Pog and pog set
The innovative menko design with a curved or bent portion and strategic airflow gap enables easy flipping, addressing the skill requirement issue in conventional menko play, enhancing accessibility for all players.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- JP2023097414
- Authority / Receiving Office
- JP · JP
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Filing Date
- 2023-06-14
- Publication Date
- 2024-12-26
- Estimated Expiration
- 2043-06-14
AI Technical Summary
Conventional menko require a certain degree of skill to generate enough wind pressure to turn over an opponent's piece, making it difficult for beginners to play effectively.
The menko is designed with a curved or bent portion on its plate-like member, ensuring the back surface of at least one end is not in contact with the ground, creating a gap for airflow to flip the piece over, and optionally incorporating different shapes and weights for enhanced ease of play.
This design allows even beginners to easily turn over the opponent's menko, providing a more accessible and enjoyable gaming experience.
Smart Images

Figure 2024178975000001_ABST
Abstract
Description
[Technical field]
[0001] The present invention relates to a menko and a menko set. [Background technology]
[0002] Conventionally, there has been known a menko that includes a movable piece and a fixed part that supports the movable piece in an operable manner, with multiple pieces of information related to the game displayed on at least the movable piece of the movable piece and fixed part (see Patent Document 1). [Prior art documents] [Patent documents]
[0003] [Patent Document 1] JP 2008-68034 A Summary of the Invention [Problem to be solved by the invention]
[0004] In playing menko, one player's menko is dropped forcefully onto a flat surface such as the floor, the ground, or a desk, and the wind pressure generated by this flips over the menko of the other player that are positioned around the point where the menko fell, a process known as "okoshi."
[0005] However, traditional menko have a generally flat shape, and a certain level of skill is required to generate enough wind pressure to flip the opponent's menko when it falls. Therefore, beginners who are not accustomed to playing menko have difficulty flipping the opponent's menko.
[0006] The problem to be solved by the present invention is to provide a menko that can be easily turned over and a menko set including said menko. [Means for solving the problem]
[0007] [1] One aspect of the present invention is a menko. The plate-shaped member has at least a curved or bent portion formed in a part thereof, The curved or bent portion is formed so that the rear surface of at least one end of the plate-like member is not grounded.
[0008] [2] One aspect of the present invention is the menko described in [1] above, The plate-like member has a flat portion adjacent to the curved or bent portion.
[0009] [3] One aspect of the present invention is the menko described in [2] above, The plate-like member has the curved or bent portion formed on both sides of the flat portion.
[0010] [4] One aspect of the present invention is the menko described in [3] above, The plate-like member has the curved portions formed on both sides of the flat portion.
[0011] [5] One aspect of the present invention is the menko described in [3] above, The plate-like member has the curved portion formed on one side of the flat portion and the bent portion formed on the other side.
[0012] [6] One aspect of the present invention is the menko described in [3] above, The plate-like member has the bent portions formed on both sides of the flat portion.
[0013] [7] One aspect of the present invention is the menko described in [3] above, The plate-like member is formed into a roughly S-shape, with the curved or bent portion formed on one side of the flat portion curved or bent toward the front surface side, and the curved or bent portion formed on the other side of the flat portion curved or bent toward the back surface side.
[0014] [8] One aspect of the present invention is the menko described in any one of [1] to [5] above, The following conditional expression is satisfied: 0° < θc < 270° however, θc: bending angle of the bending portion
[0015] [9] One aspect of the present invention is the menko described in any one of [1] to [6] above, The following conditional expression is satisfied: 0° < θb < 90° however, θb: bending angle of the bending portion
[0016]
[10] A menko set according to one embodiment of the present invention includes a first menko, which is any one of the menko described in [1] to [9] above, and a second menko that does not have the curved or bent portion, and the first menko is used as a receiving piece and the second menko is used as a throwing piece.
[0017]
[11] A menko set according to one embodiment of the present invention includes a third menko, which is a menko as described in any one of [1] to [9] above, and a fourth menko as described in any one of [1] to [9] above, which is heavier than the third menko, The third menko is used as the receiving piece, and the fourth menko is used as the throwing piece.
[0018]
[12] A menko set according to one embodiment of the present invention includes a plurality of menko described in any one of [1] to [9] above, each of which is used as a receiving piece or a throwing piece. Effect of the Invention
[0019] According to the present invention, it is possible to provide a menko that can be easily turned over and a menko set including said menko. [Brief description of the drawings]
[0020] [Figure 1] FIG. 1 is a perspective view of the appearance of a menko according to a first embodiment. [Figure 2A] FIG. 2 is a top view of the menko according to the first embodiment. [Figure 2B] FIG. 2 is a side view of the menko according to the first embodiment. [Figure 2C] FIG. 2 is a front view of the menko according to the first embodiment. [Diagram 3] FIG. 2 is a diagram showing a curved angle of the menko according to the first embodiment. [Figure 4] FIG. 11 is a perspective view of the appearance of a menko according to a second embodiment. [Figure 5A] FIG. 11 is a top view of the menko according to the second embodiment. [Figure 5B] FIG. 11 is a side view of the menko according to the second embodiment. [Figure 5C] FIG. 11 is a front view of the menko according to the second embodiment. [Figure 6] FIG. 13 is a diagram showing the bending angle of the menko according to the second embodiment. [Figure 7] FIG. 13 is a front view of a menko according to a first modified example. [Figure 8] FIG. 13 is a front view of a menko according to a second modified example. [Figure 9] FIG. 13 is a front view of a menko according to a third modified example. [Figure 10] FIG. 13 is a front view of a menko according to a fourth modified example. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
[0021] Hereinafter, an embodiment of the present invention will be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings. In each drawing, components having equivalent functions are denoted by the same reference numerals, and detailed description of the components having the same reference numerals will not be repeated.
[0022] (First embodiment) Fig. 1 is a perspective view of the appearance of a menko 1 according to this embodiment. As shown in Fig. 1, the menko 1 is composed of a menko body 10, which is a plate-like member, and has a curved three-dimensional shape as a whole. Note that in this embodiment, as an example, an example in which the entire menko body 10 is curved will be described, but the curved portion (curved part) may be formed in at least a part of the menko body 10.
[0023] 2A is a top view of menko 1 as viewed in the direction A of FIG. 1, FIG. 2B is a side view of menko 1 as viewed in the direction B of FIG. 1, and FIG. 2C is a front view of menko 1 as viewed in the direction C of FIG. 1.
[0024] As shown in Figs. 2A to 2C, the menko 1 is formed so that the entire menko body 10, which is a plate-like member, is curved. Therefore, as shown in Fig. 2C, the front surface S1 and the back surface S2 of the menko body 10 function as a curved portion 10C having a curved shape integrally. This curved portion 10C is formed so that the back surface (S2) of at least one end of the menko body 10 (plate-like member) (both ends of the menko body 10 in the example shown in Fig. 2C) is not grounded. In other words, the curved portion 10C is formed so that the back surface (S2) of at least one end of the menko body 10 (plate-like member) is curved in a direction away from the arrangement surface (floor, desk, ground, etc.) on which the menko 1 is arranged. As a result, a gap is formed between the bottom surface of the menko body 10 and the surface on which the menko 1 is arranged (flat surface such as floor, ground, desk, etc.; hereinafter referred to as arrangement surface). As a result, the air currents generated when another menko (throwing piece) is thrown down onto the placement surface near the menko 1 (receiving piece) flow into the gap, making it possible to easily flip the menko 1 over. Furthermore, when the menko 1 is placed with its back surface S2 facing down, part of the curved portion 10C (the area including point P in FIG. 2C) touches the ground, so when air currents flow into the gap between the menko body 10 and the placement surface, the entire menko 1 rocks like a rocking chair. This makes it possible to easily flip the menko 1 over, even if the wind pressure generated when another menko is thrown down onto the placement surface of the menko 1 is weak. In other words, even children or elderly people who have little strength in throwing the menko 1 down can easily flip the opponent's menko over.
[0025] In addition, by hitting the end of the front surface (S1) of the curved portion 10C of the menko 1 (receiver piece) with another menko (thrower piece), the menko 1 will rotate vigorously as if rolling, and the momentum will make it possible to easily flip the menko 1 over.
[0026] FIG. 3 is a diagram for explaining the curved angle of the curved portion 10C formed in the menko 1 (menko body 10). As shown in FIG. 3, the curved angle of the curved portion 10C is defined as a central angle θc based on the center O of the circle related to the arc constituting the curved portion. Here, the curved angle θc is preferably set to 0°<θc<270°, and more preferably 120°<θc<180°. By appropriately adjusting the curved angle θc of the curved portion 10C, the size of the gap between the end of the menko body 10 and the arrangement surface can be adjusted. The larger the gap, the easier it is to turn the menko 1 over, so by adjusting the curved angle θc, the ease of turning the menko 1 over can be adjusted. Note that if the curved angle θc is simply made smaller, the length of the curved portion 10C (arc) will be reduced, but in that case, the length of the curved portion 10C may be ensured by increasing the radius of curvature of the arc.
[0027] As described above, according to this embodiment, the menko 1 is made of a plate-shaped member (menko body 10) having a curved portion 10C formed on at least a portion of it, and the curved portion 10C is formed so that the back surface S2 of at least one end of the plate-shaped member (menko body 10) is not grounded. Therefore, even beginners who are not accustomed to playing with menko, children and elderly people who do not have the strength to throw down the menko 1, etc. can easily flip the menko 1 over.
[0028] Second embodiment Next, the menko 2 according to the second embodiment will be described. Fig. 4 is a perspective view of the appearance of the menko 2 according to this embodiment. As shown in Fig. 4, the menko 2 is composed of a menko body 20 which is a plate-like member, and has a three-dimensional shape that is bent approximately at the center of the menko body 20. Note that in this embodiment, an example in which the menko body 20 is bent approximately at the center will be described as an example, but it is sufficient that the bent portion (bent part) is formed in at least a part of the menko body 20, and the position of the bent part is not limited to approximately the center of the menko body 20, and may be any position.
[0029] 5A is a top view of the menko 2 as viewed in the direction A of FIG. 4, FIG. 5B is a side view of the menko 2 as viewed in the direction B of FIG. 4, and FIG. 5C is a front view of the menko 2 as viewed in the direction C of FIG. 4.
[0030] 5A to 5C, the menko 2 is formed with a bent portion 20B that is bent at approximately the center of the menko body 20, which is a plate-shaped member. Adjacent to the bent portion 20B, flat portions 20F1 and 20F2 are formed on both sides of the bent portion 20B. The flat portion 20F1 is in contact with the surface on which the menko 2 is placed.
[0031] The bent portion 20B is formed so that the back surface (S2) of at least one end of the menko body 20 (plate-shaped member) (in the example shown in FIG. 5C, the end on the side where the flat portion 20F2 is formed) is not grounded. In other words, the bent portion 20B is formed so that the back surface (S2) of at least one end of the menko body 20 (plate-shaped member) is bent in a direction away from the arrangement surface (floor, desk, ground, etc.) on which the menko 2 is arranged. This forms a gap between the bottom surface of the menko body 10 and the arrangement surface of the menko 1, and the air current generated when another menko is thrown down onto the arrangement surface flows into the gap, making it possible to easily flip the menko 1 over.
[0032] In addition, by hitting the end of the front surface (S1) of the bent portion 20B of the menko 2 (receiving piece) with another menko (throwing piece), the menko 2 will rotate vigorously as if rolling, and the momentum will make it possible to easily flip the menko 2 over.
[0033] 6 is a diagram for explaining the bending angle of the bent portion 20B formed in the menko 2 (menko body 20). As shown in FIG. 6, the bending angle of the bent portion 20B is defined as the angle θb at which the flat portion 20F2 is separated from the arrangement surface when the flat portion 20F1 is placed on the arrangement surface of the menko 2. Here, the angle θb is 0°<θb<90°. More preferably, it is 30°<θb<45°. By adjusting this angle θb, it is possible to adjust the size of the gap between the flat portion 20F2 (the back surface S2 of the menko 2) and the arrangement surface. The larger the gap is, the easier it is to turn the menko 2 over, so by adjusting the angle θb, it is possible to adjust the ease of turning the menko 2 over.
[0034] As described above, according to this embodiment, the menko 2 is made of a plate-like member (menko body 20) having a bent portion 20B formed in at least a portion thereof, and the bent portion 20B is formed so that the back surface S2 of at least one end of the plate-like member (menko body 20) is not grounded, so that even beginners who are not accustomed to playing menko can easily flip the menko 1 over.
[0035] Next, modified examples of the menko of each of the above embodiments will be described.
[0036] (First Modification) Fig. 7 is a front view of the menko 3 according to the first modified example. As shown in Fig. 7, the menko 3 is composed of a flat portion 30F whose lower surface (reverse surface S2) contacts the surface on which the menko 3 is placed, and a menko body 30 having a curved portion 30C formed adjacent to the flat portion 30F on one side of the flat portion 30F. The setting range of the curved angle θc of the curved portion 30C is the same as that of the menko 1 of the first embodiment.
[0037] As with the menko 1, the menko 3 has a gap between the underside (reverse surface S2) of the menko body 30 and the placement surface due to the curved portion 30C, so that air currents generated when another menko is thrown down onto the placement surface flow into the gap, making it possible to easily flip the menko 3 over. Furthermore, the menko 3 has a flat portion 30F formed on the menko body 30, providing it with a moderate level of stability.
[0038] In addition, by hitting the end of the front surface (S1) of the curved portion 30C of the menko 3 (receiving piece) with another menko (throwing piece), the menko 3 will rotate with force as if rolling, and the momentum will make it possible to easily flip the menko 3 over.
[0039] (Second Modification) Fig. 8 is a front view of a menko 4 according to a second modified example. As shown in Fig. 8, the menko 4 is made up of a flat portion 40F whose underside (reverse surface S2) contacts the surface on which the menko 4 is placed, and a menko body 40 having curved portions 40C1 and 40C2 formed adjacent to the flat portion 40F on both sides of the flat portion 40F. The setting ranges of the curved angle θc1 of the curved portion 40C1 and the curved angle θc2 of the curved portion 40C2 are the same as the curved angle θc of the menko 1 of the first embodiment.
[0040] As with the above-mentioned menko 1, the menko 4 has a gap between the underside (reverse surface S2) of the menko body 40 and the placement surface due to the curved portions 40C1 and 40C2, so that the air current generated when another menko is thrown down onto the placement surface flows into the gap, making it possible to easily flip the menko 4 over. Furthermore, the menko 4 has a moderate stability due to the flat portion 40F formed on the menko body 40.
[0041] In addition, by hitting the end of the surface (S1) of the curved portion 40C1 or 40C2 of the menko 4 (receiving piece) with another menko (throwing piece), the menko 4 will rotate with force as if rolling, and the momentum will make it possible to easily flip the menko 4 over.
[0042] In the example of the menko 4 shown in Fig. 8, both the curved portion 40C1 and the curved portion 40C2 are curved towards the front surface S1 of the menko 4, but the menko 4 may be formed in a generally S-shape in which the opposing curved portions are curved in opposite directions. That is, in the menko body 40, the curved portion 40C1 formed on one side of the flat portion 40F may be curved towards the front surface (S1), and the curved portion 40C2 formed on the other side of the flat portion 40F may be curved towards the back surface (S2). By forming the menko 4 in this way, the menko 4 has a three-dimensional shape, making it easier to turn the menko 4 over.
[0043] (Third Modification) Fig. 9 is a front view of a menko 5 according to a third modified example. As shown in Fig. 9, the menko 5 is made up of a flat portion 50F1 whose underside (reverse surface S2) contacts the surface on which the menko 5 is placed, and a menko body 50 having a curved portion 50C formed on one side adjacent to the flat portion 50F1 and a bent portion 50B formed on the other side. The flat portion 50F1 and the flat portion 50F2 are formed adjacent to the bent portion 50B. The bending angle θc of the curved portion 50C is the same as the bending angle θc of the menko 1 of the first embodiment, and the bending angle θb of the bent portion 50B is the same as the bending angle θb of the menko 2 of the second embodiment.
[0044] The curved portion 50C and the bent portion 50B of the menko 5 form a gap between the underside of the menko body 50 (reverse surface S2; flat portion 50F2) and the placement surface, so that air currents generated when another menko is thrown down onto the placement surface flow into the gap, making it possible to easily flip the menko 5 over. Furthermore, the menko 5 is provided with a moderate level of stability by having the flat portion 50F1 formed on the menko body 50.
[0045] In addition, by hitting the end of the surface (S1) of the curved portion 50C or bent portion 50B of the menko 5 (receiving piece) with another menko (throwing piece), the menko 5 will rotate with force as if rolling, and the momentum will make it possible to easily flip the menko 5 over.
[0046] In the example of the menko 4 shown in FIG. 9, both the curved portion 50C and the bent portion 50B are curved or bent towards the front surface S1 of the menko 5, but the menko 5 may be formed in a substantially S-shape in which the opposing curved portion 50C and bent portion 50B are curved or bent in opposite directions. That is, in the menko body 50, the curved portion 50C formed on one side of the flat portion 50F1 may be curved towards the front surface (S1), and the bent portion 50B formed on the other side of the flat portion 50F1 may be bent towards the back surface (S2). By forming the menko 5 in this way, the menko 5 has a three-dimensional shape, making it easier to turn the menko 5 over. (Fourth Modification) Fig. 10 is a front view of a menko 6 according to a fourth modified example. As shown in Fig. 10, the menko 6 is composed of a flat portion 60F1 whose lower surface (rear surface S2) contacts the placement surface of the menko 6, and a menko body 60 in which bent portions 60B1 and 60B2 are formed adjacent to the flat portion 60F1 on both sides of the flat portion 60F1. The flat portion 60F1 and the flat portion 60F2 are formed adjacent to the bent portion 60B1, and the flat portion 60F1 and the flat portion 60F3 are formed adjacent to the bent portion 60B2. The setting ranges of the bending angle θb1 of the bent portion 60B1 and the bending angle θb2 of the bent portion 60B2 are the same as the bending angle θb of the menko 2 of the second embodiment.
[0047] As with the menko 2, the menko 6 has a gap formed between the underside of the menko body 60 (reverse surface S2; flat portions 60F2 and 60F3) and the placement surface due to the bent portions 60B1 and 60B2, allowing the air current generated when another menko is thrown down onto the placement surface to flow into the gap, making it possible to easily flip the menko 6 over. Furthermore, the menko 6 has a moderate level of stability due to the flat portion 60F1 formed on the menko body 40.
[0048] In addition, by hitting the end of the front surface (S1) of the bent portion 60B1 or 60B2 of the menko 6 (receiving piece) with another menko (throwing piece), the menko 6 will rotate vigorously as if rolling, and the momentum will make it possible to easily flip the menko 6 over.
[0049] In the example of the menko 6 shown in FIG. 10, both the bent portion 60B1 and the bent portion 60B2 are bent toward the front surface S1 of the menko 6, but the menko 6 may be formed in a substantially S-shape in which the opposing bent portions are bent in opposite directions. That is, in the menko body 60, the bent portion 60B1 formed on one side of the flat portion 60F1 may be bent toward the front surface (S1), and the bent portion 60B2 formed on the other side of the flat portion 60F1 may be bent toward the back surface (S2). By forming the menko 6 in this way, the menko 6 has a three-dimensional shape, and it becomes possible to turn the menko 6 over more easily. Next, a menko set including the menko (menko 1 to 6) of each of the above-mentioned embodiments and modified examples will be described.
[0050] (First Menko Set) The first menko set includes a menko (first menko) according to any of the above embodiments and modifications, and a menko (second menko) that does not have a curved or bent portion. In this case, by using the first menko as a receiving piece (a menko to be placed on the placement surface) and the second menko as a throwing piece (a menko to be thrown down onto the placement surface), a menko set can be constructed in which the receiving piece (first menko) can be easily flipped over by the throwing piece (second menko).
[0051] (Second Menko Set) The second menko set includes a menko (third menko) according to any of the above embodiments and variations, and a menko (fourth menko) according to any of the above embodiments and variations that is heavier than the third menko. In this case, by using the third menko as the receiving piece and the fourth menko as the throwing piece, a menko set can be constructed that allows the receiving piece (first menko) to be easily flipped over by the throwing piece (second menko). This is because a lighter menko can be used as the receiving piece and is easier to flip, and a heavier menko as the throwing piece generates more wind pressure when thrown down onto the placement surface, making it easier to flip the receiving piece.
[0052] (Third Menko Set) The third menko set includes a plurality of menko of any of the above-mentioned embodiments and modifications to be used as receiving pieces (first menko) or throwing pieces (second menko). By configuring a menko set with any of the above-mentioned embodiments and modifications, it is possible to provide a menko set that allows players to easily flip each other's menko.
[0053] In each of the above embodiments, an example of a menko with a substantially elliptical outer shape in a top view has been described, but the present invention is not limited to this. The present invention can be applied to menko with any outer shape in a top view, and the outer shape may be a polygon, a circle, a doughnut shape, an animal, a plant (leaves, flowers, vegetables, fruits, etc.), an insect, a person, a fish, a shell, a splash of water, a number, a letter, a logo, a symbol mark, a national flag, a coin, a banknote, or the like.
[0054] In addition, the materials for the menko in each of the above embodiments and modified examples can be 3D printer materials such as paper, wood, polypropylene, nylon, cardboard, bioplastics, ABS resin, and PLA resin.
[0055] Furthermore, in the menko of each of the above embodiments and modified examples, the surface roughness of the back surface S2 may be made smaller than that of the front surface S1. By making the surface roughness of the back surface S2 smaller, the menko becomes easier to slide, making it easier to turn the menko over. Furthermore, in a menko set including the menko of each of the above embodiments and modified examples, the menko set may include multiple menko with different surface roughnesses for the back surface S2.
[0056] Based on the above description, a person skilled in the art may be able to conceive additional effects and various modifications of the present invention, but the aspects of the present invention are not limited to the individual embodiments described above. Various additions, modifications, and partial deletions are possible within the scope of the conceptual idea and intent of the present invention derived from the contents defined in the claims and their equivalents.
[0057] Furthermore, not all of the features described in this specification are essential requirements, and in particular, features described in this specification but not included in the claims may be considered optional additional features.
[0058] It should be noted that the applicant is merely aware of the inventions disclosed in the documents in the "Prior Art Documents" column of this specification, and the present invention does not necessarily aim to solve the problems of the inventions disclosed in the documents. The problems that the present invention aims to solve should be identified by taking into consideration the entire specification. For example, if the specification states that a specific effect is achieved by a specific configuration, it can also be said that the problem that is the reverse of the specific effect is solved. However, it is not necessarily intended that such a specific configuration is an essential requirement. [Explanation of symbols]
[0059] 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 Menko 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60 Menko body 10C, 30C, 40C1, 40C2, 50C curved section 20B, 50B, 60B1, 60B2 Bent part 20F1, 20F2, 30F, 40F, 50F1, 50F2, 60F1, 60F2, 60F3 Flat part S1 surface S2 back
Claims
1. The plate-shaped member has at least a curved or bent portion formed in a part thereof, The curved or bent portion is formed so that the back surface of at least one end of the plate-like member is not grounded.
2. The menko according to claim 1 , wherein the plate-like member has a flat portion adjacent to the curved or bent portion.
3. The menko according to claim 2 , wherein the plate-like member has the curved or bent portion formed on both sides of the flat portion.
4. The menko according to claim 3 , wherein the plate-like member has the curved portion formed on both sides of the flat portion.
5. The menko according to claim 3 , wherein the plate-like member has the curved portion formed on one side of the flat portion and the bent portion formed on the other side.
6. The menko according to claim 3 , wherein the plate-like member has the bent portions formed on both sides of the flat portion.
7. The menko according to claim 3, wherein the plate-like member is formed in a substantially S-shape, with the curved or bent portion formed on one side of the flat portion curved or bent toward the front side, and the curved or bent portion formed on the other side of the flat portion curved or bent toward the back side.
8. The menko according to claim 1, which satisfies the following conditional expressions: 0° < θc < 270° however, θc: bending angle of the bending portion
9. The menko according to claim 1, which satisfies the following conditional expressions: 0° < θb < 90° however, θb: bending angle of the bent portion
10. A first menko that is the menko according to any one of claims 1 to 9, and a second menko that does not have the curved or bent portion, A menko set in which the first menko is used as a receiving piece and the second menko is used as a throwing piece.
11. A third menko according to any one of claims 1 to 9, and a fourth menko according to any one of claims 1 to 9 that is heavier than the third menko, A menko set in which the third menko is used as a receiving piece and the fourth menko is used as a throwing piece.
12. A menko set comprising a plurality of menko according to any one of claims 1 to 9, each of which is used as a receiving piece or a throwing piece.
Citation Information
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