Method of greening using plants that are highly resistant to deer feeding and trampling, and greening substrates

Abstract

To provide greening methods that reduce feeding and trampling damage caused by deer.SOLUTION: At least 50% of the expected number of plants to emerge from the total amount of seeds to be applied to the land to be revegetated consists of seeds from selected plants that meet at least one of the following criteria: (a) taste evaluation, (b) smell evaluation, (c) pain evaluation, (d) difficulty of consumption evaluation, and (e) regenerative ability evaluation, and the seeds comprise at least one selected from the following: Creeping red fescue, Creeping bentgrass, Bermuda grass, Red top, Kentucky bluegrass, Hard fescue, Chewing fescue, Japanese silvergrass, Pennisetum alopecuroides, Zoysia japonica, Eragrostis ferruginea, Lespedeza juncea, Sophora sophora, Boehmeria sieboldiana, Perilla citriodora, Perilla frutescens, Persicaria tinctoria, Boenninghausenia albiflora, Plantago asiatica, Pieris japonica, Edgeworthia chrysantha, and Indigofera pseudotinctoria. A method comprises giving nitrogen fertilizer equivalent to a nitrogen content of 8 g / m2 or more and silica fertilizer equivalent to a silica content of 10 g / m2 or more to the land to be revegetated.SELECTED DRAWING: Figure 1

Description

[Technical field]

[0001] The present invention relates to a method for greening using plants that are highly resistant to feeding and trampling by deer, and to a greening substrate. [Background technology]

[0002] In recent years, the population of deer such as Sika deer and Yezo deer has increased, and their habitat distribution has expanded. As a result, damage caused by deer feeding and trampling is being caused in farmland, forests, and green areas throughout the country. In particular, damage caused by deer feeding on slopes (including slopes) and green areas such as parks is increasing, which is having a major impact on landscape conservation and land conservation against disasters.

[0003] In order to prevent such damage caused by deer eating, fences or nets have traditionally been installed in protected areas to prevent animals (such as deer) from entering (Patent Document 1), or plants have been covered with wire mesh or the like to prevent deer from eating all the plants even if they do enter (Patent Documents 2 and 3).

[0004] In addition, there are known plants that deer do not eat at all, or, if they do eat them, they eat them relatively less frequently than other plants, making them unpalatable plants (Non-Patent Document 1). [Prior art documents] [Patent documents]

[0005] [Patent Document 1] Patent No. 6507584 [Patent Document 2] Patent No. 3793524 [Patent Document 3] Patent No. 5981063 [Non-patent literature]

[0006] [Non-Patent Document 1] Kanagawa Prefecture Nature Conservation Center, "Kanagawa Prefecture Deer-unpalatable Plants Illustrated Guide," March 2016, https: / / www.agri-kanagawa.jp / tebiki / fushiko_2016.pdf Summary of the Invention [Problem to be solved by the invention]

[0007] As mentioned above, conventional countermeasures against damage caused by deer eating have consisted of physically preventing deer from entering by using fences or nets, or physically protecting the entire plant with wire mesh so that it cannot be eaten. Therefore, conventional countermeasures against damage caused by deer eating have involved the need for additional work to install fences or wire mesh in addition to greening work, which lengthens the overall construction period and increases the overall cost of the work. Furthermore, fences and wire mesh can become damaged over time, and so there are cases where these countermeasures are not sufficiently effective as a countermeasure against damage caused by deer eating.

[0008] It is possible to take measures to prevent damage caused by deer feeding by utilizing the non-palatable plants mentioned above, but few of the non-palatable plants (including seeds) known to date are available in general markets, making them difficult to obtain and not practical.

[0009] An object of the present invention is to provide a greening method and a greening substrate that suppress damage caused by feeding and trampling by deer. [Means for solving the problem]

[0010] <1> Of the total amount of plant seeds to be provided in the greening area, an amount equivalent to 50% or more of the total amount in terms of the expected number of seeds to be generated will consist of seeds of selected plants that are highly resistant to feeding and trampling by deer and that meet at least one of the following evaluation criteria (a) to (e): The selected plants include at least one selected from creeping red fescue, creeping bentgrass, bermudagrass, redtop, Kentucky bluegrass, hard fescue, chewing fescue, Japanese silver grass, Japanese larkspur, lawn grass, Japanese larkspur, Japanese bush clover, sophora japonica, long-leaved jasmine, lemon perilla, Japanese perilla, Japanese knotweed, Japanese plantain, Japanese andromeda, Mitsumata, and Japanese laurel; The nitrogen content of the selected plants in the greening area is 8g / m 2 The above amount of nitrogen fertilizer and 10g / m 2 This is a greening method using plants that are highly resistant to being eaten and trampled by deer, and that are given silica fertilizer in an amount equivalent to the above amount of silica. (a) Taste evaluation: Plants that deer find malodorous or unpleasant to eat (b) Odor evaluation: Plants that have an odor that repels deer (c) Pain sensation evaluation: Plants with thorns or tough leaves that stimulate the deer's pain sensation (d) Difficulty in eating evaluation: Plants that are difficult for deer to eat and are likely to be left behind (e) Regeneration ability evaluation: Creeping, branching, or rosette-type plants that are easy to regenerate even when eaten and have resistance to trampling.

[0011] <2> Of the total vegetation cover of plants used in the greening area, 50% or more must be selected plants that are highly resistant to feeding and trampling by deer and meet at least one of the following evaluation criteria (a) to (e): The selected plants include at least one selected from creeping red fescue, creeping bentgrass, bermudagrass, redtop, Kentucky bluegrass, hard fescue, chewing fescue, Japanese silver grass, Japanese larkspur, lawn grass, Japanese larkspur, Japanese bush clover, sophora japonica, long-leaved jasmine, lemon perilla, Japanese perilla, Japanese knotweed, Japanese plantain, Japanese andromeda, Mitsumata, and Japanese laurel; The nitrogen content of the selected plants in the greening area is 8g / m 2 The above amount of nitrogen fertilizer and 10g / m 2This is a greening method that uses plants that are resistant to being eaten and trampled by deer, and that apply silicic acid fertilizer in an amount equivalent to the above amount of silicic acid. (a) Taste evaluation: Plants that deer find malodorous or unpleasant to eat (b) Odor evaluation: Plants that have an odor that repels deer (c) Pain sensation evaluation: Plants with thorns or tough leaves that stimulate the deer's pain sensation (d) Difficulty in eating evaluation: Plants that are difficult for deer to eat and are likely to be left behind (e) Regeneration ability evaluation: Creeping, branching, or rosette-type plants that are easy to regenerate even when eaten and have resistance to trampling.

[0012] <3> A greening substrate having a substrate and a plant seed applied to the substrate, Among the total amount of seeds of the plant, an amount equivalent to 50% or more of the expected number of seeds of the total amount is composed of seeds of selected plants that are highly resistant to feeding and trampling by deer and that meet at least one of the following evaluation items (a) to (e): The selected plants include at least one selected from creeping red fescue, creeping bentgrass, bermudagrass, redtop, Kentucky bluegrass, hard fescue, chewing fescue, Japanese silver grass, Japanese larkspur, lawn grass, Japanese larkspur, Japanese bush clover, sophora japonica, long-leaved jasmine, lemon perilla, Japanese perilla, Japanese knotweed, Japanese plantain, Japanese andromeda, Mitsumata, and Japanese laurel; The nitrogen content of the selected plant is 8 g / m for the substrate. 2 The above amount of nitrogen fertilizer and 10g / m 2 A greening substrate to which an amount of silica fertilizer equivalent to the above amount of silica is added. (a) Taste evaluation: Plants that deer find malodorous or unpleasant to eat (b) Odor evaluation: Plants that have an odor that repels deer (c) Pain sensation evaluation: Plants with thorns or tough leaves that stimulate the deer's pain sensation (d) Difficulty in eating evaluation: Plants that are difficult for deer to eat and are likely to be left behind (e) Regeneration ability evaluation: Creeping, branching, or rosette-type plants that are easy to regenerate even when eaten and have resistance to trampling.

[0013] <4> The seeds of the selected plant are infected with endophytes. <1> The present invention relates to a method for greening using plants that are highly resistant to feeding and trampling by deer.

[0014] <5> The selected plant is infected with an endophyte. <2> The present invention relates to a method for greening using plants that are highly resistant to feeding and trampling by deer.

[0015] <6> The seeds of the selected plant are infected with endophytes. <3> The greening substrate according to claim 1.

[0016] <7> The plant seeds, the nitrogen fertilizer and the silicate fertilizer are applied to the greening target area by seed scattering work, soil spraying work, vegetation substrate spraying work, vegetation substrate injection work, or manned or unmanned aerial greening work. <1> The present invention relates to a method for greening using plants that are highly resistant to feeding and trampling by deer.

[0017] <8> The plant seeds, the nitrogen fertilizer and the silicate fertilizer are applied to the greening target area by seed scattering work, soil spraying work, vegetation substrate spraying work, vegetation substrate injection work, seedling installation spraying work, or aerial greening work using manned or unmanned aircraft. <2> The present invention relates to a method for greening using plants that are highly resistant to feeding and trampling by deer.

[0018] <9> The plant seeds, the nitrogen fertilizer, and the silicate fertilizer are applied to the greening target area by vegetation sheet work, vegetation mat work, vegetation bar work, or vegetation sandbag work. <3> The greening substrate according to claim 1. Effect of the Invention

[0019] According to the present invention, it is possible to provide a greening method and a greening base material that suppress damage caused by feeding and trampling by deer. [Brief description of the drawings]

[0020] [Figure 1] FIG. 1 is an explanatory diagram showing a schematic diagram of a greening method according to a first embodiment of the present invention; [Diagram 2]A table summarizing the relationship between selected plants that are resistant to deer feeding and trampling and the evaluation items (a) to (e). [Diagram 3] FIG. 1 is an explanatory diagram showing a schematic diagram of a greening method according to a second embodiment of the present invention; [Figure 4] FIG. 13 is an explanatory diagram showing a schematic configuration of a greening substrate used in the greening method of the third embodiment. [Diagram 5] Photographs of the applied areas of Example 1 and Comparative Examples 1 and 2 taken 10 months after application. [Figure 6] Graph showing the results of each vegetation coverage in Example 1 and Comparative Examples 1 and 2 [Figure 7] Graph showing the results of total coverage and average damage in Example 1 and Comparative Examples 1 and 2 [Figure 8] Graph showing the results of vegetation coverage (%) and average community height (m) of each plant in Example 2 and Comparative Example 3. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

[0021] <Embodiment 1> A greening method using plants that are highly resistant to feeding and trampling by deer according to a first embodiment of the present invention will be described with reference to Figs. 1 and 2. Fig. 1 is an explanatory diagram that shows a schematic representation of the greening method of the first embodiment. In the greening method of the present embodiment, seeds of plants such as selected plants that are highly resistant to feeding and trampling by deer are applied to a site 1 to be greened. Note that, for the sake of convenience in Fig. 1, the seeds 2 are shown on the site 1 to be greened 1, but in reality, soil or the like is placed over the seeds 2 of the selected plants.

[0022] The greening target area 1 to which the greening method of this embodiment is applied is a place where damage caused by deer feeding is expected, such as a mountainside, a slope, a slope, a green space (park, etc.), and there is no particular limitation as long as it does not impair the object of the present invention. The types of deer targeted for feeding and trampling resistance are basically native species of Sika deer (including subspecies) and Yezo deer, but in some cases, they may be invasive species such as Muntjac.

[0023] In this embodiment, of the total amount of plant seeds applied to the greening target area 1, an amount equivalent to 50% or more of the total amount in terms of the expected number of seeds that will emerge is made up of seeds 2 of selected plants that are highly resistant to feeding and trampling by deer and that meet at least one of the evaluation items (a) to (e) shown below.

[0024] The selected plants include at least one selected from creeping red fescue, creeping bentgrass, Bermuda grass, redtop, Kentucky bluegrass, hard fescue, chewing fescue, Japanese silvergrass, Japanese larkspur, lawn grass, Japanese laurel, Japanese bush clover, lemon perilla, Japanese perilla, Japanese knotweed, Japanese plantain, Japanese andromeda, Mitsumata, and Japanese laurel.

[0025] FIG. 1 shows seeds 2a and 2b of two selected plants.

[0026] In addition to the seeds 2 of the selected plants, seeds 5 of plants other than the selected plants (hereinafter sometimes referred to as "non-selected plants") may be used as the plant seeds to be applied to the greening target area 1, as long as this does not impair the objective of the present invention.

[0027] The expected number of seeds that emerge refers to the total number of seeds that sprout above the ground within about one year after sowing, and is commonly used in the design of seeding landscaping works. Seeds vary in weight, germination rate, and other conditions depending on the type, so even if the same weight or number of seeds are planted, the same number of seeds will not necessarily sprout. In order to reduce such errors between seeds, the expected number of seeds that emerge is determined in advance.

[0028] The total amount of plant seeds (the total amount of selected and non-selected plant seeds) is, for example, 1 m 2 (Unit area) Expected total number of trees to occur is 100 / m 2 More than 50000 pieces / m 2 It is preferable to adjust as follows:

[0029] In general, plants that are known to be unpalatable to deer are difficult to obtain due to circumstances such as not being distributed at all on the market or the amount of distribution is extremely limited. Therefore, the selected plants used in the greening method of this embodiment are selected from plants available on the market. The evaluation items (a) to (e) used in the selection are as follows:

[0030] Evaluation item (a) is a plant that is evaluated based on the taste of deer. Plants that fall under evaluation item (a) are plants that deer find taste abnormal due to the poison or bitterness contained therein, or plants that deer find unpalatable due to low nutritional value or other reasons. Specific plants that fall under evaluation item (a) include, for example, Sophora flavescens, lemon perilla, and Japanese knotweed (Polygonum salicina). Sophora flavescens, and Japanese andromeda contain substances that are harmful to deer, so deer will not eat them. In addition, lemon perilla, Japanese vine, and the like contain nitrates, making them difficult for deer to eat. Polygonum salicina and the like are difficult for deer to eat due to their bitterness.

[0031] Evaluation item (b) is a plant that is evaluated based on the deer's sense of smell. A plant that falls under evaluation item (b) is a plant that has an odor that repels deer. Specific plants that fall under evaluation item (b) include, for example, long-leaved jasmine, lemon perilla, Japanese perilla, and Matsukazesou. Furthermore, herbs such as mint and lavender, and perilla also fall under evaluation item (b). In addition, woody plants of the Rutaceae family (lemon, etc.) are also difficult for deer to eat due to their odor.

[0032] Evaluation item (c) is a plant that is evaluated based on the deer's pain sensation. Plants that fall under evaluation item (c) are plants that have thorns or hard leaves that stimulate the deer's pain sensation. Deer dislike being pricked by plant thorns or being stimulated by the edges of hard leaves. Specific plants that fall under evaluation item (c) include Japanese silver grass and Japanese larkspur. Furthermore, Caesalpinia arbutifolia, Common thistle, and Nettle also fall under evaluation item (c).

[0033] Evaluation item (d) is a plant that is evaluated based on the texture of the deer. Plants that fall under evaluation item (d) are plants that are difficult for deer to eat due to thin leaves, small plants, etc., and are likely to be left uneaten. Since deer do not have front teeth in the upper jaw, when deer eat plants, they pinch the plant between the front teeth (lower teeth) of the lower jaw and the tip of the upper jaw and tear it off. Therefore, if the leaves of a plant are thin or the plant itself is small, it is difficult for deer to eat the plant, and the plant is likely to remain uneaten. Specific plants that fall under evaluation item (d) include creeping red fescue, creeping bentgrass, Bermuda grass, hard fescue, chewing fescue, and caseinosa. Furthermore, white clover also falls under evaluation item (d).

[0034] Evaluation item (e) is a plant that is evaluated based on the regenerative ability of the plant. Plants that fall under evaluation item (e) are creeping, branching, or rosette-type plants that are easy to regenerate even if eaten by deer and are resistant to trampling by deer. Specific plants that fall under evaluation item (e) include creeping bentgrass, bermudagrass, redtop, Kentucky bluegrass, lawn grass, plantain, and Japanese bush clover.

[0035] The correspondence between the selected plants that are highly resistant to feeding and trampling by deer and the evaluation items (a) to (e) is summarized in the table in Figure 2. "O" in the table indicates that the plant corresponds to the evaluation item.

[0036] In the greening method of this embodiment, the selected plants are set to include at least one selected from creeping red fescue, creeping bentgrass, Bermuda grass, redtop, Kentucky bluegrass, hard fescue, chewing fescue, Miscanthus sinensis, Japanese laurel, Lawn grass, Japanese laurel, Japanese woolly weed, Japanese bush clover, Sophora flavescens, Long-leaved Japanese laurel, Lemon perilla, Japanese perilla, Japanese knotweed, Japanese plantain, Pieris japonica, Mitsumata, and Japanese laurel.

[0037] Among the selected plants, those including at least one species selected from among Japanese larvae, Japanese silvergrass, lawn grass, Sophora flavescens, Japanese bush clover, and Japanese bush clover are particularly resistant to feeding and trampling by deer, and are also native to Japan, so they have little adverse effect on the ecosystem and are therefore preferable.

[0038] In particular, grasses such as Japanese larkspur, Japanese silvergrass, and Japanese lawn grass are dominant in the greening target area even after the fertilizing effect of the greening method of this embodiment has worn off, and therefore can maintain permanent vegetation.

[0039] In the greening method of the present embodiment, the nitrogen content of the selected plants is set to 8 g / m for the greening target area. 2 The above amount of nitrogen fertilizer 3 and 10g / m 2 The silica fertilizer 4 is added in an amount equivalent to the above amount of silica.

[0040] The nitrogen fertilizer 3 is a fertilizer containing nitrogen (N) as a main component. Examples of the nitrogen fertilizer include ammonium sulfate, ammonium chloride, urea, lime nitrogen, sodium nitrate, and ammonium nitrate. The nitrogen fertilizer is preferably in the form of a solid such as a granule or pellet. However, as long as the object of the present invention is not impaired, a liquid in which the nitrogen fertilizer is dissolved or dispersed in a predetermined solvent may be used.

[0041] When nitrogen fertilizers such as ammonium sulfate, ammonium chloride, urea, lime nitrogen, sodium nitrate, and ammonium nitrate are applied to the greening target site 1, the plants absorb the nitrogen as ammonia nitrogen or nitrate nitrogen generated by nitrification (nitrification). The nitrogen fertilizers supplied for this effect are those with a nitrogen content of 8 g / m2 in the selected plants. 2 The nitrogen fertilizer is used in an amount equivalent to the above. In other words, this amount of nitrogen fertilizer is applied to the land to be revegetated. When nitrogen fertilizer is used in this amount, it becomes even more difficult for deer to eat the selected plants in the land to be revegetated. When nitrogen fertilizer is used, nitrate nitrogen (nitrogen in nitrates) accumulates in the plants, so deer will avoid eating plants with accumulated nitrates in order to avoid nitrate poisoning.

[0042] "Nitrate nitrogen" is a synonym for nitrate, and refers to nitrogen that exists in the form of nitrogen oxide, such as the nitrate ion. 3- Nitrate nitrogen exists in the form of nitrates, which are compounds that combine with metals, but the N portion of this is referred to as "nitrate nitrogen." Within plants, nitrate nitrogen exists as potassium nitrate, calcium nitrate, etc.

[0043] Deer are ruminants, and when they ingest plants that are high in nitrates, nitrite and hydroxylamine are produced, which combine with the hemoglobin in the blood to form methemoglobin. This robs hemoglobin of its ability to carry oxygen, leading to an oxygen deficiency condition and the development of so-called nitrate poisoning. For this reason, most ruminants avoid eating plants that are high in nitrates.

[0044] There is no upper limit to the amount of nitrogen fertilizer used, provided that the object of the present invention is not impaired. However, from the viewpoint of suppressing fertilizer damage to plants (so-called fertilizer burn), it is preferable that the nitrogen content of the selected plant is 50 g / m. 2 It is preferably used in amounts corresponding to:

[0045] The silicic acid fertilizer 4 is applied to the land to be greened as a fertilizer to increase the resistance of plants to trampling. A certain amount of silicic acid fertilizer is applied to the land to be greened in order to absorb silicic acid into the plants so that the plants, such as selected plants, are less likely to be damaged by trampling by deer. When silicic acid is absorbed into the plants, the leaves and stems of the plants become stronger and the photosynthesis efficiency increases. When silicic acid is absorbed into the plants, it accumulates on the surface of the leaf cells and coats the leaf surface in the form of silicified cells. Silica accumulates under the cuticle layer that forms the outside of the leaf epidermal tissue, and a silica cellulose membrane that fills the gap between the hard silica layer and the cell membrane is formed, increasing the thickness of the leaf. Therefore, when silicic acid is absorbed into the plants, the leaves and stems of the plants become stronger and the photosynthesis efficiency increases.

[0046] Such a silicate fertilizer 4 has a density of 10 g / m2 It is used in an amount equivalent to the above silicate acid.

[0047] There is no upper limit to the amount of silicic acid fertilizer used, as long as it does not impair the object of the present invention. However, from the viewpoint of economy, etc., it is preferable to use 50 g / m 2 It is preferably used in an amount equivalent to the following silicic acid:

[0048] The method of applying nitrogen fertilizer and silicate fertilizer to the land to be greened is not particularly limited as long as it does not impair the object of the present invention, and any known fertilization method can be used. When the land to be greened is a slope or a sloping surface, in addition to the fertilizer, base materials that aid growth (for example, soil improvement materials such as bark compost, peat moss, perlite, zeolite, vermiculite, bentonite, etc., mixtures of soil, sand, leaf mold, etc.) must be applied to the land to be greened so as not to be washed away. For this reason, for example, nitrogen fertilizer and silicate fertilizer may be applied to the land to be greened by seed scattering work, soil dressing work, vegetation substrate spraying work, vegetation substrate injection work, or aerial greening work using manned or unmanned aircraft.

[0049] In this embodiment, the nitrogen fertilizer and the silicate fertilizer are prepared as separate fertilizers, but a fertilizer containing both the nitrogen fertilizer and the silicate fertilizer may be used as long as it does not impair the object of the present invention.

[0050] As long as the object of the present invention is not impaired, the land to be greened may be applied with fertilizers other than nitrogen fertilizer and silicate fertilizer, water-retaining materials (agents), plant activators (agents), growth promoters (agents), agricultural chemicals (insecticides, fungicides, etc.), repellents (substances that give off a burnt odor after a forest fire, the excrement of deer predators such as wolves, and pungent foods such as chili peppers), etc.

[0051] The greening method of this embodiment as described above is an excellent greening method using plants that are highly resistant to feeding and trampling by deer, and thus damage from feeding and trampling by deer is suppressed.

[0052] In the greening method of this embodiment, the plants grown (selected plants) are not only resistant to eating (hard to be eaten, or will survive if eaten), but also rendered toxic to deer (nitrates) to make them even more difficult to eat, and by acquiring the qualities of being tough and difficult to eat, damage caused by deer eating and trampling can be reduced.

[0053] After the greening method of this embodiment is implemented (after construction), for about three years, the fast-growing pasture grasses and other plants introduced will grow while being eaten and damaged, and about three years later, when the fertilizer effect wears off, the plant communities dominated by native plants such as Japanese laurel, silver grass, and lawn grass, which are more likely to survive despite being eaten, and poisonous plants such as Sophora flavescens, Illicium serrata, and Pieris japonica, etc., can be eliminated.

[0054] In addition, by applying top dressing mainly with nitrogen (i.e., top dressing of nitrogen fertilizer) about 2 to 3 years after the greening method of this embodiment is implemented (applied), it is possible to recover the resistance to feeding caused by the manifestation of toxicity. In addition, for the purpose of increasing resistance to trampling, top dressing of silicate fertilizer may be applied about 1 to 3 years after the greening method of this embodiment is implemented (applied).

[0055] <Embodiment 2> Next, the greening substrate 6 used in the greening method according to the second embodiment will be described with reference to Fig. 3. Fig. 3 is an explanatory diagram that shows a schematic configuration of the greening substrate 6 used in the greening method according to the third embodiment. The greening method according to the present embodiment is to install the greening substrate 6 containing the seeds of plants such as selected plants in the greening target area. The greening substrate 6 used in this greening method is what is called a vegetation mat, and as shown in Fig. 3, includes a substrate 7, plant seeds 2 (2a, 2b) applied to the substrate 7, a fertilizer bag 9 containing fertilizer (nitrogen fertilizer 3, silicate fertilizer 4) and the like, and a net 10.

[0056] The base material 7 is a sheet-like or mat-like member having a predetermined thickness and flexibility. Here, an example will be described in which paper or a nonwoven fabric sheet is used as the base material 7. The basis weight of the paper or nonwoven fabric sheet is, for example, 5 to 50 g / m 2may be set to

[0057] The plant seeds 2 (2a, 2b) may be adhered (fixed) to the back surface of the substrate (nonwoven fabric sheet) 7 using glue, adhesive, or the like. The substrate 7 to which the seeds 2 (2a, 2b) are adhered is referred to as "substrate 8 with seeds."

[0058] The net 10 is a mesh-like base material, and as the net 10, for example, a raschel-knit (chain-knit) synthetic fiber net having mesh sizes of 10 to 20 mm×15 to 25 mm may be used.

[0059] A plurality of fertilizer bags 9 are attached to the net 10 at intervals in the longitudinal direction. The net 10 is, for example, entirely or partially made of a double net, and a bag-shaped storage section for storing the long fertilizer bag 9 extending in the short direction of the net 10 is formed between the double net, and the long fertilizer bag 9 is attached by being inserted into the storage section.

[0060] The fertilizer bag 9 contains, in addition to the fertilizers (nitrogen fertilizer 3 and silicate fertilizer 4), base materials necessary for growth, etc.

[0061] The above-mentioned seed-bearing substrate 8 is laminated on the back side of the net 10 to which the fertilizer bag 9 is attached. The net 10 and the substrate 7 of the seed-bearing substrate 8 may be fixed to each other using, for example, an adhesive or the like.

[0062] The greening base material 6 is appropriately fixed to the land to be greened using a known method (such as an anchor).

[0063] Of the total amount of plant seeds applied to the substrate 7, an amount equivalent to 50% or more of the total amount in terms of the expected number of seeds to be produced is made up of seeds of selected plants having high resistance to feeding and trampling by deer, which correspond to at least one or more of the evaluation items (a) to (e) similar to those of the embodiment 1, etc. As in the embodiment 1, etc., the selected plants include at least one or more species selected from creeping red fescue, creeping bentgrass, bermudagrass, redtop, Kentucky bluegrass, hard fescue, chewing fescue, Japanese silvergrass, Japanese larkspur, lawn grass, Japanese lantern plant, Japanese laurel, sophora japonica, lemon perilla, Japanese perilla, Japanese knotweed, Japanese plantain, Japanese andromeda, Mitsumata, and Japanese laurel.

[0064] In this embodiment, the nitrogen content of the selected plant is 8 g / m2 relative to the substrate. 2 The above amount of nitrogen fertilizer and 10g / m 2 The amount of silicic acid fertilizer equivalent to the amount of silicic acid is added. The upper limit of each fertilizer is the same as in the first embodiment.

[0065] The greening method using the greening substrate of this embodiment as described above is also an excellent greening method using plants that are highly resistant to deer feeding and trampling, as in the first embodiment, and damage caused by deer feeding and trampling is suppressed. The greening substrate of this embodiment is an example, and in other embodiments, for example, a thick substrate may be further laminated on the lower side of the above-mentioned greening substrate. In other embodiments, fertilizer (nitrogen fertilizer, silicate fertilizer) may be contained in a thick mat-like substrate. The greening substrate is not particularly limited as long as it is a member that contains a base material, seeds, fertilizer, etc. and is provided as a spray or sheet mat, etc., as long as it does not impair the object of the present invention.

[0066] <Embodiment 3> Next, a greening method using plants highly resistant to feeding and trampling by deer according to embodiment 3 will be described with reference to FIG. 4 and the like. FIG. 4 is an explanatory diagram that shows a schematic representation of the greening method of embodiment 3. In the greening method of this embodiment, 50% or more of the vegetation cover of the entire plants used for planting in the greening target area 1 is made of selected plants 11 (11a, 11b) highly resistant to feeding and trampling by deer. As plants used for planting, in addition to the selected plants, plants other than the selected plants (non-selected plants 12) may be used as long as the object of the present invention is not impaired. Two types of selected plants 11a, 11b are shown in FIG. 4.

[0067] If the area to be greened is, for example, 10m x 10m (100m 2 ) in the case of a square, more than 50% of the total vegetation cover used within that square must be made up of selected plants that are highly resistant to feeding and trampling by deer.

[0068] In the greening method of the present embodiment, plants are planted in a target area to be greened so that 50% or more of the vegetation cover of the entire plants used for planting in the target area is the above-mentioned selected plants.

[0069] One or more types of plants (plant species) are used for planting in greening areas. The vegetation coverage of all the plants used is the area (portion) that is covered by all the types of plants growing in the greening area (i.e., the entire vegetation of the greening area). For example, if the vegetation coverage rate of the greening area is 40%, the area equivalent to 40% of the total area of ​​the greening area corresponds to the vegetation coverage of all the plants.

[0070] Of such vegetation cover, an area of ​​50% or more (preferably 60% or more, and more preferably 70% or more) should consist of selected plants that are highly resistant to feeding and trampling by deer and that meet at least one of the evaluation items (a) to (e) shown below.

[0071] In the present embodiment, as in the first embodiment, the nitrogen content of the selected plants is set to 8 g / m for the greening target area 1. 2 The above amount of nitrogen fertilizer 3 and 10g / m2 The amount of silicic acid fertilizer 4 corresponding to the above amount of silicic acid is added. The upper limit of each fertilizer is the same as in the first embodiment.

[0072] In this embodiment, the plant seeds, the nitrogen fertilizer, and the silicate fertilizer may be applied to the greening target land using a known method (for example, planting work, fertilization work, top dressing work).

[0073] The greening method of this embodiment as described above is also an excellent greening method using plants that are highly resistant to feeding and trampling by deer, as in the first embodiment, and thus reduces damage from feeding and trampling by deer.

[0074] The present invention will be described in more detail below with reference to examples, although the present invention is not limited to these examples in any way.

[0075] Example 1 (Preparation of greening substrate) Seeds of selected plants that are highly resistant to feeding and trampling by deer, such as Bermuda grass, creeping red fescue, redtop, creeping bentgrass, Japanese perilla, Sophora flavescens, Japanese silver grass, and Japanese larvae, along with water-retentive materials, were spread on nonwoven fabric (substrate). Additionally, multiple cylindrical fertilizer bags were prepared and attached to a long, degradable polyethylene sheet (net) at 40 cm intervals. Each fertilizer bag contained fertilizer (nitrogen fertilizer, silica fertilizer), base material, growth promoter, etc.

[0076] The total amount of plant seeds is 1 m 2 Expected number of trees per unit area: 3950 trees / m 2 The seeding amount of each seed and the expected number of seedlings are as follows:

[0077] Bermudagrass: Seeding rate (0.46g / m 2 ), expected number of pieces (500 pieces / m 2 ) Creeping red fescue: Seeding rate (0.66g / m 2 ), expected number of pieces (500 pieces / m 2 ) Red Top: Seeding rate (0.05g / m 2 ), expected number of pieces (500 pieces / m 2 ) Creeping bentgrass: Seeding rate (0.09g / m 2 ), expected number of pieces (500 pieces / m 2 ) - Perilla japonica: Seeding rate (0.76g / m 2 ), expected number of pieces (500 pieces / m 2 ) Clara: Seeding rate (3.51g / m 2 ), expected number of pieces (50 pieces / m 2 ) -Miscanthus: Seeding rate (6.67g / m 2 ), expected number of pieces (1000 pieces / m 2 ) - Shiba: Seeding rate (4.90g / m 2 ), expected number of pieces (400 pieces / m 2 )

[0078] Then, adjustments were made so that more than 50% of the total number of plant seeds expected to emerge were seeds of selected plants that were highly resistant to feeding and trampling by deer and met at least one of the evaluation criteria (a) to (e) described above.

[0079] In addition, as a fertilizer, the nitrogen content in the selected plant is 15 g / m 2 and 27 g / m 2 and a silica fertilizer in an amount equivalent to 1000 g of silica.

[0080] (Construction of greening substrate) The resulting mat-like greening material was applied in November 2021 to a gravelly embankment slope (slope angle: approximately 30°) in Kawakami-cho, Nara Prefecture, where wild deer live. The application area of ​​the slope using the greening material was approximately 15 m. 2 It is.

[0081] Comparative Example 1 The nitrogen content of the selected plants is 7.5 g / m 2The only fertilizer used was nitrogen fertilizer in an amount equivalent to 0 g / m 2 The greening substrate of Comparative Example 1 was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1, except that the greening substrate of Comparative Example 1 was applied to a slope (inclination angle: about 30°) near the construction site where the greening substrate of Example 1 was used, under the same conditions (construction area: about 15 m2) on the same day as in Example 1. 2 ) was used for the construction.

[0082] Comparative Example 2 A greening mat (vegetation mat) of the same quality as in Example 1 was prepared, and this greening mat was applied on the same day as Example 1 on a slope (slope angle: about 30°) near the application site where the greening base material of Example 1 was used. The application area of ​​the slope using this greening mat was about 15 m, the same as in Example 1. 2 The seeds used for the greening mat of Comparative Example 2 were tall fescue, perennial ryegrass, orchard grass, bahia grass, and white clover.

[0083] The total amount of plant seeds in Comparative Example 2 was 1 m 2 Expected number of trees per unit area: 4,000 trees / m 2 The seeding amount of each seed and the expected number of seedlings are as follows:

[0084] Tall fescue: Seeding rate (3.29g / m 2 ), expected number of pieces (1000 pieces / m 2 ) Perennial ryegrass: Seeding rate (2.27g / m 2 ), expected number of pieces (1000 pieces / m 2 ) Orchard grass: Seeding rate (1.13g / m 2 ), expected number of pieces (1000 pieces / m 2 ) Bahiagrass: Seeding rate (4.05g / m 2 ), expected number of pieces (500 pieces / m 2 ) White clover: Seeding rate (0.79g / m 2 ), expected number of pieces (1000 pieces / m 2 )

[0085] As a fertilizer, the nitrogen content is 7.5g / m 2 The nitrogen fertilizer was used in an amount equivalent to the amount of the nitrogen fertilizer used in Comparative Example 1. The difference from Comparative Example 1 is that no silicate fertilizer was used.

[0086] [Progress observation of construction site] Each of the construction sites in Example 1 and Comparative Examples 1 and 2 was observed for 10 months after construction. Specifically, the vegetation coverage rate (%) of each construction site was measured. In addition, a vegetation survey was conducted for each construction site using the quadrat method, and the coverage and damage level of plants that appeared in the quadrat were measured. Then, the average coverage and damage level of the quadrat were calculated for each plant. Since the coverage and damage levels have different class widths, the median value of each class was calculated as the coverage and damage level of the plant to enable quantitative evaluation.

[0087] The coverage was measured based on the Braun-Blanke method, which has six classifications. The evaluation criteria for the Braun-Blanke method are as follows:

[0088] <Evaluation criteria of the Braun-Blanke method> Coverage "+": A small number of species with little coverage. Median coverage (0.5) Coverage level "1": The number of individuals is high but the coverage level is low, or the number of individuals is relatively small but the coverage level is high. Median coverage level (5.5) Coverage level "2": Very high or less than 10-25% coverage. Median coverage level (17.5) Coverage level "3": Coverage level is between 25% and 50%, and the number of individuals is arbitrary. Median coverage level (37.5) Coverage level "4": Coverage level is between 50% and 75%, and the number of individuals is arbitrary. Median coverage level (62.5) Coverage level "5": Coverage level is between 75% and 100%, and the number of individuals is arbitrary. Median coverage level (87.5)

[0089] In addition, the damage index was measured and calculated based on the following four classification evaluation criteria as a value indicating the extent to which an individual (plant) has suffered damage from feeding compared to a standard state according to the elapsed time.

[0090] <Evaluation criteria> Damage level "1" (severe damage): 75% or more of the individual's body is eaten. Median damage level (87.5) Damage level "2" (severe damage): Between 25% and 75% of the individual body parts are eaten. Median damage level (50.0) Damage level "3" (light damage): Between 10% and 25% of the individual body parts are eaten. Median damage level (17.5) Damage level: 4 (almost no damage): Less than 10% of the individual is eaten. Median damage level (5.0)

[0091] [Test Results] (vegetation coverage) In the case of greening using the greening substrate of Example 1, the vegetation coverage rate of the entire test area (construction area) was 42.5%. On the other hand, in the case of greening using the greening substrate of Comparative Example 1, the vegetation coverage rate of the entire test area (construction area) was 30.0%, and in the case of greening using the greening mat of Comparative Example 2, the vegetation coverage rate of the entire test area (construction area) was 28.3%. It was confirmed that the highest vegetation coverage rate was achieved by using plants that are resistant to feeding, as in Example 1, and containing a specified amount of nitrogen and silicic acid. In the case of Comparative Example 1, although the greening was achieved by using plants that are resistant to feeding, as in Example 1, the vegetation coverage rate was only 30.0%. In addition, in the case of normal greening as in Comparative Example 2, the vegetation coverage rate was the lowest.

[0092] The state of each of the construction sites (test areas) of Example 1 and Comparative Examples 1 and 2 10 months after construction is shown in Figure 5. Figure 5 is a set of photographs taken of the construction sites of Example 1, Comparative Example 1, and Comparative Example 2 10 months after construction. The two-tiered photographs shown on the left side of Figure 5 are Example 1, the two-tiered photographs shown in the center of Figure 5 are Comparative Example 1, and the two-tiered photographs shown on the right side of Figure 5 are Comparative Example 2. The photographs in the lower row are enlarged photographs.

[0093] FIG. 6 shows a graph (bar graph) illustrating the results of each vegetation coverage ratio in Example 1 and Comparative Examples 1 and 2.

[0094] [Expansion and damage] The results of coverage and damage are shown in FIG. 7. FIG. 7 is a graph showing the results of the total coverage and average damage in Example 1 and Comparative Examples 1 and 2. The vertical axis on the left side of FIG. 7 represents the total coverage (%), and the vertical axis on the right side of FIG. 7 represents the average damage (%). The total value of the average coverage of the introduced plant species at the time of the survey in September 2022 was 39.5% in the case of the greening of Example 1, 18.0% in the case of the greening of Comparative Example 1, and 34.5% in the case of the normal greening of Comparative Example 2. In this way, it was confirmed that the introduced plants survive best when they use plants that are resistant to feeding and contain a predetermined amount of nitrogen and silicic acid. In addition, in the normal greening of Comparative Example 2, the total coverage of the introduced plant species is higher than the above-mentioned vegetation coverage rate, but this is because the coverage is the vegetation coverage rate of each plant, so the total coverage in cases where the plants overlap may exceed the overall vegetation coverage rate.

[0095] The average damage level was 45.0% in the case of the greening of Example 1, 43.4% in the case of the greening of Comparative Example 1, and 60.0% in the case of the greening of Comparative Example 2. Thus, the use of plants that are resistant to feeding and contain a specified amount of nitrogen and silicic acid resulted in the least damage to the introduced plants.

[0096] As described above, the coverage (vegetation coverage rate) of the introduced species was high and the damage level was low in the grazing-resistant greening of Example 1. Therefore, it can be said that the grazing- and trampling-resistant greening of Example 1 is a greening method that is excellent in resistance to grazing and trampling by deer.

[0097] Example 2 (Preparation of greening substrate) Tests were conducted to confirm the effect of endophyte infection and fertilizer components on deer resistance to feeding. Endophytes (endophytic fungi) are fungi and bacteria that live symbiotically with plants and are known to produce substances that are useful for the insect resistance and growth of plants. In particular, it has been reported that fungal endophytes that infect grasses produce toxins that cause endophyte poisoning in deer. Examples of endophyte-infected seeds include chewing fescue, creeping red fescue, and hard fescue. These are generally available commercially.

[0098] Seeds of creeping fescue (an endophyte-infected species), Japanese larvae, Kentucky bluegrass, hard fescue, redtop, bermudagrass, Japanese bush clover, Japanese mugwort, and Japanese bush clover, which are selected plants that are highly resistant to feeding and trampling by deer, were spread on nonwoven fabric. Additionally, several cylindrical fertilizer bags were prepared and attached to a degradable polyethylene sheet (net) at 40 cm intervals. Each fertilizer bag was filled with fertilizer (nitrogen fertilizer, silica fertilizer), substrate material, growth promoter, etc.

[0099] The seeds of the plants in Example 2 were adjusted so that 50% or more of the total number of seeds expected to emerge were selected plants that had high resistance to feeding and trampling by deer and met at least one of the above-mentioned evaluation items (a) to (e). The seeding amount and expected number of seeds for each seed were as follows.

[0100] Creeping red fescue (endophyte-infected seeds): Seeding rate (3.87 g / m 2 ), expected number of pieces (3000 pieces / m 2 ) - Shiba: Seeding rate (1.31g / m 2 ), expected number of pieces (100 pieces / m 2 ) Kentucky bluegrass: Seeding rate (0.63 g / m 2 ), expected number of pieces (1800 pieces / m 2 ) Hard fescue: Seeding rate (1.61g / m 2), expected number of pieces (1500 pieces / m 2 ) Red Top: Seeding rate (0.11g / m 2 ), expected number of pieces (1000 pieces / m 2 ) Bermudagrass: Seeding rate (0.96g / m 2 ), expected number of pieces (3000 pieces / m 2 ) - Seeding rate (2.57g / m 2 ), expected number of pieces (750 pieces / m 2 ) Komatsunagi: Seeding rate (1.33g / m 2 ), expected number of pieces (150 pieces / m 2 ) Mugwort: Seeding rate (0.30g / m 2 ), expected number of pieces (200 pieces / m 2 ) Yamahagi: Seeding rate (1.17g / m 2 ), expected number of pieces (70 pieces / m 2 )

[0101] The fertilizer of Example 2 has a nitrogen content of 15 g / m 2 and 10g / m 2 and a silicic acid fertilizer in an amount equivalent to the amount of silicic acid in Example 2. In this manner, the greening base material (greening mat) of Example 2 was prepared.

[0102] Comparative Example 3 On the other hand, a greening substrate of Comparative Example 3 was prepared for comparison. The same composition was used as in Example 2, except that the seeds were changed from the seeds used in Example 2 to creeping red fescue that was not infected with endophytes. The fertilizer used was fertilized to a nitrogen content of 7.5 g / m 2 A nitrogen fertilizer was used in an amount equivalent to the above. Note that no silicate fertilizer was used in Comparative Example 3. The other conditions were the same as in Example 2, and a greening base material (vegetation mat) of Comparative Example 3 was prepared.

[0103] (Construction of greening substrate) The obtained mat-like greening material was applied to a scoria slope (slope angle: approximately 30°) in a certain place in Oyama Town, Shizuoka Prefecture, where wild deer live, in August 2017. The application area of ​​the greening material on the slope was approximately 30 m. 2 It is.

[0104] [Progress observation of construction site] The construction sites of Example 2 and Comparative Example 3 were surveyed in October 2022, five years after construction. As a result, the vegetation coverage rate of Example 2 was 92%, endophyte-infected creeping red fescue was 7%, and other plants were 85%. The average community height was also 110 cm.

[0105] On the other hand, the vegetation coverage rate in Comparative Example 3 was 58%, of which 3% was endophyte-uninfected creeping red fescue and 55% was other plants. The average community height was 60 cm, and the plant was heavily damaged by deer feeding.

[0106] These results confirmed that when endophyte-infected seeds are given a high nitrogen supply and silica is also added, the survival rate of the endophyte-infected seeds themselves increases, and the vegetation coverage of other plants in the entire test area also increases.

[0107] Fig. 8 is a graph showing the results of the vegetation coverage rate (%) and the average community height (m) of Example 2 and Comparative Example 3. The vertical axis on the left side of Fig. 8 represents the vegetation coverage rate (%) of each plant, and the vertical axis on the right side of Fig. 8 represents the average community height (m).

[0108] <Other embodiments> The present invention is not limited to the embodiments described above and illustrated in the drawings, and the following embodiments, for example, are also included within the technical scope of the present invention.

[0109] (1) In another embodiment, an endophyte-infected seed may be used as the selected plant (or seed). For example, in the first to third embodiments, a selected plant or a seed of the selected plant that is highly resistant to feeding and trampling by deer and meets at least one of the above-mentioned evaluation items (a) to (e) may be infected with an endophyte.

[0110] (2) In the above embodiment, the nitrogen fertilizer and the silicate fertilizer are prepared as separate fertilizers. However, in other embodiments, a combined nitrogen fertilizer and a silicate fertilizer may be used as long as the object of the present invention is not impaired. [Explanation of symbols]

[0111] 1...land to be revegetated, 2...selected plants, 3...nitrogen fertilizer, 4...silica fertilizer, 5...non-selected plants, 6...revegetation substrate, 7...substrate, 8...substrate with seeds, 9...fertilizer bag, 10...net, 11...selected plants

Claims

1. Of the total amount of plant seeds to be provided in the greening area, an amount equivalent to 50% or more of the total amount in terms of the expected number of seeds to be generated consists of seeds of selected plants that are highly resistant to feeding and trampling by deer and that correspond to at least one of the evaluation items (a) to (e) shown below. The selected plant includes at least one selected from creeping red fescue, creeping bentgrass, bermudagrass, redtop, Kentucky bluegrass, hard fescue, chewing fescue, Japanese silver grass, Japanese lawn grass, Japanese laurel, Japanese bush clover, Sophora flavescens, Japanese long-leaved jasmine, lemon perilla, Japanese perilla, Japanese knotweed, Japanese plantain, Japanese andromeda, Japanese mitsumata, and Japanese laurel; The nitrogen content of the selected plant is 8 g / m for the greening target area. ２ The above amount of nitrogen fertilizer and 10g / m ２ This is a greening method using plants that are highly resistant to being eaten and trampled by deer, and that are fertilized with an amount of silica fertilizer equivalent to the above amount of silica. (a) Taste evaluation: plants that deer find malodorous or unpleasant to eat (b) Odor evaluation: plants with odors that repel deer (c) Pain sensation evaluation: Plants with thorns or tough leaves that stimulate the deer's pain sensation (d) Difficulty in eating evaluation: Plants that are difficult for deer to eat and are likely to be left behind (e) Regeneration ability evaluation: creeping, branching, or rosette type plants that are easy to regenerate even when eaten and have resistance to trampling.

2. Of the total vegetation cover of plants used in the greening area, 50% or more must be selected plants that are highly resistant to feeding and trampling by deer and that meet at least one of the following evaluation criteria (a) to (e): The selected plant includes at least one selected from creeping red fescue, creeping bentgrass, bermudagrass, redtop, Kentucky bluegrass, hard fescue, chewing fescue, Japanese silver grass, Japanese lawn grass, Japanese laurel, Japanese bush clover, Sophora flavescens, Japanese long-leaved jasmine, lemon perilla, Japanese perilla, Japanese knotweed, Japanese plantain, Japanese andromeda, Japanese mitsumata, and Japanese laurel; The nitrogen content of the selected plant is 8 g / m for the greening target area. ２ The above amount of nitrogen fertilizer and 10g / m ２ This is a greening method using plants that are resistant to being eaten and trampled by deer, and that involve adding silica fertilizer in an amount equivalent to the amount of silica mentioned above. (a) Taste evaluation: plants that deer find malodorous or unpleasant to eat (b) Odor evaluation: plants with odors that repel deer (c) Pain sensation evaluation: Plants with thorns or tough leaves that stimulate the deer's pain sensation (d) Difficulty in eating evaluation: Plants that are difficult for deer to eat and are likely to be left behind (e) Regeneration ability evaluation: creeping, branching, or rosette type plants that are easy to regenerate even when eaten and have resistance to trampling.

3. A substrate; A greening substrate having a plant seed applied to the substrate, Among the total amount of seeds of the plant, an amount equivalent to 50% or more of the expected number of seeds of the total amount is composed of seeds of selected plants that are highly resistant to feeding and trampling by deer and that correspond to at least one of the evaluation items (a) to (e) shown below, The selected plant includes at least one selected from creeping red fescue, creeping bentgrass, bermudagrass, redtop, Kentucky bluegrass, hard fescue, chewing fescue, Japanese silver grass, Japanese lawn grass, Japanese laurel, Japanese bush clover, Sophora flavescens, Japanese long-leaved jasmine, lemon perilla, Japanese perilla, Japanese knotweed, Japanese plantain, Japanese andromeda, Japanese mitsumata, and Japanese laurel; The nitrogen content of the selected plant is 8 g / m2 relative to the substrate. ２ The above amount of nitrogen fertilizer and 10g / m ２ A greening substrate to which an amount of silica fertilizer equivalent to the above amount of silica is added. (a) Taste evaluation: plants that deer find malodorous or unpleasant to eat (b) Odor evaluation: plants with odors that repel deer (c) Pain sensation evaluation: Plants with thorns or tough leaves that stimulate the deer's pain sensation (d) Difficulty in eating evaluation: Plants that are difficult for deer to eat and are likely to be left behind (e) Regeneration ability evaluation: creeping, branching, or rosette type plants that are easy to regenerate even when eaten and have resistance to trampling.

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