Methods and Products for Treating Subjects with Autism Spectrum Disorders

Abstract

Methods and products for treating a subject diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder, intellectual disability, anxiety disorder, mood disorder, social interaction disorder, irritability, aggression, self-harm, hyperactivity, inattention, or fragile X syndrome or brain neuroinflammation by administering a tablet or liquid or solid ODT or ODF or SMEDDS containing ticagrelor or a ticagrelor salt or a combination with a second drug that may contain a magnesium ion-containing compound, a zinc ion-containing compound, lysine or a lysine salt, arginine or an arginine salt, lecithin, or a combination thereof, wherein the ODT or ODF or SMEDDS releases more than 50% of the ticagrelor or its pharma- ceutical or more than 50% of the second drug within 15 minutes.

Description

[Technical field]

[0001] The present disclosure relates to methods and materials for treating subjects suffering from autism spectrum disorders and related disorders. [Background technology]

[0002] Autism or autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a complex neurodevelopmental condition characterized by persistent difficulties in social interaction and communication, as well as restricted interests and repetitive behaviors. ASD is usually diagnosed within the first three years of life and is characterized by characteristic symptoms or behavioral characteristics (core symptoms). The diagnosis of ASD now includes several conditions that were previously diagnosed separately: autistic disorder, pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified (PDD-NOS), and Asperger syndrome. All of these conditions are now encompassed by the diagnostic criteria for autism spectrum disorder as described in the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic & Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-V).

[0003] Autism can manifest as communication, behavioral, and social challenges that range from mild to virtually severely debilitating. Because autism is a broad spectrum disorder, two individuals with autism may present with very different behaviors, developmental levels, and health or support needs. Behaviors observed in children and adults with autism include problems relating to or lack of interest in others, extreme sensitivity to certain sounds, smells, or lights, repetitive patterns of behavior, having narrow obsessive-compulsive interests, avoiding eye contact, difficulty adapting to changes in routine, and difficulty expressing desires. Despite advances in early diagnosis and behavioral intervention, so far there are no Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved medications that specifically target the core symptoms of ASD (deficits in social communication and rigid adherence to routines and repetitive behaviors). The centerpiece of treatment for autism is behavioral therapy and educational intervention. The pharmaceutical industry has repeatedly failed to develop an effective treatment for autism, with the failure of a series of products including oxytocin, arbaclofen, memantine, and macoglurant in recent years. Clinical trials with the vasopressin 1a receptor antagonist balovaptan (RG7314), which was hailed as a breakthrough for improving social communication in autism, were recently halted due to futility.

[0004] Several studies report that abnormal immune function, including inflammation, cytokine dysregulation, and anti-brain autoantibodies, may significantly affect the development of autism spectrum disorders. Some individuals may not show outward signs of infection, but instead suffer from subclinical (or asymptomatic) infection (Lintas et al. Association of autism with polyomavirus infection in postmortem brains. J Neurovirol. 2010 Mar;16(2):141-9).

[0005] There is a long unmet need for pharmaceutical products to treat autism spectrum disorders and the core symptoms of autism. Summary of the Invention

[0006] The present disclosure includes products and methods for treating subjects with impaired social interaction, anxiety, irritability, aggression, temper tantrums, mood swings, self-injurious behavior (SIB), hyperactivity, and inattention in individuals with autism spectrum disorder and related disorders. In certain embodiments, the present disclosure includes administering to a subject ticagrelor or a pharma- ceutically acceptable salt thereof in combination with a second agent. Ticagrelor is also known as (1S,2S,3R,5S)-3-[7-[[(1R,2S)-2-(3,4-difluorophenyl)cyclopropyl]amino]-5-(propylthio)-3H-1,2,3-triazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidin-3-yl]-5-(2-hydroxyethoxy)-1,2-cyclopentanediol. The present disclosure also includes enantiomers of ticagrelor or a pharma- ceutically acceptable salt thereof. For example, one enantiomer of ticagrelor is (1R,2R,3S,5R)-3-(7-(((1S,2R)-2-(3,4-difluorophenyl)cyclopropyl)amino)-5-(propylthio)-3H-[1,2,3]triazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidin-3-yl)-5-(2-hydroxyethoxy)cyclopentane-1,2-diol. Unless otherwise specified, the term ticagrelor should be interpreted broadly to include its enantiomers.

[0007] In one aspect, the present disclosure includes a method of treating a subject diagnosed with an autism spectrum disorder, intellectual disability, epilepsy, anxiety disorder, mood disorder, impaired social interaction, irritability, aggression, self-injury, hyperactivity, inattention, fragile X syndrome, or other neuroinflammatory disorder by administering to the subject ticagrelor, its enantiomer, or a pharma- ceutically acceptable salt thereof, alone or in combination with a second agent in a weight ratio of 1:0.1 to 1:50.

[0008] In one aspect, the present disclosure includes an orally disintegrating tablet (ODT) or an orally dissolving film (ODF) containing ticagrelor, an enantiomer, or a pharma- ceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a second agent. The ODT and ODF of the present disclosure are solid oral dosage forms. Those skilled in the art will immediately recognize that ODTs or ODFs are different dosage forms from other oral dosage forms, such as chewable tablets or tablets that need to be swallowed whole with liquid, and have different pharmaceutical properties, manufacturing techniques, and regulatory requirements. ODTs and ODFs have certain performance characteristics, including rapid oral disintegration in saliva, without the need to chew or drink liquid to ingest such products.

[0009] In one aspect, the present disclosure includes administering to a subject ticagrelor, an enantiomer, or a pharma- ceutically acceptable salt thereof in combination with a second agent in the form of an orally disintegrating tablet (ODT).

[0010] In one aspect, the present disclosure includes administering to a subject ticagrelor, an enantiomer, or a pharma- ceutically acceptable salt thereof in combination with a second agent in the form of an orally dissolving film (ODF).

[0011] In one aspect, the present disclosure includes administering to a subject ticagrelor, an enantiomer, or a pharma- ceutically acceptable salt thereof, or in combination with a second agent, in the form of drops, e.g., a self-emulsifying drug delivery system (SMEDDS).

[0012] In one embodiment, the present disclosure includes administering to a subject ticagrelor, an enantiomer, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof in combination with a magnesium salt. In one embodiment, the present disclosure includes administering to a subject ticagrelor, an enantiomer, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof in combination with a zinc salt.

[0013] In one aspect, the disclosure includes administering to a subject ticagrelor, an enantiomer, or a pharma- ceutically acceptable salt thereof in combination with lysine. In one aspect, the disclosure includes administering to a subject ticagrelor or a pharma- ceutically acceptable salt thereof in combination with lecithin. In one aspect, the disclosure includes administering to a subject ticagrelor or a pharma- ceutically acceptable salt thereof in combination with lysine and lecithin. In one aspect, the disclosure includes administering to a subject ticagrelor or a pharma- ceutically acceptable salt thereof in combination with lysine and a magnesium salt. In one aspect, the disclosure includes administering to a subject ticagrelor or a pharma- ceutically acceptable salt thereof in combination with lysine and a zinc salt. In one aspect, the disclosure includes administering to a subject ticagrelor or a pharma- ceutically acceptable salt thereof in combination with an arginine-containing compound.

[0014] In one embodiment, the weight of ticagrelor in the ODT or ODF or SMEDDS of the present disclosure is less than that of a conventional ticagrelor product, for example, less than 90 mg, less than 60 mg, less than 40 mg, less than 35 mg, less than 30 mg, or less than 10 mg. In one embodiment, the weight of ticagrelor administered per day according to the method of the present disclosure is less than that of a conventional ticagrelor regimen, for example, less than 90 mg / day, less than 60 mg / day, less than 40 mg / day, less than 30 mg / day, less than 20 mg / day, less than 10 mg / day, or less than 0.25 to 0.5 mg / kg body weight 2 to 4 times a day as needed. In some embodiments, the ODT or ODF or SMEDDS of the present disclosure is administered only once a day.

[0015] In one aspect, the present disclosure includes administering to a subject ticagrelor or a pharma- ceutically acceptable salt thereof in combination with an additional component, such as, but not limited to, an acid that complexes with magnesium or zinc, including citric acid, ascorbic acid, threonic acid, tartaric acid, malic acid, fumaric acid, caprylic acid, gluconic acid, succinic acid, lactic acid, glyceric acid, and / or alpha-hydroxy-carboxylic acid.

[0016] In one embodiment, the subject has been diagnosed with an autism spectrum disorder.

[0017] In one embodiment, the subject has intellectual disability, epilepsy, anxiety disorder, mood disorder, impaired social interaction, irritability, aggression, self-injury, hyperactivity, and / or inattention. In one embodiment, the subject has fragile X syndrome.

[0018] In one embodiment, the subject is an infant, child, or adolescent, in which case the amount of ticagrelor administered is calculated per body weight, for example, 0.01 to 3 mg / kg, 1 to 3 times per day.

[0019] In one aspect, the subject has been diagnosed with elevated TNFα or inflammatory cytokines as a marker of neuroinflammation in plasma.Other features and properties of the presently disclosed subject matter, as well as the methods of operation, function of related elements of structure and combination of parts, and economies of manufacture, will become more apparent in view of the following description and appended claims, all of which form a part hereof.

[0020] In one aspect, the present disclosure includes administering ticagrelor or a pharmacologic acceptable salt thereof to a subject with autism spectrum disorder, intellectual disability, epilepsy, anxiety disorder, mood disorder, impaired social interaction, irritability, aggression, self-injury, hyperactivity, and / or inattention, fragile X syndrome, or to a subject diagnosed with elevated TNFα or inflammatory cytokines as a marker of neuroinflammation in plasma.

[0021] In another embodiment, the ticagrelor and the second agent should be contained in a self-emulsifying delivery system (SMEDDS) to increase the solubility of ticagrelor and its bioavailability. For example, in some embodiments, the solubility of the ticagrelor formulation is at least 2-fold higher at 25°C than that of ticagrelor in Brilinta (registered trademark) (commercial product).

[0022] The present invention addresses the need for improved ticagrelor dosage forms, particularly low-dose dosage forms that enable rapid and safe delivery of ticagrelor to the brain of subjects suffering from autism spectrum disorders and related disorders. [Brief description of the drawings]

[0023] [Figure 1] The results of the three-chamber test for time spent in the social area, central area, or non-social area for mice treated with SAL-vehicle, SAL-ticagrelor (30 mg / kg), VPA-vehicle, VPA-ticagrelor (0.3 mg / kg), VPA-ticagrelor (10 mg / kg), and VPA-ticagrelor (30 mg / kg) are shown. The bars in Figure 1 are in the same order from left to right as the labels in the figure legend, i.e., SAL-vehicle is the leftmost bar and VPA-ticagrelor (30 mg / kg) is the rightmost bar. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

[0024] Aspects of the subject matter of the present disclosure may be embodied in a variety of forms, and the following description is intended to disclose some of these forms merely as specific examples of the subject matter encompassed by the present disclosure, and therefore the subject matter of the present disclosure is not intended to be limited to the forms or embodiments so described.

[0025] The singular forms "a," "an," and "the" include plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise.

[0026] The term "treating" or "treatment" as used herein and as is well known in the art, refers to an approach to obtain beneficial or desired results, including clinical results. Beneficial or desired clinical results include, but are not limited to, alleviation or amelioration of one or more symptoms or symptoms, whether detectable or undetectable, reduction in the extent of disease, stabilization of the disease state (i.e., not worsening), delay or slowing of disease progression, improvement or mitigation of the disease state, reduction in recurrence of disease, remission (partial or complete). "Treating" and "treatment" can also mean prolonging survival compared to expected survival in the absence of treatment. In addition to being useful as a therapeutic method, the methods described herein can be useful for the prevention or prophylaxis of disease.

[0027] Concentrations, amounts, and other numerical data may be expressed or presented in a range format herein. It should be understood that such range formats are used merely for convenience and brevity, and should therefore be interpreted flexibly to include not only the numerical values ​​expressly recited as the limits of the range, but also all individual numerical values ​​or subranges subsumed within the range as if each numerical value and subrange were expressly recited. By way of illustration, a numerical range of "about 0.01 to 2.0" should be interpreted not only to include the explicitly recited values ​​of about 0.01 to about 2.0, but also to include the individual values ​​and subranges within the range indicated. Thus, this numerical range includes individual values ​​such as 0.5, 0.7, and 1.5, as well as subranges such as 0.5 to 1.7, 0.7 to 1.5, and 1.0 to 1.5. Moreover, such interpretation should be applied regardless of the width or characteristics of the range described. Additionally, it should be noted that all percentages are by weight unless otherwise specified.

[0028] In understanding the scope of the present disclosure, the terms "including" or "comprising" and their derivatives as used herein are intended to be open-ended terms specifying the presence of the stated features, elements, components, groups, integers, and / or steps, but not excluding the presence of other unstated features, elements, components, groups, integers, and / or steps. The above also applies to words having similar meanings, such as "including," "having," and their derivatives. The term "consisting" and its derivatives as used herein are intended to be closed terms specifying the presence of the stated features, elements, components, groups, integers, and / or steps, but excluding the presence of other unstated features, elements, components, groups, integers, and / or steps. The term "consisting essentially of," as used herein, is intended to specify the presence of the described features, elements, components, groups, integers, and / or steps, as well as those that do not materially affect the basic and novel characteristic(s) of the features, elements, components, groups, integers, and / or steps. Reference to any one of these transitional terms (i.e., "comprising," "consisting," or "consisting essentially") is understood to provide direct support for substituting any of the other transitional terms not specifically used. For example, modifying the term "comprising" to "consisting essentially of" would have direct support for this definition.

[0029] As used herein, the term "about" is used to provide flexibility to a numerical range endpoint by providing that a given value may be "a little above" or "a little below" the endpoint. The degree of flexibility of this term can be determined by certain variables and is within the knowledge of one of ordinary skill in the art to determine based on experience and the relevant explanations herein. For example, in one aspect, the degree of flexibility may be within about ±10% of the numerical value. In another aspect, the degree of flexibility may be within about ±5% of the numerical value. In further aspects, the degree of flexibility may be within about ±2%, ±1%, or ±0.05% of the numerical value.

[0030] Generally, as used herein, the term "or" includes "and / or."

[0031] As used herein, for convenience, a plurality of compounds, elements, or steps may be presented in a common list. However, these lists should be construed as if each member of the list were individually identified as a separate and unique member. Thus, the individual members of such lists should not be construed as being effectively equivalent to other members of the same list solely based on their presentation in a common group, without indication to the contrary.

[0032] Furthermore, certain compositions, elements, excipients, ingredients, disorders, symptoms, characteristics, steps, etc. may be discussed in the context of one particular embodiment or aspect or in a separate paragraph or section of this disclosure. This is merely for convenience and brevity, and any such disclosure is intended to be equally applicable to and combined with any other embodiment or aspect found anywhere in this disclosure and claims, all of which form an invention within the scope of the application and claims as of the filing date. For example, a list of method steps, active agents, kits, or compositions described with respect to an ODT, ODF, or SMEDDS, or a method of treating a particular subject, is intended to, and does, support the embodiments related to the compositions, formulations, ODTs, ODFs, SMEDDSs, and methods described anywhere else in this disclosure, even if those method steps, active agents, kits, or compositions are not restated in the context or section of that embodiment or aspect.

[0033] The compositions of the present invention may be administered using any suitable route of administration of the dosage form, including, but not limited to, orally, parenterally (including subcutaneously, intramuscularly, intravenously, transdermally, subcutaneously, and intradermally), mucosally, by inhalation spray, topically, rectally, by patch or micropatch, intranasally, bucally, vaginally, or via implanted reservoir. In some embodiments, the provided compounds or compositions can be administered intravenously and / or intraperitoneally. Suitable dosage forms include, but are not limited to, liquid forms, gel forms, semi-liquid (e.g., liquids such as viscous liquids that contain some solids) forms, semi-solid (solids that contain some liquids) forms, and / or solid forms. By way of example only, tablet forms, capsule forms, food forms, chewable forms, non-chewable forms, sustained or extended release forms, non-sustained or extended release forms (e.g., immediate release forms), and the like may be used. Liquid pharma- ceutically acceptable compositions can be prepared, for example, by dissolving or dispersing a compound of the present disclosure in a liquid excipient, such as water, saline, aqueous dextrose, glycerol, or ethanol, or as SMEDDS. The composition can also contain other medicinal agents, pharmaceutical agents, adjuvants, carriers, and auxiliary substances, such as wetting or emulsifying agents, and pH buffering agents.

[0034] Preferably, the composition is administered orally, intranasally, bucally, or sublingually. In some aspects, the method comprises administering the pharma- ceutically acceptable composition in any orally acceptable dosage form, including, but not limited to, capsules, tablets, aqueous suspensions, or solutions. When aqueous suspensions are required for oral use, the active ingredient is combined with emulsifying and suspending agents. If desired, certain sweetening, flavoring, or coloring agents may also be added. In some embodiments, the oral formulations provided are formulated for immediate release or sustained / delayed release. In some embodiments, the compositions include tablets, lozenges, and troches, and are suitable for buccal or sublingual administration. The compounds provided may be in microencapsulated form.

[0035] The pharma- ceutically acceptable compositions of this invention may be administered by nasal aerosol or inhalation.

[0036] In some embodiments, pharma- ceutically acceptable compositions of the present invention are formulated for intraperitoneal administration.

[0037] The present disclosure provides an ODT containing ticagrelor, an enantiomer, or a pharma- ceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a second agent.In some embodiments, the second agent can be a magnesium salt, a zinc salt, lysine, lecithin, or a combination thereof.In some embodiments, the ODT can further include additional components, including, but not limited to, citric acid, ascorbic acid, caprylic acid, threonic acid, tartaric acid, malic acid, fumaric acid, gluconic acid, succinic acid, lactic acid, glyceric acid, alpha-hydroxy-carboxylic acid, amino acid, and magnesium salt or zinc salt thereof.

[0038] The present disclosure also provides an ODF containing ticagrelor, an enantiomer, or a pharma- ceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a second agent.In some embodiments, the second agent may be a magnesium-containing compound, a zinc-containing compound, lysine (e.g., L-lysine) or a lysine salt (e.g., lysine HCl), lecithin, or a combination thereof.In some embodiments, the ODF may further comprise additional components, including, but not limited to, hydrochloric acid, pyrophosphoric acid, tauric acid, sulfuric acid, acetic acid, caprylic acid, carbonic acid, citric acid, ascorbic acid, threonic acid, tartaric acid, malic acid, fumaric acid, gluconic acid, succinic acid, lactic acid, glyceric acid, glyceraldehyde, alpha-hydroxy-carboxylic acid, amino acid, and magnesium salt or zinc salt thereof.

[0039] In some embodiments, the ODT or ODF contains 5 mg to 200 mg of ticagrelor, an enantiomer, or a pharma- ceutically acceptable salt thereof. In some embodiments, the ODT or ODF contains 1 mg to 90 mg of ticagrelor, an enantiomer, or a pharma- ceutically acceptable salt thereof. In some embodiments, the ODT or ODF contains 4 mg to 60 mg of ticagrelor, an enantiomer, or a pharma- ceutically acceptable salt thereof. In some embodiments, the ODT or ODF contains 4 mg to 50 mg of ticagrelor, an enantiomer, or a pharma- ceutically acceptable salt thereof. In some embodiments, the ODT or ODF contains 5 mg to 50 mg of ticagrelor, an enantiomer, or a pharma- ceutically acceptable salt thereof. In some embodiments, the ODT or ODF contains 5 mg to 40 mg of ticagrelor, an enantiomer, or a pharma- ceutically acceptable salt thereof. In some embodiments, the ODT or ODF contains 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, or 65 mg of ticagrelor, an enantiomer, or a pharma- ceutically acceptable salt thereof.

[0040] In some embodiments, the ODT or ODF contains 1 mg to 300 mg of the second agent. In some embodiments, the ODT or ODF contains 2 mg to 250 mg of the second agent. In some embodiments, the ODT or ODF contains 3 mg to 225 mg of the second agent. In some embodiments, the ODT or ODF contains 4 mg to 200 mg of the second agent. In some embodiments, the ODT or ODF contains 5 mg to 175 mg of the second agent. In some embodiments, the ODT or ODF contains 5 mg to 160 mg of the second agent. In some embodiments, the ODT or ODF contains 6 mg to 150 mg of the second agent. In some embodiments, the ODT or ODF contains 7 mg to 140 mg of the second agent. In some embodiments, the ODT or ODF contains 8 mg to 130 mg of the second agent. In some embodiments, the ODT or ODF contains 9 mg to 120 mg of the second agent. In some embodiments, the ODT or ODF contains 10 mg to 110 mg of the second agent. In some embodiments, the ODT or ODF contains 15 mg to 100 mg of the second agent. In some embodiments, the ODT or ODF contains 20 mg to 80 mg of the second agent. In some embodiments, the ODT or ODF contains 25 mg to 75 mg of the second agent. In some embodiments, the ODT or ODF contains 30 mg to 60 mg of the second agent. In some embodiments, the ODT or ODF contains 35 mg to 55 mg of the second agent. In some embodiments, the ODT or ODF contains 40 mg to 50 mg of the second agent. In some embodiments, the ODT or ODF may contain 2 mg to 160 mg of lysine. In some embodiments, the second agent is 10 wt% to 50 wt% of the total weight of the ODT or ODF.

[0041] In some embodiments, the ODT or ODF contains ticagrelor or a pharma- ceutically acceptable salt thereof in a ratio of 1:0.1 to 1:100 relative to the second drug. In some embodiments, the ODT or ODF contains ticagrelor or a pharma- ceutically acceptable salt thereof in a ratio of 1:0.3 to 1:80 relative to the second drug. In some embodiments, the ODT or ODF contains ticagrelor or a pharma- ceutically acceptable salt thereof in a ratio of 1:0.5 to 1:70 relative to the second drug. In some embodiments, the ODT or ODF contains ticagrelor or a pharma- ceutically acceptable salt thereof in a ratio of 1:0.8 to 1:60 relative to the second drug. In some embodiments, the ODT or ODF contains ticagrelor or a pharma- ceutically acceptable salt thereof in a ratio of 1:1 to 1:50 relative to the second drug. In some embodiments, the ODT or ODF contains ticagrelor or a pharma- ceutically acceptable salt thereof in a ratio of 1:1 to 1:40 relative to the second drug. In some embodiments, the ODT or ODF contains ticagrelor or a pharma- ceutically acceptable salt thereof in a ratio of 1:1 to 1:30 relative to the second drug. In some embodiments, the ODT or ODF contains ticagrelor or a pharma- ceutically acceptable salt thereof in a ratio of 1:1 to 1:20 relative to the second drug. In some embodiments, the ODT or ODF contains ticagrelor or a pharma- ceutically acceptable salt thereof in a ratio of 1:1 to 1:10 relative to the second drug. In some embodiments, the ODT or ODF contains ticagrelor or a pharma- ceutically acceptable salt thereof in a ratio of 1:1 to 1:9 relative to the second drug. In some embodiments, the ODT or ODF contains ticagrelor or a pharma- ceutically acceptable salt thereof in a ratio of 1:1 to 1:8 relative to the second drug. In some embodiments, the ODT or ODF contains ticagrelor or a pharma- ceutically acceptable salt thereof in a ratio of 1:1 to 1:7 relative to the second drug. In some embodiments, the ODT or ODF contains ticagrelor or a pharma- ceutically acceptable salt thereof in a ratio of 1:1 to 1:6 relative to the second drug. In some embodiments, the ODT or ODF contains ticagrelor or a pharma- ceutically acceptable salt thereof in a ratio of 1:1 to 1:5 relative to the second drug.In some embodiments, the ODT or ODF contains ticagrelor or a pharma- ceutically acceptable salt thereof in a ratio of 1:1 to 1:4 relative to the second drug. In some embodiments, the ODT or ODF contains ticagrelor or a pharma- ceutically acceptable salt thereof in a ratio of 1:1 to 1:3 relative to the second drug. In some embodiments, the ODT or ODF contains ticagrelor or a pharma- ceutically acceptable salt thereof in a ratio of 1:1 to 1:2 relative to the second drug. In certain embodiments, the ODT or ODF may contain ticagrelor or a pharma- ceutically acceptable salt thereof in a ratio of 1:0.1 to 1:10, 1:0.4, 1:2, or 1:4 relative to lysine.

[0042] In some embodiments, the ODT or ODF contains lysine or a lysine salt as a second agent. In some embodiments, the ODT or ODF contains lecithin as a second agent. In some embodiments, the ODT or ODF contains a combination of lysine and lecithin as a second agent.

[0043] In some embodiments, the ODT or ODF contains ticagrelor as a free base or an acid addition salt of ticagrelor.In some embodiments, the acid addition salt of ticagrelor is any pharma- ceutically acceptable acid addition salt.In some embodiments, the acid addition salt of ticagrelor includes, for example, ticagrelor hydrochloride, ticagrelor tartrate, ticagrelor threonate, ticagrelor glycerate, ticagrelor citrate, or ticagrelor fumarate.

[0044] In some embodiments, ODT or ODF contains one or more magnesium salts or compounds, or zinc salts or compounds. In some embodiments, ODT or ODF contains bromide, iodide, or magnesium or zinc compounds and complexes of hydrochloric acid, pyrophosphate, tauric acid, sulfuric acid, acetic acid, carbonic acid, citric acid, ascorbic acid, threonic acid, tartaric acid, malic acid, fumaric acid, gluconic acid, succinic acid, lactic acid, glyceric acid, glyceraldehyde, alpha-hydroxy-carboxylic acid, amino acid, and magnesium or zinc salts thereof. In some embodiments, the second agent or salt is not a threonate-containing compound (e.g., not magnesium threonate). In some embodiments, the second agent or salt is not a stearate-containing compound (e.g., not magnesium stearate).

[0045] ODTs are typically manufactured as single unit forms or multi-unit systems in which multiple particles, each containing an active ingredient, are compressed into a single dosage form. Conventional methods for manufacturing ODTs can result in tablets that are soft, fragile, and not suitable for typical blister pack or bottle packaging. Therefore, it remains a challenge to design ODTs as multi-unit systems that are stable during manufacturing and storage and have acceptable friability.

[0046] The pharmaceutical composition may be in the form of an orally disintegrating tablet (ODT), e.g., a compressed ODT. As used herein, the term "orally disintegrating tablet" refers to a tablet that substantially disintegrates in the oral cavity of a subject in need thereof within a certain period of time after administration. Disintegration may be achieved, for example, by the method of the USP <701> Disintegration can be measured in vitro using a disintegration test (herein incorporated by reference). Additionally, "orally disintegrating tablet" can refer to the loss of structural integrity of the tablet after administration to the buccal cavity of a subject when it comes into contact with the tongue, cheek, and / or mucosal tissue of the mouth. Orally disintegrating tablets are typically placed on the tongue (lingual administration), thereby stimulating saliva production and promoting disintegration of the composition. In some embodiments, the ODT can contain one or more populations of granules, beads, pellets, or powders containing one or more active ingredients and / or excipients as described herein.

[0047] The pharmaceutical composition of the present disclosure may be in the form of an ODF. The ODF according to the present disclosure dissolves in the mouth of a human subject in about 1 second to about 60 seconds, for example, 5 to 50 seconds, 10 to 40 seconds, or 15 to 30 seconds. The ODF according to the present disclosure has high flexibility, wettability, and is non-irritating to the oral mucosa.

[0048] The ODF according to the present disclosure may include multiple layers. One or more active ingredients may be contained in each layer of the ODF. In some embodiments, one or more polymers, buffers, or acids may be provided in one or more layers of the ODF of the present disclosure.

[0049] An ODF according to the present disclosure may have a thickness of 0.01 to 10 mils. An ODF according to the present disclosure may have a thickness of 10 to 200 microns.

[0050] An ODF according to the present disclosure may have regions of different dissolution rates.The ODF according to the present disclosure may be any of the following: ethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl ethyl cellulose, cellulose acetate phthalate, hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose phthalate, acrylic polymers, vinyl acetate, sodium sulfonated polyester, carboxylated acrylic, trimethyl pentanediol / adipic acid / glycerin crosspolymer, polyglycerol-2-diisostearate / IPDI copolymer, carboxylated vinyl acetate copolymer, vinyl pyrrolicone / vinyl acetate / alkyl amino acrylate terpolymer, vinyl pyrrolidone / vinyl acetate copolymer, cellulose acetate phthalate, hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose phthalate, polyvinyl acetate phthalate, poly(ethyl acrylate methacrylic acid) copolymer, shellac, hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose acetate succinate, poly(methyl vinyl ether / maleic acid) monoethyl ester, poly(methyl vinyl ether / maleic acid) n-butyl ester, hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC), hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC), pullulan, carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), pectin, starch, poly Vinyl acetate (PVA), polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), polyvinyl alcohol-polyethylene glycol graft copolymer, sodium propylparaben, sodium methylparaben, crospovidone, croscarmellose sodium, polyvinylpyrrolidone, sodium alginate, polyalkylene glycol, polyalkylene oxide, polyethylene glycol (PEG), xanthan gum, tragacanth gum, guar gum, acacia gum, gum arabic, polyacrylic acid, methyl methacrylate copolymer, carboxyvinyl polymer, allyl pe The additives may include, but are not limited to, polymers of acrylic acid and C10-C30 alkyl acrylates crosslinked with pentaerythritol, starch, microcrystalline cellulose, amylose, high amylose starch, hydroxypropylated high amylose starch, dextrin, pectin, chitin, chitosan, levan, erisan, collagen, gelatin, zein, gluten, soy protein isolate, sodium stearyl fumarate, whey protein isolate, casein, plasticizers, sweeteners and flavors, colorants, saliva stimulants, and thickeners.The polymeric material is present in an amount ranging from about 0.1% to about 99%, for example, from about 10% to about 90%, from about 20% to about 80%, from about 30% to about 70%, or from about 40% to about 65%. The molecular weight of the polymeric material may be in the range of about 1,000 to 900,000, more specifically, from about 5,000 to 600,000, 7,000 to 400,000, 10,000 to 200,000, 12,000 to 100,000, or 15,000 to 80,000. The ODT or ODF may also contain one or more solvents. Solvents include, but are not limited to, organic or inorganic solvents, polar organic solvents, non-polar organic solvents, water, alcohol, methylene chloride, or sugar alcohols. In some aspects, sugar alcohols can include allitol, arabitol, dextrose, dulcitol, erythritol, galactitol, glycol, glycerol, iditol, isomalt, lactitol, maltitol, mannitol, sorbitol, threitol, xylitol, and combinations thereof. Plasticizers include, but are not limited to, benzyl benzoate, chlorobutanol, dibutyl sebacate, diethyl phthalate, glycerol, polyethylene glycol, propylene glycol, sorbitol, triacetin, and triethyl citrate. Additional optional ingredients may include flavorings, sweeteners, and taste modifiers such as taste masking agents, colorants, polyglycols such as polyethylene glycol, propylene glycol, and glycerol, chelating agents to prevent oxidation such as ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), bulking agents such as sorbitol, mannitol, sucrose, lactitol, erythritol, maltitol, lactose, sucrose, xylitol, silica, dextrates, glucose, fructose, saccharin, and its various salts such as the sodium salt, dipeptide sweeteners such as aspartame, dihydrochalcone compounds, glycyrrhizin, Stevia rebaudiana (stevioside), sucralose, sugar alcohols, sugars, and chloro derivatives of sucrose such as trehalose, and emulsifiers such as surface modifiers and release modifiers including, but not limited to, castor oil, cetyl alcohol, and hydrogenated vegetable oils.Sweeteners include, but are not limited to, soluble saccharin salts (e.g., sodium and calcium salts), the free acid form of saccharin, cyclamate salts, aspartame, and the potassium, calcium, sodium, and ammonium salts of 3,4-dihydro-6-methyl-1,2,3-oxathiazin-4-one-2,2-dioxide.

[0051] The pharmaceutical composition may be in the form of an orally administered SMEDDS to enhance the bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs or pharmaceutical compositions. SMEDDS formulations generally include emulsions containing oil or lipid materials, surfactants, and hydrophilic co-surfactants. Poorly water-soluble drugs or pharmaceuticals are emulsified in self-microemulsifying excipient formulations, thereby enhancing the in vivo bioavailability of the drug or pharmaceutical formulation. Additionally, poorly water-soluble drugs such as ticagrelor can be processed according to the present invention and then used in combination with other drugs and / or pharmaceutical ingredients that may or may not be poorly water-soluble.

[0052] The SMEDDS pharmaceutical composition of the present invention may be formulated for oral administration of ticagrelor, for example, in an emulsion, aqueous or oily suspension, filled hard or soft capsule or syrup (50-300 mg ticagrelor / ml), or prepared powder or granule, troche, tablet or lozenge. Pharmaceutically acceptable carriers or additives for formulation into formulations such as tablets and capsules include binders such as lactose, saccharose, sorbitol, mannitol, starch, amylopectin, cellulose, or gelatin, excipients such as dicalcium phosphate, disintegrants such as corn starch or sweet potato starch, and glidants such as magnesium stearate, calcium stearate, and sodium stearyl fumarate.

[0053] The oil phase of the self-microemulsifying formulation comprises one or more lipid or glyceride containing compounds such as caprylic / capric glycerides, but can also include other suitable oil phase compounds such as polyoxylglycerides, isopropyl myristate, isopropyl palmitate, triglycerides, propylene glycol derivatives, and glyceryl monooleate.

[0054] Suitable surfactants or emulsifiers for use in the self-microemulsifying formulations of the present invention include polyoxyethylene castor oil derivatives, caprylocaproyl macrogol glycerides, sorbitan derivatives, polyoxyethylene alkyl ethers, polyoxyethylene sorbitan fatty acids, polyoxyethylene-polyoxypropylene copolymers and other suitable surfactants, such as long chain alkyl sulfonates / sulfates such as sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate, sodium lauryl sulfate, sodium dialkyl sulfosuccinate, quaternary ammonium salts, fatty alcohols such as lauryl, cetyl, and steryl, glyceryl esters, fatty acid esters, and polyoxyethylene derivatives thereof.

[0055] Suitable co-surfactants for use with the self-emulsifying excipient formulations of the present invention may include one or more selected from the group consisting of tetraglycol, propylene glycol, diethylene glycol monoethyl ether, and polyethylene glycol, as well as medium chain length alcohols such as hexanol, pentanol, and octanol, which are known to reduce the oil / water interface and allow for spontaneous formation of emulsions.

[0056] A method for producing a drug delivery system for enhancing the bioavailability of a drug and / or pharmaceutical ingredient or formulation by emulsifying the drug with a self-microemulsifying excipient formulation of the present invention includes solubilizing ticagrelor and additional ingredients in a mixture of surfactants, cosurfactants and oils. The emulsion can then be added to a suitable dosage form, such as drops, soft or hard filled gelatin capsules, and allowed to cool.

[0057] The relative proportions of surfactant and co-surfactant in the self-microemulsifying formulation of the present invention can affect the solubilization and dissolution properties of the formulation. In some embodiments, the emulsion composition may contain about 10-50% by weight of oil, 5-80% by weight of surfactant, and 5-80% by weight of co-surfactant, based on the total weight of the emulsion composition, and the self-emulsifying drug delivery system is characterized in that it contains the emulsion composition and ticagrelor in a weight ratio of 15:1 to 3:1.

[0058] The solid formulations of the present disclosure can provide the disclosed pharmacokinetic and bioavailability properties to provide the desired therapeutic effect while having acceptable organoleptic properties, such as good taste and mouthfeel to maintain patient compliance or adherence to the dosing regimen. Taste-masking ingredients can inhibit or delay drug release and reduce drug solubility, thereby providing unacceptable pharmacokinetic properties. Conversely, ingredients of the formulation that promote rapid release can result in undesirable taste or mouthfeel properties. Thus, an acceptable solid ODT or ODF formulation must balance these conflicting properties to provide a palatable (e.g., taste-masked), fast disintegrating composition with acceptable pharmacokinetics.

[0059] In some embodiments, the oral dosage form of the present disclosure may comprise at least one of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, polyvinylpyrrolidone, carrageenan, polyethylene glycol, polyvinyl alcohol, or mixtures or combinations thereof. The ODT may comprise a core, a subcoating, and / or a coating.

[0060] In some embodiments, the active ingredient is encapsulated, for example, in a matrix, layer, polymer, gel-forming region, and / or gel. Stabilization can be provided such that impurity levels, as measured after 1-3 months of orally disintegrating tablets under accelerated storage conditions of 40° C. and 75% relative humidity, are below the required pharma- ceutically acceptable specifications, thereby making them suitable for commercial use.

[0061] In some embodiments, the ODT is manufactured by mixing ticagrelor or a pharma- ceutically acceptable salt thereof with a second active agent in a liquid solution or suspension, filling into a mold, and freeze-drying.In some aspects, the ODT or ODF of the present disclosure is manufactured aseptically.In some aspects, the ODT or ODF of the present disclosure is terminally sterilized.

[0062] In some embodiments, the ODT may be coated with a coating. In certain embodiments, the enteric coating applied to the core comprises one or more of hydroxypropylmethylcellulose phthalate (HPMCP), hydroxypropylmethylcellulose acetate succinate (HPMCAS), polyvinyl acetate phthalate, cellulose acetate trimellitate, cellulose acetate phthalate (CAP), shellac, polymethacrylic acid, polymethylmethacrylate, polyethylmethacrylate, polyethylacrylate, or mixtures or combinations thereof, each possibility representing a separate aspect. In various embodiments, the cores are further coated with a coating comprising a subcoat as an undercoat of the enteric coating and / or a reverse enteric polymer as an overcoat of the enteric coating. Each possibility represents a separate embodiment. In certain embodiments, the subcoat applied to the core comprises one or more of hydroxypropylmethylcellulose, hydroxypropylcellulose, polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyethylene glycol, polyvinyl alcohol, or mixtures or combinations thereof, each possibility representing a separate aspect.

[0063] In some embodiments, the ODT of the present invention comprises a water-soluble polymer, a combination of two or more water-soluble polymers, or a combination of a water-soluble polymer and a water-insoluble or poorly soluble polymer.The water-soluble polymer that can be used in the oral dissolution formulation of the present invention includes, but is not limited to, cellulose derivatives, synthetic polymer polyacrylates, and natural gums.For example, the water-soluble polymer that can be used in the oral dissolution formulation of the present invention includes, but is not limited to, methylcellulose, hydroxypropylcellulose, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose, ethylcellulose, hydroxyethylcellulose, hydroxypropylcellulose, carboxymethylcellulose, cellulose acetate phthalate, cellulose acetate butyrate, amylose, dextran, casein, pullulan, gelatin, pectin, agar, carrageenan, xanthan gum, tragacanth, guar gum, acacia gum, gum arabic, polyethylene glycol, polyethylene oxide, polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyvinyl alcohol, cyclodextrin, carboxyvinyl polymer, sodium alginate, polyacrylic acid, methyl methacrylate, or mixtures thereof.

[0064] In certain embodiments, the concentration of the water-soluble polymer in the formulation may be about 20% to about 90% (by weight), or about 40% to about 80% (by weight). The above polymers can be used to coat the ODT. The coating can function as a taste masking barrier (i.e., on the surface of the particles of the drug contained within the ODT) and can also protect the ingredients from atmospheric degradation and improve appearance. If the coating can slow down disintegration, a rapid disintegrant can also be included in the composition. The use of disintegrants such as dry starch, sodium alginate, lactose, sodium bicarbonate, calcium carbonate, polyvinylpyrrolidone, microcrystalline cellulose, etc. in the tablet core or granulation mixture of the swallowable tablet formulation is known. Such elements can be used in combination with the polymeric coating to facilitate disintegration. In addition, any of the disintegrants known to those skilled in the art can be used to improve the disintegration of the ODT and the dissolution of the ticagrelor and the second agent when coated with a polymer.

[0065] The compressed ODT may, for example, comprise a disintegrant in an amount of about 2% to about 25% by weight of the total tablet weight. In certain embodiments, the ODT may contain one or more additional excipients. Such excipients may be selected from the group consisting of binders, fillers, diluents, surfactants, glidants, lubricants, plasticizers, anti-adherents, alkaline substances, tensile agents, wetting agents, buffers, preservatives, flavoring agents, opacifiers, colorants, antioxidants, or mixtures or combinations thereof, in an amount of about 50% or less by weight of the total tablet weight.

[0066] The excipient may be a partitioning agent, such as colloidal SiO2, fumed silica, diatomaceous earth, kaolin, talc, and / or magnesium aluminum trisilicate.

[0067] Suitable examples of lubricants include, but are not limited to, talc, sodium stearyl fumarate, calcium stearate, magnesium stearate, zinc stearate, glyceryl behenate, and glyceryl monostearate. A preferred lubricant for the compositions of the present invention is sodium stearyl fumarate or magnesium stearate, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, one or more lubricants may be included in an amount of about 0.1-5% by weight of the solid dosage form of the present disclosure.

[0068] Optional effervescent compounds include compounds that release gas. For example, gas may be released by a chemical reaction between a soluble acid source, alkali monohydrogen carbonate or other carbonate source, and the water and / or saliva in the mouth. The gas produced by such a chemical reaction may be carbon dioxide. The acid source may be any that is safe for human consumption and may include, for example, edible acids such as citric acid, tartaric acid, malic acid, fumaric acid, adipic acid, succinic acid, and the like. Carbonate sources include dry solid carbonates and bicarbonates such as, for example, sodium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate, magnesium carbonate, calcium carbonate, and the like. A preferred effervescent couple of the present invention is citric acid (anhydrous) / sodium bicarbonate. In some embodiments, one or more effervescent compounds may be included in an amount of about 1-30% by weight of the solid dosage form of the present disclosure.

[0069] In some embodiments, the orally soluble formulation according to the present invention may include a surfactant, including, but not limited to, sodium docusate, polyoxyethylene ethers, poloxamers, polysorbates (Tweens), glyceryl monostearate, polyoxyethylene stearates, sodium lauryl sulfate, sorbitan esters, and combinations thereof. When present, the surfactant may be included in the formulation at between about 0.1% and about 10% by weight, for example, between about 1% and about 5% by weight. In some embodiments, the surfactant may be included in the coating. In some other embodiments, the surfactant may be used as a compressibility enhancer. Given the benefit of this disclosure, one of ordinary skill in the art will understand that other ingredients may be included to enhance one or more properties of the formulation. For example, the orally soluble formulation according to the present invention may include a disintegrant, an antifoaming agent, an antioxidant, a buffer, or a coloring agent.

[0070] In some embodiments, the anti-adherent or glidant of the present disclosure may include talc, magnesium silicate, colloidal silicon dioxide, amorphous silicon dioxide, and calcium silicate. In some embodiments, the anti-adherent and glidant compounds may be used in amounts of about 0.1-5% by weight.

[0071] In some aspects, the oral dissolving formulation of the present invention may include an emulsifier as an excipient.As used herein, emulsifier includes both solubilizers and wetting agents.Suitable emulsifiers include, but are not limited to, polyvinyl alcohol, sorbitan esters, cyclodextrins, benzyl benzoate, glyceryl monostearate, polyoxyethylene alkyl ethers, polyoxyethylene stearates, poloxamers, polyoxyethylene castor oil derivatives (Cremophor), hydrogenated vegetable oils, bile salts, polysorbates, ethanol, or combinations thereof.Emulsifiers can improve the compressibility during the wet granulation process during production.

[0072] In some embodiments, the oral disintegrating formulation or SMEDDS of the present invention may contain sweetener or flavoring agent.Generally, any natural or synthetic flavoring agent or sweetener known in the art can be used in the oral disintegrating or dissolving formulation of the present invention.For example, sweetener or flavoring agent includes, but is not limited to, essential oil, water-soluble extract, sugar, monosaccharide, oligosaccharide, aldose, ketose, dextrose, maltose, lactose, glucose, fructose, sucrose, mannitol xylitol, D-sorbitol, erythritol, pentitol, hexitol, malitol, potassium acesulfame, talin, glycyrrhizin, sucralose, aspartame, saccharin, sodium saccharin, sodium cyclamate, eugenyl formate aldehyde flavoring, and combinations thereof.

[0073] Disintegrants or "disintegrating agents" that may be used in the compositions of the present invention may be defined as any material that can measurably accelerate the disintegration / dispersion of the compositions of the present invention. Thus, the disintegrant may provide an in vitro disintegration time of about 30 seconds or less, as measured, for example, according to the standard United States Pharmacopeia (USP) disintegration test method (see FDA Guidance for Industry: Orally Disintegrating Tablets; December 2008). This may be achieved, for example, by a material that is capable of swelling, wicking and / or deforming when placed in contact with water and / or mucus (e.g., saliva), thus disintegrating the tablet formulation when so wetted. Suitable disintegrants (as defined, for example, in Rowe et al, Handbook of Pharmaceutical Excipients, 6th ed. (2009)) include cellulose derivatives such as hydroxypropylcellulose (HPC), low-substituted HPC, methylcellulose, ethylhydroxyethylcellulose, calcium carboxymethylcellulose, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, microcrystalline cellulose, modified cellulose gums; starch derivatives such as moderately cross-linked starch, modified starch, hydroxypropyl starch, and pregelled starch; and other disintegrants such as calcium alginate, sodium alginate, alginic acid, chitosan, colloidal silicon dioxide, sodium docusate, guar gum, magnesium aluminum silicate, potassium polacrilin, and polyvinylpyrrolidone. A combination of two or more disintegrants may be used. Disintegrants include so-called "superdisintergrants" (as defined, for example, in Mohanachandran et al, International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Review and Research, 6, 105 (2011)), such as cross-linked polyvinylpyrrolidone, sodium starch glycolate, calcium silicate, and sodium croscarmellose.A combination of two or more superdisintegrants may be used. A disintegrant may be combined with a superdisintegrant in the composition of the present invention. The disintegrant and / or superdisintegrant is preferably used in an amount of 0.5 to 15% by weight, such as 1 to 8% by weight, for example, about 2 to about 7% by weight (for example, about 5% by weight, for example, about 4% by weight), based on the total weight of the composition.

[0074] In some embodiments, the oral disintegration formulation of the present invention may include particles comprising a weak acid, or a weak acid buffer-forming material. The weak acid buffer-forming material, when provided in the composition of the present invention, provides a weak acid buffer system when the composition is dissolved in water and / or saliva (e.g., at the site of administration of the composition of the present invention), allowing the provision of a pH of about 4.0 to about 6.5 (e.g., about 6.25), and in particular, for a suitable length of time (e.g., about 30 seconds, e.g., about 1 minute) to about 3 minutes (e.g., about 2 minutes, e.g., about 1.5 minutes) to facilitate dissolution of the ticagrelor and the second drug, and / or subsequent absorption of the ticagrelor and the second drug across the oral mucosa. Weakly acidic materials include weak acids that are safe for human consumption, for example, malic acid, fumaric acid, adipic acid, caprylic acid, succinic acid, lactic acid, acetic acid, oxalic acid, maleic acid, ammonium chloride, preferably food acids such as tartaric acid, and more preferably citric acid, or combinations of such acids.

[0075] The particle size of the weakly acidic or weakly acidic buffer-forming material is in the range of about 1 pm to about 10,000 pm. The suitable amount of the weakly acidic material that allows the above pH range to be maintained after oral administration as described above is in the range of at least about 1% to about 10% by weight of the total formulation. The suitable total amount of the weakly acidic buffer-forming material that allows the above pH range to be maintained after oral administration as described above is in the range of at least about 1% to about 15% by weight of the total formulation.

[0076] In various embodiments, the orally disintegrating tablet has a hardness of about 20N to about 100N and a friability of 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, 0.5%, 0.4%, 0.3%, or 0.2% or less. In other embodiments, the ODT substantially disintegrates in the oral cavity of a subject in need thereof within less than about 20, 15, 10, 5, 1, 0.5 minutes after administration. Disintegration can be achieved, for example, by the use of the USP <701> It can be measured in vitro using a disintegration test.

[0077] In some embodiments, the ODT or ODF or SMEDDS releases at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99% of ticagrelor or its pharma- ceutically acceptable salt within 5, 10, 15, or 20 minutes using a standard dissolution test. For example, dissolution may be measured with a dissolution apparatus USP2 (paddle) using a suitable dissolution medium, such as water at pH 7.0, phosphate buffer at pH 6.8 (50 mM), or simulated human saliva at pH 6.8. The volume may be 500 mL. The temperature may be 37.0±0.5°C. The speed may be 50 rpm. The total time of dissolution may be sampled at 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 60, 120, 360, 480, 720, and 960 minutes.

[0078] In some embodiments, the ODT or ODF or SMEDDS releases at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99% of the magnesium or zinc compound or salt within 5, 10, 15, or 20 minutes using a standard dissolution test.

[0079] In some embodiments, the ODT or ODF or SMEDDS releases at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99% of the magnesium or zinc compound or salt within 5, 10, 15, or 20 minutes using simulated saliva at a pH of about 6.8.

[0080] In some embodiments, within 1 hour after administration, about 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95% or more of the maximum concentration of ticagrelor and about 50% or more of the maximum concentration of the second active agent are absorbed into the plasma of a human subject in vivo. In some embodiments, within 6 hours after administration, about 70%, 75%, 80%, 85% or more of the maximum concentration of ticagrelor and about 70% of the maximum concentration of the second active agent are absorbed into the circulating plasma of a human subject in vivo. In some embodiments, within 8 hours after administration, about 80, 85, 90, 95% or more of the maximum concentration of ticagrelor and about 80% or more of the maximum concentration of the second active agent are absorbed into the circulating plasma of a human subject in vivo. In some embodiments, the ODT or ODF of the present disclosure provides a therapeutically effective amount of ticagrelor to the brain of a subject within 1 hour of oral ingestion by the subject.

[0081] In some embodiments, at least 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60% or more of the ticagrelor and / or second agent in the ODT or ODF or SMEDDS is absorbed through the oral mucosa (e.g., sublingually, supragingually or buccally).

[0082] The present disclosure provides an ODT or ODF or SMEDDS with suitable structure and physical properties to minimize liver metabolism, gastrointestinal metabolism, deliver a more consistent dose to the brain, and avoid the cardiac effects of ticagrelor.Therefore, the present disclosure provides a method of transmucosal administration.The present disclosure provides an ODT or ODF or SMEDDS with physical properties that allow the active compound to be rapidly absorbed and enter the bloodstream directly.Therefore, the ODT and ODF or SMEDDS of the present disclosure can rapidly move the drug to the subject's brain, rather than through gastric degradation and liver metabolism.

[0083] In some embodiments, the ODT or ODF or SMEDDS has a water absorption of at least 40%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70% or more. In some embodiments, the ODT or ODF has a wetting time of 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, or 65 seconds.

[0084] In some embodiments, the ODT or ODF has a strength of 4, 4.5, 5, 5.5, 6, 6.5 N / cm 2 In some embodiments, the ODT or ODF has a porosity of 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50% or more.

[0085] In some embodiments, the ODT has a hardness of 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60 N or more. In some embodiments, the ODT has a thickness of 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, or 3 mm. In some embodiments, the ODT or ODF has a total tablet weight of 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 550, 600, 650, 700, 750, 800, 850, 900, 950, or 1000 mg.

[0086] To provide such physical properties, the ODT and ODF of the present disclosure contain a combination of ingredients that maximize the solubility of ticagrelor in the oral cavity. Although compounds such as magnesium, zinc, lysine, and lecithin can reduce the solubility of ticagrelor, the present disclosure provides ODTs and ODFs with structures and ingredients that provide high solubility of ticagrelor while providing the disclosed pharmacokinetic and bioavailability properties to provide the desired therapeutic effect, and have a satisfactory good taste and mouthfeel to maintain patient compliance or adherence to the dosing regimen. In some embodiments, the ODT or ODF has a pH of 5.5 to 7, for example, a pH of 5.5, 5.6, 5.7, 5.8, 5.9, 6, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, 6.5, 6.6, 6.7, 6.8, 6.9, or 7.0, when dissolved in the human oral cavity, in deionized water, or in simulated human saliva.

[0087] In some embodiments, the present disclosure includes a use or method for treating a subject with autism spectrum disorder, intellectual disability, epilepsy, anxiety disorder, mood disorder, social interaction disorder, irritability, aggression, self-injury, hyperactivity, inattention, or fragile X syndrome by administering ticagrelor, its enantiomer, or a pharma- ceutically acceptable salt thereof, alone or in combination with a second agent of the present disclosure, according to the present disclosure. Ticagrelor, its enantiomer, or a pharma- ceutically acceptable salt thereof can be co-administered with the second agent. Co-administration can include any suitable method of administering ticagrelor, its enantiomer, or a pharma- ceutically acceptable salt thereof with the second agent. In some cases, the compound is present in the same dosage form or in a first and second dosage form that are administered simultaneously. In some cases, the first dosage form is administered after the second dosage form, or the second dosage form is administered after the first dosage form. In some cases, the first and second dosage forms are administered in alternating order. In some embodiments, the present disclosure includes a use or method for treating a subject with autism spectrum disorder, intellectual disability, epilepsy, anxiety disorder, mood disorder, social interaction disorder, irritability, aggression, self-injury, hyperactivity, inattention, or fragile X syndrome by administering the ODT or ODF or SMEDDS of the present disclosure. In one embodiment, the weight of ticagrelor administered per day according to the method of the present disclosure is less than that of a conventional ticagrelor regimen, for example, less than 180 mg / day, less than 120 mg / day, less than 100 mg / day, less than 90 mg / day, less than 80 mg / day, less than 60 mg / day, less than 40 mg / day, less than 30 mg / day, less than 20 mg / day, or less than 10 mg / day. In some embodiments, the present disclosure includes a method of co-administering acetylsalicylic acid and ticagrelor. In some embodiments, the co-administration comprises between 5 mg and 300 mg, between 10 mg and 280 mg, between 20 mg and 260 mg, between 30 mg and 250 mg, between 40 mg and 200 mg, between 50 mg and 180 mg, between 60 mg and 160 mg, between 70 mg and 150 mg, between 80 mg and 140 mg, between 90 mg and 130 mg, between 75 mg and 100 mg, or less than 100 mg of acetylsalicylic acid.

[0088] In some embodiments, the methods of the present disclosure will reduce behavioral problems on the Aberrant Behavior Checklist (ABC-C). The ABC-C is a global behavioral checklist that measures the effectiveness of medications and other treatments in people with developmental disorders. It is based on 58 items that describe various behavioral problems and consists of five subscales including irritability, lethargy, inappropriate speech, hyperactivity, and stereotypic behavior.

[0089] In some embodiments, the method of the present disclosure will be behavioral problems on the Clinical Global Impression Scale (CGI). The CGI is used by a research psychiatrist to judge overall clinical symptoms against baseline using the same scale as the CGI-S. The research psychiatrist will assess improvement from baseline. The CGI consists of a 7-point subjective scale that assesses symptoms. On this scale, scores of 1, 2, and 3 represent normal, some presence of symptoms, and mild behavior, respectively. A score of 4 represents moderate behavior. A score of 5, 6, and 7 represent marked, severe, and most severe behavior, respectively.

[0090] In some embodiments, the method of the present disclosure will be behavioral problems on the Modified Overt Aggression Scale (IBR-MOAS). The IBR-MOAS is a questionnaire that includes five types of aggression (verbal aggression towards self and others, physical aggression towards objects, self, and others) with four levels of severity for each type of aggression. Only the sections assessing the five types of aggression are used for reassessment: verbal aggression towards others, verbal aggression towards self, physical aggression towards others, physical aggression towards objects, and physical aggression towards self. The frequency of occurrence of each item is as follows: 0=never (does not occur); 1=rarely (on average, once a year to once a month); 2=occasionally (on average, several times a month to several times a week); 3=frequently (on average, once to several times a day); and U (occurred before but not in the past year).

[0091] In some embodiments, the method of the present disclosure will be the Questions About Behavioral Functioning (QABF) measurement of behavioral problems. The QABF is an indirect assessment of the behavioral functioning of individuals with developmental disabilities. It includes 25 items. The QABF has five behavioral functioning categories: attention seeking, escape from demands, physical, object seeking, and non-social (i.e., sensory or automatically maintained). Each question is scored with the frequency descriptors "none," "rarely," "somewhat," and "often." A score of 4 points or more for a particular function indicates functioning.

[0092] In certain embodiments, certain dosing regimens involve administering a pharmaceutical composition to achieve or maintain a ticagrelor plasma level in the range of about 50-1000ng / mL, 100-800ng / mL, about 120-700ng / mL, about 140-600ng / mL, about 160-520ng / mL, about 180-500ng / mL, about 200-480ng / mL, about 220-460ng / mL, about 240-420ng / mL, about 260-400ng / mL, about 500ng / mL, about 530ng / mL, about 560ng / mL, about 580ng / mL, about 600ng / mL, or about 620ng / mL. In some embodiments, the dose level is aimed at reaching a plasma level of 1-1000ng / mL 2 hours after administration. In some embodiments, ticagrelor or a pharma- ceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered so that a plasma level of about 50-300 ng / mL of ticagrelor is maintained for at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 hours. In some embodiments, ticagrelor or a pharma- ceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered so that a plasma level of about 30-50 ng / mL of ticagrelor is maintained for at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 hours.

[0093] Oral dosing of ticagrelor in humans over 18 years of age is 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 120, 130, 140, 150, 160, 170, 180, 190, or 200 mg, for example, 60-180 mg of ticagrelor, for example, once or twice daily. In some embodiments, the dosing regimen can be increased at weekly intervals depending on the response.

[0094] For humans under 18 years of age, dosages can range from 0.1 to 3 mg / kg body weight, one, two, three, or four times daily.

[0095] The method of safely delivering the combination of the present disclosure to a subject can include measuring the subject's electrocardiogram, pulse, and blood pressure before, during, and / or after administration. Additionally, the method of safely delivering the combination of the present disclosure to a subject can include measuring liver enzyme levels while continuing to administer the combination. In certain aspects, if liver enzyme levels are abnormal, for example due to a transient transaminase elevation, steps can be taken to protect the kidney, liver, intestine, or heart. In some cases, the method further includes a preliminary step of measuring the subject's liver enzyme levels before administration. This can be done to establish a baseline liver enzyme level. The method can also include measuring liver enzyme levels at a predetermined time period after starting the administration step. In some embodiments, the subject's liver enzyme levels can be monitored at 4 hour intervals, 6 hour intervals, 8 hour intervals, 12 hour intervals, 24 hour intervals, etc. Alternatively, the liver can be examined at about 12 hours, about 24 hours, about 36 hours, about 48 hours, about 60 hours, about 72 hours, about 84 hours, about 96 hours, about 108 hours, about 120 hours, about 132 hours, about 154 hours, about 168 hours, the day the subject is discharged from the hospital, or a combination thereof.

[0096] Example 1: [Table 1] 1) Dissolve gelatin and other ingredients in purified water while stirring at 200-500 rpm. 2) Make up the final volume of the solution with purified water. 3) Stir at 200-500 rpm for an additional 15 minutes to mix the solution. 4) Dispense the solution into each cavity of the preformed blister sheet (preferably using a dispensing pipette). 5) The filled blisters are frozen at a temperature in the range of -20 to -110°C. 6) Freeze-dry the blisters in a freeze dryer. 7) Place the blister sheet containing the dried lyophilisate on the punched carrier web of the blister packaging machine and transport the blister sheet through the sealing station of the packaging machine 8) The blisters are sealed with lidding foil and the final blisters are punched.

[0097] Example 2: [Table 2] 1) Dissolve gelatin and other ingredients in purified water while stirring at 200-500 rpm. 2) Make up the final volume of the solution with purified water. 3) Stir at 200-500 rpm for an additional 15 minutes to mix the solution. 4) Dispense the solution into each cavity of the preformed blister sheet (preferably using a dispensing pipette). 5) The filled blisters are frozen at a temperature in the range of -20 to -110°C. 6) Freeze-dry the blisters in a freeze dryer. 7) Place the blister sheet containing the dried lyophilisate on the punched carrier web of the blister packaging machine and transport the blister sheet through the sealing station of the packaging machine 8) The blisters are sealed with lidding foil and the final blisters are punched.

[0098] Example 3: [Table 3] The ingredients in the formulation are mixed and compressed into tablets of 5 mm diameter and 2-3 mm thickness on a single stroke tablet press with a hardness of 3-5 kg. The thoroughly blended composition is compressed into plain tablets.

[0099] Example 4: [Table 4]

[0100] The ingredients in the formulation are mixed and compressed into tablets of 5 mm diameter and 2-3 mm thickness on a single stroke tablet press with a hardness of 3-5 kg. The thoroughly blended composition is compressed into plain tablets.

[0101] Example 5: [Table 5]

[0102] Ticageler and pullulan are accurately weighed and dissolved in distilled water. The solution is mixed well, followed by the addition of the plasticizer and superdisintegrant. The resulting homogeneous solution is then poured into a Petri dish (diameter 6 cm) and dried in an oven at 600 ° C for 24 hours. The film is carefully removed from the Petri dish and cut into pieces of the desired size (2 × 2 cm 2 ) into pieces.

[0103] Example 6: [Table 6]

[0104] Ticageler and pullulan were accurately weighed and dissolved in distilled water. The solution was mixed well, followed by the addition of the plasticizer and superdisintegrant. The resulting homogeneous solution was then poured into a Petri dish (diameter 6 cm) and dried in an oven at 600 ° C for 24 hours. The film was carefully removed from the Petri dish and cut to the desired size (2 × 2 cm2).

[0105] Example 7: [Table 7]

[0106] Ticageler and pullulan were accurately weighed and dissolved in distilled water. The solution was mixed well, followed by the addition of the plasticizer and superdisintegrant. The resulting homogeneous solution was then poured into a Petri dish (diameter 6 cm) and dried in an oven at 600 ° C for 24 hours. The film was carefully removed from the Petri dish and cut to the desired size (2 × 2 cm2).

[0107] Example 8: [Table 8]

[0108] Ticageler and pullulan were accurately weighed and dissolved in distilled water. The solution was mixed well, followed by the addition of the plasticizer and superdisintegrant. The resulting homogeneous solution was then poured into a Petri dish (diameter 6 cm) and dried in an oven at 600 ° C for 24 hours. The film was carefully removed from the Petri dish and cut into pieces of the desired size (2 × 2 cm 2 ) was cut.

[0109] Example 9: ODTs T1-T11 further illustrate aspects of the present disclosure: [Table 9] [Table 10] (1) Complexes with: hydrochloric acid, pyrophosphate, tauric acid, sulfuric acid, acetic acid, carbonic acid, citric acid, ascorbic acid, threonic acid, tartaric acid, malic acid, fumaric acid, gluconic acid, succinic acid, lactic acid, glyceric acid, glyceraldehyde, or alpha-hydroxy-carboxylic acids. (2) Salt form: sulfate, acetate, threonate, tartrate, glycerate, citrate, caprylate, chloride, sulfate, lactate, carbonate, malate, taurate, gluconate, succinate, or pyrophosphate. (3) Acids: tartaric, glyceric, threonic, caprylic or gluconic acid. The relative amounts of the ODT components are in accordance with the embodiments described above.

[0110] Example 10: ODFs F1-F11 further illustrate aspects of the present disclosure: [Table 11] [Table 12] (1) Complexes with: hydrochloric acid, pyrophosphate, tauric acid, sulfuric acid, acetic acid, caprylic acid, carbonic acid, citric acid, ascorbic acid, threonic acid, tartaric acid, malic acid, fumaric acid, gluconic acid, succinic acid, lactic acid, glyceric acid, glyceraldehyde, or alpha-hydroxy-carboxylic acids. (2) Salt form: sulfate, acetate, threonate, tartrate, glycerate, caprylate, citrate, chloride, sulfate, lactate, carbonate, malate, taurate, gluconate, succinate, or pyrophosphate. Acids: tartaric, glyceric, threonic, caprylic or gluconic acid. The relative amounts of the ODF components are in accordance with the embodiments described above.

[0111] Example 11: (Na et al. Strategic approach to developing a self-microemulsifying drug delivery system to enhance antiplatelet activity and bioavailability of ticagrelor. Int J Nanomedicine. 2019 Feb 15;14:1193-1212; CN104971042A; and KR102007731B1, each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.) The self-microemulsifying formulation (total weight: 800 mg) was comprised of oil (Capmul MCM; 45.0 w / w%), surfactant (Cremophor EL; 38 w / w%), and co-surfactant (Transcutol P; 17 w / w%) was mixed. The mixture was gently stirred to make a homogeneous solution, and then 100 mg of ticagrelor and 100 mg of zinc caprylate were added and mixed to make a homogeneous formulation. Each drop of the mixture contains 5 mg of ticagrelor and 5 mg of zinc caprylate. [Table 13]

[0112] Example 12: SMEDDS S1-S11 further illustrate aspects of the present disclosure: [Table 14] [Table 15]

[0113] Example 13: In vivo experiments: - Valproic acid (VPA) model of autism Exposure to valproic acid (VPA) during pregnancy has been demonstrated to increase the risk of autism in children. Furthermore, rodents exposed prenatally to this drug exhibit behavioral phenotypic characteristics of human autistic symptoms. This model may better represent many cases of idiopathic autism of environmental / epigenetic origin than transgenic models with mutations in single autism-associated genes. The VPA model is an environmentally induced model with strong construct and clinical validity. The VPA-induced rodent model is a technically recognized, well-established, and widely utilized animal model to test the putative efficacy of pharmaceuticals on behavioral and social components of the human autism spectrum.

[0114] C57BL / 6J mice were obtained at 7–8 weeks of age, mated, and pregnancy was confirmed by the presence of a vaginal plug on embryonic day 0 (E0). At E12.5, pregnant females received a single intraperitoneal injection of the sodium salt of valproic acid (VPA, 500 mg / kg) dissolved in saline solution (SAL). Control females received an equal volume of SAL only. The day of birth was recorded as P0 (postnatal day zero). Pups were weaned on P21 (postnatal day 21) and male pups were housed in groups of 4–5. Experiments were performed on male pups. Mice were housed in a temperature- and humidity-controlled environment and had free access to food and water. Animals were maintained on a 12-h light / dark schedule, with lights on at 8 a.m.

[0115] Male pups of VPA-treated mice were divided into four groups (n = 8-9 per group): VPA-vehicle) + 50 μg ZnSO4, VPA-ticagrelor (0.3 mg / kg) + 50 μg ZnSO4, VPA-ticagrelor (10 mg / kg) + 50 μg ZnSO4 and VPA-ticagrelor (30 mg / kg) + 50 μg ZnSO4. Male pups of SAL-treated mice were divided into two groups (n = 10 per group): SAL-vehicle and SAL-ticagrelor (30 mg / kg) + 50 μg ZnSO4. From 6 to 8 weeks of age, mice received three weekly injections of either saline (5 μl / g ip) or ticagrelor (ip). 24 h after the last injection, the three-chamber test was performed.

[0116] Behavioral Assays - Three Chamber Test The three-chamber test assesses cognition in the form of general sociability and interest in social novelty in rodent models of CNS disorders. The test measures sociability, which is the tendency to spend time with another mouse compared to time spent alone in an identical but empty chamber.

[0117] The apparatus was an acrylic box (length: 62 cm, width: 41 cm, height: 30.5 cm) divided into three chambers. A 5 cm x 5 cm opening was made in the partition wall to allow the mouse to freely explore the three chambers. The mouse was first placed in the central chamber of the apparatus and allowed to habituate for 5 min. After completion of the habituation period, the test mouse was moved to a holding cage and the bedding material was redistributed. A new mouse confined in a small cage was then placed in one chamber (social area) and an empty small cage was placed in the other chamber as a new object (non-social area). The mouse was first placed in the central chamber and allowed to freely explore the chambers for 10 min, and the time spent in each of the three areas (social, central, and non-social areas) was recorded.

[0118] Statistical analysis: Statistical analysis of data was performed using one-way or two-way RM ANOVA (SigmaStat 3.1). Post-hoc comparisons were performed with Tukey HSD procedure. When data were not normally distributed, Kruskal-Wallis, one-way ANOVA on ranks followed by Dunn's procedure was used. All data were expressed as mean ± SEM. The significance level was set at p<0.05.

[0119] Results: One-way ANOVA of the time spent in the social area revealed significant differences between the six groups (F(5,48)=5.201, p<0.001). Post-hoc comparisons showed that the VPA-vehicle group showed a significant decrease in time spent in the social area compared to the SAL-vehicle group (p<0.05) (Figure 1, left panel). Compared to the VPA-vehicle group, both the VPA-ticagrelor (10 mg / kg) group and the VPA-ticagrelor (30) group showed a significant increase in time spent in the social area (p<0.01 and p<0.001). There was no significant difference in time spent in the social area between the SAL-vehicle group and the SAL-ticagrelor (30) group (p>0.05).

[0120] One-way ANOVA of the time spent in the central area revealed significant differences among the six groups (F(5,48) = 3.821, p < 0.01). Post-hoc comparisons showed that the VPA-ticagrelor(30) group showed a significant decrease in time spent in the central area compared to the VPA-vehicle group (p < 0.05) (Figure 1, middle panel).

[0121] One-way ANOVA of the time spent in the non-social area revealed significant differences between the six groups (F(5,48)=5.230, p<0.001). Post-hoc comparisons showed that the VPA-vehicle group showed a significant increase in time spent in the non-social area compared to the SAL-vehicle group (p<0.01) (Figure 1, right panel). Compared to the VPA-vehicle group, both the VPA-ticagrelor (10 mg / kg) and VPA-ticagrelor (30 mg / kg) groups showed a significant decrease in time spent in the non-social area (both p<0.01). There was no significant difference in time spent in the non-social area between the SAL-vehicle and SAL-ticagrelor (30 mg / kg) groups (p>0.05).

[0122] Conclusion: Three weekly doses of ticagrelor and zinc salts attenuated the autism-related sociability deficits exhibited by C57BL / 6J mice exposed to VPA in utero. Impairments were observed in the three-chamber test in the VPA group compared to control mice. In contrast, the ticagrelor-treated groups at doses of 10 and 30 mg / kg showed a significant increase in the time spent near the cage with the stimulus mouse (the "social" area). The data show a postnatal effect of ticagrelor in a relevant animal model of autism, which indicates an enhanced social deficit in autistic patients.

[0123] Any of the above protocols or similar variations may be described in various documents related to pharmaceutical products. Such documents include, but are not limited to, protocols, statistical analysis plans, investigator brochures, clinical guidelines, medication guides, risk assessment and intervention programs, prescription information, and other documents that may be related to pharmaceutical products. It is specifically contemplated that such documents may be physically packaged as kits with the ODT or ODF pharmaceutical products according to the present disclosure, as may be useful or as may be prescribed by regulatory authorities.

[0124] Although the subject matter of the present disclosure has been described and illustrated in some detail with reference to certain exemplary embodiments including various combinations and subcombinations of features, those skilled in the art will readily appreciate other embodiments and variations and modifications thereof as fall within the scope of the present disclosure. Moreover, the description of such embodiments, combinations, and subcombinations is not intended to convey that the claimed subject matter requires features or combinations of features other than those expressly recited in the claims. Accordingly, the scope of the present disclosure is intended to include all modifications and variations that fall within the spirit and scope of the following appended claims.

Claims

1. A method for treating a subject diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder, intellectual disability, epilepsy, anxiety disorder, mood disorder, impaired social interaction, irritability, aggression, self-harm, hyperactivity, inattention, fragile X syndrome, or elevated TNFα, or elevated inflammatory cytokine markers of neuroinflammation, comprising administering to the subject a combination of ticagrelor, its enantiomer, or a pharma- ceutical acceptable salt thereof, and a second agent in a weight ratio of 1:0.1 to 1:

50. A pharmaceutical composition comprising ticagrelor, its enantiomer, or a pharma- ceutical acceptable salt thereof, for use in the method.

2. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 1 , wherein the method comprises administering the combination orally or parenterally.

3. 3. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 2, wherein the method comprises administering the combination intranasally, bucally, sublingually, intravenously, transmucosally, or subcutaneously.

4. The pharmaceutical composition according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the method comprises administering less than 60 mg / day of ticagrelor, its enantiomer or a pharma- ceutically acceptable salt.

5. The pharmaceutical composition according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the method comprises administering less than 40 mg / day of ticagrelor, its enantiomer or a pharma- ceutically acceptable salt.

6. The pharmaceutical composition according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the method comprises administering less than 30 mg / day of ticagrelor, its enantiomer or a pharma- ceutically acceptable salt.

7. The pharmaceutical composition according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the method comprises administering less than 20 mg / day of ticagrelor, its enantiomer or a pharma- ceutically acceptable salt.

8. 4. The pharmaceutical composition of any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the second agent is selected from the group consisting of a magnesium ion-containing compound, a zinc ion-containing compound, L-lysine or a salt thereof, L-arginine or a salt thereof, lecithin, or a combination thereof.

9. 9. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 8, wherein the second agent is a combination of lysine and lecithin or a combination of arginine and lecithin.

10. 9. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 8, wherein the lysine is L-lysine or L-lysine hydrochloride.

11. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 10, wherein the second agent is a magnesium ion-containing compound.

12. 12. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 11, wherein the magnesium ion-containing compound is magnesium bromide, iodide, sulfate, acetate, threonate, tartrate, glycerate, citrate, caprylate, chloride, sulfate, acetate, lactate, carbonate, malate, taurate, gluconate, succinate, or pyrophosphate.

13. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 10, wherein the second agent is a zinc ion-containing compound.

14. 14. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 13, wherein the zinc ion-containing compound is a bromide, iodide, or a complex of zinc ion with hydrochloric acid, pyrophosphate, tauric acid, sulfate, acetate, carbonate, citric acid, caprylic acid, capric acid, ascorbic acid, threonic acid, tartaric acid, malic acid, fumaric acid, gluconic acid, succinic acid, lactic acid, glyceric acid, glyceraldehyde, or an alpha-hydroxy-carboxylic acid.

15. The method of claim 10, wherein said administering comprises administering said combination to said subject in a liquid composition.

16. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 10 , wherein said administering comprises administering said combination to said subject in a capsule.

17. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 10, wherein the administration provides a therapeutically effective amount of ticagrelor within 1 hour of administration.

18. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 10 , wherein the second agent is not a threonate-containing compound.

19. 11. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 10, wherein the second agent is not a stearate-containing compound.

20. The administration comprises administering a self-microemulsifying drug delivery system (SMEDDS) comprising ticagrelor, its enantiomer, or a pharma- ceutically acceptable salt thereof and the second drug in a weight ratio of 1:0.1 to 1:50, and an excipient, wherein the SMEDDS is used in a United States Pharmacopoeia Apparatus 2, and when dissolution is tested using a paddle at 50 rpm in 500 mL of deionized water at 37.0 ± 0.5 ° C., The pharmaceutical composition of claim 10, wherein the SMEDDS releases at least 75% of the ticagrelor, its enantiomer, or a pharma- ceutically acceptable salt thereof, and at least 75% of the second drug within 15 minutes.

21. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 20, wherein the SMEDDS has in vivo absorption characteristics such that about 50% of the maximum concentration of ticagrelor and about 50% of the maximum concentration of the second drug are absorbed into the plasma of a healthy human within 1 hour of ingestion.

22. 21. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 20, wherein the SMEDDS has in vivo absorption characteristics such that about 80% of the maximum concentration of ticagrelor and about 80% of the maximum concentration of the second drug are absorbed into the plasma of a healthy human within 8 hours of ingestion.

23. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 20, wherein the SMEDDS comprises 1 mg to 90 mg of ticagrelor and about 5 mg to 200 mg of the second drug.

24. 21. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 20, wherein the SMEDDS is in water.

25. The pharmaceutical composition according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the pharma- ceutically acceptable salt thereof is ticagrelor hydrochloride, ticagrelor tartrate, ticagrelor threonate, ticagrelor glycerate, ticagrelor caprylate, ticagrelor citrate, ticagrelor fumarate, or free base ticagrelor.

26. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 25, wherein the ticagrelor hydrochloride, ticagrelor tartrate, ticagrelor threonate, ticagrelor glycerate, ticagrelor caprylate, ticagrelor citrate, ticagrelor fumarate, or free base ticagrelor is in racemic form.

27. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 25, wherein the ticagrelor hydrochloride, ticagrelor tartrate, ticagrelor threonate, ticagrelor glycerate, ticagrelor citrate, ticagrelor caprylate, or ticagrelor fumarate, or free base ticagrelor is at least 95% enantiomerically pure (1S, 2S, 3R, 5S)-3-[7-[[(1R, 2S)-2-(3,4-difluorophenyl)cyclopropyl]amino]-5-(propylthio)-3H-1,2,3-triazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidin-3-yl]-5-(2-hydroxyethoxy)-1,2-cyclopentanediol.

28. The enantiomer of ticagrelor is ((1S,2S,3R,5S)-3-[7-[[(1R,2S)-2-(3,4-difluorophenyl)cyclopropyl]amino]-5-(propylthio)-3H-1,2,3-triazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidin-3-yl]-5-(2-hydroxyethoxy)-1,2-cyclopentanediol. The pharmaceutical composition according to any one of claims 1 to 3.

29. 4. The pharmaceutical composition of any one of claims 1 to 3, further comprising a complex of a magnesium or zinc compound with hydrochloric acid, pyrophosphate, tauric acid, sulfuric acid, acetic acid, carbonic acid, citric acid, caprylic acid, capric acid, ascorbic acid, threonic acid, tartaric acid, malic acid, fumaric acid, gluconic acid, succinic acid, lactic acid, glyceric acid, glyceraldehyde, an alpha-hydroxy-carboxylic acid, or a combination thereof in a ratio of 1:0.1 to 1:

50.

30. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 20, wherein the SMEDDS has a ratio of ticagrelor, its enantiomer, or a pharma- ceutically acceptable salt thereof to lysine of 1:0.4 to 1:

20.

31. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 20, wherein the SMEDDS has a ratio of ticagrelor, its enantiomer, or a pharma- ceutically acceptable salt thereof to the magnesium ion-containing compound of 1:1 to 1:

10.

32. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 20, wherein the SMEDDS has a ratio of ticagrelor, its enantiomer, or a pharma- ceutically acceptable salt thereof to the zinc ion-containing compound of 1:5 to 1:

50.

33. 21. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 20, wherein the SMEDDS further comprises one or more excipients.

34. 21. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 20, wherein the SMEDDS further comprises a polymer, a filler, a binder, a disintegrant, a solvent, a coating, or a subcoating.

35. 21. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 20, wherein the SMEDDS contains the ticagrelor or a pharma- ceutically acceptable salt thereof in the form of a liquid, bead, coated or uncoated mini-tablet, pellet, powder, layer, film, or core.

36. 21. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 20, wherein the SMEDDS has a water absorption rate of at least 50%.

37. 21. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 20, wherein the SMEDDS has a wetting time of 10 to 40 seconds.

38. The SMEDDS has an ODT of at least 4 N / cm ２ 21. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 20, having a tensile strength of

39. 21. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 20, wherein the SMEDDS has a porosity of at least 40%.

40. 21. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 20, wherein the SMEDDS has a pH of 5.5 to 7 when dissolved in the human oral cavity.

41. 21. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 20, wherein the SMEDDS has a pH of 5.5 to 7 when dissolved in deionized water.

42. 21. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 20, wherein the SMEDDS has a pH of 5.5 to 7 when dissolved in simulated human saliva.

43. 21. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 20, wherein the SMEDDS is in the form of a SMEDDS comprising an emulsion composition comprising an oil, a surfactant, and a co-surfactant.

44. (i) the surfactant is a polyoxyethylene castor oil derivative, a polyoxyethylene sorbitan fatty acid, or a combination thereof; (ii) the co-surfactant is diethylene glycol monoethyl ether, tetraglycol, or a combination thereof; (iii) oil, caprylic acid, caprylic acid glyceride, or a combination thereof; 44. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 43.

45. The emulsion composition comprises 10 to 50% by weight of oil, 5 to 80% by weight of surfactant, and 5 to 80% by weight of the cosurfactant, based on the total weight of the emulsion composition, and the SMEDDS comprises the emulsion composition and ticagrelor in a weight ratio of 15: 1 to 3:

1. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 44.

46. 4. The pharmaceutical composition of any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the subject has been diagnosed with intellectual disability, irritability, aggression, self-injury, hyperactivity, inattention, or fragile X syndrome.

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