Caffeine-removed ilex paraguariensis extract, Anti-obesity composition, method for removing caffeine, and method for producing ilex paraguariensis extract
Patent Information
- Application Number
- JP2022110805
- Authority / Receiving Office
- JP · JP
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Filing Date
- 2022-07-08
- Publication Date
- 2025-06-09
AI Technical Summary
Existing yerba mate extracts contain high levels of caffeine, which can be harmful, and current methods for producing decaffeinated extracts are not suitable for food use, particularly those that maintain effective levels of caffeoylquinic and dicaffeoylquinic acids for anti-obesity benefits.
A method using an adsorbent to remove caffeine to 1.0% by weight or less while maintaining 10% by weight or more of caffeoylquinic and dicaffeoylquinic acids in the extract, suitable for food applications.
The method produces a safer yerba mate extract with maintained anti-obesity effects, reducing caffeine content significantly and preserving beneficial polyphenols, as demonstrated in cell tests.
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Abstract
Description
[Technical field]
[0001] The present invention relates to a decaffeinated yerba mate extract, an anti-obesity composition, a method for removing caffeine, and a method for producing a yerba mate extract. [Background technology]
[0002] Mate (Ilex paraguariensis) is an evergreen tree of the Ilex genus in the family Ilexaceae, native to South America, including Argentina, Paraguay, and Brazil. Mate is rich in vitamins and minerals and is also called a "drinkable salad." Mate tea, made by steeping mate leaves in hot or cold water, has long been consumed in South America as an important source of nutrition.
[0003] It has been reported that yerba mate has physiological activities such as anti-obesity, anti-cholesterol, anti-diabetic, and fat burning promotion effects (Non-Patent Documents 1 and 2). Caffeine and polyphenols are known as active ingredients of yerba mate. Regarding caffeine, Non-Patent Document 3 reports that caffeine extracted from yerba mate using supercritical carbon dioxide extraction method showed an inhibitory effect on fat accumulation in cell tests and animal tests, whereas the effect was not observed in the leaf extract after caffeine extraction. It has also been reported that caffeine derived from yerba mate reduced the gene expression level of fatty acid synthase, whereas no change was observed in the leaf extract after caffeine extraction, suggesting that caffeine in yerba mate brings about an anti-obesity effect by inhibiting fat synthesis.
[0004] On the other hand, caffeine is known to stimulate the nerves by inhibiting adenosine receptors, and has a stimulating effect, diuretic effect, and gastric acid secretion promoting effect. If consumed late at night, it can cause shallow sleep, and if consumed on an empty stomach, it can cause stomach irritation. In addition, excessive intake can cause symptoms such as dizziness, increased heart rate, excitement, anxiety, tremors, insomnia, diarrhea, and nausea. Long-term intake can increase the risk of high blood pressure, and it is said that if pregnant women consume high concentrations of caffeine, it can lead to low birth weight. Due to these adverse effects of caffeine, there is a growing demand for caffeine-free, non-caffeinated, and decaffeinated foods and beverages, and the market for decaffeinated beverages in plastic bottles is expected to reach approximately 13 billion yen in fiscal 2025.
[0005] Mate also contains caffeoylquinic acid and dicaffeoylquinic acid, which are ester compounds of caffeic acid and quinic acid, as polyphenols. Non-Patent Document 4 reports that the food intake of mice is significantly reduced when chlorogenic acid (a type of caffeoylquinic acid) and 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid isolated from a hot water extract of mate are administered. It has been reported that caffeoylquinic acid and dicaffeoylquinic acid have pancreatic lipase inhibitory effects (Non-Patent Document 5), and these components are also expected to have anti-obesity and metabolic improvement effects. [Prior art documents] [Non-patent literature]
[0006] [Non-Patent Document 1] Hussein, GM, Matsuda, H., Nakamura, S., Akiyama, T., Tamura, K., & Yoshikawa, M. (2011). Protective and ameliorative effects of mate (Ilex paraguariensis) on metabolic syndrome in TSOD mice. Phytomedicine, 19(1), 88-97.
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Non-Patent Document 11
Summary of the Invention
Problems to be Solved by the Invention
[0007] In the literature reporting the anti-obesity and metabolism improving effects, the contents of caffeine, caffeoylquinic acid, and dicaffeoylquinic acid in yerba mate extract are reported as shown in Table 1. The caffeine content was 5.82-35.4 mg / g, and the caffeoylquinic acid and dicaffeoylquinic acid contents were 3.7-180.5 mg / g. Non-Patent Document 9 was the only extract with a caffeine content of 10 mg / g (1.0 wt%) or less and a caffeoylquinic acid and dicaffeoylquinic acid content of 100 mg / g (10 wt%) or more. However, the yerba mate extract in Non-Patent Document 9 was produced by fractionating a 70% ethanol extract of yerba mate with n-butanol, which cannot be used for food applications. [Table 1]
[0008] In view of the above problems, the present invention aims to provide a method for producing a mate (Ilex paraguariensis) extract in which caffeine has been removed to 1.0% by weight or less and the content of caffeoylquinic acid and dicaffeoylquinic acid is 10% by weight or more, making it safer for use in food, and a composition obtained thereby. [Means for solving the problem]
[0009] The present inventors have intensively studied the method of producing mate (Ilex paraguariensis) to solve the above problems, and as a result, have succeeded in developing a method of producing a mate extract in which caffeine is removed to 1.0% by weight or less using an adsorbent. Furthermore, the contents of caffeoylquinic acid and dicaffeoylquinic acid were maintained at 10% by weight or more, and the fat accumulation inhibitory effect was demonstrated in a cell test, leading to the completion of the present invention.
[0010] That is, a method for producing a decaffeinated mate extract according to one aspect of the present invention comprises the step of removing caffeine from a raw mate (Ilex paraguariensis) extract using an adsorbent.
[0011] In addition, a mate extract according to another aspect of the present invention is obtained by removing caffeine from a raw extract of mate (Ilex paraguariensis) using an adsorbent, and contains 1.0% by weight or less of caffeine and 10% by weight or more of caffeoylquinic acid and dicaffeoylquinic acid.
[0012] In addition, a mate extract according to another aspect of the present invention is obtained by removing caffeine from a raw extract of mate (Ilex paraguariensis) using an adsorbent, and contains 0.5% by weight or less of caffeine and 15% by weight or more of caffeoylquinic acid and dicaffeoylquinic acid.
[0013] In addition, an anti-obesity composition according to another aspect of the present invention has as its active ingredient a mate (Ilex paraguariensis) raw extract from which caffeine has been removed using an adsorbent, the mate extract containing 1.0% by weight or less of caffeine and 10% by weight or more of caffeoylquinic acid and dicaffeoylquinic acid.
[0014] In addition, an anti-obesity composition according to another aspect of the present invention has as its active ingredient a mate (Ilex paraguariensis) raw extract from which caffeine has been removed using an adsorbent, the mate extract containing 0.5% by weight or less of caffeine and 15% by weight or more of caffeoylquinic acid and dicaffeoylquinic acid.
[0015] In addition, an anti-obesity food composition, pharmaceutical composition, or cosmetic composition according to another aspect of the present invention comprises a mate extract according to any one of the above aspects as an active ingredient, the mate extract being obtained by removing caffeine from a raw extract of mate (Ilex paraguariensis) using an adsorbent.
[0016] A method for removing caffeine according to another aspect of the present invention comprises a step of removing caffeine from a raw extract of yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis) using an adsorbent. Effect of the Invention
[0017] As described above, the present invention can provide a decaffeinated mate extract, a method for producing the same, and an anti-obesity composition containing the mate extract as an active ingredient. [Brief description of the drawings]
[0018] [Figure 1] FIG. 1 shows the inhibitory effect of raw yerba mate extract and decaffeinated yerba mate extract on fat accumulation in a test using 3T3-L1 cells. BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THEINVENTION
[0019] Hereinafter, the embodiments of the present invention will be described in detail. However, the present invention can be embodied in many different forms, and is not limited to the examples described in the following embodiments and examples.
[0020] (Manufacturing method) The production method of the present invention (hereinafter referred to as "this method") involves removing caffeine from a raw mate extract using an adsorbent to obtain a mate extract from which caffeine has been removed.
[0021] The part of yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis) used in the present method is not particularly limited and can be appropriately selected depending on the purpose, for example, the whole plant, above-ground parts, stems, leaves, and roots can be used, and leaves are more preferably used. In addition, yerba mate can be used in the form of fresh, dried, or processed leaves.
[0022] The method of extracting the mate raw extract is not particularly limited, and can be carried out according to a method well known to those skilled in the art. As the extraction solvent, water or hot water, alcoholic solvents, and other organic solvents such as acetone can be used. As the alcoholic solvent, methanol, ethanol, propanol, isopropanol, butanol, isobutanol, and the like, and mixtures thereof can be exemplified. As the organic solvent other than acetone, esters such as ethyl acetate, polyhydric alcohols such as ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, and 1,3-butylene glycol, and ethers such as diethyl ether can be exemplified. These solvents may be used alone or in combination. The extraction solvent may be used in the form of a water-containing hydrophilic solvent by combining water and a hydrophilic organic solvent. When the solvents are used in combination, the mixing ratio of the solvents can be set arbitrarily. Among these, it is more preferable to use water.
[0023] The amount of the extraction solvent is not limited as long as the composition having the above-mentioned effect can be obtained, but is preferably 2 to 100 parts by weight per 1 part by weight of dried mate leaves. The extraction temperature is preferably 4°C to 90°C. The extraction time is preferably 30 minutes to 1 week. The extraction method can be any method such as stirring extraction, immersion extraction, countercurrent extraction, ultrasonic extraction, and supercritical extraction.
[0024] By removing caffeine from the raw mate extract obtained by the above process using an adsorbent, a mate extract from which caffeine has been removed (caffeine-removed mate extract) can be obtained by concentrating and drying. The adsorbent is not limited as long as it can remove caffeine, and can be appropriately selected depending on the purpose. For example, acid clay, synthetic adsorption resins such as silica-magnesia adsorbents and styrene-divinylbenzene adsorbents can be used, but among them, it is more preferable to use acid clay from the viewpoint of caffeine removal efficiency and maintaining the content of caffeoylquinic acid and dicaffeoylquinic acid. When acid clay is used, it is possible to reduce caffeine by 90% or more compared to the case where it is not used, and it is also possible to maintain the content of caffeoylquinic acid at 10% by weight or more.
[0025] The caffeine-removed mate extract may be the filtrate obtained by filtering the extract, a concentrate obtained by concentrating the filtrate, a dried product obtained by drying the concentrate, a crude or purified product thereof, or a mixture of these. The concentration method may be any method such as evaporation concentration or membrane concentration. The drying method may be any method such as vacuum drying, freeze drying, or spray drying. If necessary, an excipient such as dextrin may be added. When purification is performed, it may be performed according to a method known to those skilled in the art. For example, synthetic adsorption resins, activated carbon, ion exchange resins, gel filtration agents such as Sephadex and Biogel, column chromatography, recrystallization, etc. may be used alone or in combination.
[0026] The composition may take the form of a food composition, a pharmaceutical composition, or a cosmetic composition, and in the case of a food composition in particular, it may take the form of a functional food or a health food. Furthermore, in the case of a food, it may take the form of not only a solid but also a beverage.
[0027] When the composition is a food composition, it may be in the form of, for example, drinks, candies, jellies, gummies, or other desserts, and when it is a health food or a food with functional claims, it may be in the form of, for example, tablets, hard capsules, soft capsules, granules, drinks, etc.
[0028] In addition, when the composition is a pharmaceutical composition, its form may be a tablet, capsule, pill, liquid, or emulsion. The administration method is not particularly limited, but it is preferable that the composition is in a form that can be administered orally. In addition, various carriers may be added within a range that is acceptable from a pharmaceutical standpoint. Examples of the carrier include excipients, colorants, sweeteners, and suspending agents.
[0029] When the composition is a cosmetic composition, it may be, for example, a lotion, cream, pack, gel, emulsion, balsam, ointment, solution, powder, or other topically or internally applicable form.
[0030] Furthermore, the content of decaffeinated mate (Ilex paraguariensis) extract in the present composition can be appropriately adjusted according to the expected intake amount.
[0031] Furthermore, the amount of decaffeinated mate (Ilex paraguariensis) extract in the present composition is not limited as long as the effects of the present composition can be obtained, but is preferably from 10 mg to 1000 mg per day, and more preferably from 20 mg to 500 mg per day.
[0032] The caffeine-removed mate extract in the present composition preferably contains 10 mg / g or less of caffeine, more preferably 5 mg / g or less. The total amount of caffeoylquinic acid and dicaffeoylquinic acid in the mate extract is preferably 10% by weight or more, more preferably 15% by weight or more. The effects of the present composition can be preferably exhibited by containing them in this range.
[0033] It has been reported that the caffeine content of yerba mate leaves is 1-2% by weight (Non-patent literature: Burris, KP, Harte, FM, Davidson, PM, Stewart Jr, CN, & Zivanovic, S. (2012). Composition and bioactive properties of yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis A. St.―Hil.): a review. Chilean journal of agricultural research, 72(2), 268.). When converted to yerba mate extract, the content is 2.5-5.0% by weight.
[0034] Decaffeinated refers to a product in which 90% or more of the caffeine has been removed. If the caffeine content is to be 1 / 10 or less of that of normal mate extract, it is calculated to be 0.25 to 0.5% by weight, and by keeping it within this range, it is believed that the possibility of side effects caused by caffeine can be reduced. In the present invention, the caffeine content is preferably 1.0% by weight or less, and more preferably 0.5% by weight or less.
[0035] As described above, the present invention can provide a composition that maintains its anti-obesity effect while removing caffeine. EXAMPLES
[0036] Here, the composition according to the above embodiment was actually produced, and its effects were confirmed. A specific description will be given below.
[0037] (1) Study of adsorbents 100g of dried mate (Ilex paraguariensis) leaves were mixed with 1L of water, heated for 1 hour, and then solid-liquid separation was performed to obtain an extract. The extraction residue was again heated in 0.6L of water for 1 hour, and then solid-liquid separation was performed to obtain an extract. Either acid clay or a synthetic adsorbent was added to the combined first and second extracts to examine which adsorbent was most suitable for removing caffeine from the mate raw extract. As a result, it was found that acid clay was the most efficient at removing caffeine while maintaining the caffeoylquinic acid content at 10% by weight or more (Table 2). [Table 2]
[0038] (2) Extraction Example 1 (Production of Decaffeinated Mate Extract) 100g of dried mate (Ilex paraguariensis) leaves were mixed with 1L of water, heated for 1 hour, and then subjected to solid-liquid separation to obtain an extract. The extraction residue was heated again with 0.6L of water for 1 hour, and then subjected to solid-liquid separation to obtain an extract. The first and second extracts were combined, acid clay was added, stirred, and then filtered. The filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure and dried to obtain 30g of solid matter.
[0039] The solid obtained above was analyzed by liquid chromatography, and it was confirmed that the caffeine content in the decaffeinated mate extract was 0.23% by weight, and the total content of caffeoylquinic acid and dicaffeoylquinic acid was 22.04% by weight.
[0040] (3) Extraction Example 2 (Production of Mate Raw Extract) 100g of dried mate (Ilex paraguariensis) leaves were mixed with 1L of water, heated for 1 hour, and then separated into solid and liquid to obtain an extract. The extraction residue was heated again with 0.6L of water for 1 hour, and then separated into solid and liquid to obtain an extract. The first and second extracts were combined, and the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure and dried to obtain 30g of solid matter.
[0041] When the above-obtained Extraction Example 2 was measured by liquid chromatography, the caffeine content was 2.47% by weight, and the total content of caffeoylquinic acid and dicaffeoylquinic acid was confirmed to be 17.06% by weight or more.
[0042] (4) Cellular test (amount of intracellular neutral fat accumulation) 3T3-L1 cells were cultured in DMEM (high glucose) medium at 37°C and 5% CO 2 The cells were cultured under the following conditions. The cells were prepared to have a concentration of 100,000 cells / mL, and were induced to differentiate into adipocytes using insulin (final concentration: 5 μg / mL), dexamethasone (DEX, final concentration: 25 nM), and isobutylmethylxanthine (IBMX, final concentration: 0.5 mM). From the day of differentiation induction initiation, Extraction Example 1 or Extraction Example 2 was added to a final concentration of 62.5, 31.25, and 15.625 μg / mL. The medium was replaced every three days, and new insulin (final concentration: 5 μg / mL), DEX (final concentration: 25 nM), IBMX (final concentration: 0.5 mM), Extraction Example 1 or Extraction Example 2 (final concentration: 62.5, 31.25, and 15.625 μg / mL) was added. DMSO was used as a control instead of Extraction Examples 1 and 2. After differentiation induction for 6 days, the amount of intracellular neutral fat accumulation was measured by Nile red staining (excitation wavelength: 525 nm, fluorescence wavelength: 585 nm).
[0043] Extraction Example 1, which had been caffeine-removed, showed a concentration-dependent inhibitory effect on intracellular neutral fat accumulation, and the effect was equivalent to that of Extraction Example 2, which had not been caffeine-removed (Figure 1). This demonstrated that the anti-obesity effect was maintained even when caffeine was removed.
[0044] As described above, the above cell tests confirmed that the present composition has an anti-obesity effect.
Claims
1. A method for producing a caffeine-removed yerba mate extract, comprising the step of removing caffeine from a raw yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis) extract with acidic clay, the method for producing a caffeine-removed yerba mate extract having this step.
2. A yerba mate extract obtained by removing caffeine from a raw yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis) extract with acidic clay and containing 1.0% by weight or less of caffeine, 10% by weight or more of caffeoylquinic acid and dicaffeoylquinic acid.
3. A yerba mate extract obtained by removing caffeine from a raw yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis) extract with acidic clay and containing 0.5% by weight or less of caffeine, 15% by weight or more of caffeoylquinic acid and dicaffeoylquinic acid.
4. An anti-obesity composition containing, as an active ingredient, a yerba mate extract obtained by removing caffeine from a raw yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis) extract with acidic clay and containing 1.0% by weight or less of caffeine, 10% by weight or more of caffeoylquinic acid and dicaffeoylquinic acid.
5. An anti-obesity composition containing, as an active ingredient, a yerba mate extract obtained by removing caffeine from a raw yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis) extract with acidic clay and containing 0.5% by weight or less of caffeine, 15% by weight or more of caffeoylquinic acid and dicaffeoylquinic acid.
6. A food composition, pharmaceutical composition, or cosmetic composition for anti-obesity, which is obtained by removing caffeine from a raw yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis) extract with acidic clay and contains, as an active ingredient, the yerba mate extract according to any one of Claims 2 and 3.
7. A method for removing caffeine, comprising the step of removing caffeine from a raw yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis) extract with acidic clay.