Method for lubricating automotive or industrial gears

Abstract

The disclosed technology relates to lubricant compositions for automotive or industrial gears, and axles and bearings, where the automotive or industrial gear oil contains an oil of lubricating viscosity, optional phosphate and / or thiophosphate compounds, certain sulfurized olefins, metal thiophosphate compounds such as zinc dialkyldithiophosphates, thiadiazole functionalized dispersants, or any mixture thereof, and a hydroxyl / amine-containing booster, and methods of improving the operating efficiency and temperature of such automotive or industrial gears by lubricating them with the automotive or industrial gear oil.

Description

[Background technology]

[0001] The disclosed technology relates to lubricant compositions for automotive or industrial gears, and axles and bearings, where the automotive or industrial gear oil contains an oil of lubricating viscosity, certain sulfurized olefins, a hydroxyl / amine-containing booster, a metal thiophosphate compound, such as zinc dialkyldithiophosphate, a thiadiazole functionalized dispersant, or any mixture thereof, and optional phosphate and / or thiophosphate compounds, and to methods of improving the operating efficiency and temperature of such automotive or industrial gears by lubricating them with the automotive or industrial gear oil.

[0002] Driveline power transmission devices (such as gears or transmissions) present very difficult engineering problems and solutions to meet multiple, often conflicting, lubrication requirements while providing durability and cleanliness.

[0003] Improving operational efficiency is a common goal shared by both original equipment manufacturers and lubricant manufacturers. Original equipment manufacturers may focus on reducing surface roughness using mechanical processing methods to improve operational efficiency and reduce power losses. These mechanical processing methods include honing, top polishing, and vibratory finishing. Alternatively, lubricant manufacturers often target optimizing rheology and friction in an effort to optimize operational efficiency. Current mechanical processing methods can be expensive and time consuming to implement in large-scale automotive gear production. Thus, there is a desire to improve operational efficiency by modifying fluid properties rather than relying on mechanical processes to achieve this goal. U.S. Patent No. 10,316,712, issued to Douglass et al. on June 11, 2019, teaches the use of various additives to reduce roughness and maximize energy efficiency of additive products. The data in the '712 patent suggests that many different additives can function to reduce surface roughness, and indeed, even non-additive lubricants can reduce surface roughness. The '712 patent does not teach how to provide any other benefits to the lubricant, such as providing the performance required in ASTM D7452, ASTM D6121, ASTM D4172, or ASTM D5704. While surface roughness and traction coefficient measurements are often used as predictive tools to understand the contribution of lubricating fluids to efficiency improvement, a more direct route to determining operational efficiency is to record the power loss of an electric motor driven axle efficiency rig as it goes through a drive cycle. Rig testing is preferred over vehicle testing to improve reproducibility and repeatability. Operational efficiency is related to power loss by the formula: % efficiency = [(power input - power loss) / power input] * 100%. Efficiency or power loss can also be related to operating temperature, as reported in the following documents (Barton, W et al., Impact of Viscosity Modifiers on Gear Oil Efficiency and Durability: Part II, SAE International 01-0299, 2013, pp 295-309, doi:10.4271 / 2013-01-0299; U.S. Patent Nos. 8,435,932 and 6,303,547). Operating temperature is closely correlated with operating efficiency. Operating inefficiencies generate heat and result in higher operating temperatures. Thus, the less heat generated in a more efficient system, the lower the operating temperatures observed. Lubricant solutions that could result in improved fluid efficiency by minimizing power losses and operating temperatures would be both technically and commercially beneficial. [Prior art documents] [Patent documents]

[0004] [Patent Document 1] U.S. Pat. No. 10,316,712 [Patent Document 2] U.S. Pat. No. 8,435,932 [Patent Document 3] U.S. Patent No. 6,303,547 [Non-patent literature]

[0005] [Non-Patent Document 1] Barton, W. et al., "Impact of Viscosity Modifiers on Gear Oil Efficiency and Durability": Part II, SAE International 01-0299, 2013, pp295-309, doi:10.4271 / 2013-01-0299 Summary of the Invention [Means for solving the problem]

[0006] It has been found that the use of certain sulfurized olefin mixtures, hydroxyl / amine containing boosters, along with either metal alkyl thiophosphate chemistry, thiadiazole functionalized dispersants, or mixtures thereof, and optional amine alkyl (thio)phosphate chemistry, is surprisingly beneficial in minimizing power losses and reducing operating temperatures.

[0007] Accordingly, one aspect of the present technology is directed to an automotive or industrial gear oil comprising an oil of lubricating viscosity, 0.01 to 10 wt. % of a sulfurized olefin, 100 to 10,000 ppm, or 150 ppm to 9,000 ppm, or 200 ppm to 8,000 ppm, or 250 ppm to 7,000 ppm, or 250 ppm to 1,000 ppm, or 250 ppm to 1,000 ppm of a hydroxyl / amine-containing booster, and at least one of 0.1 to 2 wt. %, or 0.2 to 1.9 wt. %, or 0.2 to 1 wt. %, or 1.0 to 1.8 wt. % of a metal alkylthiophosphate, 0.1 to 8 wt. %, or 0.3 to 4 wt. %, or 0.35 to 3 wt. % of a thiadiazole-functionalized dispersant, or mixtures thereof. The lubricant may optionally contain 0.5 to 2.0 weight percent of an amine alkyl (thio)phosphate compound.

[0008] The sulfurized olefin may be the reaction product of an olefin containing 2 to 6 carbon atoms reacted with hydrogen sulfide and sulfur at superatmospheric pressure in the presence of a catalyst. In one embodiment, the sulfurized olefin has the formula: R1-S x -R2, wherein R1 and R2 are independently derived from an olefin containing 2 to 6 carbon atoms, and x is an integer from 1 to 10, provided that the sulfurized olefin has a sulfur content of about 10 to about 50 weight percent.

[0009] The hydroxyl / amine containing boosters have the structure I: [ka] [In the formula, n is 0 or 1, X is a hydroxyl or amino group, including primary or secondary amines having 1 to 9 carbon atoms; Y is a hydroxyl or amino group, including primary or secondary amines having 1 to 9 carbon atoms; W and Z are individually H atoms or alkyl groups of 1 to 9 carbon atoms with optional substitution of additional hydroxyl or amino groups, and at least one of W and Z cannot be H or -CH3 so long as X and Y are both hydroxyl; The sum of (carbons in W)+(carbons in Z)+n is 10 or less.

[0010] The metal alkylthiophosphate in the automotive or industrial gear oil may include a zinc dialkyldithiophosphate. In some embodiments, the zinc dialkyldithiophosphate may be a secondary zinc dialkyldithiophosphate.

[0011] The thiadiazole functionalized dispersant may be a mixture prepared by a process that includes heating, reacting, or complexing a thiadiazole compound with a dispersant substrate.

[0012] In embodiments, the optional amine alkyl(thio)phosphate may simply be an amine alkyl phosphate. In other embodiments, the optional amine alkyl(thio)phosphate may be an amine alkyl thiophosphate. In further embodiments, the optional amine alkyl(thio)phosphate may include a combination of both an amine phosphate and an amine alkyl thiophosphate. In embodiments, the optional amine alkyl thiophosphate may be a dialkyl dithiophosphate.

[0013] In one embodiment, the lubricant may include an amine phosphate that is a substantially sulfur-free alkyl phosphate amine salt having at least about 30 mole percent of phosphorus atoms in the alkyl pyrophosphate salt structure. In some embodiments, at least about 80 mole percent of the alkyl groups in such sulfur-free alkyl phosphates may be secondary alkyl groups of from about 3 to about 12 carbon atoms. In some embodiments, at least about 25 mole percent of the alkyl groups in such sulfur-free alkyl phosphates may be primary alkyl groups of from about 3 to about 12 carbon atoms.

[0014] The automotive or industrial gear oil may also contain other additives. In one embodiment, the automotive or industrial gear oil may contain other sulfur-containing additives in an amount to provide the composition with a total sulfur level of about 0.75 to about 5 wt. %. In one embodiment, the automotive or industrial gear oil may have a total phosphorus level of about 0.01 to about 0.5 wt. %, or about 0.02 to about 0.4 wt. %, or about 0.08 to about 0.3 wt. %, or about 0.1 to about 0.25 wt. %, or even about 0.02 to about 0.10 wt. %, or about 0.025 to about 0.07 wt. %.

[0015] Another aspect of the present technology includes a method of lubricating a driveline transmission, which may be, for example, an axle, a bearing, a transmission, or a gear, by supplying the driveline transmission with an automotive or industrial gear oil as described above and operating the driveline transmission. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

[0016] Various preferred features and embodiments are described below by way of non-limiting examples. One aspect of the invention is an automotive or industrial gear oil containing (a) an oil of lubricating viscosity, (b) a sulfurized olefin or mixtures thereof, (c) a hydroxyl / amine-containing booster, and (d) at least one of (i) a metal alkylthiophosphate, (ii) a thiadiazole-functionalized dispersant, or (iii) a mixture thereof, and optionally (e) at least one amine alkyl(thio)phosphate. Oil of lubricating viscosity

[0017] One component of the disclosed technology is an oil of lubricating viscosity, also referred to as a base oil. The base oil may be selected from any of the base oils in Groups I to V of the American Petroleum Institute (API) Base Oil Interchangeability Guidelines (2011), namely: [Table 18]

[0018] Groups I, II, and III are mineral oil base stocks. Other commonly recognized categories of base oils may be used even if not officially specified by API, with Group II+ referring to Group II materials having a viscosity index of 110-119 and lower volatility than other Group II oils, and Group III+ referring to Group III materials having a viscosity index of 130 or greater. Oils of lubricating viscosity may include natural or synthetic oils and mixtures thereof. Mixtures of mineral and synthetic oils, such as polyalphaolefin oils and / or polyester oils, may be used.

[0019] In one embodiment the oil of lubricating viscosity has a viscosity of 1.5 to 7.5, or 2 to 7, or 2.5 to 6.5, or 3 to 6 mm 2 / sec at 100° C. by ASTM D445. In one embodiment the oil of lubricating viscosity comprises a polyalphaolefin having a kinematic viscosity at 100° C. by ASTM D445 of 1.5 to 7.5, or any of the other aforementioned ranges. Sulfurized Olefins

[0020] The sulfurized olefins used in the present technology include mixtures whose composition is not easily described apart from the reactions used to prepare them. Generally, the sulfurized olefins are about 80% polysulfides, mostly di-t-butyl polysulfides, with sulfur atoms ranging from 2 or 3-8, mostly concentrated at 3-5 or 3-4 carbon atoms. The mixtures are represented by the formula: R1-S x -R2, where R1 and R2 are independently derived from an olefin containing from 2 to 6 carbon atoms, and x is an integer from 1 to 10, or from 2 to 9, or from 3 to 8, or from 3 to 7, provided that the sulfurized olefin has a sulfur content of from about 10 to about 50 weight percent.

[0021] More specifically, sulfurized olefins are the reaction products of olefins containing 2 to 6 carbon atoms reacted with hydrogen sulfide and sulfur at superatmospheric pressure in the presence of a catalyst.

[0022] The olefinic compounds that can be sulfurized by the method of the present invention are diverse in nature and may be substituted or unsubstituted. The nature of the substituents when the olefin is substituted is usually not a critical aspect of the technology, and any such substituents are useful as long as they are compatible or compatible with the lubricating environment and do not interfere under the intended reaction conditions. Thus, substituted compounds that are unstable enough to decompose detrimentally under the reaction conditions used are not considered. However, certain substituents, such as keto or aldehyde, may be desirably sulfurized. The selection of appropriate substituents is within the skill of the art or may be established through routine testing. Exemplary of such substituents include any of the moieties listed above, as well as esters, carboxylates, hydroxy, amidine, amino, sulfonyl, sulfinyl, sulfonate, nitro, phosphate, phosphite, alkali metal mercapto, and the like.

[0023] Exemplary olefins from which the sulfurized olefins may be prepared may contain from 2 to 30 carbon atoms. In some cases, the olefins may contain from 2 to 16 carbon atoms. In many cases, the olefins may contain from 2 to 6 carbon atoms. The sulfurized olefins may be prepared from olefins containing from 3 to 5 carbon atoms. The olefin may be butylene. The olefin may also be isobutylene. Amylene may also be used as the olefin. The olefin may also be isoamylene. The olefin may also be diisobutylene. The sulfurized olefins suitable for use herein may be prepared from mixtures of any of the aforementioned olefins.

[0024] The other two reagents essential to the process for preparing sulfurized olefins, sulfur and hydrogen sulfide, are well known and commercially available. Commercial sources of all these reagents are commonly used, and the impurities normally associated with them may be present without adverse effect.

[0025] The amounts of sulfur and hydrogen sulfide per mole of olefin compound are about 0.3 to 2.0 molar equivalents and about 0.1 to 1.5 molar equivalents, respectively, with the preferred ranges being about 0.5 to 1.5 molar equivalents and about 0.4 to 1.25 molar equivalents, respectively, and the most preferred ranges being about 0.7 to 1.2 molar equivalents and about 0.4 to 0.8 molar equivalents, respectively.

[0026] The temperature range in which the sulfurization reaction is carried out is generally about 50°C to 350°C. A preferred range is about 100°C to 200°C, with about 125°C to 180°C being particularly suitable. The reaction is carried out under superatmospheric pressure, which may be autogenous pressure (i.e., pressure that develops naturally during the course of the reaction), which is usually autogenous pressure, but may also be an externally applied pressure. The exact pressure developed during the reaction depends on factors such as the design and operation of the system, the reaction temperature, and the vapor pressures of the reactants and products, and may vary during the course of the reaction.

[0027] It is often advantageous to incorporate into the reaction mixture materials useful as sulfurization catalysts. These materials may be acidic, basic, or neutral. Useful neutral and acidic materials include acidified clays such as "Super Filtrol", p-toluenesulfonic acid, dialkyl phosphorodithioic acid, and phosphorus sulfides such as phosphorus pentasulfide. The preferred catalysts are basic materials. These may be inorganic oxides and salts such as sodium hydroxide, calcium oxide, and sodium sulfide. However, the most desirable basic catalysts are nitrogen bases including ammonia and amines. The amines include primary, secondary, and tertiary hydrocarbyl amines, where the hydrocarbyl groups are alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, alkaryl, and the like, and contain from about 1 to 20 carbon atoms. Suitable amines include aniline, benzylamine, dibenzylamine, dodecylamine, butylamine, 2-ethylhexylamine, naphthylamine, tallowamine, N-ethyldipropylamine, N-phenylbenzylamine, N,N-diethylbutylamine, m-toluidine, and 2,3-xylidine. Heterocyclic amines such as pyrrolidine, N-methylpyrrolidine, piperidine, pyridine, and quinoline are also useful.

[0028] Preferred basic catalysts include ammonia and primary, secondary, or tertiary alkylamines having about 1 to 8 carbon atoms in the alkyl group. Representative amines of this type are methylamine, dimethylamine, trimethylamine, ethylamine, diethylamine, triethylamine, di-iso-propylamine, di-n-butylamine, tri-n-butylamine, bis-2-ethylhexylamine, 2-ethylhexylamine, tri-sec-hexylamine, and tri-n-octylamine. Mixtures of these amines can be used, as well as mixtures of ammonia and amines.

[0029] The amount of catalyst material used is generally about 0.05 to 2.0% by weight of the olefin compound, with about 0.0005 to 0.5 moles being preferred and about 0.001 to 0.1 moles being especially preferred for the preferred ammonia and amine catalysts per mole of olefin.

[0030] The exact chemical nature of sulfurized olefins is not known with certainty, so they are most conveniently described in terms of their method of preparation. However, when prepared from olefins containing less than seven carbon atoms, they may contain some disulfides, but primarily trisulfides and tetrasulfides, and may contain some pentasulfides. The sulfur content of these sulfurized compositions is sufficient to deliver primarily tri- and tetrasulfurized olefins. The sulfur content is typically 10-50 wt%, or even about 15-50 wt%, or 20-48 wt%, or 25-46 wt%. In some embodiments, the sulfur content may be about 30-50 wt% or 40-50 wt%. In some embodiments, the sulfur content of these sulfurized compositions may be about 18-32 wt%, or 20-30 wt%.

[0031] The foregoing sulfurized olefins are known in the art and further details can be found, for example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,119,549, 4,191,659 and 4,344,854.

[0032] The aforementioned sulfurized olefins may be, for example, C4S, such as those prepared by the processes taught in U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,708,199 and 3,697,499. x (C4S y ) b They are distinguished from the oligomeric polysulfides of C4, where b can be 0 to 8, and x and y can be 1 to 3. Briefly, such oligomeric polysulfides are prepared by forming an adduct of 1 to 2 moles of an olefin and a sulfur halide, and then reacting the adduct with an alkali metal sulfide, optionally in the presence of free sulfur.

[0033] The amount of sulfurized olefin in the automotive or industrial gear oil may be 0.01 to 10 weight percent. The alternative amount of sulfurized olefin may be 0.1 to 8 weight percent, or 0.2 to 6 weight percent, or 0.5 to 5 weight percent. The amount of sulfurized olefin present may be suitable to provide sulfur to the lubricant formulation in an amount of 0.5 to 3 weight percent sulfur. The amount may be suitable to provide 0.75 to 2.75 weight percent sulfur to the lubricant formulation. The amount may be suitable to provide 1 to 2.5 weight percent sulfur to the lubricant formulation.

[0034] It will be understood by those skilled in the art that, like the amine alkyl(thio)phosphates, the sulfurized olefins typically comprise a mixture of various individual chemical species. It will be understood by those skilled in the art that reference herein to a sulfurized olefin encompasses a mixture of such compounds that may be prepared by the described syntheses. Hydroxyl / Amine-Containing Boosters

[0035] The lubricant also contains at least one hydroxyl / amine-containing booster at about 25 ppm to about 10,000 ppm, or about 50 ppm to about 9,000 ppm, or even about 75 ppm to about 8,000 ppm, or even 100 ppm to 7,000 ppm, or even 100 ppm to 1000 ppm, or even 100 ppm to 500 ppm, or 200 ppm to 800 ppm, or 300 ppm to 700 ppm. A hydroxyl / amine-containing booster suitable for use in the lubricant has the structure I: [ka] [In the formula, n is 0 or 1, X is a hydroxyl or amino group, including primary or secondary amines having 1 to 9 carbon atoms; Y is a hydroxyl or amino group, including primary or secondary amines having 1 to 9 carbon atoms; W and Z are individually H atoms or alkyl groups of 1 to 9 carbon atoms with optional substitution of additional hydroxyl or amino groups, and at least one of W and Z cannot be H or -CH3 so long as X and Y are both hydroxyl; The sum of (carbons in W) + (carbons in Z) + n is 10 or less.

[0036] For structure I, when n=0, the carbon bridge disappears, the chain shortens, and the structure becomes structure II: [ka] where W, X, Y and Z are as defined above, and W+Z=10 or less.

[0037] The foregoing structures include both polyols, including diols and triols, alkanolamines, and polyamines, including diamines and triamines.

[0038] Polyols suitable for use in the present invention are not overly limited within the compounds of structure I. Examples of suitable polyols include butanediols, such as 2,3-butanediol or 1,3-butanediol, pentanediols, such as 2,4-pentanediol, hexanediols, such as 1,3-hexanediol, and combinations thereof.

[0039] Polyamines may include alkylenediamines, N-alkylalkylenediamines, and polyalkylenepolyamines. Useful polyamines include, for example, ethylenediamine, 1,2-diaminopropane, N-methylethylenediamine, 1,3-propylenediamine, and diethylenetriamine.

[0040] Alkanolamines include, for example, primary amines and primary alcohol-containing alkanolamines, such as 2-aminoethanol and 2-amino-1-propanol. Such alkanolamines also include, for example, primary amines and secondary alcohol-containing alkanolamines, such as 1-amino-2-propanol, 4-amino-2-pentanol, and 3-amino-2-butanol. Alkanolamines also include, for example, secondary amines and primary alcohol-containing alkanolamines, such as N-methylethanolamine, N-methyl-2-amino-1-propanol. Alkanolamines also include, for example, secondary amines and secondary alcohol-containing alkanolamines, such as N-methylisopropanolamine and N-methyl-3-amino-2-butanol. In some cases, the hydroxyl / amine can include diethanolamine or triethanolamine. Metal alkylthiophosphate compounds

[0041] The automotive or industrial gear oil may further comprise a metal alkylthiophosphate compound having the formula: [ka] [In the formula, R 25 and R 26 are independently hydrogen, a hydrocarbyl group, or a mixture thereof, with the proviso that R 25 and R 26 provided that at least one of R is a hydrocarbyl group, preferably alkyl or cycloalkyl, having 1 to 30, or 2 to 20, and in some cases 2 to 15 carbon atoms. 25 and R 26 may be a secondary alkyl group of 2 to 8 carbon atoms, or even 3 to 6 carbon atoms, such as those derived from 4-methylpentan-2-ol or isopropanol. 25 and R 26may be a secondary alkyl group of 3 carbon atoms. In some embodiments, R 25 and R 26 can be a secondary alkyl group of 6 carbon atoms.

[0042] M is a metal and n is an integer equal to the available valence of M. M is a monovalent or divalent or trivalent, preferably a divalent, more preferably a divalent transition metal, most preferably zinc.

[0043] Examples of metal alkylthiophosphates include zinc isopropyl methylamyl dithiophosphate, zinc isopropyl isooctyl dithiophosphate, zinc di(cyclohexyl)dithiophosphate, isobutyl 2-ethylhexyl dithiophosphate, isopropyl 2-ethylhexyl dithiophosphate, isobutyl isoamyl dithiophosphate, isopropyl n-butyl dithiophosphate, calcium di(hexyl)dithiophosphate, barium di(nonyl)dithiophosphate, zinc di(isobutyl)dithiophosphate, isopropyl sec-butyl dithiophosphate, isopropyl dithiophosphate, isopropyl 4-methylpentan-2-ol dithiophosphate, and zinc 4-methylpentan-2-ol dithiophosphate. Examples of suitable dithiophosphates include zinc dithiophosphate, copper isopropyl methylamyl dithiophosphate, copper isopropyl isooctyl dithiophosphate, copper di(cyclohexyl)dithiophosphate, copper isobutyl 2-ethylhexyl dithiophosphate, copper isopropyl 2-ethylhexyl dithiophosphate, copper isobutyl isoamyl dithiophosphate, copper isopropyl n-butyl dithiophosphate, calcium di(hexyl)dithiophosphate, barium di(nonyl)dithiophosphate, copper di(isobutyl)dithiophosphate, copper isopropyl sec-butyl dithiophosphate, copper isopropyl dithiophosphate, isopropyl 4-methylpentan-2-ol copper dithiophosphate, copper 4-methylpentan-2-ol dithiophosphate, or mixtures thereof.

[0044] The metal thiophosphate may be a zinc dialkyldithiophosphate. The zinc dialkyldithiophosphate may also be described as a primary zinc dialkyldithiophosphate or a secondary zinc dialkyldithiophosphate, depending on the structure of the alcohol used in its preparation. In some embodiments, the automotive or industrial gear oil may include a primary zinc dialkyldithiophosphate. In some embodiments, the automotive or industrial gear oil may include a secondary zinc dialkyldithiophosphate. In some embodiments, the automotive or industrial gear oil may include a mixture of primary and secondary zinc dialkylthiophosphates.

[0045] The metal from the metal alkylthiophosphate, such as zinc, may be provided at a concentration of about 0.02 to about 0.095 wt.% zinc, or about 0.022 to 0.085 wt.%, or even about 0.025 to about 0.075 wt.% zinc. Such levels may relate to metal alkylthiophosphate concentrations of about 0.15 to about 0.8 wt.%, about 0.2 to 0.75 wt.%, or even about 0.22 to about 0.70 wt.%.

[0046] The metal from the metal alkylthiophosphate, such as zinc, may be provided at a concentration of about 0.02 to about 0.2 wt.% zinc, or about 0.0225 to 0.19 wt.%, or even about 0.025 to about 0.18 wt.% zinc, or even about 0.03 to about 0.12 wt.% zinc. Such levels may relate to a metal alkylthiophosphate concentration of about 0.2 to about 2 wt.%, or about 0.25 to 1.9 wt.%, or even about 0.3 to about 1.8 wt.%.

[0047] In embodiments, the metal alkylthiophosphate may provide from 0.01 or 0.02 to about 0.095 weight percent phosphorus, or from about 0.0225 to 0.085 weight percent, or even from about 0.025 to about 0.075 weight percent phosphorus.

[0048] In embodiments, the metal alkylthiophosphate may provide from 0.01 or 0.02 to about 0.2 weight percent phosphorus, or from about 0.0225 to 0.19 weight percent, or even from about 0.025 to about 0.18 weight percent phosphorus. Thiadiazole Functionalized Dispersants

[0049] The automotive or industrial gear oil may further comprise a thiadiazole-functionalized dispersant. The thiadiazole-functionalized dispersant may be a mixture prepared by a process that includes heating, reacting, or complexing a thiadiazole compound with a dispersant base. Although the resulting mixture may not be well known or easily analyzable, it is believed that the thiadiazole compound may be covalently bonded, salted, complexed, or otherwise solubilized with the dispersant.

[0050] The ppm concentration of sulfur contributed by the thiadiazole-containing dispersant to the fully formulated fluid is 30-2480 ppm, 90-1240 ppm, 110-930 ppm, 500-900 ppm, or 600-800 ppm.

[0051] The thiadiazole functionalized dispersant is present in the lubricating composition in a range including from about 0.1% to about 8%, or from about 0.3% to about 4%, or from about 0.35% to about 3% by weight of the lubricating composition. Thiadiazole Compounds

[0052] Examples of thiadiazoles include 2,5-dimercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazole, 2,5-dimercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazole, or oligomers thereof, hydrocarbyl-substituted 2,5-dimercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazole, hydrocarbylthio-substituted 2,5-dimercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazole, or oligomers thereof. Oligomers of hydrocarbyl-substituted 2,5-dimercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazole are typically formed by forming sulfur-sulfur bonds between 2,5-dimercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazole units to form oligomers of two or more of the thiadiazole units.

[0053] In different embodiments, the number of carbon atoms on the hydrocarbyl substituents includes ranges of about 1 to about 30, about 2 to about 20, or about 3 to about 16. In one embodiment, the thiadiazole compounds, e.g., hydrocarbyl-substituted mercaptothiadiazoles (as well as unsubstituted materials), are typically substantially soluble in non-polar media, such as oils of lubricating viscosity, at about 25° C. Thus, the total number of carbon atoms in the hydrocarbyl substituents that tend to promote solubility is generally about 8 or more, or about 10 or more, or at least about 12. When multiple hydrocarbyl substituents are present, typically each substituent contains about 8 or less carbon atoms. In one embodiment, the thiadiazole compounds, e.g., hydrocarbyl-substituted mercaptothiadiazoles (as well as unsubstituted materials), are typically substantially insoluble in non-polar media, such as oils of lubricating viscosity, at about 25° C. Thus, the total number of carbon atoms in the hydrocarbyl substituents that tend to promote solubility is generally less than about 8, or less than about 6, or less than about 4. When multiple hydrocarbyl substituents are present, typically each substituent contains no more than about 4 carbon atoms.

[0054] The term "substantially insoluble" means that a thiadiazole compound, such as a dimercaptothiadiazole (DMTD) compound, can typically dissolve in oil at room temperature (about 25°C) to an extent of less than about 0.1 weight percent, or less than 0.01 or about 0.005 weight percent. A suitable hydrocarbon oil of lubricating viscosity in which solubility can be evaluated is Chevron™ RLOP 100 N oil. Solubility can be evaluated by mixing a specific amount of DMTD or substituted DMTD with the oil and observing the clarity versus appearance of residual sediment after, for example, one week of storage.

[0055] Examples of suitable thiadiazole compounds include at least one of dimercaptothiadiazole, 2,5-dimercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazole, 3,5-dimercapto-1,2,4-thiadiazole, 3,4-dimercapto-1,2,5-thiadiazole, or 4-5-dimercapto-1,2,3-thiadiazole.Typically, readily available materials such as 2,5-dimercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazole or hydrocarbyl-substituted 2,5-dimercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazole or hydrocarbylthio-substituted 2,5-dimercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazole are commonly utilized, with 2,5-dimercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazole being the most commonly utilized due to its ready availability. In some embodiments, the number of carbon atoms on the hydrocarbyl substituent includes from about 1 to about 30, from about 2 to about 25, from about 4 to about 20, from about 6 to about 16, or from about 8 to about 10.

[0056] Other useful thiadiazole compounds include 2-alkyldithio-5-mercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazoles, 2,5-bis(alkyldithio)-1,3,4-thiadiazoles, 2-alkyl-hydroxyphenylmethylthio-5-mercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazoles, and mixtures thereof.

[0057] Further examples of suitable thiadiazole compounds include 2-octyldithio-5-mercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazole, 2-nonyldithio-5-mercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazole, 2-dodecydithio-5-mercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazole, or 2,5-dimercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazole. Examples of suitable 2,5-bis(alkyl-dithio)-1,3,4-thiadiazoles include 2,5-bis(tert-octyldithio)-1,3,4-thiadiazole, 2,5-bis(tert-nonyldithio)-1,3,4-thiadiazole, 2,5-bis(tert-decyldithio)-1,3,4-thiadiazole, 2,5-bis(tert-undecyldithio)-1,3,4-thiadiazole, 2,5-bis(tert-dodecyldithio)-1,3,4-thiadiazole, 2,5-bis(tert-tridecyldithio)-1,3,4-thiadiazole, 2,5-bis(tert 2,5-bis(tert-tetradecyldithio)-1,3,4-thiadiazole, 2,5-bis(tert-pentadecyldithio)-1,3,4-thiadiazole, 2,5-bis(tert-hexadecyldithio)-1,3,4-thiadiazole, 2,5-bis(tert-heptadecyldithio)-1,3,4-thiadiazole, 2,5-bis(tert-octadecyldithio)-1,3,4-thiadiazole, 2,5-bis(tert-nonadecyldithio)-1,3,4-thiadiazole, 2,5-bis(tert-eicosyldithio)-1,3,4-thiadiazole, or an oligomer thereof. In one embodiment, the hydrocarbyl substituted 2,5-dimercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazole comprises at least one of 2,5-bis(tert-octyldithio)-1,3,4-thiadiazole, 2,5-bis(tert-nonyldithio)-1,3,4-thiadiazole, or 2,5-bis(tert-decyldithio)-1,3,4-thiadiazole.

[0058] In one embodiment, the thiadiazole compound includes at least one of 2,5-bis(tert-octyldithio)-1,3,4-thiadiazole, 2,5-bis(tert-nonyldithio)-1,3,4-thiadiazole, or 2,5-bis(tert-decyldithio)-1,3,4-thiadiazole.

[0059] Dispersant Base

[0060] Dispersant base materials include succinimide dispersants (e.g., N-substituted long chain alkenyl succinimides), Mannich dispersants, ester-containing dispersants, condensation products of fatty hydrocarbyl monocarboxylic acylating agents with amines or ammonia, alkylaminophenol dispersants, hydrocarbyl amine dispersants, polyether dispersants, polyetheramine dispersants, viscosity modifiers containing dispersant functional groups (e.g., polymeric viscosity index modifiers (VM) containing dispersant functional groups), or mixtures thereof. In one embodiment, the dispersant base material comprises a succinimide dispersant, an ester-containing dispersant, or a Mannich dispersant.

[0061] In one embodiment, the thiadiazole functionalized dispersant is (I) a dispersant base material; (ii) a thiadiazole compound; and (iii) optionally a boronating agent; (iv) optionally a phosphorous compound, wherein the heating is sufficient to provide a product of (i), (ii), (iii) and optionally (iv) and optionally (v) that is soluble in oil of lubricating viscosity.

[0062] Borylation agents include various forms of boric acid (including metaboric acid, HBO2, orthoboric acid, H3BO3, and the tetraacid, H2B4O7), boron oxide, boron trioxide, and alkyl borates, such as those represented by the formula: (RO) x B(OH) ywherein x is about 1 to about 3, y is about 0 to about 2, the sum of x and y is 3, and R is an alkyl group containing about 1 to about 10 carbon atoms. In one embodiment, the boron compound can be an alkali or mixed alkali metal borate and alkaline earth metal borate. These metal borates are generally hydrated granular metal borates known in the art. In one embodiment, the metal borates include mixed alkali metal borates and mixed alkaline earth metal borates. Metal borates are commercially available.

[0063] Phosphorous acid compounds typically contain oxygen and / or sulfur atoms as their constituent elements, and are typically phosphoric acid or anhydrides. These components include phosphorous acid, phosphoric acid, hypophosphoric acid, polyphosphoric acid, phosphorus trioxide, phosphorus tetroxide, phosphorus pentoxide (P2O5), phosphorotetrathioic acid (H3PS4), phosphoromonothioic acid (H3PO3S), phosphorodithioic acid (H3PO2S2), phosphorotrithioic acid (H3PO2S3), and P2S5. Of these, phosphorous acid and phosphoric acid or their anhydrides are typically used. Salts such as amine salts of phosphorous acid compounds can also be used. It is also possible to use a plurality of these phosphorous acid compounds in combination. The phosphorous acid compound is often phosphoric acid or phosphorous acid or their anhydrides.

[0064] In other embodiments, the phosphite compound includes a phosphorus compound having a phosphorylation of +3 or +5, such as a phosphate, phosphonate, phosphinate, or phosphine oxide. A more detailed description of these suitable phosphite compounds is provided in U.S. Patent No. 6,103,673, column 9, line 64 to column 11, line 8.

[0065] In one embodiment, the thiadiazole functionalized dispersant may be a succinimide prepared as described in Examples 26-35 of U.S. Patent No. 4,136,043. Dispersants of the type disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 4,136,043 may be derived from polyisobutylene succinic anhydride prepared by a chlorine-mediated process. Typically, dispersants prepared from a chlorine-mediated process have from about 50 mole % to about 100 mole %, or from about 60 to about 100 mole %, of the dispersant molecules having carbon rings.

[0066] In one embodiment, the dispersant may be derived from polyisobutylene succinic anhydride prepared by the "ene" reaction. The "ene" reaction mechanism and general reaction conditions are summarized in "Maleic Anhydride", pp. 147-149, edited by BC Trivedi and BC Culbertson, published by Plenum Press (1982).

[0067] When the dispersant-based compound is prepared by an "ene" reaction, from about 0 mol % to less than about 50 mol %, or from about 0 to less than about 30 mol %, of the dispersant molecules contain carbon rings.

[0068] In one embodiment, the thiadiazole functionalized dispersant may be an ester-containing dispersant. The thiadiazole functionalized dispersant is typically prepared by reacting polyisobutylene succinic anhydride with a polyol or mixtures thereof. The polyol may include, for example, pentaerythritol.

[0069] In one embodiment, the thiadiazole functionalized dispersant is prepared by reacting polyisobutylene succinic anhydride with both a polyol and an amine. Examples of suitable amines include polyamines such as diethylenetriamine, triethylenetetramine, tetraethylenepentamine, pentaethylenehexamine, or, in one embodiment, polyamine still bottoms. Amine alkyl(thio)phosphates

[0070] The lubricants of the disclosed technology may include at least one amine alkyl (thio)phosphate. As used herein, the inclusion of "thio" in parentheses means that the phosphate may or may not contain a sulfur atom.

[0071] In one embodiment, the amine alkyl (thio) phosphate can include amine phosphate, i.e., phosphate that is substantially free of sulfur. Substantially free of sulfur means that sulfur is not intentionally added to the amine phosphate, and preferably, the amine phosphate is completely free of sulfur. However, it is recognized that some sulfur contamination may occur in production situations, resulting in some sulfur in the amine phosphate. To the extent that the amine phosphate contains some sulfur contamination, such contaminated compounds will still be considered to be substantially free of sulfur, provided that the sulfur does not affect the basic properties of the amine phosphate. In general, the sulfur contamination level to be considered to be substantially free of sulfur can be less than 2.5% by weight, or 1% by weight, 0.1% by weight, or 0.01% by weight.

[0072] In one embodiment, the amine phosphate may contain at least 30 mole percent of the phosphorus atoms in an alkyl pyrophosphate structure as opposed to an orthophosphate (or monomeric phosphate) structure. The percentage of phosphorus atoms in the pyrophosphate structure may be 30-100 mole %, or 40-90%, or 50-80%, or 55-70%, or 55-65%. The remaining amount of phosphorus atoms may be in an orthophosphate structure or may consist partially of unreacted phosphate or other phosphorus species. In one embodiment, up to 60 or up to 50 mole percent of the phosphorus atoms are in a mono- or di-alkyl-orthophosphate salt structure.

[0073] In one embodiment, the amine phosphate present in the form of a pyrophosphate may be represented in part by a semi-neutralized salt of formula (I) and / or a fully neutralized salt as in formula (II). [Table 19]

[0074] The actual degree of neutralization of the amine phosphate, i.e., the degree of salting out of the -OH groups of the phosphorus ester acids, may be 50% to 100%, or 80% to 99%, or 90% to 98%, or 93% to 97%, or about 95%. Variants of these materials may exist, such as variants of formula (I) or formula (II), where the -OH group in formula (I) can be replaced by another -OR 1 or one or more -OR groups. 1 The group is replaced with an -OH group or R 1 The group may be a phosphorus-containing group (i.e., a terminal R 1 In place of the aryl group, a tertiary phosphorus structure is substituted. Exemplary variant structures may include: [Table 20]

[0075] The structures of formulas (I) and (II) are shown as completely sulfur-free species in that the phosphorus atoms are bonded to oxygen rather than sulfur atoms, however, it is possible that a small mole fraction of O atoms may be replaced by S atoms, such as 0-5 percent, or 0.1-4 percent, or 0.2-3 percent, or 0.5-2 percent.

[0076] Pyrophosphate salts can be distinguished from orthophosphate salts of general structure. [Table 21] It may optionally also be present in the amounts described above.

[0077] The amine phosphates may also contain some amount of partial esters, including mono- and diesters of orthophosphate structure and diesters of pyrophosphate structure.

[0078] In formulas (I) and (II), each R 1 are independently alkyl groups of 3 to 12 carbon atoms. The alkyl groups can be primary or secondary groups, or a mixture of both primary and secondary groups. In certain embodiments, R 1 At least 80 mole percent, or at least 85, 90, 95, or 99 percent of the alkyl groups will be secondary alkyl groups. 1 At least 25 mole percent, or at least 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80 or 90, or even 99 mole percent of the alkyl groups will be primary alkyl groups.

[0079] In some embodiments, the alkyl group will have 3 or 4 to 12 carbon atoms, or 3 to 8, or 4 to 6, or 5 to 10, or 6 to 8 carbon atoms. The alkyl group can be linear, branched, cyclic, or aromatic. Such groups include 2-butyl, 2-pentyl, 3-pentyl, 3-methyl-2-butyl, 2-hexyl, 3-hexyl, cyclohexyl, 4-methyl-2-pentyl, and other such secondary groups and their isomers having 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, or 12 carbon atoms, and propyl, butyl, isobutyl, pentyl, 3-methylbutyl, 2-methylbutyl, hexyl, heptyl, octyl, nonyl, decyl, undecyl, dodecyl, phenethyl, and other such primary groups and their isomers having 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, or 12 carbon atoms. In some embodiments, the alkyl group will have a methyl branch at the α-position of the group, one example being the 4-methyl-2-pentyl (also called 4-methylpent-2-yl) group.

[0080] The amine alkyl(thio)phosphate may also be an amine alkylthiophosphate, where the alkylthiophosphate is represented by the formula: (R'O)2PSSH, where each R' is independently a hydrocarbyl group containing from about 3 to about 30, preferably from about 3 to about 18, or from about 3 to about 12, or up to about 8 carbon atoms. Examples of R' groups can include isopropyl, isobutyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, various amyl, n-hexyl, methylisobutylcarbinyl, heptyl, 2-ethylhexyl, isooctyl, nonyl, behenyl, decyl, dodecyl, and tridecyl groups. Exemplary lower alkylphenyl R' groups include butylphenyl, amylphenyl, heptylphenyl, and the like. Examples of mixtures of R' groups include 1-butyl and 1-octyl, 1-pentyl and 2-ethyl-1-hexyl, isobutyl and n-hexyl, isobutyl and isoamyl, 2-propyl and 2-methyl-4-pentyl, isopropyl and sec-butyl, and isopropyl and isooctyl.

[0081] In one embodiment, the alkylthiophosphate of the amine alkylthiophosphate may be reacted with an epoxide or a polyhydric alcohol such as glycerol. This reaction product may be used alone or may be further reacted with a phosphoric acid, anhydride, or lower ester. The epoxide is generally an aliphatic epoxide or styrene oxide. Examples of useful epoxides include ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, butene oxide, octene oxide, dodecene oxide, styrene oxide, and the like. Ethylene oxide and propylene oxide are preferred. The glycol may be an aliphatic glycol having 2 to about 12, or about 2 to about 6, or from 2 to 3 carbon atoms. Glycols include ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, and the like. Alkylthiophosphates, glycols, epoxides, inorganic phosphorus reagents, and methods of reacting them are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,197,405 and 3,544,465, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference.

[0082] Amine Component—For these amine alkyl(thio)phosphates, the amine component of the amine alkyl(thio)phosphate is R 2 3N, where each R 2 are independently hydrogen or a hydrocarbyl group or an ester- or ether-containing group, provided that at least one R 2 Provided that the group is a hydrocarbyl group or an ester-containing group or an ether-containing group (i.e., not NH3).Suitable hydrocarbyl amines include primary amines having 1-18 carbon atoms or 3-12 or 4-10 carbon atoms, such as methylamine, ethylamine, propylamine, isopropylamine, butylamine and its isomers, pentylamine and its isomers, hexylamine and its isomers, heptylamine and its isomers, octylamine and its isomers (such as isooctylamine and 2-ethylhexylamine), and higher amines.Other primary amines include n-octylamine and n-decylamine, as well as fatty amines, n-dodecylamine, n-tetradecylamine, n-hexadecylamine, n-octadecylamine, and oleylamine. Other useful fatty amines include commercially available fatty amines such as "Armeen®" amines (products available from Akzo Chemicals, Chicago, Ill.), e.g., Armeen® C, Armeen® O, Armeen® OL, Armeen® T, Armeen® HT, Armeen® S, and Armeen® SD, where the letter designation refers to the aliphatic, such as coco, oleyl, tallow, or stearyl group.

[0083] Secondary amines that may be used include dimethylamine, diethylamine, dipropylamine, dibutylamine, diamylamine, dihexylamine, diheptylamine, methylethylamine, ethylbutylamine, bis-2-ethylhexylamine, N-methyl-1-amino-cyclohexane, Armeen® 2C, and ethylamylamine. The secondary amines may be cyclic amines such as piperidine, piperazine, and morpholine.

[0084] Suitable tertiary amines include tri-n-butylamine, tri-n-octylamine, tri-decylamine, tri-laurylamine, tri-hexadecylamine, and dimethyloleylamine (Armeen® DMOD). Triisodecylamine or tridecylamine and their isomers can be used.

[0085] Examples of mixtures of amines include (i) amines having 11 to 14 carbon atoms in the tertiary alkyl primary group, (ii) amines having 14 to 18 carbon atoms in the tertiary alkyl primary group, or (iii) amines having 18 to 22 carbon atoms in the tertiary alkyl primary group. Other examples of tertiary alkyl primary amines include tert-butylamine, tert-hexylamine, tert-octylamine (such as 1,1-dimethylhexylamine), tert-decylamine (such as 1,1-dimethyloctylamine), tert-dodecylamine, tert-tetradecylamine, tert-hexadecylamine, tert-octadecylamine, tert-tetracosanylamine, and tert-octacosanylamine. In one embodiment, a useful mixture of amines includes "Primene® 81R" or "Primene® JMT". Primene® 81R and Primene® JMT (both manufactured and sold by Dow Chemical) can be a mixture of C11-C14 tertiary alkyl primary amines and a mixture of C18-C22 tertiary alkyl primary amines, respectively.

[0086] In other embodiments, the amine may be an ester-containing amine, such as an N-hydrocarbyl-substituted γ- or δ-amino(thio)ester, and thus is a secondary amine. Ester-containing amines can be prepared, for example, by Michael addition of primary amines, typically with branched hydrocarbyl groups, with ethylenically unsaturated esters or thioesters, or, for example, by reductive amination of esters of 5-oxy-substituted carboxylic acids or thiocarboxylic acids. They can also be prepared by amination of esters of 5-halogen-substituted carboxylic acids or thiocarboxylic acids, or by reductive amination of esters of 2-amino-substituted hexanedioic acids, or by alkylation of esters of 2-amino-substituted hexanedioic acids.

[0087] The amine, regardless of type, reacts to neutralize the acidic groups of the phosphorus ester component to prepare an amine alkyl (thio)phosphate.

[0088] In one embodiment, the amine alkyl(thio)phosphate can be a phosphate amine of formula (I) or (II), or a variant thereof, where the amine is 2-ethylhexylamine.

[0089] In one embodiment, the amine alkyl(thio)phosphate can be an amine phosphate of formula (I) or (II), or a variation thereof, where the amine is an N-hydrocarbyl substituted γ- or δ-amino(thio)ester.

[0090] In one embodiment, the amine alkyl(thio)phosphate can be an amine alkylthiophosphate, which is 14 ~C 18 Alkylated dithiophosphates and C 11 ~C 14 It is a reaction product with Primene 81R™ (manufactured and sold by Dow), a mixture of tertiary alkyl primary amines.

[0091] In embodiments, the amine alkyl (thio)phosphates may include combinations of amine phosphates, combinations of amine alkyl thiophosphates, and combinations of amine phosphates and amine alkyl thiophosphates.

[0092] The amount of amine alkyl (thio)phosphate in the automotive or industrial gear oil may be 0.01 to 5 weight percent. The alternative amount of amine alkyl (thio)phosphate may be 0.2 to 3 weight percent, or 0.6 to 2 weight percent, or even 0.7 to 1.75 weight percent, or 0.2 to 1.2 weight percent, or 0.5 to 2.0 weight percent, or 0.55 to 1.4 weight percent, or 0.6 to 1.3 weight percent, or 0.7 to 1.2, or 1 to 2, or even 1.5 to 2, or 1.2 to 1.8 weight percent, or even 1.8 to 2.2 weight percent. This amount may be suitable to provide phosphorus to the lubricant formulation in an amount of 200 to 3000 parts per million (ppm), or 400 to 2000 ppm, or 300 to 2000, or 600 to 1500 ppm, or 700 to 1100 ppm, or 900 to 1900, or 1100 to 1800 ppm, or 1200 to 1600 ppm, or 1500 to 2000 ppm.

[0093] It will be understood by those skilled in the art that amine alkyl(thio)phosphates will typically comprise mixtures of various individual chemical species. It will be understood by those skilled in the art that reference herein to amine alkyl(thio)phosphates encompasses mixtures of such compounds that may be prepared by the described syntheses. Other Additives

[0094] For example, in an automotive or industrial gear oil, other materials may be present in their conventional amounts including, for example, viscosity modifiers, dispersants including functionalized dispersants such as borated dispersants, pour point additives, extreme pressure agents, antifoam agents, copper corrosion inhibitors (such as dimercaptothiadiazole compounds), iron corrosion inhibitors, friction modifiers, dyes, fragrances, optionally detergents and antioxidants, and color stabilizers.

[0095] Automotive or industrial gear oil as used herein refers to an automotive or industrial gear oil having a sufficient level of additives to lubricate industrial gears or driveline power transmission devices, including automotive gears such as gears, bearings or axles, or transmissions. In this regard, automotive or industrial gear oils can be differentiated from other lubricants, such as engine oil lubricants, based on the levels of sulfur and phosphorus. Automotive or industrial gear oils can have a total sulfur level of about 0.75 to about 5 wt.% based on the weight of the automotive or industrial gear oil. In some embodiments, the total sulfur level can be about 0.8 to about 4 wt.%, or even about 0.9 to about 3.5 wt.%, or about 1 to about 3 wt.%.

[0096] The automotive or industrial gear oil may also have a total phosphorus level of from about 0.01 to about 0.5 weight percent, or from 0.03 to about 0.35 weight percent, or even from about 0.05 to about 0.3 weight percent.

[0097] The automotive or industrial gear oil may also have a total boron level of from about 1 to about 500 ppm, or from about 5 to about 450 ppm, or even from about 10 to about 400 ppm, or from about 25 to about 350 ppm, or even from about 50 to about 300 ppm.

[0098] Phosphorus can be introduced into automotive or industrial gear oils, for example, from the amine alkyl (thio)phosphates described above, or other phosphorus-containing compounds. Such other phosphorus-containing compounds can include, for example, phosphites or phosphonates. Suitable phosphites or phosphonates include those having at least one hydrocarbyl group having 3 or 4 or more, or 8 or more, or 12 or more carbon atoms. The phosphites can be monohydrocarbyl-substituted phosphites, dihydrocarbyl-substituted phosphites, or trihydrocarbyl-substituted phosphites. The phosphonates can be monohydrocarbyl-substituted phosphonates, dihydrocarbyl-substituted phosphonates, or trihydrocarbyl-substituted phosphonates.

[0099] In one embodiment, the phosphite does not contain sulfur, i.e., the phosphite is not a thiophosphite.

[0100] The phosphite or phosphonate has the formula: [ka] where at least one R can be a hydrocarbyl group containing at least 3 carbon atoms and the other R group can be hydrogen. In one embodiment, two of the R groups are hydrocarbyl groups and the third is hydrogen. In one embodiment, each R group is a hydrocarbyl group, i.e., the phosphite is a trihydrocarbyl-substituted phosphite. The hydrocarbyl groups can be alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, acyclic, or mixtures thereof.

[0101] In the art, phosphonates (i.e., formula XI with R=hydrocarbyl) are sometimes referred to as phosphite esters. When one of the R groups of formula XII is an H group, the compound is generally considered a phosphite, although such compounds can often exist between the tautomers of formulas XI and XII and therefore may also be referred to as phosphonates or phosphite esters. For ease of reference, the term phosphite as used herein is considered to encompass both phosphites and phosphonates.

[0102] The R hydrocarbyl groups can be linear or branched, typically linear, and saturated or unsaturated.

[0103] In one embodiment, the other phosphorus-containing compound is C 3~8 or a mixture thereof, i.e., each R may independently be hydrogen or a hydrocarbyl group having 3 to 8 or 4 to 6 carbon atoms, typically 4 carbon atoms. 3~8 Hydrocarbyl phosphites include dibutyl phosphite.

[0104] In one embodiment, the phosphorus-containing compound is 12~22 or a mixture thereof, i.e., each R can independently be hydrogen or a hydrocarbyl group having 12 to 24 or 14 to 20 carbon atoms, typically 16 to 18 carbon atoms. 12~22 Hydrocarbyl phosphite is C 16~18 Contains hydrocarbyl phosphites. 3 , R 4 , and R 5 Examples of alkyl groups include octyl, 2-ethylhexyl, nonyl, decyl, undecyl, dodecyl, tridecyl, tetradecyl, pentadecyl, hexadecyl, heptadecyl, octadecyl, octadecenyl, nonadecyl, eicosyl, or mixtures thereof. 12~22 The hydrocarbyl phosphite may be present in the automotive or industrial gear oil at from about 0.05% to about 4.0% by weight of the automotive or industrial gear oil, or from about 0.05% to about 3% by weight of the automotive or industrial gear oil, or from about 0.05% to about 1.5% by weight, or from about 0.05% to about 1% by weight, or from about 0.1% to about 0.5% by weight, or from about 0.7% to about 1.4% by weight.

[0105] In some embodiments, the other phosphorus-containing compound is C 3~8 and C 12 ~C 24 The compound may comprise both a hydrocarbyl phosphite and a hydrocarbyl phosphite.

[0106] In one embodiment, the phosphite ester comprises the reaction product of (a) a monomeric phosphoric acid or ester thereof and (b) at least two alkylene diols, where a first alkylene diol (i) has two hydroxy groups in a 1,4 or 1,5 or 1,6 relationship and a second alkylene diol (ii) is an alkyl substituted 1,3-propylene glycol.

[0107] The sulfur-containing phosphite is, for example, a compound represented by the formula [R 1 O(OR 2 )(S)PSC2H4(C)(O)OR4 O] n P(OR 5 ) 2-n (O)H[wherein, R 1 and R 2 are each independently a hydrocarbyl group having 3 to 12 carbon atoms or 6 to 8 carbon atoms, or R 1 and R 2 forms a ring containing 2 to 6 carbon atoms together with the adjacent O and P atoms, and R 4 is an alkylene group having 2 to 6 carbon atoms or 2 to 4 carbon atoms, R 5 is hydrogen or a hydrocarbyl group having 1 to about 12 carbon atoms, and n is 1 or 2. 12~22 The hydrocarbyl phosphites may be present in the automotive or industrial gear oil from about 0.05% to about 1.5% by weight of the automotive or industrial gear oil, or from about 0.7% to about 1.4% by weight of the automotive or industrial gear oil, or from about 0.1% to about 1.0% by weight of the automotive or industrial gear oil.

[0108] In one embodiment, the other phosphorus-containing compound may be a phosphorus-containing amide. The phosphorus-containing amide may be prepared by the reaction of a dithiophosphate with an unsaturated amide. Examples of unsaturated amides include acrylamide, N,N'-methylenebisacrylamide, methacrylamide, crotonamide, and the like. The reaction product of phosphoric acid with an unsaturated amide may be further reacted with a linking or coupling compound, such as formaldehyde or paraformaldehyde. Phosphorus-containing amides are known in the art and are disclosed in U.S. Patent Nos. 4,670,169, 4,770,807, and 4,876,374, which are incorporated by reference for their disclosure of phosphorus amides and their preparation.

[0109] Automotive or industrial gear oils can also contain rust inhibitors. Rust inhibitors include organic compounds having one or more of an amine group, an ether group, a hydroxyl group, a carboxylic acid, an ester, or a base, or a nitrogen-containing heterocyclic group. Examples include fatty amines such as oleylamine, hydroxyamines such as isopropanolamine, condensates of hydroxyamines with fatty acids (such as the product of tall oil fatty acid with diethanolamine or N-hydroxyethylethylenediamine), carboxylic acids, esters, and salts (such as alkyl-substituted succinic acids, esters, and amine or ammonium salts, such as the mono- or diesters from succinic acid and propylene oxide), and compounds with multiple functions. Examples of the latter include sarcosine derivatives with amide and acid functional groups (e.g., R 1 CO--NR 2 --CH2--COOH). Materials with nitrogen-containing heterocycles include triazole compounds such as tolyltriazole and triazine salts. Other rust inhibitors include ethoxylated phenols. Other rust inhibitors include various oxides that may be formed by partial oxidation of waxes or oils. Examples include paraffin oil oxides, wax oxides, and petroleum oxides. Other rust inhibitors include organoboron compounds such as long chain alkenyl amidoborates. Still others include alkali metal sulfonates such as sodium sulfonate and sodium alkylbenzene sulfonate.

[0110] Other rust inhibitors include esters of hydroxy acids such as tartaric acid, citric acid, malic acid, lactic acid, oxalic acid, glycolic acid, hydroxypropionic acid, and hydroxyglutaric acid. 6~12 Or C 6~10 Or C 8~10 Esters including tartrates (i.e., especially diesters) formed from alcohols, such as isotridecyl tartrate, 2-ethylhexyl tartrate, and C 12~14 Linear Alcohol / C 13Included are mixed tartrate esters of branched alcohols (e.g., 80:20 to 95:5 ratios or 90:10 ratios). Amides and imides of such materials may also be useful.

[0111] Still other rust inhibitors include polyethers. These include polyalkylene oxides such as polyethylene oxide, polypropylene oxide, and copolymers of ethylene oxide and propylene oxide. Such polyethers may be capped at one end with an alkyl group such as a butyl group. Materials of this type are commercially available and are believed to be butyl-capped polypropylene oxide or butyl-capped ethylene oxide-propylene oxide copolymers. Such materials may be referred to as polyether alcohols or polyether polyols when they contain a hydroxy group at one end of the chain.

[0112] In one embodiment, the rust inhibitor can be a polyether, while in other embodiments, the rust inhibitor can be one or more of an aliphatic amine, a condensation product of a hydroxylamine with a fatty acid, a carboxylic acid, an ester, or a salt, a sarcosine derivative, a triazole compound, an ethoxylated phenol, a partially oxidized wax or oil, a long chain alkenyl amido borate, an ester of a hydroxy acid, or a sodium sulfonate.

[0113] The rust inhibitor may be present at 0.02 to 2 weight percent of the automotive or industrial gear oil, and in alternative embodiments, 0.05 to 1 weight percent or 0.1 to 0.5 weight percent or 0.1 to 0.2 weight percent.

[0114] The automotive or industrial gear oil may have a kinematic viscosity of 2 to 25 cSt at 100°C according to ASTM D445. The automotive or industrial gear oil may have a kinematic viscosity of 2 to 15 cSt at 100°C according to ASTM D445. The automotive or industrial gear oil may have a kinematic viscosity of 2 to 12 cSt at 100°C according to ASTM D445. The automotive or industrial gear oil may have a kinematic viscosity of 2 to 9 cSt at 100°C according to ASTM D445. The automotive or industrial gear oil may have a kinematic viscosity of 2 to 7 cSt at 100°C according to ASTM D445. The automotive or industrial gear oil may have a kinematic viscosity of 2 to 6 cSt at 100°C according to ASTM D445. The automotive or industrial gear oil may have a kinematic viscosity of 2 to 5 cSt at 100°C according to ASTM D445. The automotive or industrial gear oil may have a kinematic viscosity at 100° C. according to ASTM D445 of 3 to 6.5 cSt. The automotive or industrial gear oil may have a kinematic viscosity at 100° C. according to ASTM D445 of 3 to 5.5 cSt.

[0115] The disclosed technology generally provides a method of minimizing power losses and reducing operating temperatures in an automotive or industrial gear by providing an automotive or industrial gear oil to the automotive or industrial gear and operating the automotive or industrial gear.

[0116] This technology also provides a method for improving the operating efficiency of gears by lubricating the gears with an automotive or industrial gear oil and running the gears. In particular, this technology provides a method for improving the operating efficiency of new gears by lubricating the gears with an automotive or industrial gear oil and running the gears. By "new gears" we mean gears that have not been used in operation before. Efficiency improvements can also be made in used gears that have previously been run under fluids other than the compositions taught herein.

[0117] In particular, the disclosed technology provides a method of lubricating a driveline power transmission comprising supplying to the driveline power transmission an automotive or industrial gear oil as described herein, i.e., an automotive or industrial gear oil comprising: (a) an oil of lubricating viscosity; (b) a sulfurized olefin as described herein; (c) a hydroxyl / amine containing booster; and (d) either (i) a metal alkyl thiophosphate; (ii) a thiadiazole functionalized dispersant; or (iii) mixtures thereof, or in the alternative, (a) an oil of lubricating viscosity; (b) a sulfurized olefin as described herein; (c) a hydroxyl / amine containing booster; and (d) either (i) a metal alkyl thiophosphate; (ii) a thiadiazole functionalized dispersant; or (iii) mixtures thereof; and (e) an amine alkyl (thio)phosphate; and operating the driveline power transmission for a period of time sufficient for the automotive or industrial gear oil to minimize power losses and reduce the operating temperature of the driveline power transmission in a controlled manner to a greater extent than conventional gear lubricants. This reduction in power loss can be measured during operation of equipment using an automotive or industrial gear oil.

[0118] The driveline transmission may include at least two gears, such as in a vehicle gearbox (e.g., manual transmission), or an axle or differential, or other driveline transmission. The driveline transmission may also include bearings. The rolling elements of the bearings may be cylindrical or ball in design. The lubricated gears may include spur or planetary gears, as well as amboid, or spiral bevel, or more commonly, hypoid gears, such as those in drive axles. The gear ratio of the axle may be 2:1 to 8:1, and the diameter of the ring gear may be about 13 to 64 centimeters. The axle may incorporate an open differential or some type of traction enabler. The axle may be part of a drivetrain with one or more drive axles, such as a tandem or tridem design, and the axle may be coupled with a power splitter. Applications for these axles include light, medium, and heavy duty vehicles (e.g., vocational or linehaul service) and may be used on highways or on local roads. The axles may be from traditional petroleum powered vehicles, electric powered vehicles, or hybrids thereof. Electric axles may combine an electric motor, power electronics, and transmission in a unit that provides power directly to the vehicle axles.

[0119] The lubricant should be able to meet other expected aspects of a lubricant during normal operation of the driveline transmission.

[0120] As used herein, the term "condensation product" is intended to encompass esters, amides, imides, and other such materials that may be prepared by the condensation reaction of an acid or a reactive equivalent of an acid (e.g., an acid halide, anhydride, or ester) with an alcohol or an amine, regardless of whether a condensation reaction is actually carried out to lead directly to the product. Thus, for example, a particular ester may be prepared by a transesterification reaction rather than directly by a condensation reaction. The resulting product is still considered a condensation product.

[0121] The amounts of each chemical component described are expressed exclusive of any solvents or diluent oils that may be customarily present in commercially available materials, i.e., on an active chemical basis, unless otherwise indicated. However, unless otherwise indicated, each chemical or composition referred to herein should be construed as being a commercial grade material that may contain isomers, by-products, derivatives, and other such materials normally understood to be present in commercial grades.

[0122] As used herein, the term "hydrocarbyl substituent" or "hydrocarbyl group" is used in its ordinary sense, which is well known to those skilled in the art. Specifically, it refers to a group having a carbon atom directly attached to the remainder of the molecule and having predominantly hydrocarbon character. Examples of hydrocarbyl groups include: Hydrocarbon substituents, i.e., aliphatic (e.g., alkyl or alkenyl), alicyclic (e.g., cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl) substituents, as well as aromatic, aliphatic, and alicyclic substituted aromatic substituents, cyclic substituents in which the ring is completed through another portion of the molecule (e.g., two substituents taken together form a ring); Substituted hydrocarbon substituents, i.e., substituents containing non-hydrocarbon groups which, in the context of this invention, do not alter the predominantly hydrocarbon nature of the substituent (e.g., halo (especially chloro and fluoro), hydroxy, alkoxy, mercapto, alkylmercapto, nitro, nitroso, and sulfoxy); Hetero substituents, i.e., in the context of this invention, substituents that have a predominantly hydrocarbon character but contain other than carbon in a ring or chain otherwise composed of carbon atoms, and include substituents such as pyridyl, furyl, thienyl, and imidazolyl. Heteroatoms include sulfur, oxygen, and nitrogen. In general, no more than two, or no more than one non-hydrocarbon substituent will be present for every 10 carbon atoms in the hydrocarbyl group, and alternatively, there may be no non-hydrocarbon substituents in the hydrocarbyl group.

[0123] It is known that some of the materials described herein may interact in the final formulation, so that the components of the final formulation may differ from those initially added. For example, metal ions (e.g., of a detergent) may migrate to other acidic or anionic sites of other molecules. The products formed thereby may not be easily explained, including the products formed when using the composition of the present invention in its intended application. Nevertheless, all such modifications and reaction products are included within the scope of the present invention. The present invention includes the composition prepared by mixing as described above.

[0124] The invention herein may be better understood by reference to the following examples. EXAMPLES

[0125] A series of fully formulated automotive gear oils were prepared according to the formulations in Tables 1 and 2 below. [Table 1]

[0126] The formulations of Samples 1-5 are identical except for the added hydroxyl / amine-containing boosters listed in the table. The identities of the compounds are listed in Table 1A below. [Table 1A]

[0127] Samples 1 and 2 contain the listed alkanolamines. Sample 3 does not contain any hydroxyl / amine boosters, and Samples 4 and 5 contain only tertiary alkanolamines and hydrocarbyl amines. The listed hydroxyl / amine boosters and / or comparative amines were added at the same molar concentration to the final fluid (0.052 mmol), although the weight percent of the hydroxyl / amine boosters and / or comparative amines added varies from formulation to formulation.

[0128] Table 2 is very similar to Table 1 and represents recipes for three additional fluids. These samples are comparable to Samples 1-5, but all contain different dispersants and lack friction modifiers. Sample 6 contains a hydroxyl / amine booster. Sample 7 has neither a hydroxyl / amine booster nor a comparison amine, and Sample 8 contains a comparison oleylamine. [Table 2]

[0129] Axle efficiency testing was completed for each fluid according to the following guidelines and procedures.

[0130] The axles used were obtained from a North American Tier One supplier. Each efficiency test was performed using new axles and without temperature control. The temperature was allowed to self-stabilize over time. Table 3 shows the speed-load map representing 16 sets of conditions including four different pinion speeds and five different pinion loads. [Table 3]

[0131] The test is run sequentially through each stage 1-16. A cycle is completed when the fluid has been subjected to all 16 stages. The test is repeated for 10 cycles. Power loss and fluid temperature are measured and recorded after each stage. Power loss and temperature data reported here are for stages 7, 11, and 16 of the procedure. Once the operating temperature reaches 160°C, cooling water is applied to keep the temperature below 160°C for the remainder of that stage. Stage 16 exposes the fluid to both the highest speed and highest load conditions. As it is the stage with the highest power, it shows a more noticeable difference in power loss and operating temperature than the other stages. Data from cycle 1, cycle 3, and cycle 10 are reported for each fluid. Selected tests were repeated two or three times where indicated. It is most desirable to minimize both power loss and operating temperature. [Table 4] [Table 5] [Table 6] [Table 7] [Table 8] [Table 9]

[0132] In each data set, the formulations containing the hydroxyl / amine booster exhibited the lowest power loss and lowest operating temperature. In Tables 4-6, the impact of the hydroxyl / amine boosters 1-amino-2-propanol and 2-aminoethanol compared to DEEA and oleylamine demonstrates the ability of compounds within the Structure II definition to reduce power loss and reduce operating temperatures. Tables 7-9 demonstrate the ability of 1-amino-2-ethanol to reduce power loss and reduce operating temperatures compared to fluids without the Structure II hydroxyl / amino booster or using oleylamine.

[0133] The effect of 1-amino-2-propanol on power loss and operating temperature was studied in formulations similar to those above, except that ZDDP was replaced with an ester amide dispersant post-treated with DMTD. Sample 9 contained 1-amino-2-propanol. Sample 10 was identical to Sample 9, but without the presence of 1-amino-2-propanol. Sample 11 contained a comparative oleylamine in place of the hydroxyl / amine booster. [Table 10]

[0134] Samples 9, 10 and 11 were evaluated using the same axle efficiency test described above, and selected results can be seen in Tables 11, 12, and 13 below. [Table 11] [Table 12] [Table 13]

[0135] The effects of ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, ethylene diamine, and oleyl propylene diamine on power loss and operating temperature were studied in formulations similar to those in Table 1. Sample 12 contained ethylene glycol, Sample 13 contained propylene glycol, Sample 14 contained ethylene diamine, and Sample 15 contained oleyl propylene diamine. [Table 14]

[0136] The identities of the compounds are set forth in Table 14A below. [Table 14A]

[0137] Samples 12, 13, 14 and 15 were evaluated using the same axle efficiency test described above. Selected results can be seen in Tables 15, 16, and 17 below. [Table 15] [Table 16] [Table 17]

[0138] Sample 14, which contained ethylenediamine, exhibited the lowest power loss and lowest operating temperature. Data recorded for Samples 12, 13 and 15 show higher power loss and operating temperatures.

[0139] Each of the documents mentioned above is incorporated herein by reference, including any prior application to which priority is claimed, whether or not specifically listed above. The reference of any document is not an admission that such document qualifies as prior art or constitutes the general knowledge of one of ordinary skill in the art in any jurisdiction. Except in the examples or where otherwise expressly indicated, all quantities in this description specifying amounts of materials, reaction conditions, molecular weights, number of carbon atoms, and the like, should be understood as being optionally modified by the word "about". It should be understood that the upper and lower limits of amounts, ranges, and ratios described herein can be independently combined. Similarly, the ranges and amounts for each element of the present invention can be used together with ranges or amounts for any of the other elements.

[0140] As used herein, the transitional term "comprising," which is synonymous with "including," "containing," or "characterized by," is inclusive or open-ended and does not exclude additional, unrecited elements or method steps. However, in each occurrence of "comprising" herein, the term is also intended to encompass, as alternative embodiments, the phrases "consisting essentially of" and "consisting of," where "consisting of" excludes any unspecified elements or steps, and "consisting essentially of" permits the inclusion of additional, unrecited elements or steps that do not materially affect the essential or basic and novel characteristics of the composition or method under consideration. The phrases "consisting of" or "consisting essentially of," when applied to an element of a claim, are intended to limit all species of the type represented by that element, notwithstanding the presence of "comprising" elsewhere in the claim.

[0141] a) an oil of lubricating viscosity; and b) an oil of the formula: R1-S x % of a sulfurized olefin, the sulfurized olefin having a sulfur content of from about 10 to about 50 wt. %, b) from 25 to 10,000 ppm of a hydroxyl / amine containing booster, c) from 25 to 10,000 ppm of a hydroxyl / amine containing booster, d) from 0.1 to 2 wt. % of a metal alkylthiophosphate, d) from 0.1 to 8 wt. % of a thiadiazole functionalized dispersant, or e) from 0.1 to 8 wt. % of a mixture of (i) and (ii).

[0142] The automotive or industrial gear oil of any one of the preceding sentences, wherein the oil of lubricating viscosity includes a Group I oil.

[0143] The automotive or industrial gear oil of any one of the preceding sentences, wherein the oil of lubricating viscosity comprises a Group II oil.

[0144] The automotive or industrial gear oil of any one of the preceding sentences, wherein the oil of lubricating viscosity comprises a Group III oil.

[0145] 13. The automotive or industrial gear oil of any one of the preceding sentences, wherein the oil of lubricating viscosity comprises a Group III+ oil.

[0146] The automotive or industrial gear oil of any one of the preceding sentences, wherein the oil of lubricating viscosity includes a Group IV oil.

[0147] The automotive or industrial gear oil of any one of the preceding sentences, wherein the oil of lubricating viscosity includes a Group V oil.

[0148] The lubricating viscosity of the oil is 1.5 to 7.5 mm at 100°C according to ASTM D445. 2 3. The automotive or industrial gear oil of claim 1, having a kinematic viscosity of 1.0 / s.

[0149] Oils of lubricating viscosity are 2-7mm at 100°C according to ASTM D445. 2 3. The automotive or industrial gear oil of claim 1, having a kinematic viscosity of 1.0 / s.

[0150] The lubricating viscosity of the oil is 2.5 to 6.5 mm at 100°C according to ASTM D445. 2 3. The automotive or industrial gear oil of claim 1, having a kinematic viscosity of 1.0 / s.

[0151] Oils of lubricating viscosity are 3-6 mm at 100°C according to ASTM D445. 2 3. The automotive or industrial gear oil of claim 1, having a kinematic viscosity of 1.0 / s.

[0152] The automotive or industrial gear oil of any one of the preceding sentences, wherein the oil of lubricating viscosity comprises a polyalphaolefin.

[0153] The automotive or industrial gear oil of any one of the preceding sentences, wherein the at least one hydroxyl / amine-containing booster is present from about 25 ppm to about 10,000 ppm.

[0154] The automotive or industrial gear oil of any of the preceding sentences, wherein the at least one hydroxyl / amine-containing booster is present from about 50 ppm to about 9,000 ppm.

[0155] The automotive or industrial gear oil of any one of the preceding sentences, wherein the at least one hydroxyl / amine-containing booster is present at about 75 ppm to about 8,000 ppm.

[0156] The automotive or industrial gear oil of any of the preceding sentences, wherein the at least one hydroxyl / amine-containing booster is present at about 100 ppm to 7,000 ppm.

[0157] The automotive or industrial gear oil of any one of the preceding sentences, wherein the at least one hydroxyl / amine-containing booster is present at about 100 ppm to 1000 ppm.

[0158] The automotive or industrial gear oil of any one of the preceding sentences, wherein the at least one hydroxyl / amine-containing booster is present at about 100 ppm to 500 ppm.

[0159] The automotive or industrial gear oil of any one of the preceding sentences, wherein the at least one hydroxyl / amine-containing booster is present at about 200 ppm to 800 ppm.

[0160] The automotive or industrial gear oil of any one of the preceding sentences, wherein the at least one hydroxyl / amine-containing booster is present at about 300 ppm to 700 ppm.

[0161] The hydroxyl / amine containing booster has the structure I: [ka] [In the formula, n is 0 or 1, X is hydroxyl or a primary or secondary amine having 1 to 9 carbon atoms; Y is hydroxyl or a primary or secondary amine having 1 to 9 carbon atoms; W and Z are individually H atoms or alkyl groups of 1 to 9 carbon atoms with optional substitution of additional hydroxyl or amino groups; The sum of (carbons in W)+(carbons in Z)+n is 10 or less.

[0162] The hydroxyl / amine containing booster has the structure II: [ka] 13. An automotive or industrial gear oil as described in the preceding sentence comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of an alkanolamine of the formula: wherein W, X, Y and Z are as defined above.

[0163] An automotive or industrial gear oil as claimed in the preceding sentence, wherein the hydroxyl / amine containing booster comprises a polyol. An automotive or industrial gear oil as claimed in the preceding sentence, comprising a hydroxyl / amine containing booster. An automotive or industrial gear oil as claimed in the preceding sentence, wherein the hydroxyl / amine containing booster comprises butanediol. An automotive or industrial gear oil as claimed in the preceding sentence, wherein the hydroxyl / amine containing booster comprises 2,3-butanediol. An automotive or industrial gear oil as claimed in the preceding sentence, wherein the hydroxyl / amine containing booster comprises a pentanediol. An automotive or industrial gear oil as claimed in the preceding sentence, wherein the hydroxyl / amine containing booster comprises 2,4-pentanediol. An automotive or industrial gear oil as claimed in the preceding sentence, wherein the hydroxyl / amine containing booster comprises a hexanediol. An automotive or industrial gear oil as claimed in the preceding sentence, wherein the hydroxyl / amine containing booster comprises 1,3-hexanediol.

[0164] An automotive or industrial gear oil as claimed in the preceding sentence, wherein the hydroxyl / amine containing booster comprises a polyamine. An automotive or industrial gear oil as claimed in the preceding sentence, wherein the hydroxyl / amine containing booster comprises an alkylenediamine. An automotive or industrial gear oil as claimed in the preceding sentence, wherein the hydroxyl / amine containing booster comprises an N-alkylalkylenediamine. An automotive or industrial gear oil as claimed in the preceding sentence, wherein the hydroxyl / amine containing booster comprises a polyalkylene polyamine. An automotive or industrial gear oil as claimed in the preceding sentence, wherein the hydroxyl / amine containing booster comprises an ethylenediamine. An automotive or industrial gear oil as claimed in the preceding sentence, wherein the hydroxyl / amine containing booster comprises 1,2-diaminopropane. An automotive or industrial gear oil as claimed in the preceding sentence, wherein the hydroxyl / amine containing booster comprises N-methylethylenediamine. An automotive or industrial gear oil as claimed in the preceding sentence, wherein the hydroxyl / amine containing booster comprises 1,3-propylenediamine.

[0165] An automotive or industrial gear oil as claimed in the preceding sentence, wherein the hydroxyl / amine containing booster comprises an alkanolamine. An automotive or industrial gear oil as claimed in the preceding sentence, wherein the hydroxyl / amine containing booster comprises 2-aminoethanol. An automotive or industrial gear oil as claimed in the preceding sentence, wherein the hydroxyl / amine containing booster comprises 2-amino-1-propanol. An automotive or industrial gear oil as claimed in the preceding sentence, wherein the hydroxyl / amine containing booster comprises 1-amino-2-propanol. An automotive or industrial gear oil as claimed in the preceding sentence, wherein the hydroxyl / amine containing booster comprises 4-amino-2-pentanol. An automotive or industrial gear oil as claimed in the preceding sentence, wherein the hydroxyl / amine containing booster comprises 3-amino-2-butanol. An automotive or industrial gear oil as claimed in the preceding sentence, wherein the hydroxyl / amine containing booster comprises N-methylethanolamine. An automotive or industrial gear oil as claimed in the preceding sentence, wherein the hydroxyl / amine containing booster comprises N-methyl-2-amino-1-propanol. 4. An automotive or industrial gear oil as described in the preceding sentence, wherein the hydroxyl / amine-containing booster comprises N-methylisopropanolamine. 5. An automotive or industrial gear oil as described in the preceding sentence, wherein the hydroxyl / amine-containing booster comprises N-methyl-3-amino-2-butanol.

[0166] The hydroxyl / amine-containing booster has the formula: [ka] [Wherein X is a hydroxyl group, Y is a primary amine; wherein Z is an H atom.

[0167] The hydroxyl / amine-containing booster has the formula: [ka] [Wherein X is a hydroxyl group, Y is a primary amine; and Z is an alkyl group of 1 to 9 carbon atoms.

[0168] The hydroxyl / amine-containing booster has the formula: [ka] wherein X is a primary amine; Y is a hydroxyl group; Z is an H atom.

[0169] The hydroxyl / amine-containing booster has the formula: [ka] wherein X is a primary amine; Y is a hydroxyl group; and Z is an alkyl group of 1 to 9 carbon atoms.

[0170] The hydroxyl / amine-containing booster has the formula: [ka] wherein X is a secondary amine; Y is a hydroxyl group; wherein Z is an H atom.

[0171] The hydroxyl / amine-containing booster has the formula: [ka] wherein X is a secondary amine; Y is a hydroxyl group;

[0172] and Z is an alkyl group of 1 to 9 carbon atoms.

[0173] The automotive or industrial gear oil of any one of the preceding sentences, wherein R1 and R2 of the sulfurized olefin are independently derived from an olefin containing 3 to 5 carbon atoms.

[0174] The automotive or industrial gear oil of any one of the preceding sentences, wherein at least one of R1 and R2 of the sulfurized olefin is independently derived from butylene.

[0175] The automotive or industrial gear oil of any one of the preceding sentences, wherein at least one of R1 and R2 of the sulfurized olefin is independently derived from isobutylene.

[0176] The automotive or industrial gear oil of any one of the preceding sentences, wherein at least one of R1 and R2 of the sulfurized olefin is independently derived from an amylene.

[0177] The automotive or industrial gear oil of any one of the preceding sentences, wherein at least one of R1 and R2 of the sulfurized olefin is independently derived from isoamylene.

[0178] The automotive or industrial gear oil of any one of the preceding sentences, wherein at least one of R1 and R2 of the sulfurized olefin is independently derived from diisobutylene.

[0179] The automotive or industrial gear oil of any one of the preceding sentences, wherein at least one of R1 and R2 of the sulfurized olefin is independently derived from a mixture of any of the preceding olefins.

[0180] The automotive or industrial gear oil of any one of the preceding sentences, wherein the amount of sulfur and hydrogen sulfide per mole of olefinic compound in the sulfurized olefin is about 0.3 to 2.0 gram-atoms and about 0.1 to 1.5 moles, respectively.

[0181] The automotive or industrial gear oil of any one of the preceding sentences, wherein the amount of sulfur and hydrogen sulfide per mole of olefinic compound in the sulfurized olefin is about 0.5 to 1.5 gram-atoms and about 0.4 to 1.25 moles, respectively.

[0182] The automotive or industrial gear oil of any one of the preceding sentences, wherein the amount of sulfur and hydrogen sulfide per mole of olefinic compound in the sulfurized olefin is about 0.7 to 1.2 gram-atoms and about 0.4 to 0.8 moles, respectively.

[0183] The automotive or industrial gear oil of any one of the preceding sentences, wherein the sulfurized olefin is present at 0.1 to 8 wt.%.

[0184] The automotive or industrial gear oil of any one of the preceding sentences, wherein the sulfurized olefin is present at 0.2 to 6 wt.%.

[0185] The automotive or industrial gear oil of any one of the preceding sentences, wherein the sulfurized olefin is present at 0.5 to 5 wt.%.

[0186] The automotive or industrial gear oil of any one of the preceding sentences, wherein the sulfurized olefin provides 0.5 to 3 wt. % sulfur to the gear oil.

[0187] The automotive or industrial gear oil of any one of the preceding sentences, wherein the sulfurized olefin provides 0.75 to 2.75 weight percent sulfur to the gear oil.

[0188] The automotive or industrial gear oil of any one of the preceding sentences, wherein the sulfurized olefin provides 1 to 2.5 wt. % sulfur to the gear oil.

[0189] 10. The automotive or industrial gear oil of claim 1, wherein the sulfurized olefin has a sulfur content of 10 to 50% by weight.

[0190] 10. The automotive or industrial gear oil of claim 1, wherein the sulfurized olefin has a sulfur content of 15 to 50 wt.%.

[0191] 10. The automotive or industrial gear oil of claim 9, wherein the sulfurized olefin has a sulfur content of 20 to 48 wt.%.

[0192] 10. The automotive or industrial gear oil of claim 9, wherein the sulfurized olefin has a sulfur content of 25 to 46 wt.%.

[0193] 10. The automotive or industrial gear oil of claim 1, wherein the sulfur content of the sulfurized olefin is 30-50%.

[0194] 10. The automotive or industrial gear oil of claim 1, wherein the sulfur content of the sulfurized olefin is 40 to 50% by weight.

[0195] 10. The automotive or industrial gear oil of claim 9, wherein the sulfurized olefin has a sulfur content of 18 to 32 wt. %.

[0196] 5. The automotive or industrial gear oil of claim 1, wherein the sulfurized olefin has a sulfur content of 20 to 30 wt. %.

[0197] The automotive or industrial gear oil of any one of the preceding sentences, further comprising 0.01 to 5.0 wt. % of an amine alkyl (thio)phosphate compound.

[0198] The automotive or industrial gear oil of any one of the preceding sentences, further comprising 0.2 to 3 wt. % of an amine alkyl (thio)phosphate compound.

[0199] The automotive or industrial gear oil of any one of the preceding sentences, further comprising 0.6 to 2 wt. % of an amine alkyl (thio)phosphate compound.

[0200] The automotive or industrial gear oil of any one of the preceding sentences, further comprising 0.7 to 1.75 wt. % of an amine alkyl (thio)phosphate compound.

[0201] The automotive or industrial gear oil of any one of the preceding sentences, further comprising 0.2 to 1.2 wt. % of an amine alkyl (thio)phosphate compound.

[0202] The automotive or industrial gear oil of any one of the preceding sentences, further comprising 0.5 to 2.0 wt. % of an amine alkyl (thio)phosphate compound.

[0203] The automotive or industrial gear oil of any one of the preceding sentences, further comprising 0.55 to 1.4 wt. % of an amine alkyl (thio)phosphate compound.

[0204] The automotive or industrial gear oil of any one of the preceding sentences, further comprising 0.6 to 1.3 wt. % of an amine alkyl (thio)phosphate compound.

[0205] The automotive or industrial gear oil of any one of the preceding sentences, further comprising 0.7 to 1.2 wt. % of an amine alkyl (thio)phosphate compound.

[0206] The automotive or industrial gear oil of any one of the preceding sentences, further comprising 1 to 2 wt. % of an amine alkyl (thio)phosphate compound.

[0207] The automotive or industrial gear oil of any one of the preceding sentences, further comprising 1.5 to 2 wt. % of an amine alkyl (thio)phosphate compound.

[0208] The automotive or industrial gear oil of any one of the preceding sentences, further comprising 1.2 to 1.8 wt. % of an amine alkyl (thio)phosphate compound.

[0209] The automotive or industrial gear oil of any one of the preceding sentences, further comprising 1.8 to 2.2 wt. % of an amine alkyl (thio)phosphate compound.

[0210] The automotive or industrial gear oil of any one of the preceding sentences, further comprising an amine alkyl(thio)phosphate compound suitable for providing phosphorus to the gear oil in an amount of 200 to 3000 ppm.

[0211] The automotive or industrial gear oil of any one of the preceding sentences, further comprising an amine alkyl (thio)phosphate compound suitable for providing phosphorus to the gear oil in an amount of 400 to 2000 ppm.

[0212] The automotive or industrial gear oil of any one of the preceding sentences, further comprising an amine alkyl (thio)phosphate compound suitable for providing phosphorus to the gear oil in an amount of 300 to 2000 ppm.

[0213] The automotive or industrial gear oil of any one of the preceding sentences, further comprising an amine alkyl (thio)phosphate compound suitable for providing phosphorus to the gear oil in an amount of 600 to 1500 ppm.

[0214] The automotive or industrial gear oil of any of the preceding sentences, further comprising an amine alkyl(thio)phosphate compound suitable for providing phosphorus to the gear oil in an amount of 700 to 1100 ppm.

[0215] The automotive or industrial gear oil of any of the preceding sentences, further comprising an amine alkyl(thio)phosphate compound suitable for providing phosphorus to the gear oil in an amount from 900 to 1900 ppm.

[0216] The automotive or industrial gear oil of any one of the preceding sentences, further comprising an amine alkyl (thio)phosphate compound suitable for providing phosphorus to the gear oil in an amount of 1100 to 1800 ppm.

[0217] The automotive or industrial gear oil of any one of the preceding sentences, further comprising an amine alkyl (thio)phosphate compound suitable for providing phosphorus to the gear oil in an amount of 1200 to 1600 ppm.

[0218] The automotive or industrial gear oil of any one of the preceding sentences, further comprising an amine alkyl (thio)phosphate compound suitable for providing phosphorus to the gear oil in an amount of 1500 to 2000 ppm.

[0219] The automotive or industrial gear oil of any one of the preceding sentences, wherein the amine alkyl (thio)phosphate comprises an amine phosphate.

[0220] The automotive or industrial gear oil of any one of the preceding sentences, wherein the amine phosphate comprises an alkyl phosphate amine salt that is substantially free of sulfur, at least about 30 mole percent of the phosphorus atoms are in an alkyl pyrophosphate salt structure, and at least about 80 mole percent of the alkyl groups are secondary alkyl groups of from about 3 to about 12 carbon atoms.

[0221] The automotive or industrial gear oil of any one of the preceding sentences, wherein the amine phosphate comprises a substantially sulfur-free alkyl phosphate amine salt, wherein at least about 30 mole percent of the phosphorus atoms are in an alkyl pyrophosphate salt structure, and wherein at least about 25 mole percent of the alkyl groups in such sulfur-free alkyl phosphates can be primary alkyl groups of from about 3 to about 12 carbon atoms.

[0222] The automotive or industrial gear oil of any one of the preceding sentences, wherein the amine comprises 2-ethylhexylamine.

[0223] The automotive or industrial gear oil of any one of the preceding sentences, wherein the amine alkyl (thio)phosphate comprises an amine alkyl thiophosphate.

[0224] The automotive or industrial gear oil of any one of the preceding sentences, wherein the alkylthiophosphate of the amine alkylthiophosphate comprises a dialkyldithiophosphate.

[0225] Amines are C8-C 20 13. The automotive or industrial gear oil of any one of the preceding sentences, comprising an alkylamine.

[0226] The metal alkylthiophosphate is represented by the formula: [ka] In the formula, R 25 and R 26 are independently hydrogen, a hydrocarbyl group, or a mixture thereof, provided that R 25 and R 26 The automotive or industrial gear oil of any one of the preceding sentences, wherein at least one of the is a hydrocarbyl group.

[0227] Metal alkylthiophosphates are R 25 and R 26 are independently hydrogen, alkyl or cycloalkyl groups, or mixtures thereof, with the proviso that R 25 and R 26 is an alkyl or cycloalkyl group having 1 to 30 carbon atoms.

[0228] Metal alkylthiophosphates are R 25 and R 26 are independently hydrogen, alkyl or cycloalkyl groups, or mixtures thereof, with the proviso that R 25 and R 26 is an alkyl or cycloalkyl group having 2 to 20 carbon atoms.

[0229] Metal alkylthiophosphates are R 25 and R26 are independently hydrogen, alkyl or cycloalkyl groups, or mixtures thereof, with the proviso that R 25 and R 26 is an alkyl or cycloalkyl group having 2 to 15 carbon atoms.

[0230] Metal alkylthiophosphates are R 25 and R 26 are independently hydrogen, alkyl or cycloalkyl groups, or mixtures thereof, with the proviso that R 25 and R 26 is a secondary alkyl group having 2 to 8 carbon atoms.

[0231] Metal alkylthiophosphates are R 25 and R 26 are independently hydrogen, alkyl or cycloalkyl groups, or mixtures thereof, with the proviso that R 25 and R 26 is a secondary alkyl group having 3 to 6 carbon atoms.

[0232] The automotive or industrial gear oil of any one of the preceding sentences, wherein the metal alkylthiophosphate comprises a zinc dialkyldithiophosphate.

[0233] The automotive or industrial gear oil of any one of the preceding sentences, wherein the zinc dialkyldithiophosphate comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of a secondary zinc dialkyldithiophosphate.

[0234] The automotive or industrial gear oil of any one of the preceding sentences, wherein the alkyl of the zinc dialkyldithiophosphate contains 3 to 6 carbon atoms.

[0235] The automotive or industrial gear oil of any one of the preceding sentences, wherein the alkyl of the zinc dialkyldithiophosphate contains 3 carbon atoms.

[0236] The automotive or industrial gear oil of any one of the preceding sentences, wherein the alkyl of the zinc dialkyldithiophosphate contains 6 carbon atoms.

[0237] The automotive or industrial gear oil of any one of the preceding sentences, wherein the zinc dialkyldithiophosphate provides 0.02 to 0.2 weight percent zinc to the automotive or industrial gear oil.

[0238] The automotive or industrial gear oil of any one of the preceding sentences, wherein the zinc dialkyldithiophosphate provides 0.02 to 0.095 wt. % zinc to the automotive or industrial gear oil.

[0239] The automotive or industrial gear oil of any one of the preceding sentences, wherein the zinc dialkyldithiophosphate provides 0.0225 to 0.085 weight percent zinc to the automotive or industrial gear oil.

[0240] The automotive or industrial gear oil of any one of the preceding sentences, wherein the zinc dialkyldithiophosphate provides 0.025 to 0.075 weight percent zinc to the automotive or industrial gear oil.

[0241] The automotive or industrial gear oil of any one of the preceding sentences, wherein the zinc dialkyldithiophosphate is present in an amount of 0.15 to 0.8 wt.%.

[0242] The automotive or industrial gear oil of any one of the preceding sentences, wherein the zinc dialkyldithiophosphate is present in an amount of 0.2 to 0.75 wt.%.

[0243] The automotive or industrial gear oil of any one of the preceding sentences, wherein the zinc dialkyldithiophosphate is present in an amount of 0.25 to 0.7 wt.%.

[0244] The automotive or industrial gear oil of any one of the preceding sentences, wherein the zinc dialkyldithiophosphate provides 0.0225 to 0.19 wt. % zinc to the automotive or industrial gear oil.

[0245] The automotive or industrial gear oil of any one of the preceding sentences, wherein the zinc dialkyldithiophosphate provides 0.025 to 0.18 weight percent zinc to the automotive or industrial gear oil.

[0246] The automotive or industrial gear oil of any one of the preceding sentences, wherein the zinc dialkyldithiophosphate is present in an amount of 0.2 to 2 wt.%.

[0247] The automotive or industrial gear oil of any one of the preceding sentences, wherein the zinc dialkyldithiophosphate is present in an amount of 0.225 to 1.9 wt.%.

[0248] The automotive or industrial gear oil of any one of the preceding sentences, wherein the zinc dialkyldithiophosphate is present in an amount of 0.25 to 1.8 wt.%.

[0249] The automotive or industrial gear oil of any one of the preceding sentences, wherein the thiadiazole functionalized dispersant is present at 0.3 to 4 wt.%.

[0250] The automotive or industrial gear oil of any one of the preceding sentences, wherein the thiadiazole functionalized dispersant is present at 0.35 to 3 wt.%.

[0251] 1. The automotive or industrial gear oil of any one of the preceding sentences, wherein the thiadiazole functionalized dispersant is prepared by heating together components comprising: (i) a dispersant base stock; (ii) a thiadiazole compound; and optionally (iii) a dicarboxylic acid of an aromatic compound selected from the group consisting of 1,3 diacids and 1,4 diacids; (iv) optionally a boronating agent; and (v) optionally a phosphorous compound, wherein the heating is sufficient to provide a product of (i), (ii), (iii) and optionally (iv), and optionally (v), that is soluble in an oil of lubricating viscosity.

[0252] The automotive or industrial gear oil of any of the preceding sentences, wherein the thiadiazole functionalized dispersant is prepared by a process selected from the group consisting of heating, reacting, and complexing a thiadiazole compound with a dispersant base.

[0253] The automotive or industrial gear oil of any one of the preceding sentences, wherein the dispersant basestock for the thiadiazole-functionalized dispersant comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of a succinimide dispersant.

[0254] The automotive or industrial gear oil of any one of the preceding sentences, wherein the dispersant basestock for the thiadiazole-functionalized dispersant comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of a Mannich dispersant.

[0255] The automotive or industrial gear oil of any one of the preceding sentences, wherein the dispersant basestock for the thiadiazole-functionalized dispersant comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of an ester-containing dispersant.

[0256] 13. The automotive or industrial gear oil of any one of the preceding sentences, wherein the dispersant base stock of the thiadiazole-functionalized dispersant comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of a condensation product of a fatty hydrocarbyl monocarboxylic acylating agent with an amine or ammonia.

[0257] The automotive or industrial gear oil of any one of the preceding sentences, wherein the dispersant basestock for the thiadiazole-functionalized dispersant comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of an alkylaminophenol dispersant.

[0258] The automotive or industrial gear oil of any one of the preceding sentences, wherein the dispersant base stock of the thiadiazole-functionalized dispersant comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of a hydrocarbyl-amine dispersant.

[0259] The automotive or industrial gear oil of any one of the preceding sentences, wherein the dispersant basestock for the thiadiazole functionalized dispersant comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of a polyether dispersant.

[0260] The automotive or industrial gear oil of any one of the preceding sentences, wherein the dispersant basestock for the thiadiazole functionalized dispersant comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of a polyetheramine dispersant.

[0261] 13. The automotive or industrial gear oil of any one of the preceding sentences, wherein the dispersant base stock of the thiadiazole-functionalized dispersant comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of a viscosity modifier containing dispersant functional groups.

[0262] The automotive or industrial gear oil of any one of the preceding sentences, wherein the dispersant base of the thiadiazole-functionalized dispersant comprises, consists essentially of, consists of, or is a mixture of any of the foregoing dispersants.

[0263] The automotive or industrial gear oil of any one of the preceding sentences, wherein the dispersant base of the thiadiazole-functionalized dispersant comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of a succinimide dispersant, and wherein from about 0 or 0.1 mol % to less than about 50 mol % of the succinimide dispersant molecules contain a carbon ring.

[0264] The automotive or industrial gear oil of any one of the preceding sentences, wherein the thiadiazole of the thiadiazole-functionalized dispersant comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of a dimercaptothiadiazole.

[0265] The automotive or industrial gear oil of any one of the preceding sentences, wherein the thiadiazole of the thiadiazole functionalized dispersant comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of 2,5-dimercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazole.

[0266] The automotive or industrial gear oil of any one of the preceding sentences, wherein the thiadiazole of the thiadiazole functionalized dispersant comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of 3,5-dimercapto-1,2,4-thiadiazole.

[0267] The automotive or industrial gear oil of any one of the preceding sentences, wherein the thiadiazole of the thiadiazole functionalized dispersant comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of 3,4-dimercapto-1,2,5-thiadiazole.

[0268] The automotive or industrial gear oil of any one of the preceding sentences, wherein the thiadiazole of the thiadiazole functionalized dispersant comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of 4-5-dimercapto-1,2,3-thiadiazole.

[0269] The automotive or industrial gear oil of any one of the preceding sentences, wherein the weight ratio of thiadiazole-functionalized dispersant to thiadiazole compound in the dispersant base ranges from greater than about 0.1 to about 10.

[0270] The automotive or industrial gear oil of any one of the preceding sentences, wherein the weight ratio of thiadiazole-functionalized dispersant to thiadiazole compound in the dispersant base ranges from greater than about 0.1 to about 9.

[0271] The automotive or industrial gear oil of any one of the preceding sentences, further comprising 2,5-dimercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazole.

[0272] The automotive or industrial gear oil of any one of the preceding sentences, wherein the lubricant contains a total sulfur level of about 0.75 to about 5 wt.%.

[0273] The automotive or industrial gear oil of any one of the preceding sentences, wherein the lubricant contains a total sulfur level of about 0.8 to about 4 wt.%.

[0274] The automotive or industrial gear oil of any one of the preceding sentences, wherein the lubricant contains a total sulfur level of about 0.9 to about 3.5 wt.%.

[0275] The automotive or industrial gear oil of any one of the preceding sentences, wherein the lubricant contains a total sulfur level of about 1 to about 3 wt.%.

[0276] The automotive or industrial gear oil of any one of the preceding sentences, wherein the lubricant contains a total phosphorus level of about 0.01 to about 0.5 wt.%.

[0277] The automotive or industrial gear oil of any one of the preceding sentences, wherein the lubricant contains a total phosphorus level of about 0.03 to about 0.35 wt.%.

[0278] The automotive or industrial gear oil of any one of the preceding sentences, wherein the lubricant contains a total phosphorus level of about 0.05 to about 0.3 wt.%.

[0279] The automotive or industrial gear oil of any one of the preceding sentences, wherein the lubricant contains a total boron level of about 1 to about 500 ppm.

[0280] The automotive or industrial gear oil of any one of the preceding sentences, wherein the lubricant contains a total boron level of about 5 to about 450 ppm.

[0281] The automotive or industrial gear oil of any one of the preceding sentences, wherein the lubricant contains a total boron level of about 10 to about 400 ppm.

[0282] The automotive or industrial gear oil of any one of the preceding sentences, wherein the lubricant contains a total boron level of about 25 to about 350 ppm.

[0283] The automotive or industrial gear oil of any one of the preceding sentences, wherein the lubricant contains a total boron level of about 50 to about 300 ppm.

[0284] A method of minimizing power losses in a driveline transmission device, comprising providing an automotive or industrial gear oil as described in any of the preceding sentences to the driveline transmission device and operating the driveline transmission device.

[0285] The method of any one of the preceding sentences, wherein the driveline transmission includes an axle.

[0286] The method of any one of the preceding sentences, wherein the driveline transmission includes a bearing.

[0287] The method of any one of the preceding sentences, wherein the driveline transmission includes a gear.

[0288] A method for minimizing the operating temperature of gears, comprising lubricating the gears with an automotive or industrial gear oil as claimed in any one of the preceding sentences directed to the automotive or industrial gear oil, and operating the gears.

[0289] A method for improving the operating efficiency of gears, comprising lubricating the gears with an automotive or industrial gear oil as claimed in any one of the preceding sentences directed to the automotive or industrial gear oil, and operating the gears.

[0290] While certain representative embodiments and details have been shown for the purpose of illustrating the invention, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various changes and modifications can be made without departing from the scope of the invention, which in this regard should be limited only by the claims that follow.

Claims

1. a. An oil with lubricating viscosity, and b. Formula: R １ -S ｘ -R ２ [In the formula, R １ and R ２ are each independently derived from olefins containing 2 to 6 carbon atoms, and x is an integer from 1 to 10], a sulfurized olefin mixture containing 0.01 to 10% by weight of sulfurized olefin, provided that the sulfurized olefin has a sulfur content of about 10 to about 50% by weight, sulfurized olefin, and c. A hydroxyl / amine-containing booster of 100 to 10,000 ppm, and d. i. 0.1 to 2% by weight of a metal alkyl thiophosphate, ii. 0.1 to 8% by weight of a thiadiazole-functionalized dispersant, iii. At least one of (i) and (ii), and a motor vehicle or industrial gear oil containing the same.

2. The hydroxyl / amine-containing booster is of formula I: 【Chemical 1】 [Wherein, n is 0 or 1, X is hydroxyl or a primary or secondary amine having 1 to 9 carbon atoms, Y is hydroxyl or a primary or secondary amine having 1 to 9 carbon atoms, W and Z are each, independently, an H atom or an alkyl group of 1 to 9 carbon atoms having an optional substitution of an additional hydroxyl or amino group, provided that as long as both X and Y are hydroxyls, at least one of W and Z cannot be H or -CH ３ and cannot be The total of (carbon in W) + (carbon in Z) + n is 10 or less] and contains an alkanolamine, consisting essentially of, consisting of, the motor vehicle or industrial gear oil according to Claim 1.

3. The hydroxyl / amine-containing booster contains 1-amino-2-propanol, consisting essentially of, consisting of, the motor vehicle or industrial gear oil according to Claim 1.

4. The hydroxyl / amine-containing booster contains 2-aminoethanol, consisting essentially of, consisting of, the motor vehicle or industrial gear oil according to Claim 1.

5. The hydroxyl / amine-containing booster contains ethylenediamine, consisting essentially of, consisting of, the motor vehicle or industrial gear oil according to Claim 1.

6. The motor vehicle or industrial gear oil according to Claim 1 further contains 0.01 to 5.0% by weight of an amine alkyl (thio) phosphate compound.

7. The metal alkyl thiophosphate contains zinc dialkyldithiophosphate, the motor vehicle or industrial gear oil according to Claim 1.

8. The zinc dialkyldithiophosphate contains secondary zinc dialkyldithiophosphate, consisting essentially of, or consisting of, the motor vehicle or industrial gear oil according to Claim 7.

9. The zinc dialkyldithiophosphate provides 0.02 to 0.2% by weight of zinc to the motor vehicle or industrial gear oil, the motor vehicle or industrial gear oil according to Claim 7.

10. wherein the sulfurized olefin has the formula: R １ -S ｘ -R ２ [wherein R １ and R ２ are each independently derived from an olefin containing 3 to 5 carbon atoms, and x is an integer from 3 to 7], provided that the sulfurized olefin has a sulfur content of from about 40 to about 50% by weight, the automotive or industrial gear oil according to claim 1.

11. The automotive or industrial gear oil according to claim 1, wherein the thiazole-functionalized dispersant is prepared by heating together components comprising (i) a dispersant base material, (ii) a thiazole compound, (iii) optionally, a boronating agent, and (iv) optionally, a phosphorous acid compound, and the heating is sufficient to provide a product of (i), (ii), and optionally (iii), and optionally (iv) that is soluble in an oil of lubricating viscosity.

12. The automotive or industrial gear oil according to claim 1, wherein the lubricant comprises a total sulfur level of from about 0.75 to about 5% by weight.

13. The automotive or industrial gear oil according to claim 1, wherein the lubricant comprises a total phosphorus level of from about 0.01 to about 0.5% by weight.

14. The automotive or industrial gear oil according to claim 1, wherein the lubricant comprises a total boron level of from about 1 ppm to about 500 ppm.

15. A method of minimizing power loss in a driveline power transmission device, the method comprising providing to the driveline power transmission device the automotive or industrial gear oil according to claim 1 and operating the driveline power transmission device.

16. A method of minimizing the operating temperature of a gear, the method comprising lubricating the gear with the automotive or industrial gear oil according to claim 1 and operating the gear.

17. A method of improving the operating efficiency of a gear, the method comprising lubricating the gear with the automotive or industrial gear oil according to claim 1 and operating the gear.

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