housing through operation signal window 715B, is incident on the operation array 620F, and the resulting operation signal passes through each atomic object location before exiting the housing 705 through the opposite operation signal window 715A. Thus, the number of windows or ports in the housing 705 can be reduced while still allowing operation signals to exit the housing 705. For example, windows do not need to be added to the housing solely for the purpose of allowing operation signals to exit the housing. Such a configuration also prevents overheating and / or reduces noise and action crosstalk in atomic object readings caused by action signals incident on and / or remaining in the housing 705 after passing through each atomic object position 305.

[0097] In various embodiments, the housing 705 further comprises one or more collection windows 720. As shown in Figure 7B, the radiation signal emitted by the atomic object 5A located at atomic object position 305 is incident on the corresponding collection array 640. The induced collection signal is directed towards the collection window 720 of the housing 705. In various embodiments, the collection window 720 is aligned with the collection optics corresponding to the atomic object position 305. For example, the collection signal passes through the collection window 720 and is incident on the collection optics corresponding to the atomic object position 305 so that the collection signal is detected by the corresponding photodetector. The configuration of the operation signal window 715, operation array 620, collection window 720, and collection array 640 reduces the amount of light emanating from the collection window 720, which is generated through a process independent of the radiation signal generated by the atomic object 5.

[0098] Figure 8 shows an atomic object confinement apparatus 300 of another exemplary embodiment in which signal manipulation elements 815 (e.g., action arrays 815A, 815B, and / or collection array 815C) are formed and / or arranged on the surface 350 of the atomic object confinement apparatus 300. The signal manipulation elements 815 are transparent signal manipulation elements. For example, the signal manipulation elements 815 are metasurface lenses, which are lenses or lens-shaped photonic metasurfaces formed by a metamaterial array (e.g., a plurality of metamaterial structures specifically arranged). In the illustrated embodiment, the atomic object confinement apparatus 300 is formed on a first substrate 810. The first substrate 810 is transparent to light of various wavelengths, including wavelengths that may be used to perform one or more functions of the quantum computer and / or wavelengths of emitted signals. For example, in the exemplary embodiment, the first substrate 810 is transparent to light of various wavelengths that characterize the respective manipulation signals used by the quantum computer. In an exemplary embodiment, the first substrate 810 includes waveguides, vias, etc., that allow light to pass through the first substrate from the second surface 355 of the first substrate 810 to the first surface 350 of the first substrate 810, and the atomic object confinement device 300 (e.g., electrodes 310) is formed on the first surface 350 of the atomic object confinement device. In an exemplary embodiment, the signal manipulation element 815 is formed on the second surface 355 of the first substrate 810 and / or within the first substrate 810 (e.g., between the second surface 355 and the first surface 350).

[0099] For example, the operation signal 62 is provided to the atomic object confinement device 300 via the second surface 355 of the first substrate 810. The operation signal 62 propagates through the first substrate 810 from the second surface 355 to the first surface 350 (e.g., through the bulk material, waveguides, vias, etc., of the first substrate 810). The operation signal 64 is incident on the action array 815A. The action array 815A acts as a lens, and as a result, the operation signal 64 is incident on the atomic object 5 located at the atomic object position 305. In various embodiments, the action array 815A causes the operation signal 64 to have a specific polarization, phase, and beam profile (e.g., beam spot size at the atomic object position 305, intensity profile across the beam at the atomic object position, etc.). In an exemplary embodiment, a region of the second surface 355 corresponding to the atomic object position 305 is illuminated by one or more operational signals, and the operational array performs color filtering so that a suitable operational array is provided to the atomic object position 305 in a suitable manner for the function to be performed.

[0100] For example, a radiation signal 72 emitted by an atomic object 5 located at atomic object position 305 is incident on the collection array 815C. The collection array 815C acts as a lens, providing a focused and / or collimated collected signal 74 from its first surface 350 to its second surface 355 via the first substrate 810 (e.g., through the bulk material, waveguides, vias, etc., of the first substrate 810). The collection optics may be positioned near the second surface 355 of the first substrate 810 so that the collected signal 74 is incident on the collection optics corresponding to the atomic object position 305, enabling detection of the radiation signal.

[0101] Figure 9 shows another configuration in which a second substrate 910 having one or more signal manipulation elements 915 (e.g., 915A, 915B, 915C) formed on and / or disposed therein is mounted in a fixed relationship with the atomic object confinement device 300 so that manipulation signals can be provided to atomic object locations 305 via each of the signal manipulation elements 915 of the second substrate 910. For example, one or more action arrays 915A, 915B are formed and / or disposed on the first surface 950 of the second substrate 910 in an exemplary embodiment. For example, one or more collection arrays 915C are formed and / or disposed on the first surface 950 of the second substrate 910 in an exemplary embodiment. In an exemplary embodiment, one or more action arrays 915A, 915B and / or collection arrays 915C are embedded and / or formed within the second substrate 910. The signal manipulation elements 915 are transparent signal manipulation elements. In an exemplary embodiment, the signal manipulation element 915 is formed on the second surface 955 of the second substrate 910 and / or within the second substrate 910 (for example, between the second surface 955 and the first surface 950).

[0102] In various embodiments, the second substrate 910 is transparent to light of various wavelengths, including wavelengths that may be used to perform one or more functions of the quantum computer and / or wavelengths of emitted signals. For example, in an exemplary embodiment, the second substrate 910 is transparent to light of various wavelengths that characterize each operational signal used by the quantum computer. In an exemplary embodiment, the second substrate 910 includes waveguides, vias, etc., that allow light to pass through the second substrate from a second surface 955 of the second substrate 910 to a first surface 950 of the second substrate 910, the first surface 950 of the second substrate 910 facing the atomic object confinement device 300.

[0103] For example, an operation signal is provided to the atomic object confinement apparatus 300 via a second surface 955 of the second substrate 910. The operation signal propagates through the second substrate 910 from the second surface 955 to the second surface 950 (e.g., through the bulk material, waveguides, vias, etc., of the second substrate 910). The operation signal is incident on the respective action arrays 915A, 915B. For example, the signal operation element 915 is a metasurface lens, which is a lens or lens-shaped photonic metasurface formed by a metamaterial array (e.g., a plurality of metamaterial structures arranged in particular). For example, the action arrays 915A, 915B function as lenses, and as a result, the operation signal is incident on the atomic object 5 located at the atomic object position 305. In various embodiments, the action arrays 915A, 915B cause the respective operation signals to have specific polarization, phase, beam profile (e.g., beam spot size at the atomic object position 305, intensity profile across the beam at the atomic object position, etc.). When an action signal is incident on and / or passes through the atomic object position 305, the action signal is reflected by the surface 350 of the atomic object confinement device 300. In an exemplary embodiment, a region of the second surface 955 corresponding to the atomic object position 305 is irradiated by one or more action signals, and the action array performs color filtering so that a suitable action array is provided to the atomic object position 305 in a suitable manner for the function to be performed.

[0104] For clarity, although not shown in Figure 9, atomic object 5 located at atomic object position 305 may emit a radiation signal. The radiation signal is incident on the collection array 915C. The collection array 915C acts as a lens, providing a focused and / or collimated collected signal from its first surface 950 to its second surface 955 via the second substrate 910 (e.g., through the bulk material, waveguides, vias, etc., of the second substrate 910). The collection optics may be positioned near the second surface 955 of the second substrate 910 so that the collected signal is incident on the collection optics corresponding to atomic object position 305, enabling detection of the radiation signal.

[0105] In an exemplary embodiment, the action array is disposed and / or formed on a second substrate 910, as shown in Figure 9, and the collection array is disposed and / or formed on a first substrate 810 (for example, on the surface 350 of the atomic object confinement device 300), as shown in Figure 8. In another exemplary embodiment, some of the action arrays are disposed and / or formed on a first substrate 810, as shown in Figure 8, and some of the action arrays are disposed and / or formed on a second substrate 910. For example, the first substrate 810 may be transparent to light characterized by wavelengths in a first wavelength range, and the second substrate 910 may be transparent to light characterized by wavelengths in a second wavelength range. An action array (and / or other signal manipulation element) corresponding to wavelengths within a first wavelength range may be formed and / or arranged on the first substrate 810, and an action array (and / or other signal manipulation element) corresponding to wavelengths within a second wavelength range may be formed and / or arranged on the second substrate 910.

[0106] In various embodiments, a signal manipulation element (e.g., an action array) is configured to focus the action signal on and / or on one or more portions of each atomic object location (over the whole). For example, Figures 10A, 10B, and 10C show a group of four atomic objects 5A, 5B, 5C, and 5D located at atomic object location 305. For example, the group of atomic objects may be four ionic crystals in an exemplary embodiment. Figures 10A, 10B, and 10C show exemplary focusing of the action signal by each signal manipulation element. In various embodiments, various signal manipulation elements may be configured to provide each action array focused in one or more of the illustrated methods or in other ways.

[0107] Figure 10A shows an exemplary arriving signal 1062 (e.g., an action signal) incident on a first signal manipulation element 1040A (e.g., an action array). The induced first action signal 1064A has a first beam profile 1068A. The first beam profile 1068A is controlled by the geometric shape of the metamaterial structure forming the first signal manipulation element 1040A. The first beam profile 1068A is configured so that the entire atomic object position 305 is illuminated by the first action signal 1064A. For example, the first beam profile 1068A is configured so that the first action signal 1064A is incident on all of the atomic objects 5A, 5B, 5C, and 5D located at the atomic object position 305.

[0108] Figure 10B shows an exemplary arriving signal 1062 (e.g., an action signal) incident on a second signal manipulation element 1040B (e.g., an action array). The induced second action signal 1064B has a second beam profile 1068B. The second beam profile 1068B is controlled by the geometric shape of the metamaterial structure forming the second signal manipulation element 1040B. The second beam profile 1068B is configured such that only one atomic object 5B located at atomic object position 305 is illuminated by the second action signal 1064B. For example, the second beam profile 1068B is configured so that the second action signal 1064B is incident only on a (known) portion of atomic object position 305. This allows the second action signal 1064B to be incident on only one of the atomic objects 5B.

[0109] Figure 10C shows an exemplary arriving signal 1062 (e.g., an action signal) incident on a third signal manipulation element 1040C (e.g., an action array). The third signal manipulation element 1040C is configured to provide two independently focused action signals (e.g., a third action signal 1064C and a fourth action signal 1064D). The induced third action signal 1064C has a third beam profile 1068C. The induced fourth action signal 1064D has a fourth beam profile 1068D. The third beam profile 1068C and the fourth beam profile 1068D are controlled by the geometric shape of the metamaterial structure forming the third signal manipulation element 1040C. The third beam profile 1068C is configured so that only one atomic object 5B located at atomic object position 305 is illuminated by the third action signal 1064C. For example, the third beam profile 1068C is configured such that the third action signal 1064C is incident only on the (known) portion of the atomic object position 305. The fourth beam profile 1068D is configured such that only one atomic object 5C located at the atomic object position 305 is illuminated by the fourth action signal 1064D. For example, the fourth beam profile 1068D is configured such that the fourth action signal 1064D is incident only on the (known) portion of the atomic object position 305. This allows the third action signal 1064C to be incident on only one of the atomic objects 5B and the fourth action signal 1064D to be incident on only one of the atomic objects 5C. In exemplary embodiments, the third and fourth action signals 1064C, 1064D may have different characteristics (e.g., different intensities, polarizations, phases, etc.) or similar characteristics (e.g., similar intensities, polarizations, phases, etc.).

[0110] Therefore, as shown in Figures 10A, 10B, and 10C, the signal manipulation element may be configured to provide an induced action signal having the desired characteristics and incident on the entire and / or one or more portions of the corresponding atomic object location.

[0111] In various embodiments, the signal management system defines and / or provides an optical path that enables operation signals 62 to be supplied to an action array formed on a first substrate (for example, on the surface 350 of the atomic object confinement device 300) and / or on a second substrate mounted in a fixed position relative to the atomic object confinement device 300.

[0112] In various embodiments, the signal management system of the quantum computer 110 includes an optical element configured to define an optical path 66 from an operating source 60 to a corresponding signal operating element (e.g., formed and / or arranged on a first or second substrate of an atomic object confinement device). In various embodiments, the quantum computer 110 includes an acquisition optical system configured to provide the acquired signal to a corresponding photodetector (e.g., a photodiode, a photomultiplier tube, a charge-coupled device (CCD) sensor, a complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) sensor, and / or other photodetector) for measurement, detection, capture, etc.

[0113] Figure 11 is a conceptual diagram of an exemplary optical assembly 1100 configured to provide operational signals to and / or receive collected signals from signal manipulation elements on the surface 350 of an atomic object confinement device 300 and / or on a second substrate 910, according to various embodiments. The optical assembly 1100 comprises a plurality of arriving fibers 1115, which are optical fibers configured to provide operational signals generated by an operational source 60, so that the operational signals can be provided to a suitable operational array associated with the atomic object confinement device 300.

[0114] For example, the arriving fiber 1115 delivers the manipulative signal generated by the manipulative source 60 to an arriving lens 1110 (or lens assembly) configured to focus the manipulative signal as an arriving signal 62 onto the corresponding action array. In an exemplary embodiment, the arriving lens 1110 focuses the manipulative signal onto a general region corresponding to each atomic object confinement device such that the manipulative signal is incident on two or more signal manipulative elements associated with atomic object positions. Color filtering performed by the signal manipulative elements induces the appropriate signal manipulative element to provide the appropriate action signal. Other signal manipulative elements onto which the manipulative signal is incident do not provide a corresponding action signal because they are not configured to respond to the wavelength of the manipulative signal.

[0115] The illustrated optical assembly 1100 further comprises at least one acquisition fiber 425, which is an optical fiber configured to provide the acquisition signal from the acquisition position 445 to the corresponding photodetector 450. In various embodiments, an acquisition lens 420 (and / or lens assembly) is positioned at the acquisition position 445 such that an acquisition signal 74 corresponding to an emission signal 72 emitted by an atomic object located at the corresponding atomic object position 305 is incident on and / or focused onto the acquisition lens 420 through interaction between the emission signal 72 and the respective acquisition array. The focusing lens 420 directs and / or focuses the acquisition signal onto the corresponding acquisition fiber 425. The acquisition fiber 425 provides the acquisition signal to the corresponding photodetector 450, as shown in Figure 4B, so that the photodetector 450 can generate an electrical signal indicating the optically acquired signal. The electrical signal indicating the optically acquired signal may then be provided to the controller 30 of the quantum computer 110 (for example, via an analog-to-digital (A / D) converter 1625 in an exemplary embodiment) for processing, analysis, storage in memory, etc.

[0116] In various embodiments, the incoming fiber 1115 and the collecting fiber 425 are arranged in one or more fiber blocks such that the fibers are spaced apart by a fiber spacing β. In various embodiments, the fiber spacing β is determined based on the fiber cladding of the incoming fiber 1115 and / or the collecting fiber 425. In exemplary embodiments, the fiber spacing β is in the range of 50 to 200 μm (e.g., about 125 μm).

[0117] In an exemplary embodiment, the arriving lens 1110 and / or collecting lens 420 have a focal length f of about 1.5 mm, a collimated beam waist w of the beam formed by lenses 1115, 415 of about 56 μm, and a Rayleigh length Zr of the beam formed by lenses 1115, 415 of about 18.5 mm.

[0118] In various embodiments, the incoming lens 1110 and / or the collecting lens 420 are DOE and / or permeable metamaterial arrays configured to function as lenses.

[0119] Figure 12 provides a conceptual diagram of a portion of the cross-section of an optical assembly 1200 configured to deliver an arriving signal to a signal manipulation element associated with an atomic object confinement device 300 and / or to receive an acquired signal from a signal manipulation element associated with the atomic object confinement device. The atomic object confinement device 300 is located within a cryostat and / or vacuum chamber 40 having optical access windows 45 (e.g., an operation signal window 715, an acquisition window 720). The operation signal is generated by an operation source 60 and provided along an optical path 66. In the embodiment shown in Figure 12, the optical path 66 comprises one or more optical fibers of one or more fiber pigtails 1220. The optical fibers provide the operation signal to a distribution and positioning optical element 1210 configured to split the operation signal into multiple operation signals, direct the operation signals so that the resulting arriving signals are incident on appropriate signal manipulation elements, and so on. In an exemplary embodiment, the distribution and positioning optical element 1210 is a five-axis positioner configured to precisely position the ends of optical fibers in an optical fiber array (provided to the five-axis positioner by, for example, one or more fiber pigtails 1220). In an exemplary embodiment, the distribution and positioning optical element 1210 comprises one or more modulators, waveguides, beam splitters (e.g., having DOE and / or metamaterial arrays), lenses (e.g., arriving lens 1110 and / or collecting lens 420), a double-layer metamaterial array beam splitter 1300, a photonic integrated circuit (PIC) 1400, and the like. In an exemplary embodiment, free-space optical elements such as one or more acoustic-optic modulators (AOMs) and / or one or more electrical deflectors can enable time-division multiplexing of the operating signal, which reduces the laser power requirement. In various embodiments, the operation of modulators, PIC 1400, etc., is controlled by a controller 30.

[0120] At least a portion of the operational signal leaves the distribution and positioning optical element 1210 as an incoming signal and propagates through the optical access window 45 (e.g., the operational signal window 715) to be incident on a suitable operational array 400. The distribution and positioning optical element 1210 may also include an acquisition optical system, such as an acquisition lens 420, which has an acquisition signal incident on it and is configured to focus the acquisition signal onto one optical fiber of the fiber pigtails 1220. The optical fiber can then deliver the acquisition signal to a photodetector.

[0121] In an exemplary embodiment, one operating source 60 may provide one operating signal that is split into multiple operating signals provided to operating arrays corresponding to various atomic object positions 305 of the atomic object confinement device 300. Thus, the optical path defined by the beam management system includes one or more beam splitters in various embodiments. Figure 13 shows an exemplary embodiment of a double-layer metamaterial array beam splitter 1300. One or more double-layer metamaterial array beam splitters 1300 may be contained within a distribution and positioning optical element 1210 and / or otherwise used to form and / or define one or more beam paths configured to provide operating signals to the respective operating arrays associated with the atomic object confinement device 300.

[0122] The beam splitter 1300 comprises a beam splitter substrate 1330. The substrate 1330 includes a material 1336 that is transparent to at least light of the splitting wavelength, and the beam splitter 1300 is configured to split the optical signal of the light characterized by the splitting wavelength. A splitting metamaterial array 1310 is formed and / or disposed on a first surface 1332 of the beam splitter substrate 1330. The splitting metamaterial array 1310 is configured to provide two or more signals 92 (e.g., 92A-C) in response to an optical signal 90 of the splitting wavelength incident upon it. For example, the splitting metamaterial array 1310 is configured to form two or more signals 92 (e.g., three in the illustrated embodiment) directed in different directions through the beam splitter substrate 1330. For example, the splitting metamaterial array 1310 is configured to provide two or more signals 92 directed and / or focused on each of the positions on a second surface 1334 of the beam splitter substrate 1330. The segmented metamaterial array 1310 controls the portion of the incoming optical power of the optical signal 90 provided to each of the two or more signals 92. The segmented metamaterial array 1310 further controls the positioning of each of the positions on the second surface 1334.

[0123] Collimated metamaterial arrays 1320 (e.g., 1320A, 1320B, 1320C) are formed and / or positioned on their respective locations on the second surface 1334 of the beam splitter substrate 1330. The collimated metamaterial arrays 1320 are configured to provide their respective collimated signals 94 (e.g., 94A-C) in response to their respective signals 92 incident upon them. For example, each of the collimated signals 94 may be coupled to its respective optical fiber and provided to a target location via free space and / or bulk optics, etc. In various embodiments, the collimated metamaterial arrays 1320 may be configured to focus each collimated signal 94. In an exemplary embodiment, the collimated array 1320 is configured to focus, direct (e.g., change the exit angle), and / or collimate each collimated signal 94. In an exemplary embodiment, the beam splitter 1300 is configured such that, as the collimated signal 94 exits the beam splitter 1300 via the collimated metamaterial array 1320, the collimated signal 94 propagates toward the respective action arrays associated with the atomic object confinement device 300.

[0124] In various embodiments, the segmented metamaterial array 1310 and / or collimated metamaterial array 1320 are configured to perform color filtering of an arriving light signal such that the collimated signal 94 is characterized by a desired wavelength (e.g., segmented wavelength) and / or frequency range and / or profile (e.g., including the frequency corresponding to the segmented wavelength).

[0125] In various embodiments, the segmented metamaterial array 1310 and / or collimated metamaterial array 1320 are configured to control the polarization and / or phase of their respective collimated signals 94.

[0126] In an exemplary embodiment, the PIC1400 is used to generate a plurality of operation signals (for example, from operation signals generated by an operation source 60) and to provide the plurality of operation signals to each operation array associated with each atomic object position 305 of the atomic object confinement device 300. Figure 14A shows a face-on view of an exemplary PIC1400 that may be used to provide operation signals to each operation array. Figure 14B shows a side view of the PIC1400, which is used in conjunction with a bulk optical element (for example, a lens 1440) to provide operation signals to each operation array. Figure 14C shows a side view of the PIC1400 in which a metamaterial array 1450 is formed and / or placed within the output window 1410 of the PIC1400 so that no external optical components are required to provide operation signals to each operation array.

[0127] In various embodiments, one or more control signals generated by one or more control sources 60 are provided to the PIC 1400 via their respective optical fibers 1420. The PIC 1400 divides and / or modifies the control signals (e.g., changes the amplitude, modulates them) depending on the application. The PIC 1400 then provides the appropriately adjusted signals via their respective optical windows 1410.

[0128] As shown in Figure 14B, in various embodiments, an external and / or bulk optical system, such as lens 1440, collimates and / or focuses the signal exiting the optical window 1410 of PIC 1400, guiding the signal toward the respective action array associated with each atomic object position 305 of the atomic object confinement device 300.

[0129] As shown in Figure 14C, in various embodiments, a transparent metamaterial array 1450 is positioned and / or formed within the optical window 1410. The metamaterial array 1450 is configured to collimate and / or focus the signals exiting the optical window 1410 of the PIC 1400 and direct the signals toward the respective action arrays associated with each atomic object position 305 of the atomic object confinement device 300.

[0130] Exemplary alignment of a beam management system In various embodiments, an alignment process is performed to align one or more optical beam paths with corresponding positions (e.g., action arrays and / or other signal manipulation elements) so that action signals are properly delivered to each atomic object position 305. The alignment has six degrees of freedom: two degrees of freedom relating to inclination in two independent directions parallel to a plane defined to be substantially perpendicular to the propagation direction of the arriving action signal; one degree of freedom relating to rotation around an axis substantially parallel to the propagation direction of the arriving action signal; two translational degrees of freedom relating to displacement in two independent directions parallel to a plane defined to be substantially perpendicular to the propagation direction of the arriving action signal; and one translational degree of freedom relating to displacement in a direction substantially parallel to the propagation direction of the arriving action signal.

[0131] In various embodiments, alignment arrangements of signal manipulating elements are provided that allow deviations from ideal alignment in one or more degrees of freedom to be determined. Using a high-speed feedback loop, measurements captured using the alignment arrangement of signal manipulating elements may be processed, and a mechanical fine-tuning mechanism (e.g., a piezoelectric fine-tuning device) may be controlled to adjust the alignment between the optical path and each signal manipulating element associated with the atomic object confinement device 300 to achieve proper alignment and compensate for vibration noise. In an exemplary embodiment, a controller 30 is configured to receive measurements captured using the alignment arrangement of signal manipulating elements, process those measurements, and control the mechanical fine-tuning mechanism.

[0132] As should be understood, various embodiments of the alignment arrangement of signal manipulation elements can be used in QCCD-based quantum computing applications, as well as in various other applications where the arrangement of different components is required and / or desired. For example, various embodiments of the alignment arrangement can be used in the precise alignment of optical systems on a surface, the alignment of two surfaces relative to each other (which may be used only to ensure that optical systems are relatively aligned, without any particular need for the optical system), one surface relative to a fixed surface, and / or other precise alignment applications.

[0133] In various embodiments, the alignment arrangements are formed on the surface 350 of the atomic object confinement device 300 and / or on the first or second surfaces 950, 955 of the second substrate 910. In exemplary embodiments, multiple alignment arrangements are formed on the surface 350 of the atomic object confinement device 300 and / or on the first or second surfaces 950, 955 of the second substrate 910. For example, the alignment arrangements may correspond to specific optical access windows 45 (e.g., operation signal window 715, collection window 720). In exemplary embodiments, an alignment arrangement is provided for each optical access window 45. In various embodiments, one or more detectors configured to capture and / or measure light reflected from and / or transmitted through the alignment arrangements may be located outside the housing 705 and / or outside the cryostat and / or vacuum chamber. The detectors may then provide the controller 30 (e.g., via the A / D converter 1625) with their respective electrical signals indicating the respective captured optical signals for processing.

[0134] In various embodiments, the alignment arrangement comprises one or more signal manipulation elements, referred herein as rotational alignment signal manipulation elements, configured to detect alignment or displacement from proper alignment with respect to rotation around an axis substantially parallel to the direction of propagation of the arriving signal. For linearly polarized arriving signals, the rotation of the source is the same as the rotation of the polarization of the arriving signal. In various embodiments, the rotational alignment signal manipulation element is a uniform photonic metasurface (e.g., without a gradient) having a sharp resonance peak (e.g., antisymmetric resonance, Fano resonance, bound states in the continuum (BIC) resonance, pseudo-BIC resonance, etc.) that is highly sensitive to the incident polarization, such that the forward propagation amplitude is modulated based on the polarization of the arriving signal. In various embodiments, the rotational alignment signal manipulation element is configured such that a desired polarization of the arriving signal resonates and the nominal rotation of the polarization deviates slightly from the resonance. For example, the rotational alignment signal manipulation element is configured such that a positive rotation approaches the resonance and a negative rotation moves away from the resonance (or vice versa). Since the derivative of the resonance response is maximized on the side of the resonance peak, such a rotational alignment signal manipulator provides highly sensitive measurement of the rotational alignment of the arriving signal path relative to the rotational alignment signal manipulator. In exemplary embodiments, the rotational alignment signal manipulator uses electrical or magnetic dipole resonance.

[0135] In an exemplary embodiment, the alignment arrangement comprises two rotational alignment signal manipulating elements. For example, a first rotational alignment signal manipulating element may be tuned so that the nominal alignment corresponds to the center of the response peak, and a second rotational alignment signal manipulating element may be tuned to maximize sensitivity and provide information regarding rotation detection. For example, the nominal alignment of the second rotational alignment signal manipulating element may be about half of the response peak. The first rotational alignment signal manipulating element may be used for initial alignment, and the second rotational alignment signal manipulating element may be used for fine-tuning the alignment, performing real-time adjustments to the alignment, etc.

[0136] In various embodiments, the alignment arrangement comprises one or more signal manipulation elements configured to detect alignment or displacement from proper alignment with respect to a tilt along two independent directions substantially parallel to a surface defined by the surface 350 of the atomic object confinement apparatus 300, which are referred herein as tilt alignment signal manipulation elements. In various embodiments, the tilt alignment signal manipulation element is a uniform photonic metasurface (e.g., without a gradient) having a sharp resonance peak (e.g., antisymmetric resonance, Fano resonance, BIC resonance, pseudo-BIC resonance, etc.) that is highly sensitive to the angle of incidence of the arriving signal, such that the forward propagation amplitude is modulated based on the angle of incidence of the arriving signal. In various embodiments, the tilt alignment signal manipulation element is configured such that a desired angle of incidence of the arriving signal resonates, and a nominal tilt away from the desired angle of incidence is slightly out of resonance. For example, in an exemplary embodiment, the tilt alignment signal manipulation element is configured such that a positive tilt approaches the resonance and a negative tilt moves away from the resonance (or vice versa). In an exemplary embodiment, the alignment arrangement comprises at least one signal manipulation element for each degree of tilt. In various embodiments, the tilt alignment signal manipulation element has an asymmetrical response to a tilt of 2 degrees.

[0137] In an exemplary embodiment, the alignment arrangement comprises two tilt alignment signal manipulation elements for each tilt direction. For example, the first tilt alignment signal manipulation element may be adjusted so that the nominal alignment corresponds to the center of the response peak, and the second tilt alignment signal manipulation element may be adjusted to maximize sensitivity and provide information regarding tilt detection. For example, the nominal alignment of the second tilt alignment signal manipulation element may be about half of the response peak. The first tilt alignment signal manipulation element may be used for initial alignment, and the second tilt alignment signal manipulation element may be used for fine-tuning the alignment, performing real-time adjustments to the alignment, etc.

[0138] In various embodiments, the alignment arrangement comprises one or more signal manipulating elements, referred herein as vertical translational alignment signal manipulating elements, configured to detect alignment or displacement from proper alignment with respect to translational displacement along a direction substantially perpendicular to the surface defined by the surface 350 of the atomic object confinement device 300. In various embodiments, the vertical translational alignment signal manipulating element is a high numerical aperture metamaterial lens. When an uncollimated signal is incident on the vertical translational alignment signal manipulating element, the diameter of the exit beam is measured in a plane beyond the focal point. The measured diameter of the exit beam indicates the displacement of the signal emission optics in the corresponding optical path.

[0139] In an exemplary embodiment, the alignment arrangement includes a lateral displacement element 1500 comprising a set of scattering elements configured to measure the alignment of the optical path with respect to translation in two directions substantially parallel to a plane defined by the surface 350 of the atomic object confinement apparatus, as shown in Figure 15A. Figure 15A shows a pattern 1505 of scattering elements 1510 (e.g., 1510A, 1510B, 1510C). An arriving signal 1520 in the form of an optical vortex is provided. In various embodiments, the arriving signal is formed through the manipulation of the orbital angular momentum of the light. The optical vortex has a zero-amplitude singularity at its center (e.g., as shown in Figure 15A, the amplitude of the signal forms an annular structure). The first scatterer 1510A is aligned with the zero-amplitude singularity at the center of the optical vortex once a suitable parallel-translational alignment is achieved. The second scatterer 1510B, once proper parallel-translational alignment is achieved, partially illuminates the outer edge of the ring of the arriving signal 1520, displaced in a first direction from the first scatterer 1510A. The third scatterer 1510C, once proper parallel-translational alignment is achieved, partially illuminates the outer edge of the ring of the arriving signal 1520, displaced in a second direction from the first scatterer 1510A. The luminance of the scatterer 1510B displaced in the first direction indicates the magnitude and direction of the displacement in the first direction, and the luminance of the scatterer 1510C displaced in the second direction indicates the magnitude and direction of the displacement in the second direction. The nominal displacement alignment is characterized by minimizing the luminance of the central scatterer 1510A. This configuration minimizes scattered light and footprint by requiring only three scattering elements. The optical vortex may be generated by a metamaterial array or DOE integrated with either an external PIC1400 or a dual metamaterial array beam splitter 1300. In an exemplary embodiment, a Gaussian beam is used as the arrival signal 1520.

[0140] In another exemplary embodiment, the alignment arrangement comprises a transverse displacement element 1550 having rows 1535 (e.g., 1535A, 1535B) of scattering elements 1530 (e.g., 1530A, 1530B, 1530C, 1530D) configured to measure alignment with the optical path with respect to translation in two directions substantially parallel to the plane defined by the surface 350 of the atomic object confinement apparatus, as shown in Figure 15B. The arriving signal is in the form of an interference pattern including dark fringes 1540 (e.g., 1540A, 1540B, 1540C) and light fringes 1545 (e.g., 1545A, 1545B). Once proper parallel-translational alignment is achieved, the first row 1535A is aligned along the edge of the bright fringe 1545A (which provides, for example, 50% luminance reflection), and the second row 1535B is aligned with the center of the dark fringe 1540B. Imaging of the scattering element 1530 provides characterization of the total intensity of light incident on row 1535 of the scattering element 1530. Lateral displacement will result in the brightening or darkening of each row 1535. Nominal alignment results in the minimum scattering intensity of the row aligned with the dark fringe 1540. The amplitude of scattering of a partially illuminated row (e.g., row 1535A) indicates the direction of the misalignment. A second set of scattered particles, and a second arriving signal in the form of an interference pattern including dark and light fringes, are used to determine the displacement in a second (independent) direction that is substantially parallel to the plane defined by the surface 350 of the atomic object confinement device 300.

[0141] In various embodiments, the use of lateral displacement elements 1500, 1550 includes spatial filtering of the detected signal (e.g., reflected / scattered signals due to the incident beam entering the lateral displacement elements). In exemplary embodiments, spatial filtering is performed by imaging scatterers on the focal plane of the camera. Various other techniques for spatial filtering of the detected optical signal may be used in various other embodiments.

[0142] In exemplary embodiments, the alignment configuration comprises a single photonic metasurface lens configured to simultaneously characterize all six degrees of freedom. For example, the alignment configuration comprises, or may comprise, a multi-order alignment metamaterial array. The multi-order alignment metamaterial array is configured such that tilt misalignment causes elongation of the beam's focal shape and / or shifts the exit angle, resulting from the incoming signal being incident on the multi-order alignment metamaterial array. For example, the edges of the multi-order alignment metamaterial array may be configured to provide a deviation in the beam resulting from the incoming signal being incident on the multi-order alignment metamaterial array, indicating a lateral displacement of the incoming signal. For example, a diffraction grating surrounding the multi-order alignment metamaterial array provides characteristic fringing when irradiated (for example, because the incoming signal is not properly aligned with the multi-order alignment metamaterial array). For example, the multi-order alignment metamaterial array may be configured with separate optical functions for orthogonal linear polarizations to measure rotational misalignment. For example, linearly polarized light in the first direction is focused and polarized at a theta angle, and linearly polarized light in the second direction is focused and polarized at a negative theta angle. Comparing the amplitudes of the two focal points reveals the intensity ratio of both incident polarizations, so that rotational alignment or misalignment can be determined.

[0143] In exemplary embodiments, a multi-order alignment metamaterial array is used for initial alignment between the optical path of the beam management system and the corresponding action array associated with the atomic object confinement device 300. A set / row of one or more rotational alignment signal manipulators, tilt alignment signal manipulators, vertical translational alignment signal manipulators, and / or scattering elements is used to perform fine alignment and / or real-time correction of alignment between the optical path of the beam management system and the corresponding action array associated with the atomic object confinement device 300.

[0144] Technical advantages Various embodiments provide technical solutions for the accurate and efficient delivery of operational signals to atomic objects confined by an atomic object confinement device, and / or for collecting indicators of radiated signals emitted by atomic objects confined by the atomic object confinement device. These various solutions are scalable to provide signal delivery and / or collection for large-scale one-dimensional or multi-dimensional (e.g., two-dimensional) atomic object confinement devices. For example, in various embodiments, in particular, the operational signal is delivered laterally (e.g., nearly perpendicularly) to a plane defined by the surface 350 of the atomic object confinement device 300. For example, the operational signal is delivered such that the operational signal is incident on a signal manipulation element and guides the metamaterial structure of the array to emit an operational signal that focuses on the corresponding atomic object location. In another example, a radiated signal emitted by an atomic object located at an atomic object location is incident on a signal manipulation element formed and / or positioned on the surface 350, and the induced collected signal is radiated from the plane defined by the surface 350 toward the respective collection location.

[0145] The system is robust to considerable beam jitter because the angle of incidence of the arriving or radiated signal to the signal manipulation element is not critical to the positioning of the respective radiated induced action or collected signals. For example, as described above, the action array can have a diameter of 1 to 7 times the diameter of the arriving signal beam. As long as at least a portion of the arriving signal that provides sufficient energy flux for the performance of the corresponding function of the quantum computer is incident on the action array, the action array is induced to radiate action signals directed toward and / or focused toward each atomic object position to perform the corresponding function.

[0146] Furthermore, since the signal manipulation elements are formed and / or positioned on the surface 350 of the atomic object confinement device 300, the movement of the atomic object confinement device 300 does not lead to beampoint errors. Rather, the movement of the atomic object confinement device may result in small amplitude errors that can be compensated for through calibration of the manipulation signal power.

[0147] In addition, various embodiments allow for the use of lower power operating signals. For example, in an exemplary conventional configuration, a linear 4-ionic crystal is used with qubit ions, where the qubit ions are located at the edges of the linear crystal (e.g., two co-cooled ions are located between the qubit ions), and the qubit ions are separated by only about 8 microns. To irradiate both qubit ions, an operating signal with a large spot size (e.g., about 17 microns in diameter) is used to irradiate both qubit ions. However, this requires a relatively high power operating signal (e.g., about 50 mW). Metasurfaces in various embodiments allow a single operating signal to be focused into two spots, each with a spot size of a few microns, separated by the required distance (e.g., about 8 microns). This allows for a significant reduction in the power required for the operating signal. For example, in various embodiments, the power required for the operating signal can be reduced by more than one-tenth.

[0148] Various embodiments further provide efficient techniques for defining optical paths and / or providing arriving signals to working arrays and for aligning the optical paths with their respective working arrays.

[0149] Therefore, various embodiments provide technical improvements to the field of art for providing operational signals to atomic objects confined by atomic object confinement devices and for collecting indicators of radiated signals from atomic objects.

[0150] Example Controller In various embodiments, the atomic object confinement device 300 is incorporated into a system (e.g., a quantum computer 110) comprising a controller 30. In various embodiments, the controller 30 is configured to control various elements of the system (e.g., a quantum computer 110). For example, the controller 30 may be configured to control a voltage source 50, a cryostat system and / or a vacuum system that controls the temperature and pressure within the cryostat and / or vacuum chamber 40, an operating source 60, a cooling system, and / or other systems that control environmental conditions (e.g., temperature, humidity, pressure, etc.) within the cryostat and / or vacuum chamber 40, and / or may be configured to manipulate and / or induce a controlled evolution of the quantum state of one or more atomic objects confined by the atomic object confinement device 300. In various embodiments, the controller 30 may be configured to receive signals from one or more optical collection systems.

[0151] As shown in Figure 16, in various embodiments, the controller 30 may comprise various controller elements, including a processing element 1605, a memory 1610, a driver controller element 1615, a communication interface 1620, an analog-to-digital converter element 1625, and so on. For example, the processing element 1605 may comprise a programmable logic device (CPLD), a microprocessor, a coprocessing entity, an application-specific instruction set processor (ASIP), an integrated circuit, an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a field-programmable gate array (FPGA), a programmable logic array (PLA), a hardware accelerator, other processing devices and / or circuits, and / or a controller. The term "circuit" may refer to an entirely hardware embodiment or a combination of hardware and computer program products. In an exemplary embodiment, the processing element 1605 of the controller 30 comprises and / or communicates with a clock.

[0152] For example, memory 1610 may include non-temporary memory such as volatile and / or non-volatile memory storage, such as one or more of the following: hard disk, ROM, PROM, EPROM, EEPROM, flash memory, MMC, SD memory card, memory stick, CBRAM, PRAM, FeRAM, RRAM, SONOS, racetrack memory, RAM, DRAM, SRAM, FPM DRAM, EDO DRAM, SDRAM, DDR SDRAM, DDR2 SDRAM, DDR3 SDRAM, RDRAM, RIMM, DIMM, SIMM, VRAM, cache memory, register memory, etc. In various embodiments, memory 1610 may store a queue of commands to be executed for quantum algorithms and / or circuits (e.g., an executable queue), qubit records corresponding to the qubits of a quantum computer (e.g., in a qubit record datastore, qubit record database, qubit record table, etc.), calibration tables, computer program code (e.g., in one or more computer languages, dedicated controller languages, etc.), etc. In an exemplary embodiment, the execution of at least a portion of computer program code stored in memory 1610 (for example, by processing element 1605) causes the controller 30 to perform one or more steps, operations, processes, procedures, etc. described herein for providing operational signals to atomic object locations and / or for collecting, detecting, capturing, and / or measuring indicators of radiated signals emitted by atomic objects located at corresponding atomic object locations in atomic object confinement device 300.

[0153] In various embodiments, the driver controller element 1610 may include one or more drivers and / or controller elements, each configured to control one or more drivers. In various embodiments, the driver controller element 1610 may comprise drivers and / or driver controllers. For example, a driver controller may be configured to cause one or more corresponding drivers to operate according to executable instructions, commands, etc., scheduled and executed by the controller 30 (e.g., by the processing element 1605). In various embodiments, the driver controller element 1615 may enable the controller 30 to operate a voltage source 50, an operating source 60, a cooling system, etc. In various embodiments, the drivers may be a laser driver, a vacuum component driver, a driver for controlling the flow of current and / or voltage applied to electrodes used to maintain and / or control the trap potential of the atomic object confinement device 300 (and / or other drivers for providing a driver action sequence to the potential generating elements of the atomic object confinement device), a cryostat and / or vacuum system component driver, a cooling system driver, etc., configured to operate one or more operating sources 60 to generate operating signals. In various embodiments, the controller 30 includes means for communicating and / or receiving signals from one or more optical receiver components (e.g., photodetectors in an optical acquisition system). For example, the controller 30 may include one or more analog-to-digital converter elements 1625 configured to receive signals from one or more optical receiver components (e.g., photodetectors in an optical acquisition system), calibration sensors, and the like.

[0154] In various embodiments, the controller 30 may include a communication interface 1620 for interfaceing with and / or communicating with the computing entity 10. For example, the controller 30 may include a communication interface 1620 for receiving executable instructions, command sets, etc., from the computing entity 10 and providing the computing entity 10 with outputs received from the quantum computer 110 (e.g., from an optical collection system) and / or the results of processing those outputs. In various embodiments, the computing entity 10 and the controller 30 may communicate directly via wired and / or wireless connections, and / or via one or more wired and / or wireless networks 20.

[0155] Exemplary Computing Entity Figure 17 provides a descriptive schematic representation of an exemplary computing entity 10 that may be used in conjunction with embodiments of the present invention. In various embodiments, the computing entity 10 is configured to allow a user to provide input to a quantum computer 110 (for example, through the user interface of the computing entity 10) and to receive, display, analyze, and so on, outputs from the quantum computer 110.

[0156] As shown in Figure 17, the computing entity 10 may include an antenna 1712, a transmitter 1704 (e.g., wireless), a receiver 1706 (e.g., wireless), and a processing element 1708 that provides signals to the transmitter 1704 and the receiver 1706 and receives signals from the transmitter 1704 and the receiver 1706, respectively. The signals provided to and received by the transmitter 1704 and the receiver 1706 may include signaling information / data that conforms to applicable wireless system air interface standards for communicating with various entities such as a controller 30 and other computing entities 10. In this regard, the computing entity 10 may be able to operate using one or more air interface standards, communication protocols, modulation types, and access types. For example, computing entity 10 may be configured to receive and / or provide communications using wired data transmission protocols such as fiber distributed data interface (FDDI), digital subscriber line (DSL), Ethernet, asynchronous transfer mode (ATM), Frame Relay, data over cable service interface specification (DOCSIS), or any other wired transmission protocol.Similarly, Computing Entity 10 supports General Packet Radio Service (GPRS), Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS), Code Division Multiple Access 2000 (CDMA), CDMA2000 1X (1xRTT), Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (WCDMA), Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM), Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE), Time Division-Synchronous Code Division Multiple Access (TD-SCDMA), Long Term Evolution (LTE), Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN), and Evolution-Data Optimized (EVDO). It can be configured to communicate over a wireless external communication network using any of the following protocols: Optimized, High Speed ​​Packet Access (HSPA), High Speed ​​Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA), IEEE 802.11 (Wi-Fi), Wi-Fi Direct, 802.16 (WiMAX), Ultra Wideband (UWB), Infrared (IR) protocol, Near Field Communication (NFC) protocol, Wibree, Bluetooth protocol, Wireless Universal Serial Bus (USB) protocol, and / or any other wireless protocol.Computing entity 10 supports Border Gateway Protocol (BGP), Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP), Domain Name System (DNS), File Transfer Protocol (FTP), Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP), HTTP over TLS / SSL / Secure, Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP), Network Time Protocol (NTP), Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP), Telnet, Transport Layer Security (TLS), Secure Sockets Layer (SSL), Internet Protocol (IP), Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), User Datagram Protocol (UDP), Datagram Congestion Control Protocol (DCCP), and Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP). Such protocols and standards can be used to communicate using protocols such as HyperText Markup Language (HTML).

[0157] Through these communication standards and protocols, it is possible to communicate with various other entities using concepts such as unstructured additional service information / data (USSD), Short Message Service (SMS), Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS), Dual-Tone Multi-Frequency Signaling (DTMF), and / or Subscriber Identity Module (SIM) dialer. Computing entity 10 can also download changes, add-ons, and updates to its firmware, software (including executable instructions, applications, and program modules), and operating system, for example.

[0158] In various embodiments, the computing entity 10 may include, for example, a network interface 1720 for interfaceing with and / or communicating with the controller 30. For example, the computing entity 10 may include a network interface 1720 for providing executable instructions, command sets, etc., for reception by the controller 30, and / or for receiving outputs provided by the quantum computer 110 and / or the results of processing the outputs. In various embodiments, the computing entity 10 and the controller 30 may communicate directly via wired and / or wireless connections, and / or via one or more wired and / or wireless networks 20.

[0159] The computing entity 10 may also include a user interface device having one or more user input / output interfaces (for example, a display 1716 and / or a speaker / speaker driver coupled to the processing element 1708, as well as a touchscreen, keyboard, mouse, and / or microphone coupled to the processing element 1708). For example, a user output interface may be configured to provide applications, browsers, user interfaces, interfaces, dashboards, screens, web pages, pages, and / or similar words as used herein, which are interchangeably executed on and / or accessible through the computing entity 10, in order to cause the display or audible presentation of information / data and / or to interact with it through one or more user input interfaces. A user input interface may include any of several devices that enable the computing entity 10 to receive data, such as a keypad 1718 (hard or soft), a touch display, a voice / speech or motion interface, a scanner, a reader, or other input device. In embodiments including a keypad 1718, the keypad 1718 may include (or bring to display) conventional numerals (0-9) and associated keys (#, *) and other keys used to operate the computing entity 10, and may include a complete set of alphanumeric keys, or a set of keys that can be activated to provide a complete set of alphanumeric keys. In addition to providing input, the user input interface may be used to activate or deactivate certain functions, such as a screen server and / or sleep mode. Through such input, the computing entity 10 may collect information / data, user interaction / input, etc.

[0160] The computing entity 10 may also include volatile storage or memory 1722 and / or non-volatile storage or memory 1724, which may be embedded and / or removable. For example, non-volatile memory may include ROM, PROM, EPROM, EEPROM, flash memory, MMC, SD memory card, memory stick, CBRAM, PRAM, FeRAM, RRAM, SONOS, racetrack memory, etc. Volatile memory may include RAM, DRAM, SRAM, FPM DRAM, EDO DRAM, SDRAM, DDR SDRAM, DDR2 SDRAM, DDR3 SDRAM, RDRAM, RIMM, DIMM, SIMM, VRAM, cache memory, register memory, etc. Volatile and non-volatile storage or memory may store databases, database instances, database management system entities, data, applications, programs, program modules, scripts, source code, object code, bytecode, compiled code, interpreted code, machine code, executable instructions, and / or similar items for implementing the functionality of the computing entity 10.

[0161] conclusion Many modifications and other embodiments of the invention described herein will be apparent to those skilled in the art who are interested in the invention and who benefit from the teachings presented in the foregoing description and the accompanying drawings. It should be understood that the invention is not limited to the specific embodiments disclosed, and that modifications and other embodiments are intended to be included within the scope of the appended claims. Certain terms are used herein, but they are used in a general and descriptive sense only and not for limiting purposes. [Explanation of Symbols]

[0162] 5 Atomic Objects 5A Atomic object, object 5B Object 5C Objects 5D Objects 10 Computing Entities 20. Wired or wireless network 30 controllers 40 Cryostat and / or vacuum chamber 45 Optical access window 50 Voltage source 60 Operation Sources 62 Operating signals 66 Light path 66A optical path 66B Optical path 66C optical path 70 Light Collection System 72 Radiated signals 74 Collected signals 90 Optical signals 92 signal 92A~C signal 94 Collimated signal 94A~C Collimated signal 100 Quantum Computing Systems 110 Quantum Computers 300 Atomic object confinement devices, confinement devices, 2D atomic object confinement devices 305 Atomic object position 310 electrode 320 Atomic Object Path 330 islands 350 Surface, first surface 355 Second surface 360 Oxide and / or electrical insulating layer 365 Ground conductor 400 Action Array 410 Metamaterial Structure 420 Collecting Lens 425 Collection Fiber 440 collection arrays 445 Collection location 450 photodetectors 500 placement 510A action array, 2-qubit gate array 510B action array, 2-qubit gate array 520 collection array 520A Working Array, Cooling Array 520B Operating Array, Cooling Array 530 Action array, detection and / or single-qubit gate array 540 collection arrays 600 placement 620 Action Array 620A~H Action Array 640 collection arrays 705 Housing 715 Operation signal window 715A Operation signal window 715B Operation signal window 720 Collection window 810 First substrate 815 Signal Manipulation Elements 815A Action Array 815B Action Array 815C Collection Array 910 Second board 915 Signal Manipulation Elements 915A Signal Manipulation Element, Action Array 915B Signal Manipulation Element, Action Array 915C signal manipulation element, acquisition array 950 First surface 955 Second surface 1040A First signal manipulation element 1040B Second signal manipulation element 1040C Third signal manipulation element 1062 Arrival signal 1064A First action signal 1064B Second action signal 1064C Third action signal 1064D Fourth action signal 1068A First Beam Profile 1068B Second Beam Profile 1068C Third Beam Profile 1068D Fourth Beam Profile 1100 Optical Assembly 1110 Arrival Lens 1115 Arriving Fiber 1200 Optical Assembly 1210 Distribution and positioning optical element 1220 Fiber Pigtail 1300 Double-layer metamaterial array beam splitter, beam splitter 1310-part metamaterial array 1320 Collimated metamaterial array, collimated array 1320A Collimated Metamaterial Array 1320B Collimated Metamaterial Array 1320C Collimated Metamaterial Array 1330 Beam Splitter Board, Board 1332 First surface 1334 Second surface 1336 Material 1400 Photonic Integrated Circuits (PICs), PIC 1410 Output window, optical window 1420 Optical Fiber 1440 lens 1450 Metamaterial Array, Transparent Metamaterial Array 1500 Lateral displacement element 1505 Pattern 1510 Scattering element 1510A Scattering element, first scatterer 1510B Scattering element, second scatterer 1510C scattering element, third scattering body 1520 Arrival signal 1530 Scattering element 1530A Scattering element 1530B scattering element 1530C scattering element 1530D scattering element 1535 lines Line 1535A, first line Line 1535B, second line 1540 Dark Fringe 1540A Dark Fringe 1540B Dark Fringe 1540C Dark Fringe 1545 Ming Fringe 1545A Bright Fringe 1545B Bright Fringe 1550 Lateral Variants 1605 Processing elements 1610 memory 1615 Driver Controller Element 1620 Communication Interface 1625 A / D converter, analog-to-digital (A / D) converter, analog-to-digital converter element 1704 Transmitter 1706 Receiver 1708 Processing elements 1712 Antenna 1716 Display 1718 Keypad 1720 Network Interface 1722 Volatile storage or memory 1724 Non-volatile storage or memory

Claims

1. an atomic object confinement device comprising a plurality of electrodes configured to generate a confinement potential configured to confine one or more atomic objects, said confinement potential defining a plurality of atomic object positions; one or more signal manipulation elements, each signal manipulation element of the one or more signal manipulation elements (a) associated with a respective atomic object location of the plurality of atomic object locations; and (b) a collection array configured to provide a induced collection signal at each collection location in response to an emission signal emitted by an atomic object located at said respective atomic object location being incident on the collection array; or an action array configured to provide induced action signals to said respective atomic object locations in response to an incoming signal generated by a manipulation source being incident on the action array. One of them is the system.

2. The system of claim 1, wherein: (a) the action array is configured for use in performing quantum computer functions selected from the group consisting of photoionizing an atomic object, state preparing the atomic object, reading the quantum state of the atomic object, cooling the atomic object or an atomic object crystal containing the atomic object, shelving the atomic object, repumping the atomic object, performing a single qubit gate on the atomic object, and performing a multi-qubit gate on a set of atomic objects including the atomic object; (b) a surface of the atomic object confinement device defines a plane; and (c) the action array is configured to receive incoming signals propagating laterally to the plane.

3. 2. The system of claim 1, wherein a plurality of acting arrays are associated with each of the atomic object locations, a first acting array of the plurality of acting arrays configured to provide a first inductive action signal in response to the action signal being incident thereon, and a second acting array of the plurality of acting arrays configured to provide a second inductive action signal in response to the action signal being incident thereon, and wherein the first inductive action signal and the second inductive action signal differ in at least one of a beam width at the respective atomic object location or a propagation path through the respective atomic object location.

Images