The invention discloses a tumor neoantigen detection method and device based on next-generation sequencing, and a storage medium. The tumor neoantigen detection method disclosed by the invention comprises the following steps of variation detection, MHC (Major Histocompatibility Complex) molecular identification, variation annotation, variation peptide fragment prediction, variation peptide fragment MHC/II type affinity prediction, antigen expression abundance detection, clonality analysis and candidate tumor neoantigen comprehensive scoring sorting, wherein the candidate tumor neoantigen comprehensive scoring sorting comprises the step of scoring sorting on the neoantigen according to MHC affinity, antigen expression abundance and clonality according to a formula I. According to the tumorneoantigen detection method, a next-generation sequencing comparison file is used as a basis to carry out mutation and MHC detection, in addition, the candidate tumor neoantigen is scored from three dimensions including MHC I/II type affinity, antigen expression abundance and clonality so as to the screen high-quality tumor neoantigen, and a foundation is laid for immunotherapy on the basis of thetumor neoantigen.