Pipe arrangement for transporting temperature control media

Abstract

To provide a pipe arrangement which has a particularly small installation space requirement.SOLUTION: A pipe arrangement (1) for transporting temperature control media comprises a base body (2) produced by means of blow molding, where at least a first channel (3) and a second channel (4) are formed from the base body (2), where the first channel (3) and the second channel (4) have a first orientation towards one another in a first section (11) and have a second orientation towards one another in a second section (12), where the first orientation is different from the second orientation.SELECTED DRAWING: Figure 1

Description

[Technical field]

[0001] The present invention relates to a conduit device for transporting a temperature control medium, the conduit device comprising a base body produced by blow molding, from which at least a first flow path and a second flow path are formed. [Background technology]

[0002] Electric mobility, for example, requires a temperature control medium. Batteries in electric vehicles, in particular lithium-ion batteries, only function optimally within a limited temperature range. This can require heating or cooling of the battery depending on the ambient temperature. To temperature-control the cells of the battery within a desired temperature range, the drive unit of an electric vehicle therefore usually comprises a temperature control circuit with a duct arrangement, through which a temperature control medium can be conducted to the cells. Due to limited installation space, the temperature control unit must be as compact as possible.

[0003] Furthermore, it may be necessary to control the temperature, and in particular to cool, components of the entire drive unit of an electric vehicle. In addition to the battery, these components include the power electronics and the electric motor. The charging electronics and the associated plug connections and piping can also be cooled by a temperature control device. This is particularly important with regard to fast charging processes.

[0004] In addition to their use in drive units, there are further application areas related to other parts of the vehicle electronics, in particular sensors and on-board computers. If the vehicle is equipped for automated driving, powerful sensors and powerful computers are required, in which case the systems become redundant. Due to the limited installation space in the vehicle, these systems also have special requirements for the temperature control units that control the temperature of these components.

[0005] Temperature control media are also used in air conditioning systems. Air conditioning systems, in particular mobile air conditioning systems, are equipped with a ducting arrangement that allows the temperature control media to be transported between the individual devices of the air conditioning system. In mobile air conditioning systems, for example for air conditioning the interior of a motor vehicle, the ducting arrangement has a relatively complex structure, with the individual tubes often being made of different materials, for example with metal tubes, thermoplastic part tubes and rubber-like material part tubes. The conditions for using the part tubes can be optimally adapted to the respective requirements, but the ducting arrangement is expensive, complex to assemble and difficult to reuse.

[0006] In any application, it is often required that the piping device should be particularly compact. Each flow path is used to supply media to each unit, but these units may be located in different locations, which may require the pipe paths to cross, which may require more installation space. The crossing of the pipe paths may make the piping device bulky, which increases the installation space requirement. Summary of the Invention [Problem to be solved by the invention]

[0007] The object of the invention is to provide a pipeline arrangement which has particularly small installation space requirements. [Means for solving the problem]

[0008] This object is achieved by the features of claim 1. The dependent claims present advantageous configurations.

[0009] A conduit device for transporting a temperature control medium according to the present invention comprises a substrate manufactured by blow molding, from which at least a first flow path and a second flow path are formed, the first flow path and the second flow path having a first orientation relative to each other in a first region and a second orientation relative to each other in a second region, the first orientation being different from the second orientation.

[0010] The pipeline device according to the invention comprises a base body produced by blow molding. Blow molding allows the production of base bodies of complex shapes. The flow passages are preferably formed integrally with the base body from a homogeneous material. As material for the pipeline device, preferably plastics such as thermoplastic polymers, thermoplastic elastomers, etc. Depending on the pressure conditions of the medium transported in the pipeline device, the pipeline device can have a single-layer structure or a multi-layer structure.

[0011] The substrate may include a plurality of flow channels, and these flow channels may have a shape required for the installation location, such as a curved shape, etc. Furthermore, there is a large degree of freedom in the selection of the cross-sectional shape of the flow channels.

[0012] Furthermore, in the conduit arrangement according to the invention, the flow paths are such that in the first section they have a first orientation relative to one another and in the second section they have a second orientation relative to one another, the first orientation being different from the second orientation. In this connection, it is conceivable in particular that in the first section the flow paths extend in a first plane relative to one another, for example in a vertical plane, and in the second section the flow paths extend in a second plane relative to one another, for example in a horizontal plane. Thus, the conduit arrangement can have a shape that is adapted to the available installation space, and the flow paths can change their orientation relative to one another, for example at narrowing points.

[0013] Further utilisation of the installation space can be achieved by adapting the cross section of the flow channel to the available installation space, for example the flow channel may have a circular cross section in a first region and an elliptical or rectangular cross section in a second region.

[0014] The orientation of the flow passages can vary in the third section or in the fourth section or both. Thus, the flow passages can be arcuate in the third section or in the fourth section or both. The arcuate route results in particularly low pressure losses. However, if installation space is very limited, the flow passages can also have an angular deviation in the third section or in the fourth section or both.

[0015] A further ducting device for transporting a temperature control medium according to the invention comprises a base body produced by blow molding, from which at least a first flow path and a second flow path are formed, the first flow path at least partially penetrating the second flow path.

[0016] In particular, it is conceivable that the flow paths in the conduit arrangement have a first orientation relative to one another in the first section and a second orientation relative to one another in the second section, the first orientation being different from the second orientation, so that the first flow path can be routed at least partially within the second flow path.

[0017] The through-passage also allows for even more space-saving installation, making it possible to pass through parts of the installation space that are particularly small. A further advantage is that in the area where a flow path is led into a second flow path and has a robust outer surface, the piping arrangement is particularly compact and requires little installation space. It is furthermore conceivable for the flow paths to interact with one another, for example for heat exchange to take place.

[0018] It is also conceivable that the first and second flow paths cross each other in at least one section. Such crossing sections usually require particularly large installation space. Furthermore, the assembly effort is particularly high if the crossing sections are formed from individual tubes. In an embodiment according to the invention, the crossing section of each flow path is formed from the base body by a blow molding process. This allows the pipeline arrangement to be produced particularly cheaply and also allows the crossing sections to have a geometry that requires less installation space.

[0019] The first and second flow paths can extend at an angle to each other. In this embodiment, the conduit arrangement can form an intersection. For example, the flow paths can extend at a 90° angle to each other and meet at an intersection.

[0020] It is also conceivable that the first and second flow paths run parallel in at least one section, in which region the pipeline arrangement requires particularly small installation space.

[0021] At least one of the partial channels of at least one channel can be formed as an insert. One or more inserts may be provided. An insert is a component that is designed separately from the substrate. The insert is placed in the blow mold before the blow molding process and is molded onto the substrate during the blow molding process. This allows the implementation of an intersection area in the substrate, while isolating the channels from each other to prevent the fluids from mixing.

[0022] In principle it is conceivable to provide several flow paths which intersect each other, for example two flow paths running parallel to each other which can be intersected by a third flow path or by two further flow paths running parallel to each other.

[0023] Preferably, the first and second flow paths are routed in an arcuate manner in the area, which avoids abrupt changes of direction and therefore reduces the flow resistance of the medium guided in the flow paths.

[0024] The first and second flow paths can be routed in the region in the form of an S-bend. This embodiment results in a particularly low flow resistance. The first and second flow paths can have a cross section in said region which differs from the other cross sections of the pipe arrangement. For example, the cross sections of the flow paths in said region can be chosen in such a way that in this region the geometry of the two flow paths requires a particularly small installation space. However, it is also conceivable that the design of the flow paths in said region is flow-optimized so that the flow resistance of each flow path in this region is particularly low.

[0025] Preferably, the first and second flow paths are flat in the aforementioned zone. In this case, the first and second flow paths can be flat on both of the two opposite sides. Alternatively, it is also conceivable that the two flow paths have a substantially rectangular cross section in the aforementioned zone. This allows the pipeline device to be designed in such a way that it requires particularly little installation space in the aforementioned zone, and also allows the formation of a pipeline device in which the flow paths cross, which requires less installation space overall and has a small spatial impact. In addition to round, flat and rectangular configurations, elliptical shapes are also conceivable. Furthermore, it is conceivable that the flow paths are partially concave or convex. In this regard, the first and second flow paths can be shaped so that they meet in the opposing wall portions. For this reason, for example, the opposing wall portions of the first flow path can be concave, and the corresponding wall portions of the second flow path can be convex. Similarly, it is conceivable that the first and second flow paths each have a cross section different from each other.

[0026] The first and second flow paths can be at least partially connected to one another. This can be achieved by forming the flow paths in one piece from a homogeneous material, for example by forming a web on the flow paths. The web can be continuous or partial. Alternatively, the flow paths can be partially in contact with one another and can be joined to one another at the contacting portions by a material bond. In both embodiments, the ducting arrangement is particularly compact, the flow paths being connected to one another in a manner that is free of losses. b In a further embodiment, the first and second flow paths can also be connected to one another in a form-fitting manner. This form-fitting connection can be achieved by forming form-fitting elements from the flow paths or by a clip connection. The clip connection can in particular be formed from the flow paths. It is also conceivable that the first and second flow paths are connected to one another via a fastening device, which serves to connect the first and second flow paths and at the same time fasten the ducting arrangement to a body or the like.

[0027] In the partial channels, openings can be formed between the channels through which one or more channels pass, which allows particular flexibility in the routing of the channels and the design of the intersection regions, and makes it particularly easy to change the orientation of the channels.

[0028] The first and second flow paths can be connected to one another in a flow-transmitting manner. In this embodiment, the medium can overflow from one flow path into the other. In this connection, it is conceivable in particular for a valve, in particular a switchable valve, to be arranged in the connection between the first and second flow paths. Furthermore, it is conceivable for a throttle valve to be arranged in the connection. The connection can be designed as a further flow path. The further flow path can be formed separately or can be formed from a homogeneous material and manufactured integrally with the first or the second flow path or both.

[0029] At least one functional element can be arranged in the substrate. The functional element is preferably assigned to at least one flow path. In this way, the functional element is in direct contact with the temperature control medium. The functional element can directly influence the volumetric flow rate of the temperature control medium or can directly record state data of the temperature control medium, such as temperature, volumetric flow rate, pressure, etc. The functional element can also be designed as a cooler, which is in contact with the temperature control medium and thus influences its temperature. Alternatively, the functional element can also be designed as a heating element.

[0030] The functional element can be formed from the base body. This is conceivable in particular if the functional element is a passive functional element and has no moving parts. For example, the functional element can form a throttle valve. The throttle valve or expansion valve reduces the pressure of the temperature control medium flowing through it by locally narrowing the flow cross section and at the same time expands the temperature control medium. The throttle valve is designed as an uncontrolled throttle valve and forms a constriction of the flow path. Due to the throttle valve being formed directly from the base body, the piping arrangement is particularly cheap and easy to manufacture. It is furthermore conceivable for the functional element to form a fastening device for fastening the piping arrangement to a component. For this purpose, the functional element can be designed, for example, as an eyelet, a clip, etc.

[0031] The functional element can also be designed as a fluid distribution element. It is further conceivable that the functional element is formed as a connecting element or connector. The ducting device can thus be equipped to be connected to further components of the temperature control circuit. In this respect, the ducting device can be integrated into a system having a plurality of ducts, at least two of which cross each other. In this case, the fluid distribution element can form a shunt intersection or a Y-piece.

[0032] The duct arrangement can form an internal heat exchanger and can be formed, for example, as part of an air conditioning unit. An internal heat exchange system realized by means of the duct arrangement is particularly compact and can be easily integrated into the air conditioning circuit.

[0033] An internal heat exchanger integrated into the refrigerant circuit of an air conditioning system can increase the efficiency of the air conditioning system by transferring the heat of the refrigerant from the high pressure side to the low pressure side. In this case, the refrigerant is liquid on the high pressure side and gaseous on the low pressure side, the refrigerant on the high pressure side being guided through a first flow channel and the refrigerant on the low pressure side being guided through a second flow channel. The air conditioning circuit of a mobile air conditioning system, such as a vehicle, has a closed circuit in which the refrigerant circulates. The refrigerant is compressed by a compressor and then enters a condenser where it is liquefied. The liquefied refrigerant is led to an internal heat exchanger, in which the refrigerant leaving the condenser transfers heat to the gaseous refrigerant leaving the evaporator. The liquid refrigerant then flows into an expansion valve where the pressure of the refrigerant is reduced. The refrigerant absorbs heat in the evaporator where it evaporates and then becomes gaseous.

[0034] The vehicle according to the invention comprises a pipeline arrangement according to the invention in one of the previously described embodiments. The pipeline arrangement according to the invention is particularly compact and therefore also particularly suitable for use in electric vehicles, where installation space is often particularly limited.

[0035] Some embodiments of the pipeline device according to the invention are explained in more detail below with reference to the figures. [Brief description of the drawings]

[0036] [Figure 1] FIG. 1 is a three-dimensional diagram of a pipeline device having intersecting flow paths. [Diagram 2] FIG. 2 is a plan view of the pipeline arrangement according to FIG. 1; [Diagram 3] FIG. 2 is a three-dimensional diagram of a pipeline device in which the orientation of each flow path is changed. [Figure 4] 4A and 4B are plan and side views of the pipeline device according to FIG. 3; [Diagram 5] FIG. 2 is a three-dimensional view of a pipeline device having several intersecting flow paths. [Figure 6] FIG. 6 is a plan view of a cross section of the pipeline arrangement according to FIG. 5 . [Figure 7]FIG. 1 is a three-dimensional diagram showing a pipeline device in an intersecting configuration. [Figure 8] FIG. 8 is a three-dimensional cross-sectional view of the pipeline device shown in FIG. 7. [Figure 9] FIG. 8 is a plan view of a cross section of the pipeline arrangement according to FIG. [Figure 10] FIG. 1 is a three-dimensional diagram of a pipeline device having intersecting flow paths. [Figure 11] FIG. 11 is a three-dimensional view of a portion of the pipeline device shown in FIG. 10 . [Figure 12] FIG. 2 is a three-dimensional view of a pipeline device in which one flow path partially extends into the other flow path; [Figure 13] FIG. 13 is a three-dimensional view of a portion of the pipeline device shown in FIG. 12. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

[0037] These figures show a piping arrangement 1 for transporting a temperature control medium. The piping arrangement 1 is formed from a substrate 2 made of a polymer material, which substrate 2 is produced by blow molding. From the substrate 2 a first flow path 3 and a second flow path 4 are formed, which contain a temperature control medium. In some embodiments further flow paths 9 may be provided. The piping arrangement 1 often has a manifold structure, in which case it is also called a manifold.

[0038] The substrate 2 is made of a homogeneous material and is integral as a blown part, made of a thermoplastic material such as polypropylene or polyamide. Usually, the channels 3, 4, 9 are connected to each other by a material bond, the boundary walls of the channels 3, 4, 9 being in contact with each other or a web being formed between the channels 3, 4, 9.

[0039] In the present case, the line device 1 is part of a temperature control unit which is configured to control the temperature of drive unit components of an electric vehicle. These components include, in addition to the battery, the power electronics and the electric motor. Furthermore, the temperature control unit is also configured to cool the charging electronics and the associated plug connections and piping, which is particularly advantageous for fast charging processes. Furthermore, the temperature control unit can be configured to control, in particular to cool, other vehicle electronics components. Such components include sensors and computers for autonomous driving, on-board computers.

[0040] Alternatively, the duct arrangement 1 may form part of an air conditioning circuit of an air conditioning system, this air conditioning system taking the form of a mobile air conditioning system for a motor vehicle.

[0041] In the embodiment according to Figures 1 and 2, the first flow channel 3 and the second flow channel 4 are routed within the substrate 2 in such a way that the first flow channel 3 and the second flow channel 4 cross at an intersection region 5. At the intersection region 5, the first flow channel 3 and the second flow channel 4 are routed to be arcuate in the form of an S-bend.

[0042] The first and second flow paths 3 and 4 have a cross section in the intersection area 5, which cross section in the intersection area 5 differs from the other cross sections of the flow paths 3, 4 in the area of ​​the pipeline device 1. The first and second flow paths 3 and 4 are flattened in the intersection area 5. In cross section, the first and second flow paths 3 and 4 are thus formed rectangularly in the intersection area 5, with the corner areas of the rectangular flow path cross section being rounded. The first and second flow paths 3 and 4 are flattened in such a way that the height of the flow paths 3 and 4 intersecting in the area of ​​the intersection area 5 corresponds to the height of the flow paths 3 and 4 which have a round cross section and follow adjacent paths in the area outside the intersection area 5. As a result, the pipeline device 1 has a low impact in terms of its overall height as far as the installation space is concerned.

[0043] Outside the intersection area 5, the first flow channel 3 and the second flow channel 4 are materially bonded to one another, so that the flow channel walls of the flow channels 3, 4 abut and contact one another. Alternatively, the flow channels 3, 4 can be connected to one another by fastening means such that the flow channels cannot become dislodged, or they can be connected to one another by webs.

[0044] At the intersection area 5 an opening 6 is formed between the channels 3, 4. Alternatively, a boundary wall can be disposed between the channels.

[0045] A functional element 7 is arranged in the base body 2. The functional element 7 is made of the same material as the base body 2 and is formed integrally therewith. In the present case, the functional element 7 forms a throttle valve.

[0046] In the embodiment shown in Fig. 3, the first flow channel 3 and the second flow channel 4 have a first orientation relative to each other in the first region 11 and a second orientation relative to each other in the second region 12. The first orientation is also different from the second orientation. Specifically, in this embodiment, the flow channels 3, 4 extend parallel to each other in a first plane in the first region 11 and extend parallel to each other in a second plane in the second region 12. The flow channels 3, 4 extend in a vertical plane and are arranged one above the other in the first region 11, and extend in a horizontal plane and are arranged side by side in the second region 12. Thus, the flow channels 3, 4 extend parallel to each other in each region.

[0047] At the transition between the first section 11 and the second section 12, the flow paths are arcuate in a third section 13 and a fourth section 14, and the orientation of the flow paths 3, 4 changes within the third section 13 and within the fourth section 14. The arcuate sections 13, 14 are formed such that the conduit arrangement 1 has an overall U-shape.

[0048] FIG. 4 shows a plan view of the pipeline device 1 shown in FIG. 3 at the top and a side view at the bottom.

[0049] FIG. 5 shows a pipe arrangement 1 with three channels 3, 4, 9. One channel 9 crosses the other two channels 3, 4 in a crossing section 5. For this, the channel 9 penetrates the other two channels 3, 4. The channel 9 is routed in the other channels 3, 4 in the crossing section 5. In order to keep the fluid flows in the channels 3, 4, 9 separate, a partial channel 16 of the channel 9 is formed as an insert 17. The insert 17 is a tubular element through which the fluid passing through the channel 9 is transported through the crossing section 5. The insert 17 can be seen in the cross-sectional view of FIG. 6. Outside the crossing section 5, the channels 3, 4, 9 run parallel in the section 15. The channels 3, 4, 9 run in one plane in all sections. The insert 17 is formed of a polymer material, but instead of this a metallic material such as aluminum may also be considered.

[0050] 7 shows a pipeline arrangement 1 with two flow paths 3, 4. One flow path 4 crosses the other flow path 3 at a crossing section 5. The two flow paths 3, 4 run at an angle to each other, in this embodiment at a right angle, so that a crossing section is formed in the pipeline arrangement 1.

[0051] In the intersection region 5, the flow channel 4 penetrates the other flow channel 3, i.e., the flow channel 4 is routed inside the other flow channel 3 in the intersection region 5. In order to keep the fluid flows in the flow channels 3, 4 separate, a partial flow channel 16 of the flow channel 4 is formed as an insert 17. The insert 17 is a tubular element through which the fluid passing through the flow channel 4 is transported through the intersection region 5. The insert 17 is inserted fluid-tightly into the pipe arrangement 1 so that there is no overflow of the medium between the flow channels 3, 4. The insert 17 can be seen in the cross-sectional views of Figures 8 and 9.

[0052] Figure 10 shows a further development of the conduit device 1 shown in Figures 7, 8 and 9. In this embodiment, the arcuate third section 13 and the arcuate fourth section 14 adjoin the intersection section 5. The arcuate sections 13, 14 are formed in such a way that the channels 3, 4 extend parallel to each other in section 15. Figure 11 shows a cross-sectional view of the conduit device 1 shown in Figure 10 with an insert 17.

[0053] In the duct arrangement 1 shown in FIG. 12, one of the channels 4 penetrates the other channel 3 in such a way that it is partially routed inside the other channel 3. In this case, the duct arrangement 1 forms an internal heat exchanger of an air conditioning unit of a vehicle. In order to keep the fluid flows in the channels 3, 4 separate, a partial channel of the channel 4 is formed as an insert 17. The insert 17 is a tubular element, through which the fluid passing through the channel 4 is transported through a region located inside the other channel 3. The insert 17 can be seen in the cross-sectional view of FIG. 13.

Claims

1. A pipeline device (1) for transporting a temperature control medium, comprising: A substrate (2) produced by blow molding, At least a first flow path (3) and a second flow path (4) are formed from the substrate (2), the first flow path (3) and the second flow path (4) are formed as closed tubular members defined by boundary walls; The first flow path (3) and the second flow path (4) are in a first region (11) they have a first orientation relative to each other, in a second region (12) they have a second orientation relative to each other; the first orientation is different from the second orientation; The first flow path (3) and the second flow path (4) are by a material bond formed by the contact of the boundary walls or by a web formed between the first flow path (3) and the second flow path (4), the web running along the length of the first flow path (3) and the second flow path (4), The first flow path (3) and the second flow path (4) are connected along the length direction. Plumbing equipment.

2. The pipeline device according to claim 1, The orientation of the channels (3, 4) varies within a third section (13) or within a fourth section (14) or both. A pipeline device characterized in that:

3. A pipeline device as described in claim 1, The first flow passage (3) at least partially penetrates the second flow passage (4). Plumbing equipment.

4. The pipeline device according to any one of claims 1 to 3, The first flow path (3) is routed at least partially inside the second flow path (4). A pipeline device characterized in that:

5. The pipeline device according to any one of claims 1 to 4, The first flow path (3) intersects with the second flow path (4). A pipeline device characterized in that:

6. The pipeline device according to any one of claims 1 to 5, A third flow path (9) is formed from the substrate (2), The third flow path (9) intersects the first flow path (3) or the second flow path (4) or both. A pipeline device characterized in that:

7. A pipeline device for transporting a temperature control medium, comprising: A substrate (2) produced by blow molding, At least a first flow path (3) and a second flow path (4) are formed from the substrate (2), The first flow path (3) and the second flow path (4) are routed within the substrate in such a way that the first flow path (3) and the second flow path (4) cross each other in at least one region (5). Plumbing equipment.

8. The pipeline device according to claim 7, The first flow path (3) and the second flow path (4) are routed in such a way that they form an S-bend in the section (5). A pipeline device characterized in that:

9. The pipeline device according to claim 7 or 8, The first flow path (3) and the second flow path (4) have a cross section in the area (5), The cross section is different from the other cross sections. A pipeline device characterized in that:

10. The pipeline device according to any one of claims 7 to 9, The first flow path (3) and the second flow path (4) are flattened in a section (5). A pipeline device characterized in that:

11. The pipeline device according to any one of claims 7 to 10, At least one functional element (7) is arranged in said base body (2). A pipeline device characterized in that:

12. The pipeline device according to any one of claims 7 to 11, At least one functional element (7) is formed from said base body (2). A pipeline device characterized in that:

13. The pipeline device according to any one of claims 1 to 12, The flow paths (3, 4, 9) are integral with the base (2) and are made of the same material as the base (2). A pipeline device characterized in that:

14. The pipeline device according to any one of claims 1 to 13, The first flow path (3) and the second flow path (4) extend at an angle to each other. A pipeline device characterized in that:

15. The pipeline device according to any one of claims 1 to 14, The first flow path (3) and the second flow path (4) extend in parallel in at least one of the sections (11, 12, 15). A pipeline device characterized in that:

16. The pipeline device according to any one of claims 1 to 15, At least one partial channel (16) of at least one channel (3, 4, 9) is formed as an insert (17). A pipeline device characterized in that:

17. The pipeline device according to any one of claims 1 to 16, The flow paths (3, 4, 9) In the first region (11), they extend parallel to each other in a first plane, In the second region (12), they extend parallel to each other in a second plane. A pipeline device characterized in that:

18. The pipeline device according to any one of claims 1 to 17, The channels (3, 4, 9) are at least partially connected to each other. A pipeline device characterized in that:

19. The pipeline device according to any one of claims 1 to 17, The first flow passage (3) or the second flow passage (4) or both are arcuately shaped in the third section (13) or in the fourth section (14) or both. A pipeline device characterized in that:

20. The pipeline device according to any one of claims 1 to 19, Forming an internal heat exchanger for temperature control medium Plumbing equipment.

21. A vehicle comprising a pipeline device (1) according to any one of claims 1 to 19.

Images