Thermal energy storage apparatus

Abstract

To provide a safe and efficient method in an energy storage system.SOLUTION: The present invention provides a thermal energy storage apparatus comprising a housing which defines a hollow interior chamber, the chamber arranged in use to house graphite solids material in an inert gas atmosphere therewithin; and at least one conduit arranged to extend through the hollow interior chamber via inlet and outlet openings in the housing, the conduit being sealingly fitted to the housing at the inlet and outlet openings, and an exterior surface of the or each conduit being arranged in a close facing relationship with the graphite solids material located within the hollow interior chamber, wherein, in use, the or each conduit is arranged for conveying a flow of a fluid therethough such that in a first configuration, the flow transfers thermal energy to the graphite solid material, and in a second configuration, the graphite solid material transfers thermal energy to the flow.SELECTED DRAWING: Figure 7

Description

[Technical field]

[0001] The present disclosure relates generally to the field of energy storage, and in particular to solar, wind and wave power. Devices for storing and using energy produced by renewable energy sources However, the disclosed concept does not address the demands of certain times of the day that may be in excess of current demand. Any energy source that generates force, and temporary energy storage for time-shifting purposes. It can be used for any energy source that requires a storage solution.

[0002] The present disclosure relates to a heat storage device and method, but is also applicable in many other fields. For example, a user may choose to use a device that is not compatible with the combustion of traditional fossil fuels or the generation of electricity. In addition to the excess heat generated by the power generation, we also use it for various purposes such as waste heat recovery from factories and geothermal power generation. It may also be possible to obtain them from the field. [Background technology]

[0003] The discussion of prior art throughout the specification indicates that such prior art is widely known and is in no way to be regarded as an admission that it forms part of the general knowledge in the field. It shouldn't be.

[0004] Around the world, there is a need to reduce dependence on fossil fuels and increase the use of renewable energy sources. There is growing awareness of the fact that one subject that will remain virtually unlimited for the foreseeable future Solar energy (and other types of photovoltaics (P V) Energy Capture), but solar energy has the potential to be used at night, during bad weather, or during cloudy days. Therefore, the conversion system of the renewable energy device is , improving dispatchability and providing a viable alternative to fossil fuels as an energy source In order to achieve this, some form of energy storage is required.

[0005] Other renewable energy sources, such as wind, wave and tidal power, also have variability in peak power output. fluctuates, sometimes unpredictably. In order to ensure this, even if demand occurs outside of peak renewable energy acquisition hours, Some form of storage is needed to match the supply to the current batteries. and load shifting to meet secondary peak demand when the sun is not shining. Rather than being used for power generation, they are limited to a short-term grid frequency stabilisation role. Summary of the Invention [Problem to be solved by the invention]

[0006] What is currently known is the so-called "thermal energy storage" (TES). The general area of ​​interest is that it can be achieved with a wide variety of technologies. This allows the surplus heat energy to be stored for hours, days or months, and for individual processes, construction Storage or use of any object, multi-user building, district, town, or region. One method proposed for energy storage is to store energy in a manner that allows energy production to keep pace with demand. When demand exceeds supply, it heats an object, and when demand exceeds supply, it captures the heat and converts it into electricity. Various materials have been proposed for use in heat storage, with graphite being the most popular. Graphite has been found to be particularly useful in this role. It is well known that it is flammable under certain conditions of high temperature, and therefore is not a suitable heat storage medium. There are special challenges when using as a

[0007] Carbon in the form of graphite is used in a variety of applications, including in high-temperature plants. Store heat or buffer heat generation. The ongoing risk in such applications is high. The risk of graphite fire when hot graphite comes into contact with oxygen (or air) That is it. [Means for solving the problem]

[0008] The object of the present invention is to overcome or ameliorate at least one of the disadvantages of the prior art, or provide useful and / or safer alternatives. By providing a cost-effective, safe and efficient method for storing and distributing To provide an energy storage system capable of overcoming at least some of the identified limitations There is a general need in the art for this.

[0009] Unless the context clearly dictates otherwise, the words "include" and "include" are used throughout the specification and claims. The words "comprise," "including," and similar expressions are not intended to imply an exclusive or limiting list. shall be interpreted in an inclusive sense, i.e., "including but not limited to," rather than in a non-exclusive sense. It should be.

[0010] Although the present invention will be described with reference to specific embodiments, it should be understood that the present invention may be embodied in many other forms. It will be understood by those skilled in the art that this can be achieved. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

[0011] In a first embodiment, a thermal energy storage device is provided, the device defining a hollow interior chamber. a housing, the chamber being configured to contain a glass therein in an inert gas atmosphere in use; A housing configured to contain a phytosolid material; and configured to extend through said hollow interior chamber via inlet and outlet openings. at least one conduit having a plurality of openings at said inlet and outlet, a housing having an outer surface which is sealingly attached to the housing and the outer surface of the or each conduit is a solid graphite material disposed within the hollow interior chamber and configured in intimate contact with the solid graphite material; and said at least one conduit configured such that, in use, the or each conduit In the first mechanism, the flow of fluid through the graphite solid is transferred to the graphite solid. In the second mechanism, the graphite solid material transfers heat energy to the flow.

[0013] Embodiments of a thermal energy storage device configured to transfer or transport are disclosed. It is being done.

[0012] In one embodiment, the fluid: in the first mechanism, the flow of the fluid is or each of the conduits is conductively heated, the conduits conducting heat toward the graphite solid material. and in the second mechanism, the graphite solid material is connected to the conduit. or each of the conduits, which in turn conduct and radiate heat to and from the fluid therein. The thermal energy transfer fluid acts to selectively heat the

[0013] In one embodiment, the graphite solid material is introduced into the flow of the thermal energy transfer fluid. and is repeatedly heated and cooled by the respective thermal energy transfers from said streams. do.

[0014] In one embodiment, the device comprises a single conduit, and both the first and second mechanisms When operating in this manner, the conduits are adapted to convey different fluids therethrough in sequence. It is being done.

[0015] In one embodiment, the conduit is configured to convey a high temperature fluid (HTF) or ultra-high temperature fluid (UHF) during the first mechanism. the conduit comprises a material suitable for carrying a flow of a critical fluid, and In some embodiments, the conductor comprises a material suitable for transporting a flow of a supercritical fluid. The tube conveys a high temperature fluid (HTF) or supercritical fluid flow during the first mechanism. and the conduit comprises a material suitable for passing a high temperature fluid (HTF) during the second mechanism. It comprises a material suitable for conveying a flow.

[0016] In one embodiment, the device comprises at least two conduits and is actuated by the first mechanism. When operating, the device is adapted to convey a fluid in a first conduit and the second mechanism wherein the device is adapted to convey a fluid in a second separate conduit when operating at .

[0017] In one embodiment, the first conduit is adapted to carry a flow of high temperature fluid (HTF) or supercritical fluid. and the second conduit comprises a material suitable for conveying a flow of a supercritical fluid. In an alternative embodiment, the first conduit comprises a material suitable for carrying a high temperature fluid (HTF) or and the second conduit comprises a material suitable for carrying a flow of a high temperature or supercritical fluid. It comprises a material suitable for transporting a fluid flow.

[0018] In one embodiment, the high temperature fluid (HTF) is liquid sodium (Na); liquid potassium (K); Liquid NaK (77.8%K), liquid tin (Sn), liquid lead (Pb), liquid lead- At least one of the group containing bismuth (PbBi) (45% / 55%).

[0019] In one embodiment, the supercritical fluid is carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), methane (CH 4 ),workman Tan (C 2 H 6 ), propane (C 3 H 8 ), ethylene (C 2 H 4 ), propylene (C 3 H 6 ), methanol (CH 3 OH), ethanol (C 2 H 5 OH), acetone (C 3 H 6 O ), and nitrous oxide (N 2 In one embodiment, the aryl group is at least one of the groups comprising: The first and second conduits include a material having an operating temperature range of about 550° C. to about 1000° C. In one particular form of this, the first and second conduits are adapted to operate within an operating temperature range. is about 550°C to about 900°C, 700°C to about 900°C, or 550°C to about 800°C. In another embodiment, the operating temperature range is about 600 to 1000° C., about 700 ~1000℃, approx. 800~1000℃, approx. 900~1000℃, approx. 550~900℃, approx. 550~800℃, approx. 550~700℃, approx. 550~600℃, approx. 600~900℃, approx. It may be 600 to 800°C, or about 600 to 700°C.

[0020] In one embodiment, the inert gas atmosphere in the hollow inner chamber is A substantially airtight housing enclosing the solid fluorite material and an initially introduced amount of inert gas. In an alternative embodiment, the inert gas atmosphere in the chamber is maintained by a gas. The atmosphere is an inert gas supplied within the housing that surrounds the graphite solid material. A positive flow is maintained. For example, an inert gas such as argon is Through a gas entry port located above the graphite block and powder contents A gas is periodically pumped into the top of the hollow chamber to force out any oxygen that may enter. In one embodiment, the graphite solid material is For example, the graphite solid material can generate an inert gas during operation without the need for a When the material is heated to its operating temperature, such as about 550°C to 1000°C, in air, it is heated to an inert gas, Carbon oxides and carbon dioxide may be produced.

[0021] In one embodiment, the graphite solid material in the hollow inner chamber is a plurality of graphite solid blocks adapted to embed the tubes or respective conduits; a powder grate positioned therearound to substantially fill the remaining void space within said chamber; Contains raphite.

[0022] In one embodiment, the hollow chamber is in the shape of a prism having a top, a side edge and It looks like a panel that is adjusted to lift and mount the thermal energy storage The panels may each contain up to 5000 kg of graphite, and each , between 2000kg and 3800kg, or between 2000kg and 3000kg It may also contain thiol.

[0023] In one embodiment, the first mechanism comprises a flow of high temperature fluid (HTF) or supercritical fluid. The conduit for conveying the fluid has fluid communication to an upstream source for heating the fluid.

[0024] In one embodiment, the second mechanism includes a guiding mechanism for conveying a flow of supercritical fluid. The tube provides fluid communication to a downstream supercritical fluid turbine.

[0025] In a second aspect, there is provided a thermal energy storage module comprising: the housing of each of the devices includes an insulated thermal energy storage device; Mounted and suspended from a frame that can be installed inside a turmoil shipping container and the or each conduit provided in the housing is adapted to be said inlet and outlet openings in the tube for conveying a flow of fluid through said conduit in use a thermal energy storage module externally connected to an input and output manifold, The present invention discloses an embodiment of a method for detecting a temperature rise in a semiconductor laser.

[0026] In one embodiment, the energy storage module comprises 2 to 40 thermal energy storage modules. The thermal energy storage panel may comprise a plurality of panels, preferably 4 to 16 panels.

[0027] The inlet manifold of the thermal energy storage module is The conduit inlet of the panel is connectable to the inlet manifold temperature sensor. The thermal energy storage module may also measure a temperature of the plurality of thermal energy The gas storage panel may include an outlet manifold connecting the conduit outlets of the gas storage panel. The outlet manifold temperature sensor may measure the outlet manifold temperature.

[0028] In one embodiment, the module may be a Each of the graphite solid materials includes one or more associated sensors for measuring the state of the graphite solid material therein. It has a sensor.

[0029] In one embodiment of the module, the condition being measured is one or more of the following groups including the temperature of the solid material, the amount of inert gas pressure, and the amount of oxygen present. include.

[0030] Each thermal energy storage device (shown in the figure as a panel) Monitor the level of the inert gas (such as argon) used to fill the panel voids. and / or for detecting oxygen in said thermal energy storage panel. The device may have an oxygen sensor or an inert gas sensor.

[0031] The method for testing the condition of the inert gas is as follows: i) When the temperature is stable, a pressure retention test ii) using an oxygen sensor to detect the presence of oxygen within said panel; iii) measuring the flow of inert gas into said panel to detect abnormal inflow rates; include.

[0032] For measuring the state of an inert gas, such as argon, in the thermal energy storage panel. The sensors can also be connected to a programmable logic controller (PLC) The PLC is configured to monitor the sensors and to control the valves, pumps or To control other auxiliary devices and when pressure drops below a given level or pressure The condition of the inert gas in the tank may change from a specified value to a specified value or may drop rapidly. If the temperature drops below this level, the flow of the supercritical fluid may be interrupted. can be programmed to cut off power to specific thermal energy storage panels. .

[0033] Alternatively, a flow meter can be used in the inert gas inlet line to monitor gas consumption and In the event of a sudden increase in power supply, the power control device is operated to control the temperature of the thermal energy storage panel. It is possible to indicate possible damage to the exterior walls or skin of the chamber. Detection of the presence of oxygen in the cell may also be used to operate the power controller. .

[0034] In one embodiment, the module is a programmable logic controller. and an associated sensor for monitoring said graphite solid material. A signal from the sensor is connected to the PLC, and an associated electrical response control device controls the PLC. The PLC is controlled by the PLC, which monitors the associated sensor. The fluid supply is programmed to link the fluid to the module and control the flow of the fluid to the module.

[0035] The PLC is a system-level controller that communicates with a distributed control system (DCS). Provides signal outputs and inputs for transmitting and receiving signals, as well as control functions, and Module Average Graphite Temperature; Module Maximum Graphite Temperature (Module Max Graphite Temperature) (Which panel, which temperature sensor Module Min Graphite Temperature which panel and which temperature sensor; the percentage of charge state of the module (M module state of charge percentage; module thermal state of charge kWht f Thermal Charge kWht; inert gas (e.g. argon) pressure and / or flow rate; inlet the inlet and outlet manifold temperatures; the system lifespan for starting or stopping heating command, and a display showing the measured and calculated parameters, including one or more of the following: It may be programmed to provide.

[0036] A local display may be provided to display output from the PLC. The PLC measures the inlet manifold temperature and controls the inlet manifold temperature to a central control. The PLC may also measure the outlet manifold temperature and transmit the The temperature can also be sent to a central controller.

[0037] In a third embodiment, a closed-loop generator using a supercritical fluid as a working fluid is used. 1. A method of operating an electric power system, the electric power system comprising: a thermal energy storage device; A method for producing a high temperature thermal energy storage system comprising: storing energy using a storage device; and then, when the energy is needed: Using the stored thermal energy, a component of the supercritical fluid stream is converted into a thermal energy by a heat exchanger. heating the component by contacting it with the thermal energy storage device; and and fluidly communicating the flow of supercritical fluid with a downstream supercritical fluid turbine. , a method embodiment is disclosed.

[0038] In one embodiment of the method, the flow of supercritical fluid is After passing through the turbine, the stream is returned to the heat exchanger for further heating.

[0039] In one embodiment of the method, the supercritical fluid is used to operate the turbine. Generates electricity.

[0040] In one embodiment of the method, the thermal energy is The energy is stored in a solid graphite material housed in a fiber-optic cable.

[0041] In a fourth aspect, a method of operating a thermal energy storage device includes: The step of making a fluid connection includes: a hollow interior chamber substantially filled with a phytosolid material, said housing comprising: through the hollow interior chamber via inlet and outlet openings in the housing; at least one conduit configured to extend through the inlet and outlet a nozzle opening sealingly attached to the housing and external to the or each conduit; a surface intimately facing the graphite solid material located within the hollow internal chamber; and providing a fluid connection to the housing, the fluid connection being configured in a high temperature fluid (HTF) ) or a supercritical fluid flow from an upstream source through said fluid connection into said conduit or each conduit. Tubes are then used to convey heat energy through the tubes until a desired graphite temperature is reached. and transferring the thermal energy to a graphite solid material. and when needed for flow, further steps of: providing a fluid connection to said housing; using the thermal energy to heat a component of the supercritical fluid flow through the conduit; or heating each conduit by contacting it with the thermal energy storage device; fluidly communicating the resulting stream of supercritical fluid with a downstream supercritical fluid turbine;

[0013] Method embodiments are disclosed that include:

[0042] Aspects, features, and advantages of the present disclosure are part of this disclosure and may be used interchangeably with any of the disclosed embodiments. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a method for fabricating a semiconductor device according to the present invention; FIG. become. [Brief description of the drawings]

[0043] Preferred embodiments of the present invention will now be described, by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which: Let: [Figure 1] A side, top, and perspective view of a thermal energy storage module according to one embodiment of the disclosure. The view shows multiple thermal energy storage devices, each mounted from a frame that can be installed within a shipping container. Each storage device in the module is configured to convert energy from a high temperature fluid (HTF) or supercritical fluid into thermal energy and store the thermal energy in graphite for later use. Between each panel is a layer of high temperature insulation, which also covers the roof and interior walls of the container (but is not shown for clarity). [Diagram 2]

[0023] Figure 1 is a side, top and perspective view of one thermal energy storage device as shown in Figure 1 when freestanding. Each storage device is configured to convert energy from a high temperature fluid (HTF) or supercritical fluid into thermal energy and store the thermal energy in graphite for later use. [Figure 3a] FIG. 3 shows a top view of the thermal energy storage device of FIG. [Figure 3b] 3 shows a schematic side view of the device of FIG. 2. [Figure 3c] 3 shows a schematic end view of the device of FIG. 2. [Figure 4] FIG. 7 shows a perspective view of a conduit in the form of a heat exchanger coil for use within the apparatus of FIGS. 2, 3 and 6. [Diagram 5] 5 illustrates a partial perspective view of a conduit in the form of a heat exchanger coil of FIG. 4 installed on a base capping graphite plank and showing the insertion of the graphite plank adjacent to the base capping plank. [Figure 6] FIG. 6 shows a partial perspective view of a conduit in the form of a heat exchanger coil as shown in FIGS. 4 and 5 with several graphite slabs inserted. [Figure 7] FIG. 7 shows a perspective view of a conduit in the form of a heat exchanger coil of FIGS. 4, 5 and 6 when fully embedded in a graphite slab with the graphite slab partially inserted underneath; [Figure 8]

[0023] Figure 3 is a side, top, and perspective view of one thermal energy storage device as shown in Figure 2, when freestanding. Each storage device is fitted with an airtight outer barrier to contain an inert gas atmosphere around the graphite. [Figure 9] A cross section of two planks seen in Figures 5, 6, 7 and 8 is shown, showing semicircular grooves containing conduits in the form of heat exchanger tubes. [Figure 10]FIG. 1 is a side, top, perspective view of a thermal energy storage module according to another embodiment of the present disclosure, when freestanding. Each storage unit is fitted with an airtight outer barrier to contain an inert gas atmosphere around the graphite. The unit features curved edges on the top plate at the interface with the vertical sidewalls and a cover shape at the conduit exit interface to reduce zones of high stress. [Figure 11] 1 shows a temperature and pressure phase diagram for supercritical carbon dioxide, which shows that it behaves as a supercritical fluid above its critical temperature (304.25 K, 31.1° C.) and critical pressure (72.9 atm, 7.39 MPa, 73.9 bar). [Figure 12] 2, the data showing the energy storage of graphite (kWh / t) as a function of graphite temperature in the range 100-1000° C. The experimental data (B) is shown in comparison with available standard data (A) to show the relative efficiency of the configuration of the present invention. [Figure 13] 1 shows a prototype of the thermal energy storage device constructed in Example 2. [Figure 14a] 1 shows an actuator operation graph for strategy 1. [Figure 14b] 4 shows a temperature response graph of strategy 1. [Figure 15a] 13 shows an actuator operation graph for strategy 2. [Figure 15b] 4 shows a temperature response graph of strategy 2. [Figure 16] Figure 16a shows how the Weidmuller controller typically controls the thermal energy storage device according to instructions sent from the Matlab code, and Figure 16b shows a flow chart of the operation process. [Figure 17] 4 shows a typical temperature behavior (temperature response graph) during the operation of a thermal energy storage device in different phases of the software. [Figure 18a] 13 shows variations of the process diagram and instrumentation diagram developed for the prototype of Example 2. [Figure 18b]13 shows variations of the process diagram and instrumentation diagram developed for the prototype of Example 2. [Figure 18c] 13 shows variations of the process diagram and instrumentation diagram developed for the prototype of Example 2. [Figure 18d] 13 shows variations of the process diagram and instrumentation diagram developed for the prototype of Example 2. [Figure 18e] 13 shows variations of the process diagram and instrumentation diagram developed for the prototype of Example 2. [Figure 18f] 13 shows variations of the process diagram and instrumentation diagram developed for the prototype of Example 2. [Figure 18g] 13 shows variations of the process diagram and instrumentation diagram developed for the prototype of Example 2. [Figure 18h] 13 shows variations of the process diagram and instrumentation diagram developed for the prototype of Example 2. [Figure 18i] 13 shows variations of the process diagram and instrumentation diagram developed for the prototype of Example 2. [Figure 19a] 1 shows the 3D model and thermal-hydraulic model developed using Autodesk® Inventor and Thermal Desktop of Example 3. [Figure 19b] A prototype is shown for testing in a liquid sodium process loop. [Figure 20] 20a shows the average graphite temperature during charging of the thermal energy storage device of Example 3. FIG. 20b shows a sensitivity assessment of the sodium outlet temperature during charging of the thermal energy storage device of Example 3. [Figure 21] 21a shows the average graphite temperature during charging of the thermal energy storage device of Example 3. FIG. 21b shows the sodium outlet temperature during charging of the thermal energy storage device of Example 3. [Figure 22] Figure 22a shows the average graphite temperature during discharge of the thermal energy storage device of Example 3. Figure 22b shows the sodium outlet temperature during discharge of the thermal energy storage device of Example 3. [Diagram 23] Figure 23a shows the average graphite temperature during charging of the thermal energy storage device of Example 3. Figure 23b shows the sodium outlet temperature during charging of the thermal energy storage device of Example 3. [Figure 24] Figure 24a shows the average graphite temperature during discharge of the thermal energy storage device of Example 3. Figure 24b shows the sodium outlet temperature during discharge of the thermal energy storage device of Example 3. [Diagram 25] Figure 25a shows the charge cumulative energy transfer at an average graphite temperature of 500° C. and a sodium inlet temperature of 800° C. Figure 25b shows the discharge cumulative energy transfer at an average graphite temperature of 800° C. and a sodium inlet temperature of 500° C. for the thermal energy storage device of Example 3. [Figure 26] Figure 26a shows the charge cumulative energy transfer at an average graphite temperature of 300° C. and a sodium inlet temperature of 500° C. Figure 26b shows the discharge cumulative energy transfer at an average graphite temperature of 500° C. and a sodium inlet temperature of 300° C. for the thermal energy storage device of Example 3. [Figure 27] Figure 27a shows the charging energy transfer rate at an average graphite temperature of 300° C. and a sodium inlet temperature of 500° C. Figure 27b shows the charging energy transfer rate at an average graphite temperature of 500° C. and a sodium inlet temperature of 800° C. for the thermal energy storage device of Example 3. Detailed Description of the Invention

[0044] The present disclosure relates generally to the field of energy storage, and in particular to a method and apparatus for storing and using thermal energy. The present inventors have developed a method and apparatus for storing thermal energy using graphite as a highly efficient thermal energy storage medium. They came up with a process that would maximize the use of carbon in the form of phytoplankton, and as temperatures rose, It has been found that the thermal energy storage capacity of the SiO2-containing ferroelectric material is increased by the addition of SiO2.

[0045] Converting thermal energy into steam to drive a steam generator is a very mature power generation technology. Typically, steam with a temperature range of 400-580°C is required. is known to be limited to about 36%, and furthermore, the physical chemistry of a steam power plant This means that the plant has a long effective "start-up" time before it begins producing electricity. Low costs mean there need to be economies of scale to make such plants viable. This means more time for investment, but it also means more capital costs.

[0046] Graphite is known to be able to be heated to very high temperatures (over 1200°C). It is well suited as a basis for high-temperature storage of heat or as a buffer for heat generation in high-temperature plants. In the experiments by the inventors shown in FIG. 12, the data is from 200 to 1000° C. The energy storage capacity of graphite (kWh / t) as a function of graphite temperature ) is significantly increased (approximately 10 times). Supercritical CO, which operates well in the temperature range of 1000°C, preferably 700°C to 900°C 2 ("sCO 2 By using a complementary high temperature heat transfer ("working") fluid such as We recognized the possibility that the increase in energy storage capacity could coincide with temperature.

[0047] With particular reference to FIG. 12, the data show that when a supercritical fluid is used as the heat transfer fluid, This supports the benefit of a higher operating temperature range. Also, the heat capacity of graphite increases with temperature. It should also be noted that the increase in the storage capacity of steam power generation, which operates at 400°C to 600°C, The energy released is 280-170=110kWht / ton of graphite x 36 % steam generator efficiency = 40kWhe / ton (i.e., line A). However, sCO, which operates at 700°C to 900°C 2 In the case of electricity generation, the stored energy is 48 0-350=130kWht / tonne of graphite x 45% sCO 2 Efficiency = 5 9kWhe / ton (i.e., line B). Therefore, per ton of graphite sCO 2 The power generation potential is 47% higher than with steam power generation.

[0048] Supercritical carbon dioxide (sCO 2 ) is a fluid that is maintained above its critical temperature and pressure. Carbon dioxide is usually present in the air at standard temperature and pressure (STP). It behaves as a gas or, when frozen, as a solid (dry ice). In gases and liquids, when both temperature and pressure rise above STP and reach their critical points, More specifically, the critical temperature (304.25K, 31.1℃) ) and above the critical pressure (72.9 atm, 7.39 MPa, 73.9 bar), It behaves as a boundary fluid, expanding to fill a container like a gas, but with the density of a liquid. See FIG. 11 of this application.

[0049] sCO 2 are chemically stable, low-cost, non-toxic, non-flammable, and readily available. Such desirable properties as a working fluid are shown in the graph below. When looking for a non-flammable working fluid for use in firefighting, it is useful for closed loop power generation applications. O 2 Power cycles (Brayton cycles) typically operate between 500°C and 900°C. .

[0050] sCO 2In the case of A study by the National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (NAIST) showed that the conversion efficiency at temperatures below 600°C is the same as that of the steam cycle (Rankine cycle). However, above about 650°C, it has been shown that the efficiency can reach 58% at 850°C. do.

[0051] In recent years, sCO 2 The base turbine was operated at 50% efficiency, where sCO 2 was heated to 700°C. It requires less compression and reaches full power in 2 minutes, but on the other hand, The steam turbine takes at least 30 minutes. The prototype produces 10 MW and is equivalent It is only about 10% of the size of a conventional steam turbine.

[0052] In effect, this is sCO 2 combined with the thermal energy storage capacity of graphite This results in a significant and multiplicative increase in the amount of power produced per unit of input energy required. This means that it is possible to

[0053] In addition, sCO 2 The high fluid density of the turbomachinery allows for very compact and efficient turbomachinery. sCO 2 whereas a simpler single casing body design can be used , a steam turbine comprises a number of turbine stages and associated casings, along with ancillary Requires proper inlet and outlet piping. The power generation system using the refrigeration cycle is 2 Upgrade to for greater efficiency and power can be improved.

[0054] In addition, its excellent thermal stability and non-flammability allow direct heat exchange from high temperature sources. This allows for higher working fluid temperatures and therefore higher cycle efficiencies. Also, unlike two-phase flow, sCO 2 Due to the single-phase nature of Eliminates the heat input required for the necessary phase changes, thereby reducing the associated thermal shock stresses, fatigue stresses and and corrosion are also eliminated.

[0055] Aside from cost-effectiveness and efficiency, when hot graphite comes into contact with oxygen (or air), Safety issues are very important because graphite fires can occur if it is heated. Previous systems that utilized graphite as a thermal energy storage medium had As a result, it was susceptible to catastrophic failure. By directly heating a large block of graphite with embedded When converted to steam, there is an increased risk of fire.

[0056] In this disclosure, the graphite is encased in a fully welded shell with multiple conduits. Embedded in the form of a heat exchanger, the graphite block heats up and the supercritical fluid The input and output manifolds are both useful for providing thermal energy. It uses multiple graphite hanging panels with multiple embedded conduits that are externally connected. The use of a heat transfer fluid casing allows for easy filling and removal of heated heat transfer fluid. Therefore, the heat transfer and extraction rates are controlled by the flow control valves in the manifold. It can be adjusted by

[0057] Finally, the sealed graphite panel was purged with argon and the presence of oxygen was detected by an oxygen sensor. To maximize performance, thermocouples are installed on each panel. This monitors the temperature of each panel and adjusts the flow rate as needed. .

[0058] In summary, the disclosed device and method of operation have the following advantages: Safety - designed Graphite fire resistant in all conditions; transportable - intermodal frames and ships Can be moved using pallet transport; Scalable - add modules as needed; The panels are designed for mass production; and the efficiency - non-flammable working fluid sCO 2 And Gra The synergistic effect of optimizing the operating temperature and increasing the heat storage capacity of the plant. .

[0059] Referring to FIG. 1, an energy storage module (100) is shown. The energy storage module (100) is sized to fit within the dimensions of a standard intermodal shipping container. The unit is housed in a housing (101) having a plurality of holes, and the unit can be transported by conventional transport equipment. The housing (101) allows for easy viewing of the internal components. Although not shown in FIG. 1 for clarity, typically the casing has an exterior and insulation inside. Within the housing are suspended a number of individual thermal energy storage panels (102). Each thermal energy storage panel (102) is shown hanging down. and embedded conduits for heat recovery, also described below. Explain in detail.

[0060] The thermal energy storage panels (102) are bolted to a mounting frame (105). The mounting frame (105) is fixed to and suspended from the thermal energy storage module. The cross rail (103) is supported between the upper rails (103) of the housing (101) of the rail (100). (30) are in turn suspended from member (104).

[0061] Each thermal energy storage panel (102) includes an embedded conduit that conveys a heat transfer fluid. and allows the recovery of heat from the thermal energy storage panel. 114) directs heat from the inlet manifold (115) to each thermal energy storage panel (102). Delivers a heat transfer fluid that, after being heated, is connected to an outlet manifold (119). from each thermal energy storage panel (102) via an outlet conduit (117, 118) It is allowed through.

[0062] When the demand for electrical energy exceeds the supply, a heat transfer fluid is embedded in the graphite The system is then passed through a conduit to extract the stored heat for use. Power System (sCO 2 turbines and other supercritical fluid turbines) quickly Mood up.

[0063] A plurality of thermal energy storage modules (100) are arranged to store a large amount of surplus energy. The various thermal energy storage modules are switched to receive excess energy at Similarly, various thermal energy storage modules (100) may be used in the It can be brought online and used as storage energy when demand increases beyond the available energy supply. It may also be possible to recover ghee.

[0064] A plurality of thermal energy storage panels in the thermal energy storage module described herein The use of, and their method of operation, constrains the possibility of graphite fires. It is because the graphite in each thermal energy storage panel has a high-temperature stainless steel exterior. A chamber in which the void space is filled with an inert gas, such as argon gas. The condition of the inert gas is continuously monitored. If the inert gas condition in the thermal energy storage panel is lost, the module unit The system can be shut down or its operating temperature reduced. The pressure of the thermal gas can be monitored, and the pressure in one thermal energy storage panel If the pressure falls below a specified level or if the temperature remains stable but the pressure does not remain within the specified limits If the power is not available, the module can be shut down. Thermal Energy Storage Panel The system may also include an oxygen sensor for monitoring the presence of oxygen. If a significant amount of heat is detected, heating may be stopped.

[0065] Each thermal energy storage panel is equipped with a temperature sensor to measure the graphite temperature at multiple points within the panel. The graphite may have multiple temperature sensors, such as thermocouples, to measure the maximum operating temperature. Can be heated to a temperature (e.g., about 550 to 1000°C, preferably about 700 to 900°C) This means that sCO 2 and also initiate or sustain a graphite fire. This is much lower than the temperatures that are possible (i.e., >1400°C).

[0066] The thermal energy storage modules each contain 2,200 kg of graphite. Each thermal energy storage panel may include eight thermal energy storage panels. and each energy storage panel is spaced from adjacent energy storage panels by a high temperature steel This breaks the graphite mass into smaller subunits. Each of these subunits is required to initiate or sustain a graphite fire. It is below the critical mass.

[0067] The thermal energy storage module is a thermal energy storage module that is It is designed to efficiently extract heat through embedded conduits in the form of heat exchanger tubes. The current embodiment of the thermal energy storage module can store 3.6 MWh of heat over a four-hour period. It has been evaluated that the energy extraction from the basic design principles discussed herein Various parameters selected to suit a particular application without deviation (e.g. More for shorter or longer periods depending on the heat transfer fluid, flow rate, etc. The method can be designed to extract more or less.

[0068] At the plant storage system level, thermal energy storage modules are called “trains.” " where the trains can be adjusted according to the power requirements of the plant. , consisting of thermal energy storage modules connected in series and / or parallel.

[0069] FIG. 2 shows an example of an exterior housing for a thermal energy storage panel (102) in perspective view. The panel in Figure 2 is also shown in Figure 3 in plan (Figure 3a), elevation (Figure 3b) and end view. FIG. 3c shows the thermal energy storage panel housing as being substantially flat. The wall includes two large parallel side walls (212, 213), a bottom wall (214), an end wall (215, The container is surrounded by a top wall (216) and a top wall (217) to form a closed container. In the embodiment, the panel (102) is generally vertically oriented and the bottom wall (214) is generally 2 and 3a, 3b and 3c, in one form, The housing dimensions are 2200mm(C) x 1800mm(B) x 400mm(A). (see Figure 3), where these dimensions are taken from standard sized graphite blocks. To optimize the use of cut graphite, and to create a complete thermal energy storage panel The formulation may vary to optimize packaging of the formulation into various size containers.

[0070] The bottom wall of the housing (214) is formed by bending a single piece of wall material into a U-shape. It can be integrally formed with the side walls (212, 213), and in this configuration, its base is , transitioning to each side wall via a curved bend (271) of radius R, which in this example is The thickness ranges from 50 to 180 mm, with a nominal thickness of 80 mm. The wall material is preferably The graphite core, conduit, and surrounding material can be heated to temperatures of at least 1000°C while maintaining their mechanical integrity. and a steel plate material capable of supporting any heat exchange fluid contained therein.

[0071] The walls of the housings in Figures 2 and 3 are made of stainless steel (316 / 304) or mill-finished 253MA austenitic stainless steel (or 800) finished to class 2B H austenitic steel, 800HT, or alloys such as Inconel and Incoloy. The thermal energy storage panel (102) is preferably made of a high temperature thermally conductive material. The surfaces of (212, 213, 214, 215, 216, 217) are made of stainless steel material (comparison emissivity 0.7) or natural finish on polished surfaces (specific emissivity 0.2-0.3) or another suitable surface coating or treatment (0.3 to 0.8 The surface (212, 213, 214, 215, 216) can be used as a surface with a specific emissivity in the range of 212, 213, 214, 215, 216. , 217) is a robust high-temperature heat absorbing (e.g., black -0.8 to 1.0, preferably 0.9 Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) in the range of 0 to 1.0. It can also be coated with

[0072] The mounting flange (121) extends from the top of the end walls (215, 25, 216). The flanges (121) are each provided with a mounting hole (223). 223) and bolting them to the mounting frame. Used to suspend the panel (102) from the frame (105). Each flange is , beyond the respective side walls (213) to which it is joined, of the end walls (215, 216) (i.e., the flanges may include an extension of one of the end walls (215 , 216). Instead of being supported by the housing, it is suspended from the flange (121). Due to the tension on the side walls caused by the gravity of the graphite core acting on them, they are prone to buckling. The sidewall (215, The curved shape of the housing where the housing wall (216) is joined to the bottom wall (214) through the bend (271) also It also tends to keep the metal walls pressed against the graphite core.

[0073] The vent (251) is provided in the upper wall (217) of the housing, and the housing wall These holes allow ventilation during welding (e.g. after the panels are joined together). They may be plugged (by welding) or they may be used for the following purposes: i.e., a filling to provide an argon blanket to the graphite core. Also acts as a port for passing instrumentation cables such as thermocouple wires through the housing. To accommodate sealed cable ports through walls or to accommodate voids and / or internal leaks Contains a fill nozzle for filling the reservoir with graphite powder or other thermally conductive medium or the graphite core and housing expand and contract during thermal cycling. When assembled, it includes a connection to an external reservoir to maintain a 10% level of such material. In the illustrated embodiment, one of the vents (251) The first is a sealed cable port for passing instrumentation cables, such as thermocouple wires, through the housing. (161) through the wall. The cable port (161) is Also used as a fill port to provide argon blanketing to the graphite core The second vent (251) fills the void and / or the internal reservoir with graphite powder. or other thermally conductive medium. will be done.

[0074] Further, in order to allow passage of each of the conduit outlets (117, 118), the housing The upper wall (217) of the gasket is provided with holes (252, 253). , 113)。 To allow the passage of each of the housing sidewalls (216) through holes ( 254, 255) are provided.

[0075] Referring to Figure 4, the conduit (420) is shown in a perspective view. , embedded in the graphite core, as seen in Figures 6 and 7. The conduit (42 0) is a conduit (425, 426, 427, 438, 439, 440) and the first and second The conduit includes first and second conduit inlets (113, 114) and first and second conduit outlets (117, 118). First and second conduit inlets (113, 114) and first and second conduit outlets ( 117, 118) are used in certain applications where it is desired to pass a heat exchange fluid through the conduits. The conduit inlets (113, 114) can be interchangeably referred to as inlets or outlets depending on the direction in which they are inserted. a first serpentine shaped pipe portion (425) including a continuous "U" shaped section (428); The first serpentine tubing section (440) terminates in a straight tubing section (440) that forms a part of the first serpentine tubing section (440). 25) has two parallel sections and several intermediate meanders at the welded joint (437). Tube sections (426) are joined to each other by weld joints (437). The final serpentine tubing section (426) is then joined together by further weld joints (437). The final serpentine tubing section (427) is joined. The final serpentine tubing section (427) each having an outlet section (438, 439) extending to an outlet (117, 118), respectively. ) is the end of

[0076] A "U" shaped section (428) is provided in the serpentine shaped portion (425, 426, 427). The number of ) can vary depending on the application. For example, for long discharge periods and low flow rates, Therefore, fewer "U" shaped sections (428) are required, and conversely, a shorter discharge period is required. In the case of high flow rates in between, more "U" shaped sections (428) may be required.

[0077] The conduit may be made of, for example, 253MA austenitic stainless steel (or 800H austenitic stainless steel). Any alloy such as Knight steel, 800HT, or Inconel and Incoloy. Suitable high temperature thermally conductive material) and may be, for example, 26.67 mm to 42.1 The nominal outer diameter may be in the range of 33.4 to 6 mm. In this embodiment, the nominal outer diameter is 33.4 to 6 mm. mm, but the outside diameter may be larger or smaller depending on the specific circumstances of the application. The conduits (426, 439, 440) and associated conduit inlets (113, 11 4) and the first and second conduit outlets (117, 118) are preferably At least one of the tube assemblies assumes a coiled or serpentine shape (like a spring) suitable for compression. Some of the sections (e.g., the meandering section (425, 426, 427) and the exit section (43 8, 439)) sections, so that the housing (102) does not collapse due to thermal expansion. When the conduit expands to accommodate the load, the stresses resulting from the movement of the conduit structure do not exceed the mechanical properties of the conduit material. It becomes like this.

[0078] Referring to FIG. 4, the conduits (420) each have independent inlets (113, 114) and and an outlet (117, 118), Applications may require various numbers of coils, such as 1, 2, 3, 4 coils, etc. The conduit (420) is almost completely embedded in the graphite core, as seen in Figures 5, 6 and 7. The conduit (420) is inserted into the conduits (425, 426, 427, 438, 439, 44 The lower end of the tube (113 and 114) 4) is a main pipe ap which provides two conduit inlets and includes pipe sections (425, 426, 427). The conduit inlets (113, 114) can also function as drains. The upper tube ends (117, 118) provide two conduit outlets and include a conduit section (427). The main conduit assembly includes a main conduit assembly having a main conduit section (439, 440) extending from the upper end of the main conduit assembly. The conduit sections (425, 426, 427) are joined together by welds (437). In various applications, the inlet is (117, 118) and the outlet is (113 , 114), the flow can be reversed.

[0079] The conduit may be made of, for example, 253MA austenitic stainless steel (or 800H austenitic stainless steel). Any alloy such as Knight steel, 800HT, or Inconel and Incoloy. Suitable high temperature thermally conductive materials) and in this embodiment, The diameter is 33.4mm, but the outside diameter can be larger depending on the specific circumstances of the application. In some embodiments, the pressure can be increased or decreased to accommodate higher pressures. For this purpose, use DN15mm pipe with an outside diameter (OD) of 21.3mm or DN15mm pipe with an outside diameter (OD) of 17. Smaller diameter conduits may be used, such as 1 mm DN10 mm pipe.

[0080] Referring to Figures 5, 6 and 7, the conduit inlets (113, 114) are The conduit portion extends through the end of a groove (511) in the capping plank (509). The "U" shaped bend (428) of (426) is inserted into the end of the graphite slab (512). The graphite slab (512) is fitted with a recess (513). A positioning tube ( Referring to FIG. 8, the conduit outlets (117, 118) are , extending through openings (252, 253) in the upper wall (117) of the housing (102). The conduit inlets (113, 114) are openings in the bottom of the end wall (216) of the housing (102). The conduit portions (425, 426, 427) extend through the respective conduit portions (255, 254). Moveable to accommodate expansion of the conduit during use without exceeding the material limitations of the conduit .

[0081] The housing is arranged around the inlets (113, 114) and outlets (117, 118) of the conduits. They are sealed so that air cannot enter the housing after they are sealed. Then, they exit the housing through holes (252, 253, 255, 254). A plurality of openings (251) in the upper wall (217) of the housing are formed by the wall panel These vents act as vents when the rest of the panel is welded together. Either weld it in and then seal it off with a weld, or monitor the condition inside the panel during operation. Argon brushless as a sealed cable port for sensors such as thermocouples used to As a fill and purge port to provide blankets to the graphite core, or , as a filling nozzle for filling voids with graphite powder or other thermally conductive medium; Referring to FIG. 10, the thermal energy storage device shown in FIG. 2 with a flat top wall (217) can be used. The only difference compared to the gas storage panel is that the top wall is curved. The device has a vertical sidewall (212, 213) interface to reduce high stress zones. The curved edges (668, 669) of the upper plate that cover the interface of the conduit outlet. The cover pieces (670, 671) are bellows-shaped or boot-shaped. High stress locations tend to rise to their upper end during the cooling cycle rather than the heating cycle. Observed at the outlet of the conduit and at the outlet of the pipe.

[0082] After the conduit is assembled, preformed graphite slabs (509, 512) are 5, the lower cap is first placed over the conduit. A sealing slab (509) is provided below the lowest conduit (440) that extends to the inlets (113, 114). are located at.

[0083] The lower capping plank (509) has a groove (511) on one (upper) surface. The grooves are semicircular (or preferably round) to match the shape and radius of the bottom section (440) of the conduit. The surface opposite the grooved surface (i.e., FIG. 5, FIG. 6, FIG. 7) has a cross section of 10 mm or less (preferably circular). The lower edge (506) of the lower capping plank (509) between the lower capping plank (502) and the lower capping plank (503) is At the transition (271) between the side walls (212, 213) and the base wall (214) of the housing The edge (506) has a corresponding radius (see FIG. 8). It may be a range, in the proposed embodiment a radius of 80 mm.

[0084] Referring to Figures 5, 6, 7 and 9, the bulk of the graphite slab (512) is The graphite thickness is set between the rows of conduits in the sections (425, 426, 427). The plate (512) is configured to determine the conduit shape and radius of the conduit portions (425, 426, 427), respectively. A semicircular (or preferably semi-obround) groove ( 511, 516) are formed on two opposing surfaces. If a semi-elliptical groove is used, In this case, they are stretched vertically (i.e., two grooves are adjacent and 10° apart in the vertical direction). forming an elliptical cross section with a major axis), accommodating the vertical expansion of the conduit assembly (As in FIG. 7). Referring to FIG. 9, a partial cross-section of two adjacent planks (512) is shown. The surface has two pairs of aligned semi-elliptical grooves (511, 516) surrounding a pair of conduits (426). This shows that.

[0085] Referring to FIG. 8, after the remaining graphite planks (512) are in place, A cavity (802) is provided above the plank to accommodate the conduit sections (438, 439). to accommodate expansion and contraction of the housing as the assembly changes temperature. A quantity of graphite powder (801) is inserted into the upper tube section (43) in the gap (802). 8, 439). The graphite powder does not completely fill the voids (802), A small space may be left above the graphite powder (801).

[0086] Preferably, the abutment surfaces of the graphite slabs of Figs. 5, 6 and 7 are of better than N8 (I In one embodiment, the graphite slab has a surface finish of 100% CrMo (100% CrMo) 100%. The facing surfaces have a surface finish that is N6, N7, N8, N9 or N10 (i.e., (The smaller the value, the finer the finish.) Adjacent pairs of planks are placed between rows of straight duct sections. When assembled, each straight duct section can withstand the internal operating temperature of the panel up to 1000°C. and approximately 1.6% larger than the nominal outside diameter of the pipe to ensure a snug fit with the first connected pipe section. A large groove is created with a tolerance of approximately +0.00 / -1.00%. For example, if a conduit is 25 3MA austenitic stainless steel (or 800H austenitic steel, 800HT, or any suitable high temperature thermally conductive material, such as alloys such as Inconel, Incoloy, etc. ), and its nominal outside diameter is 33.4 mm, the groove should have a diameter of 33.9 mm ( +0.00 / -0.25mm). Alternatively, the conduits may be of the same or similar If the groove is made of a similar material and has a nominal outside diameter of 26.67 mm, the groove should preferably have a diameter of 27.1mm (+0.00 / -0.25mm) and the nominal outer diameter of the conduit is 42.16mm In this case, the groove diameter is preferably 42.9mm (+0.00 / -0.25mm) To achieve a high contact surface without excessive expense, the graphite surface in the grooves is preferably Preferably, it has a surface finish that is better than N7 (ISO 1302). Proper groove size for the diameter of the conduit being installed and proper surface finish must be provided. This maximizes the contact between the graphite and the groove surface, The operation of the internal conduit is enhanced.

[0087] The graphite slabs (509, 512) are inserted into the conduit (420) within the open housing. The positioning tube is assembled to contain all the The locating tube is inserted into a hole (522) extending through the plank. The graphite core (5) in the housing engages with a positioning pin protruding from the The housing can then be fitted with an inlet conduit (113, 512). 114) and the openings (255, 116) through which the outlet conduits (117, 118) pass through the housing. 254, 252, 253) are sealed and welded to close the completed panel (10 2) (see Figures 3 and 8). The vent (251) may be formed by welding or A hermetic seal that allows sealed passage of transducer cables, such as thermocouple wires, inside the panel. It may be sealed by inserting a sealing plug or a port fitting. 1) also serves as a fill port to provide an argon blanket to the graphite core. or for filling the void (802) with graphite powder or other thermally conductive medium. A port fixture may be attached to serve as a filling nozzle.

[0088] The graphite slabs extend to the ends of the housing, nearly filling the space within the housing. The graphite load is evenly distributed across the bottom wall (214) of the housing for full coverage. This allows for the use of thinner material, and the graphite in contact with the wall By maximizing the area of ​​and consequently minimizing the void space, the graph Minimizing void space also maximizes heat transfer to the fiberglass. , which is available to react with the graphite when the panel is heated to operating temperature. The amount of trapped air is also kept to a minimum.

[0089] In this embodiment, the voids in the housing that are not occupied by the graphite or tubes The volume of the space is generally 4-10% of the internal volume of the housing (at operating temperature), typically In a preferred embodiment, the power consumption during use is in the range of 5 to 7%. The side panels of the housing, which are the irradiated surface of the panel, are generally 1 / 2 of their area (at operating temperature). ~5%, typically all but 2-3% are backed by a graphite core do.

[0090] In the upper wall of the panel, an opening (251) allows the expansion of the internal air during manufacturing; It may also be welded closed or used as a port. ) is attached to allow for filling of the void space with graphite powder. 1 and 2. The filling nozzle (163) is shown in FIG.

[0091] FIG. 8 shows a graphite slab (509, 512) with one sidewall removed. 1 shows a thermal energy storage panel (102) showing the formation of an air gap. Between the graphite slab and the wall of the housing (for example, the slab (50 9, 512) and the vertical walls (212, 213, 215, 216) including the removed wall (213). ) There is a larger gap between the top of the graphite core and the top of the housing. The gap (802) forms a reservoir. The reservoir (802) and the gap in this case are: It is at least partially filled with graphite powder (801). 801) enhances heat transfer between the housing wall and the graphite core. (163) communicates with the reservoir (802) and serves to fill the voids in the housing and Allows for refilling of the reservoir (802). The reservoir (802) is used to Additional features to prevent spaces from opening up when expansion and contraction of the housing and core occurs This configuration may be used in any of the previous embodiments. can be done.

[0092] In the foregoing description of particular embodiments, specific terminology is used for the sake of clarity. However, the disclosure is not intended to be limited to the particular terms so selected, and each particular The term includes other technical equivalents that function in a similar manner to achieve a similar technical purpose. It should be understood that "upper" and "lower" are also included in the above. Terms such as "below" and "below" are used as convenient terms to provide points of reference. , should not be construed as limiting terms.

[0093] The foregoing description has been presented in relation to several embodiments that may share common characteristics and features. One or more features of any one embodiment may be used in conjunction with one or more of the other embodiments. It should be understood that multiple features can be combined. Any single feature or combination of features in any of the above may represent further embodiments. It can be configured.

[0094] Furthermore, the foregoing describes only some embodiments of the present invention and may involve alterations, modifications, additions, and variations. and / or modifications may be made without departing from the scope and spirit of the disclosed embodiments. These embodiments are illustrative and not limiting.

[0095] Further, the present invention relates to what is presently believed to be the most practical and preferred embodiments. The present invention is not limited to the disclosed embodiments, but on the contrary, It is intended to cover various modifications and equivalent arrangements that fall within the spirit and scope of the invention. It should be understood that the various embodiments described above may be modified in other ways. The present invention may be implemented in conjunction with other embodiments, for example by combining aspects of one embodiment with aspects of another embodiment. Further, still other embodiments may be realized in combination with any given Individual features or components of the assembly may constitute additional embodiments. EXAMPLES

[0096] Example 1: Calculation of energy storage capacity The energy storage capacity of the thermal energy storage device may depend on the operating temperature. It is adjustable based on the thermal energy transfer fluid used.

[0097] The use of supercritical fluids as a heat transfer fluid has the potential to increase energy storage capacity Increase the temperature range. As shown in Figure 12, as the operating temperature increases, the thermal Since capacity increases with temperature, energy storage capacity can also increase.

[0098] Energy Storage Capacity The calculation of the energy storage capacity is based on the dependence of thermal energy storage on the average graphite temperature. This can be calculated from Figure 12, which shows the

[0099] For example, if steam is used, which typically provides an operating temperature of 400°C to 600°C, The energy stored by graphite in the temperature range is 110 kWht / graphite. This is calculated from Figure 12 as the energy of graphite at 600°C. - Storage is about 280 kWht / ton of graphite, energy storage at 400℃ is about 170 kWht / ton of graphite. Therefore, The difference in energy storage is 110 kWht / tonne of graphite.

[0100] sCO, which typically offers higher operating temperatures compared to steam 2 Supercritical fluids such as When the temperature is increased, the energy stored by graphite at operating temperatures of 700°C to 900°C is This is 130 kWht / 1 ton of graphite. The energy storage of graphite at 0°C is approximately 480 kWht / ton of graphite. Therefore, the energy storage at 700°C is about 350 kWht / ton of graphite. Therefore, the difference in energy storage at these two temperatures is 130 kWht / graphite. It weighs 1 ton.

[0101] Energy Conversion Efficiency The energy produced during the discharge can then be used for other purposes, such as steam power generation or supercritical fluid generation. The type of energy generator used can be determined by the 2 Using Braytonsa (like a spinning generator).

[0102] The theoretical power conversion efficiency of a steam generator is about 36%, while that of a supercritical fluid generator is about 100%. The rate is 45%.

[0103] From the above, in the case of steam power generation operating at 400℃~600℃, the energy conversion is 40kW. he / ton (110 kWht / ton of graphite x 36% efficiency).

[0104] For supercritical fluid generation operating at 700°C to 900°C, the energy conversion is 59 kWhe / ton (130 kWht / ton of graphite x 45% efficiency).

[0105] Therefore, supercritical power generation is advantageous over the Brayton cycle generators compared to steam-powered generators. It has been seen to be superior to steam power generation due to its higher operating temperatures and improved efficiency. In the above calculation example, sCO per tonne of graphite 2 The power generation potential is This is 47% higher than steam generation (59 kWhe / ton / 40 kWhe / ton × 100%).

[0106] (Example 2) Optimization of thermal energy transfer from a high-temperature fluid to a graphite solid material Optimize the charging of thermal energy storage devices with electrically heated heat transfer fluids (HTF) To minimize charging time while avoiding overheating, the HTF pump circuit or loop As shown in Figure 13, the device was developed using the CAD variant as well as the example implementation. In this example, a thermal energy sensor was constructed to allow measurement and control of heat dissipation. A fan-forced air-cooled radiator was chosen to mimic a ghee storage device. typically includes behind-the-meter solar power and / or It is heated electrically, using electricity generated by wind farms.

[0107] Thermal energy storage units provide renewable energy for storing and using energy when needed. The thermal energy storage device of the present invention is suitable for supercritical CO 2 (s CO 2 ) to meet the requirements of new Brayton cycle generators. The thermal energy storage device is charged (heated) using an electrically heated HTF up to 800°C. Heat) is possible.

[0108] The control software for operating the thermal energy storage device is shown in Figure 16. Developed using tlab. HTF flow and heating control functions are controlled by two different PID The adjustment was made through the following measures.

[0109] Measure 1 Cascade PID: Uses two separate PIDs, one for the pump and one for the heater The heater PID is always active, but the pump PID is active only when the heater power is It was only active when the full heating capacity was reached.

[0110] In strategy 1, the heater heating rate and pump flow rate are controlled using PID. The heater PID was always active. When the heater power reaches maximum, the pump PID is active. This is to stabilize the B4 temperature even when the parts reach their maximum capacity. The actuator operation and temperature response are shown in Figure 14.

[0111] In the case of strategy 1, the control range of the pump speed is limited to 0.5 L / min to 1.4 L / min. This limits the control of heat transfer in the pump PID. An overshoot of 1000msec occurred.

[0112] Measure 2 PID based on operation stage: Two PIDs are implemented for the heater, and the PID switch operates The pump speed is set to maximum throughout the operation.

[0113] Strategy 2 was developed to address the issues in Strategy 1. In Strategy 2, the heater Based on the phase in which it is in, the first control has two different PIDs, as shown in Figure 17. The first controller is active during the heating phase, while the second controller is active during the stabilization and storage phase. It becomes active at the storehouse stage.

[0114] The pump speed is set at the maximum for all the feeds because the thermal cycling of the HTF is high at the maximum pump speed. Set the actuator to the maximum speed (for example, 1.4 L / min). The operation and temperature response are shown in Figure 15.

[0115] Proportional-Integral-Derivative Controller (PID Controller) controller, or three-term controller) is used in industrial control systems and other It is a widely used feedback control technology in many other applications. A PID controller is a control loop mechanism that uses a desired set point. The error value is continuously calculated as the difference between the measured process variable (PV) and the measured process variable (SP) correction based on the integral, derivative, and differential terms (denoted P, I, and D, respectively) Apply.

[0116] Strategy 2 provides the desired results with lower overshoot and shorter settling time. Applicant has surprisingly discovered that as the pump flow rate increases, Increased heat transfer within the HTF and better control of its temperature allows for reduced overshoot and and undershoot reduced; HTF is pumped through the radiator at low flow rates When the contact time is increased, the cooling rate increases and the amount of HTF in the system is minimized. , the time required for heating and cooling is minimized. This is related to the specific heat equation Q=mcΔT (Eq. 1). As the mass increases, the energy required to heat the HTF also increases. is the energy transferred, m is the mass of the substance, c is the specific heat, and ΔT is the change in temperature.

[0117] A comparison of strategies 1 and 2 is shown in Table 1 below.

[0118] [Table 1]

[0119] Strategy 2's rise time increased, but other properties improved. The key factors were: The settling time is the time when all the heating energy in the HTF before the set point is reached is the thermal energy - It is not stored in the storage device, but sent to the tank. Usually, it is better to use the method 2. It was amazing.

[0120] In Figure 15b, the main limitation of this system is that the rated flow rate is 3.5 L / min. However, the pump flow rate could not exceed 1.4 L / min. The pump inlet conduit is the same size as the outlet conduit, allowing the pump to start up early. Therefore, the pump flow rate is limited to 1.4 L / min, and the system Heat up, cool down and shutdown times are longer than with a higher pump flow rate. It got long.

[0121] In some cases, code execution and control from actuator components in the system. There may be delays between responses. These are due to multiple However, in industrial systems, this These problems tend to be reduced.

[0122] In the proof-of-concept system of Example 2, all components in the system are The system may not have enough power to start them all at once. If the system is turned off, it may temporarily lose energy and stop working. In the case of operation, the components are launched in sequence.

[0123] Increasing the pump flow rate leads to overshooting because the thermal cycling of the HTF increases with flow rate. The temperature difference between the heater and the radiator inlet is reduced, and the overshoot and undershoot are reduced. Therefore, the PID settling time is reduced at high flow rates.

[0124] As the contact time increases, the flow rate decreases due to increased energy extraction from the HTF. This increased the cooling rate of the radiator.

[0125] With less HTF in the system, it takes less time to heat up and cool down. As the amount of F increases, the energy required to raise that mass to the desired temperature also increases. The heater has a limited energy supply capacity, so it may take some time to reach the target temperature. The use of less HTF in thermal energy storage devices is usually more efficient as less energy is used during the heating and stabilization stages. This is true.

[0126] Heat up, cool down and shutdown times can be adjusted depending on the following factors: Use of a pump with a flow range greater than the size of the pump outlet conduit (at least (50%) pump inlet conduit and fitting bore size selection; thermal energy storage Use of minimal HTF amounts in storage equipment; and provision of a dedicated computer and wired connection. and implementing the software in an industrial system comprising the

[0127] Thermal energy storage devices can also be optimized to include: To balance the mass flow between the pump inlet and outlet conduits at higher flow rates without To avoid this, the pump inlet conduit radius should be at least twice the radius of the pump outlet conduit; Use pumps with a flow range greater than required; whenever possible, use thermal energy storage. Use the minimum amount of HTF in the storage device; the system cannot provide the required current. Avoid starting system components simultaneously, as this may Using time gaps between component activations to manage power consumption; and and industrial systems with dedicated computers to avoid communication delays and interruptions. Preferably, the computer is configured to implement the software in a stable communication system. Use a wired connection for better performance.

[0128] Example 2 is a proof of concept, where HTF was heated to 80°C for analysis to minimize risk. This kept the noise to a minimum to ensure safety during testing.

[0129] Operation of thermal energy storage devices Figure 16a shows how the controller communicates with the Fig. 16b shows how to control the thermal energy storage device. A flow chart is shown.

[0130] [Table 2]

[0131] Once the thermal energy storage device is activated, it immediately goes into the heating phase. The default values ​​are: The pump is switched on at speed = 0 L / min; The motor has a 0% duty cycle and a 5 second duty period; the 3-way valve Open, the HTF bypasses the radiator and connects to the tank; and then The radiator switches off.

[0132] When the thermal energy storage device enters the shutdown phase, the system will shut down the radiators and pumps The heater is operated at high speed to cool the HTF of the thermal energy storage device to 40°C. % duty cycle, the 3-way valve directs the HTF to the radiator. There are.

[0133] PID tuning was performed using multiple tests with different P, I and D constants. After this, the system was cooled to a constant temperature to obtain consistent initial conditions.

[0134] Figure 17 shows the various phases of the software during the operation of the thermal energy storage device. The figure shows typical temperature behavior in this case.

[0135] For the conduit and instrumentation diagrams, the abbreviations and their parts are listed in Table 2 above.

[0136] One embodiment of a piping and instrumentation diagram for a thermal energy storage device and system process The HTF from the tank (C1) is pumped through the pump (G1) by gravity. Once the pump is active, the HTF will run a series of temperature (B2) and pressure (B3) sensor and reaches the oil filter (R1). Then, The heat is then applied to the heater (E1) via the sensor (B1). There is a sensor (B8) that reads the average temperature of the HTF inside the heater. After it leaves the heater, The HTF passes through another set of temperature (B4) and pressure (B5) sensors and is then fed into a three-way valve By default, the valve will direct the HTF towards the tank.

[0137] When the HTF temperature reaches the set value (at the B4 temperature sensor), the valve opens the radiator (E2 The radiator in this system is It simulates the operation of a thermal energy storage device by absorbing heat. After leaving the chamber, the HTF passes through another set of temperature (B6) and pressure (B7) sensors. When the radiator outlet temperature reaches its maximum, the system starts to store thermal energy. The system will shut down assuming that the device is charging. During this time, the heaters will turn off as the system cools to a safe temperature, but the pump and lamps will continue to operate. The radiator speed is at its maximum.

[0138] Below is a list of design considerations for Variation I: , bypasses the HTF at temperatures lower than the set temperature. When passing through the storage tank, the HTF discharges and the thermal energy storage system becomes an inefficient storage system. The system will be an open system, which will allow the HTF When the system undergoes temperature changes, the volume of the HTF changes, so the internal pressure of the system needs to be controlled. the drain valve (Q1) is at the lowest point of the system and allows gravity to drain if necessary. Drain the HTF; B1 (flow rate) sensor, (pump outlet pressure) B3 sensor ,(Temperature) The B2 sensor configuration allows the user to It can be observed whether the B1 flow rate reading is correct (i.e., the B1 flow rate reading is correct for the configured pump Well below speed, B3 pressure readings are increasing more than the rest of the system In this case, we can conclude that there is a blockage between the B3 and B1 sensors. (so blockages can be detected); the tank-outlet conduit for this system must be at least The point is that it is about 100 mm higher.

[0139] With this setting, the system will not collect dust or dirt as the dust will settle to the bottom of the tank. Dirt particles free oil can be used; separate drainage tank (Q2) By adding a valve, users can prevent dust particles in the system from mixing with the remaining oil. The tanks can be drained separately so that they can be drained without spilling.

[0140] Figures 13 and 18a show the desktop system with the lowest risk from a safety and hazard perspective. The first safety consideration in Figures 13 and 18a is: The temperature setpoint should be 1 / 10 of the final system; internal pressure is avoided by venting to atmosphere; sC O 2 / HTF is used because it is less risky compared to other options such as liquid metal and, the electrical device uses 12 to 24V DC current.

[0141] Alternative implementation of piping and instrumentation diagrams for thermal energy storage devices and systems processes The morphology is shown in FIG.

[0142] In the embodiment of the conduit and instrumentation diagram (FIG. 18d), the B1 (flow) sensor, (pump outlet The B3 (pressure) and B2 (temperature) sensors were reconfigured. This reconfiguration Users can now see if their in-line filters are blocked. This can be done by monitoring the operation of the B1 and B3 sensors. That is, the reading for B1 is significantly below the set pump speed, and the reading for B3 is If the value is increased more than normal, there may be a block between the B3 and B1 sensors. This system has separate drain valves at the tank and at the tank outlet (Figure 18d). Adding a spring will raise the height by about 100 mm from the lowest point. The system is oil-free, removing dust and dirt particles as the dust settles in the tank. It will be possible to use it.

[0143] In the embodiment of the piping and instrumentation diagram (Figure 18f), a cooling system is used to cool the HTF entering the tank. The stem was removed. The cooler is installed in the battery storage stage and after storage is over. This leads to a significant energy waste, and the cooler is a thermal energy storage Use only when shutting down the thermal energy storage device after the storage device is fully charged. It was done.

[0144] [Table 3]

[0145] By lowering the drain valve to the lowest position of the thermal energy storage device, the entire system is powered by gravity. This embodiment reduces the maximum system pressure from 10 bar to 3 bar. The system specifications have been changed by lowering the pressure relief valve (PRV ) is not necessary.

[0146] In the embodiment of the conduit and instrumentation diagram (FIG. 18h), the closed system is set to an open system. The reason for this is that if a closed system is set up as an open system, the internal pressure needs to be controlled. This will make it easier to develop thermal energy storage devices, as it will eliminate the need for The inlet is connected to the heater inlet using a line and a pressure relief valve (PRV) is attached to the line. This PRV line is added (or removed in some embodiments) to the pump. This line manages the excess pressure created by the , stabilizing the pressure when it exceeds a set limit.

[0147] In the embodiment of the conduit and instrumentation diagram (Figure 18i), a three-way valve is added and the HTF is Creates a bypass for the HTF if the device is not heated sufficiently to the intended storage temperature.

[0148] The reason for this is that when HTF at a temperature lower than the storage temperature passes through the thermal storage, the HTF This is because they can discharge the battery and become an inefficient thermal energy storage device. The valve allows the thermal energy storage device to keep the lower temperature HTF from entering the thermal storage. can be bypassed.

[0149] In a different embodiment, the HTF is 0.031 W / mm2 (20W / in 2 ) It has a skin temperature equal to or higher than that recommended for the turbocharger and its boiling point is above 80°C. In Example 2, the maximum heating rate was 0.031 W / mm 2 (20W / in 2 ) and a boiling point of 359°C (HTF (Therminol 66)) was used.

[0150] i) Pump speed fluctuations The pump speed can be varied to control the temperature of the thermal energy storage device as shown in Table 4 below. It can affect the degree of difference.

[0151] Variations in pump speed can affect the temperature difference in the HTF (at maximum heating power) For a temperature difference of 60℃ to 10℃, the flow rate is 1.4L / min to 8.7L / min. The heater power is controllable so that it can be operated at various heater powers. Select a readily available pump for your system with a flow rate of 0.5L / min to 3.5L / min did.

[0152] [Table 4]

[0153] ii) Variation in conduit size The size of the conduit can be varied and the flow of the thermal energy storage device can be adjusted as shown in Table 5. Can affect type.

[0154] [Table 5] TIFF2025032227000007.tif160156

[0155] When the HTF is heated using a trace heating configuration, the heat flow Turbulence was favored to increase the shell and tube configuration. When using a thermal energy storage device to heat the HTF, heat loss from the thermal energy storage device is avoided. To achieve this, laminar flow was preferred.

[0156] Based on the heat transfer characteristics, laminar flow in the duct can lead to transient or turbulent flow. Induced heat transfer results in less heat transfer than transient or turbulent flow. Heat loss from ducts Laminar flow is preferred because losses must be minimized. The less HTF in the system, the better. Another factor considered in Example 2 is the reduction in thermal energy, since heating and cooling times are reduced. The volume of HTF in the reservoir was 1 / 8 inch. Therefore, to promote smooth flow, the OD of the conduit should be increased. For Example 2, a conduit outer diameter of 1 / 4 inch (~0.6 cm) was preferred. .

[0157] From the 1 / 4 inch (~0.6 cm) conduit range, the conduit is bent with a hand pipe bender. Because of this, a conduit size with the smallest wall thickness was chosen for ease of manufacturing.

[0158] Example 3: Modeling of a thermal energy storage device The thermal energy storage device of the present invention (FIGS. 2 and 6, etc.) is shown in Example 2 as being safe. From using an HTF temperature of 80°C for consideration and initial prototyping, The model was modeled for higher operating temperatures at 0°C. The modeling was performed using Autodesk Developed using Inventor 3D modeling software. The geometry was simplified and a mesh was generated. The thermal-hydraulic model was This suite of software was developed using Ca It is developed and maintained by ndRTechnologies. A model and a prototype for use with thermal fluids are shown in Figures 19a and 19b, respectively. Shown in 9b.

[0159] The following assumptions were made: only graphite and conduits have been modeled; Graphite is a single mass that does not contain any interfaces between horizontal layers of graphite. It has been assumed that the assembly is entirely linear (i.e., there are no separate blocks). Dering experience has shown that this is negligible; Heat losses have not been considered and have minimal impact on determining appropriate test conditions. the inner section of graphite that has been removed for instrumentation is Not modeled due to increased complexity and heat transfer boundary conditions; heat tracing ing) has not been included; assume that thermal tracking will be temporarily turned off during the test run. pressure loss was measured but determined to be negligible in the model; the model The 253MA conduit material properties were used, but Inconel 625 could be included. The contact heat transfer coefficient at the interface between the graphite and the metal is D R. David Reynolds, PhD, MBA, BE Mech, (Hons)Rev 1.0 2014 On November 17, 2011, the thermal-hydraulic model was set at 400 W / m2 / ℃. A sensitivity evaluation was carried out to verify this value of 400 W / m2 / ℃. The number is an important variable to evaluate during model validation.

[0160] Sensitivity evaluation was used to determine the flow rate of 0.01 to 0.05 kg / s and the temperature range of 300 to 800°C. The sensitivity of the model was verified to be appropriate for the contact between the conduit and the graphite. was evaluated against the heat transfer coefficient (as this was an important variable to examine).

[0161] The results of the sensitivity evaluation shown in Figure 20 are for a flow rate of 0.02 kg / s and a temperature range of 300 to 500°C. It was confirmed that the range of intensity was appropriate.

[0162] The model considered the following input data: Graphite materials based on the CSIRO "Thermal Properties of Commercial Graphite" test report Characteristics: 253MA based on Sandvik Datasheet (2019) Conduit material properties; Liquid sodium material properties; Thermal desktop resource library.

[0163] The following boundary conditions were considered in the model: HTF was confined to liquid sodium; pressure was set at 2 bar for 300 min; HTF flow rate: 0.01kg / s~0.1kg / s Various fixed flow rates up to 800℃; HTF inlet temperature (charging): 500℃ or 800℃; HTF Inlet temperature (discharge): 500°C or 300°C; Initial average graphite temperature (charge): 50 0°C or 300°C, and; Initial average graphite temperature (discharge): 800°C or 5 00℃.

[0164] The model outputs are the average graphite temperature and the HTF of the thermal energy storage device. was the outlet temperature.

[0165] In the charging stage scenario, the average graphite temperature was set at 500°C and the sodium inlet temperature at 8 The sodium inlet flow rate was changed from 0.01 to 0.1 kg / s. The average charged graphite temperature and sodium outlet temperature are shown in Fig. 21 for a run time of 300 minutes. As shown in.

[0166] In the discharge phase scenario, the average graphite temperature was set at 800°C and the sodium inlet temperature at 5 The sodium inlet flow rate was changed from 0.01 to 0.1 kg / s. The average charged graphite temperature and sodium outlet temperature are shown in Fig. 22 for a run time of 300 minutes. As shown in.

[0167] In the charging stage scenario, the average graphite temperature was set at 300°C and the sodium inlet temperature at 5 The sodium inlet flow rate was changed from 0.01 to 0.025 kg / s. ,The average charged graphite temperature and sodium outlet temperature are shown in Fig. 2 for a run time of 300 min. Shown in Figure 23.

[0168] In the discharge phase scenario, the average graphite temperature was set at 500°C and the sodium inlet temperature at 3 The sodium inlet flow rate was changed from 0.01 to 0.025 kg / s. ,The average charged graphite temperature and sodium outlet temperature are shown in Fig. 2 for a run time of 300 min. Shown in Figure 24.

[0169] Based on the modeling, the energy transfer was also estimated. The specific heat equation for the sodium HTF Q = mcΔT (Eq. 1) is used for each simulated time interval. The cumulative energy transfer Q is calculated by converting the energy The cumulative energy transfer at various charging and discharging temperatures is given by As shown in Figures 25 and 26.

[0170] [Table 6]

[0171] Similarly, the energy transfer rate was calculated using Equation 1 and shown in Figure 27. Ising is concerned with maintaining a constant inlet sodium temperature, so charging only The discharge energy transfer rates are equal.

[0172] A summary of the different scenarios showing energy inputs and outputs is given in Table 6 above.

[0173] Although the present invention has been described with reference to specific examples, it should be understood that the present invention may be embodied in many other forms. It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that this can be done.

Claims

1. 1. A thermal energy storage device, comprising: A housing defining a hollow interior chamber, said chamber being inert during use. The house is configured to contain a graphite solid material therein in an atmosphere of reactive gas. With Jing through the hollow interior chamber via inlet and outlet openings in the housing; at least one conduit configured to extend through the inlet and and a housing sealingly attached to said conduit or said outlet opening, the outer surface of each conduit is in contact with the graphite solid material located within the hollow inner chamber; the at least one conduit configured in closely facing relationship; In use, the or each conduit controls the flow of fluid therethrough in a first mechanism by The flow transfers thermal energy to the graphite solid material, and in the second mechanism, the graphite A thermal energy transfer mechanism is provided for transferring thermal energy to the flow. Energy storage device.

2. The fluid comprises: In the first mechanism, the flow of the fluid conductively heats the or each conduit, the conduit conducts and radiates heat towards the graphite solid material; and In the second mechanism, the graphite solid material is directed towards the or each conduit. Conducts and radiates heat, the conduit conductively heating the fluid flow therein; 13. The thermal energy storage device of claim 1 , wherein the thermal energy transfer fluid is

3. The graphite solid material is introduced into and out of the thermal energy transfer fluid flow.

3. The method of claim 2, wherein the heating and cooling are repeated by respective thermal energy transfers. Thermal energy storage device.

4. When the device is configured with a single conduit and operates with both the first and second mechanisms:

13. The method of claim 1, wherein the conduit is adapted to carry different fluids sequentially therethrough. A thermal energy storage device according to any one of claims 1 to 3.

5. The conduit carries a flow of high temperature fluid (HTF) or supercritical fluid during the first mechanism. and the conduit comprises a material suitable for transporting the supercritical fluid during the second mechanism.

5. The thermal energy storage device of claim 4 comprising a material suitable for transporting a flow.

6. The conduit carries a flow of high temperature fluid (HTF) or supercritical fluid during the first mechanism. and the conduit comprises a material suitable for transporting a high temperature fluid (H 5. The thermal energy storage device of claim 4, comprising a material suitable for transporting a flow of TF. 。

7. The device is comprised of at least two conduits, and when operated with the first mechanism, the device The device is adapted to convey a fluid in a first conduit and, when operated by the second mechanism, The device according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the device is adapted to convey a fluid in a second separate conduit.

2. A thermal energy storage device according to claim 1 .

8. the first conduit being adapted to carry a flow of high temperature fluid (HTF) or supercritical fluid; and the second conduit comprises a material suitable for carrying a flow of a supercritical fluid.

8. The thermal energy storage device of claim 7.

9. the first conduit being adapted to carry a flow of high temperature fluid (HTF) or supercritical fluid; and the second conduit comprises a material suitable for carrying a flow of a high temperature fluid.

8. The thermal energy storage device of claim 7.

10. The high-temperature fluid may be liquid sodium (Na); liquid potassium (K), liquid NaK (77. 8% K), liquid tin (Sn), liquid lead (Pb), liquid lead-bismuth (PbBi) (45% 10. The method according to claim 5, 6, 8 or 9, wherein the at least one of the groups comprising: A thermal energy storage device.

11. The supercritical fluid is carbon dioxide (CO ２ ), methane (CH ４ ), ethane (C ２ H ６ ), Propane (C ３ H ８ ), ethylene (C ２ H ４ ), propylene (C ３ H ６ ),methanol( CH ３ OH), ethanol (C ２ H ５ OH), acetone (C ３ H ６ O), and nitrous oxide Element (N ２ O) is at least one of the group comprising 2. A thermal energy storage device as described herein.

12. The first and second conduits are made of a material having an operating temperature range of about 550° C. to about 1000° C. A thermal energy storage device according to any one of claims 7 to 9, comprising:

13. The first and second conduits include a material having an operating temperature range of about 550° C. to about 800° C.

13. The thermal energy storage device of claim 12.

14. The inert gas atmosphere in the hollow inner chamber encapsulates the graphite solid material. a substantially airtight housing containing the inert gas and maintained by an initially introduced amount of inert gas; The thermal energy storage device according to any one of claims 1 to 13.

15. The inert gas atmosphere in the chamber is heated to a temperature of 1000° C. Any of claims 1 to 13, maintained by a positive flow of inert gas fed into the housing.

2. A thermal energy storage device according to claim 1 .

16. The graphite solid material within the hollow internal chamber embeds the or each conduit. a plurality of graphite solid blocks adapted to fit into said chamber; and powdered graphite positioned thereabout to substantially fill the void space therebetween. A thermal energy storage device according to any one of claims 1 to 15.

17. for conveying a flow of high temperature fluid (HTF) or supercritical fluid in said first mechanism; 10. The method of claim 5, 6, 8 or 9, wherein the conduit provides fluid communication to an upstream source for heating the fluid.

10. A thermal energy storage device according to any one of claims 9 to 10.

18. The conduit for conveying a flow of supercritical fluid in the second mechanism includes a downstream supercritical 10. The thermal engine of claim 5, 6, 8 or 9, further comprising fluid communication to a fluid turbine. Energy storage device.

19. 1. A thermal energy storage module comprising: A thermal energy storage device according to any one of claims 1 to 18; The housing of each of the devices is installed within an intermodal shipping container. adapted to be mounted and suspended from a mountable frame; and The inlet and outlet openings of the or each conduit provided in the housing input and output manifolds for conveying a flow of fluid through said conduit in use; A thermal energy storage module externally connected to the hold.

20. Each of the plurality of thermal energy storage devices is configured to 20. The thermal energy storage device of claim 19 having one or more associated sensors for measuring the temperature and humidity of the storage device. Ghee storage module.

21. The conditions being measured include the temperature of the graphite solid material, the amount of inert gas pressure, and and the amount of oxygen present. Jules.

22. A programmable logic controller (PLC) is provided, and the graphite solid A signal from an associated sensor for monitoring the material is connected to the PLC; and an associated electrical response control device is controlled by the PLC; A PLC monitors the associated sensor and controls the flow of the fluid to the module. The thermal energy storage device according to claim 20 or 21, programmed to control Warehouse module.

23. Each of the plurality of thermal energy storage devices, in use, 23. The method of claim 19, wherein the thermal communication is established with an energy storage device.

2. A thermal energy storage module as described above.

24. 1. A method of operating a closed loop power generation system using a supercritical fluid as a working fluid, comprising: The power generation system includes a thermal energy storage device and a supercritical fluid turbine, ： Storing energy using a high temperature thermal energy storage device containing graphite solid material Steps and then when energy is needed: The stored thermal energy is used to convert the components of the supercritical fluid stream into a thermal energy equivalent to the thermal energy of the supercritical fluid. heating the component by contacting it with the thermal energy storage device; placing the resulting stream of supercritical fluid in fluid communication with a downstream supercritical fluid turbine; ； A method comprising:

25. after the supercritical fluid flow has passed through the downstream supercritical fluid turbine, 25. The method of claim 24, wherein the heat exchanger is returned to the heat exchanger for further heating.

26. 26. The method according to claim 24 or 25, wherein the supercritical fluid is used to operate the turbine to generate electricity. Method of posting.

27. The thermal energy is applied to a graphite solid material contained in a chamber having an inert gas atmosphere. The method according to any one of claims 24 to 26, wherein the composition is stored in a food.

28. 1. A method of operating a thermal energy storage device, comprising: Making a fluid connection to a housing, said housing being adapted to accommodate an inert gas atmosphere. a hollow interior chamber substantially filled with a graphite solid material in air; The housing has an inlet and an outlet opening for allowing the hollow interior chamber to pass through the inlet and outlet openings in the housing. At least one conduit configured to extend through the chamber, the conduit comprising: a conduit that is sealingly attached to the housing at the inlet and outlet openings; or the outer surface of each conduit is formed of the graphite solid material located within the hollow internal chamber. providing a fluid connection to a housing configured in close-facing relationship with the material; a flow of high temperature fluid (HTF) or supercritical fluid from an upstream source through said fluid connection; into the or each conduit, whereby a desired graphite temperature is reached. transferring thermal energy to the graphite solid material; and When the thermal energy is required downstream, further: providing a fluid connection to the housing; The stored thermal energy is used to convert a component of the supercritical fluid stream into a A stage for heating by contacting the or each conduit with said thermal energy storage device. Top and placing the resulting stream of supercritical fluid in fluid communication with a downstream supercritical fluid turbine; 、 A method comprising:

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