The disclosure provides for peptides, fragments, compounds, compositions, and methods of use thereof for treating diabetes (e.g., type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes). In some aspects, methods comprise administering peptides, fragments, or a variant thereof to the subject for treating diabetes and diseases related to diabetes. In other aspects, compounds, compositions, and methods containing IGF-2 or variants thereof, IGF-2 peptides, and IGF-2 fragments are used for treating a disorder in a patient in need thereof, such as type 1 or type 2 diabetes.