Submarine power cable

Abstract

To provide a submarine power cable that reduces complexity and reduce cost, compared with a case where a lead-based metal sheath is used.SOLUTION: A submarine power cable (1, 101, 201) comprises: a conductor (2); an insulation system (5) including at least a first semiconducting layer (3) provided around the conductor (2), and an insulation layer (4) provided around the first semiconducting layer (3); and a water barrier layer (7, 107, 207) surrounding the insulation system (5). The water barrier layer (7, 107, 207) is obtained from a composition comprising: a base polymer in an amount of at least 50 wt%; and an additive being graphene, graphene or graphite nanoplatelets, graphene oxide, reduced graphene oxide and / or graphite in an amount of between 0.05 wt% and 10 wt%, preferably between 0.25 wt% and 6 wt %, more preferably between 0.5 wt% and 2 wt%, based on a weight of the composition.SELECTED DRAWING: Figure 1

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present disclosure generally relates to submarine power cables.

Background Art

[0002] Submarine power cables are installed in a marine environment. They may be placed, for example, on the seabed, buried beneath the seabed, or raised from the seabed to an offshore platform. Submarine power cables are specifically configured for use in a marine environment to protect them, for example, from water ingress, damage from external marine objects such as anchors, and fatigue damage due to waves. They may also be constructed to withstand large tensile forces during installation at greater depths.

[0003] Submarine power cables typically comprise one or more power cores. Each power core can comprise a conductor and an insulation system for insulating the conductor. Further, each power core can generally have a water-blocking layer or a water-barrier layer to protect the insulation system from water ingress. Conventionally, the water-blocking layer has been formed by a lead or lead-alloy layer. Lead is problematic for several reasons, and the extraction, manufacture, use, and disposal of lead and its products can lead to significant contamination of soil and water.

Summary of the Invention

[0004] A general object of the present disclosure is to provide a submarine power cable that solves or at least mitigates the problems of the prior art.

[0005] According to a first aspect, therefore, there is provided a submarine power cable comprising a conductor, an insulating system including at least a first semiconductor layer provided around the conductor and an insulating layer provided around the first semiconductor layer, and a water barrier layer surrounding the insulating system, wherein the water barrier layer is obtained from a composition comprising at least 50 wt% of a base polymer and, based on the weight of the composition, from 0.05 wt% to 10 wt%, preferably from 0.25 wt% to 6 wt%, more preferably from 0.5 wt% to 2 wt% of an additive which is graphene, graphene or graphite nanoplatelet, graphene oxide, reduced graphene oxide and / or graphite.

[0006] Thereby, an advantageous water barrier layer is provided. By the choice and amount of the composition, in particular the additive, a water barrier layer with low water permeability is achieved while providing other desired properties such as conductivity. Furthermore, such a water barrier layer can reduce complexity and / or cost compared to prior art solutions using for example a lead-based metal sheath as the water barrier layer. Further, according to the first aspect, the electrical, mechanical and chemical requirements of the submarine cable can be met in an advantageous way due to the composition of the water barrier layer. In particular, by providing an additive which is graphene, graphene or graphite nanoplatelet, graphene oxide, reduced graphene oxide and / or graphite, the properties of the water barrier layer, such as the electrical properties of the water barrier layer, can be adapted in an advantageous way. Furthermore, since the composition comprises at least 50 wt% of a base polymer, the properties of the water barrier layer, such as water permeability, can be advantageously controlled by using additional components such as filler materials. More precise properties of the water barrier layer can be adapted as desired, for example by varying the amount of such additional components and / or additives, such as increasing the amount of the additive to increase conductivity.

[0007] The composition of the water barrier layer includes at least 50 wt% of a base polymer and 0.05 wt% to 10 wt%, preferably 0.25 wt% to 6 wt%, more preferably 0.5 wt% to 2 wt% of an additive, where it should be understood that the weight percentage, wt%, is based on the total weight of the composition. The water barrier layer may include more than 50 wt% of the base polymer, for example at least 70 wt% or at least 90 wt%. Additionally or alternatively, the composition includes 0.5 wt% to 10 wt%, or 0.5 wt% to 6 wt%, or 0.5 wt% to 1.1 wt% of the additive.

[0008] According to one embodiment, the water barrier layer is in direct contact with the insulation system. Thereby, the water barrier layer can prevent or at least significantly reduce the water that penetrates into the insulation system from the outside. For example, the water barrier layer is disposed radially outside of the insulation system and is in direct contact with the insulation system. The water barrier layer may be extruded around the insulation system, folded axially, or folded radially, for example.

[0009] According to one embodiment, the water barrier layer has a water permeability of less than 0.05 g / (m 2 *24 h) (or 0.05 g / (m 2 *day)). Thereby, the amount of moisture penetrating into the insulation system from the outside can be kept low. It should be understood that the above composition of the water barrier layer achieves a water permeability of less than 0.05 g / (m 2 *24 h). That is, by providing a composition for a water barrier layer that includes at least 50 wt% of a base polymer and 0.05 wt% to 10 wt%, preferably 0.25 wt% to 6 wt%, more preferably 0.5 wt% to 2 wt% of an additive that is graphene, graphene or graphite nanoplatelet, graphene oxide, reduced graphene oxide and / or graphite, a water permeability of less than 0.05 g / (m 2 *24 h) can be achieved for the water barrier layer. According to one embodiment, the water barrier layer has a water permeability of less than 0.01 g / (m 2 *24 h) (or 0.01 g / (m 2*(day)) or 0.001 g / (m 2 *24 h) or less (or 0.001 g / (m 2 *(day)) or 0.0001 g / (m 2 *24 h) or less (or 0.0001 g / (m 2 *day)) and has water permeability.

[0010] The water permeability can be determined as the water vapor transmission rate WVTR according to ISO 15106-1. WVTR can be determined at a temperature of 40 °C and a relative humidity (RH) of 100%.

[0011] According to one embodiment, the composition of the water barrier layer further comprises at least one of an antioxidant, a stabilizer, a plasticizer, carbon black, a filler material, a slip additive, a crosslinking agent, a pigment, a compatibilizer, and a dispensing agent. For example, the composition comprises at least 1 wt% of an antioxidant, 2 wt% of an additive, and at least 95 wt% of a base polymer, and the base polymer is, for example, HDPE.

[0012] According to one embodiment, additives of graphene, graphene or graphite nanoplatelets, graphene oxide, reduced graphene oxide, and / or graphite are mixed with particles from at least one of carbon black, layered silicate, clay, silica-based compound, and zeolite.

[0013] According to one embodiment, the additive is a two-dimensional (2D) carbon-based material. The 2D carbon-based material is a sheet-like carbon-containing material. The additive may be, for example, a two-dimensional carbon-based nanomaterial (2D nanomaterial) that forms an atomically thin nanomaterial composed of a single to several layers of atoms. According to one embodiment, the additive is at least one of graphene, graphene or graphite nanoplatelets, graphene oxide, reduced graphene oxide, and graphite, or a mixture of at least two of them.

[0014] For example, the additive is a mixture of graphene and graphene oxide, for example, at a graphene-graphene oxide ratio of 0.5 to 1.5. For example, in the case of an additive amount of 0.05% by weight, the additive can be 0.025% by weight of graphene and 0.025% by weight of reduced graphene oxide.

[0015] According to one embodiment, the base polymer of the composition of the water barrier layer is a thermoplastic polymer. Thereby, the water barrier layer can have thermoplastic properties.

[0016] According to one embodiment, the base polymer of the composition of the water barrier layer is HDPE, MDPE, LDPE, LLDPE or PP. The base polymer of the composition can be a mixture of at least two of HDPE, MDPE, LDPE, LLDPE and PP. Additionally or alternatively, the base polymer includes a cyclic olefin copolymer, i.e., COC. Additionally or alternatively, the base polymer of the composition is a processed thermoplastic such as PVdC, PCTFE, LCP, etc. According to one embodiment, the base polymer of the composition of the water barrier layer is a thermosetting polymer such as XLPE or crosslinked polyethylene.

[0017] According to one embodiment, the additive of the composition is in the form of a composite material or nanocomposite and / or particles or nanoparticles. Thereby, the additive can be distributed in the composition and the resulting water barrier layer in an advantageous manner. For example, the electrical properties, coefficient of friction (COF) and / or thermal conductivity of the water barrier layer can be improved.

[0018] According to one embodiment, the subsea power cable further comprises a polymer jacket provided around the insulation system. The polymer jacket may include, for example, a polymer material extruded around the insulation system and / or the water barrier layer, or may include a polymer tape laid around the longitudinal axis of the subsea power cable or radially helically around the subsea power cable. The polymer jacket may be wholly or partially water permeable.

[0019] According to one embodiment, the water barrier layer is disposed between the insulation system and the polymer jacket, or the polymer jacket forms the water barrier layer. Thus, the polymer jacket forms the water barrier layer and can be obtained from the aforementioned composition.

[0020] According to one embodiment, the subsea power cable further comprises a second semiconductor layer. For example, the first semiconductor layer may be an inner semiconductor layer disposed radially inward in direct contact with the insulation layer, and the second semiconductor layer may be an outer semiconductor layer disposed radially outside the insulation layer.

[0021] According to one embodiment, the second semiconductor layer is included in the insulation system. The second semiconductor layer may be in direct contact with the insulation layer and disposed radially outside the insulation layer. The second semiconductor layer may form an insulation screen. The first semiconductor layer may form a semiconductor conductor shield. The first semiconductor layer may be disposed closest to the conductor (i.e., closest to the insulation system).

[0022] According to one embodiment, the second semiconductor layer forms the water barrier layer. Thus, the second semiconductor layer forms the water barrier layer and can be obtained from the aforementioned composition. In other words, the water barrier layer may be semiconductive.

[0023] According to one embodiment, the subsea power cable does not include a lead metal sheath disposed radially outside the insulation system. However, the subsea power cable can be provided with a metal sheath of copper or aluminum, for example, to meet grounding requirements. Instead of a metal sheath, the subsea power cable may be provided with a set of metal wires and / or copper tapes disposed radially outside the insulation system.

[0024] According to one embodiment, the subsea power cable is a lead-free power cable. According to one embodiment, the water barrier layer is lead-free. According to one embodiment, the water barrier layer is metal-free.

[0025] According to one embodiment, the submarine power cable is an HVDC power cable or an HVAC power cable. The submarine power cable may be a high-voltage power cable for voltages higher than, for example, 72 kV. According to one example, the submarine power cable is a high-voltage power cable or an extra-high voltage cable for voltages higher than, for example, 450 kV, or higher than 550 kV, or higher than 800 kV.

[0026] According to one embodiment, the water barrier layer has a thickness of at least 1 mm, for example, 1 mm to 30 mm, or 5 mm to 30 mm. According to one embodiment, the water barrier layer has a thickness of, for example, 5 mm to 10 mm, such as 3 mm to 15 mm. That is, the water barrier layer may have a radial extension of 1 mm to 30 mm. According to one embodiment, the water barrier layer is 2.5 mm to 4 mm, or 5 mm to 8 mm.

[0027] According to one embodiment, the insulation system has a thickness exceeding 8 mm. For example, the insulation system has a thickness of 8 to 45 mm, for example, 8.3 to 38 mm, or 8.8 to 40.5 mm. For example, the first semiconductor layer (or semiconductor conductor shield) has a thickness of 0.3 to 3 mm, and the insulation layer has a thickness of 8 to 35 mm. According to one embodiment, the second semiconductor layer (or semiconductor insulation shield) has a thickness of 0.5 to 2.5 mm.

[0028] According to one embodiment, the submarine power cable includes a conductor tape that forms an interface between the conductor and the first semiconductor layer (or insulation system). The conductor tape may have a thickness of, for example, 0.1 to 0.2 mm.

[0029] Any one or all of the layers, water barrier layer, second semiconductor layer, and / or polymer jacket within the insulation system may be an extruded layer. According to one embodiment, any one or all of the layers within the insulation system may include a thermosetting polymer such as cross-linked polyethylene, XLPE, cross-linked ethylene propylene diene monomer rubber (EPDM), or cross-linked ethylene propylene rubber (EPR). According to one embodiment, any one or all of the layers within the insulation system are thermoplastic, i.e., formed from a thermoplastic composition. The first semiconductor layer typically includes a conductive compound such as carbon black, for example.

[0030] In general, all terms used in the claims should be construed according to their ordinary meanings in the technical field, unless specifically defined otherwise herein. All references to "an / a / the element, apparatus, component, means, etc." should be construed non - limitatively as referring to at least one example of the element, apparatus, component, means, etc., unless otherwise specified.

[0031] Here, with reference to the accompanying drawings, specific embodiments of the concepts of the present invention will be described by way of example.

Brief Description of the Drawings

[0032]

Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 3

Modes for Carrying Out the Invention

[0033] Here, with reference to the accompanying drawings showing exemplary embodiments, the concept of the present invention will be more fully described below. However, the concept of the present invention may be embodied in many different forms and should not be construed as limited to the embodiments described herein. Rather, these embodiments are provided by way of example so that this disclosure will be thorough and complete, and will fully convey the scope of the concept of the present invention to those skilled in the art. Throughout the description, like reference numerals refer to like elements.

[0034] FIGS. 1, 2, and 3 show examples of different submarine power cables 1, 101, 201. The submarine power cables in these examples are single - power - core power cables. However, it should be noted that the submarine power cables can comprise several identical power cores to form a multi - core power cable such as a three - phase power cable.

[0035] In FIG. 1, a radial cross - section of a first embodiment of the submarine power cable is shown. The radial cross - section is a cross - section in the radial direction r of the submarine power cable 1, that is, a cross - section perpendicular to the central longitudinal axis. The submarine power cable 1 can be defined, for example, by cylindrical coordinates (radial distance r, azimuth angle φ which is an angle along the circumferential direction, and an axis adjusted along the longitudinal axis).

[0036] The submarine power cable 1 comprises a conductor 2. The conductor 2 can be, for example, a stranded wire, a milliken - type segment, a solid, or a profile wire conductor. The conductor 2 can include, for example, copper or aluminum.

[0037] The submarine power cable 1 further comprises an insulation system 5 provided around the conductor 2 and covering the conductor 2.

[0038] Thus, the insulation system 5 of the embodiment of FIG. 1 comprises a first semiconductor layer 3 provided around the conductor 2, an insulation layer 4 provided around the first semiconductor layer 3, and a second semiconductor layer 9 provided around the insulation layer 4.

[0039] The insulation system 5 may be extruded and may include a thermosetting or thermoplastic polymer material. In the case of extrusion, the polymer material may be, for example, cross-linked polyethylene (XLPE), polypropylene (PP), EPDM rubber, or EPR rubber.

[0040] Therefore, in the embodiment of FIG. 1, the second semiconductor layer 9 is in direct contact with the insulating layer 4 and is disposed radially outside the insulating layer 4, and the insulating layer 4 is in direct contact with the first semiconductor layer 3 and is disposed radially outside the first semiconductor layer 3. Therefore, the first semiconductor layer 3 forms a semiconductor conductor shield and may be referred to as the inner semiconductor layer. The second semiconductor layer 9 forms an insulating screen and may be referred to as the outer semiconductor layer.

[0041] The submarine power cable 1 further includes a water barrier layer 7 surrounding the insulation system 5. Therefore, in the embodiment of FIG. 1, the water barrier layer 7 is in direct contact with the second semiconductor layer 9 and is disposed radially outside the second semiconductor layer 9, and thus is in direct contact with the insulation system 5. Thereby, the water barrier layer 7 can prevent or at least significantly reduce the water entering the insulation system 5 from the outside.

[0042] Typically, the water barrier layer 7 has a water permeability of less than 0.05 g / (m 2 *24 h). Thereby, the amount of moisture entering the insulation system 5 from the outside can be kept low.

[0043] The submarine power cable 1 may further include a polymer jacket 11 provided around the insulation system 5. In the embodiment of FIG. 1, the polymer jacket is in direct contact with the water barrier layer 7 and is disposed radially outside the water barrier layer 7. Therefore, the water barrier layer 7 is disposed between the insulation system 5 and the polymer jacket 11.

[0044] The polymer jacket 11 may include, for example, a polymer material extruded around the water barrier layer 7. The polymer jacket 11 in the embodiment of FIG. 1 may be wholly or partially water-permeable.

[0045] Refer to FIG. 2 showing a radial cross-section of a second embodiment of the submarine power cable 101. Corresponding to FIG. 1, the radial cross-section is a cross-section in the radial direction r of the submarine power cable 101, that is, a cross-section perpendicular to the central longitudinal axis.

[0046] The submarine power cable 101 includes a structure corresponding to the submarine power cable 1 in FIG. 1, and there is a difference that the water barrier layer and the polymer jacket are combined into a single layer 107. That is, the polymer jacket forms the water barrier layer 107 and can be obtained from the aforementioned composition.

[0047] Therefore, the submarine power cable 101 includes a conductor 2 and an insulation system 5 provided around the conductor 2 to cover the conductor 2. The insulation system 5 includes a first semiconductor layer 3 provided around the conductor 2, an insulation layer 4 provided around the first semiconductor layer 3, and a second semiconductor layer 9 provided around the insulation layer 4. The conductor 2 and the insulation system 5 may be the same as those described with reference to the embodiment in FIG. 1.

[0048] Refer to FIG. 3 showing a radial cross-section of a third embodiment of the submarine power cable 201. Corresponding to FIG. 1, the radial cross-section is a cross-section in the radial direction r of the submarine power cable 201, that is, a cross-section perpendicular to the central longitudinal axis.

[0049] The submarine power cable 101 includes a structure corresponding to the submarine power cable 1 in FIG. 1, and there is a difference that the water barrier layer and the second semiconductor layer are combined into a single layer 207. That is, the second semiconductor layer forms the water barrier layer 207 and can be obtained from the aforementioned composition.

[0050] Therefore, the submarine power cable 201 includes a conductor 2 and an insulation system 5 provided around the conductor 2 to cover the conductor 2. The insulation system 5 includes a first semiconductor layer 3 provided around the conductor 2 and an insulation layer 4 provided around the first semiconductor layer 3. The second semiconductor layer is provided around the insulation layer 4 and forms a water barrier layer 207 as described above. The conductor 2, the first semiconductor layer 3, and the insulation layer 4 may be the same as those described with reference to the embodiment of FIG. 1. Therefore, in the embodiment of FIG. 2, the second semiconductor layer does not form a part of the insulation system 5, but contacts the insulation system 5 and forms a water barrier layer 207 disposed radially outside the insulation system 5.

[0051] As can also be seen in FIG. 3, the submarine power cable 201 can include a polymer jacket 11 provided around the insulation system 5. In the embodiment of FIG. 1, the polymer jacket is in direct contact with the water barrier layer 207 and is disposed radially outside the water barrier layer 207. Therefore, the water barrier layer 207 is disposed between the insulation system 5 and the polymer jacket 11. The polymer jacket 11 may be the same as that described with reference to the embodiment of FIG. 1.

[0052] Any one of the water barrier layers 7, 107, 207 in the foregoing embodiments is obtained from a composition including a base polymer in an amount of at least 50% by weight and an additive in an amount of 0.05% to 10% by weight, preferably 0.25% to 6% by weight, more preferably 0.5% to 2% by weight, based on the weight of the composition, the additive being graphene, graphene or graphite nanoplatelet, graphene oxide, reduced graphene oxide, and / or graphite. Thereby, advantageous water barrier layers 7, 107, 207 are achieved. The additive may be mixed with the base polymer, for example, in an extruder.

[0053] The base polymer of the composition may be a thermoplastic polymer. As a further example, the base polymer of the composition may be HDPE, MDPE, LDPE, LLDPE or PP, or a mixture thereof. Additionally or alternatively, the base polymer of the composition is a processed thermoplastic such as PVdC, PCTFE, LCP, etc.

[0054] The submarine power cables 1, 101, 201 may be, for example, HVDC power cables or HVAC power cables for voltages higher than 450 kV, or higher than 550 kV, or higher than 800 kV.

Examples

[0055] Four examples (IE1 - 4) and two comparative examples (CE1 - 2) of the water barrier layer of the present invention were prepared. The examples of the present invention were prepared by mixing a pre-dispersed graphene masterbatch (AROS MB (trademark) HDPE-EX) with HDPE pellets (Borstar HE6063) using a laboratory micro-extruder at 180 °C, 50 rpm and a compounding time of about 4 minutes. The graphene content was varied between 0.5 wt% and 10 wt%. After compounding, the resulting composition was hot-pressed into a 0.3 mm thick layer by increasing the pressure stepwise from 20 bar to 380 bar at 210 °C for 10 minutes.

[0056] As comparative examples, an HDPE-based water barrier layer without graphene (CE1) and an HDPE-based water barrier layer with 2.5 wt% carbon black (CE2) were prepared. For CE1, the same HDPE pellets as in the examples of the present invention were used (i.e., Borstar HE6063), and for CE2, HDPE pellets containing carbon black were used (Borstar HE6062).

[0057] The water vapor transmission rate (WVTR) was measured at 40 °C and 100% relative humidity (RH) according to ISO15106-1.

[0058] Table 1 shows the influence of graphene on the WVTR for different water barrier layers. Each of the comparative examples contains 100 wt% of HDPE pellets (i.e., 100 wt% of Borstar HE6063 for CE1 and 100 wt% of Borstar HE6062 for CE2), and in the examples of the present invention, the HDPE content (wt%) reaches 90 (IE4) - 94 (IE3), ~98.9 (IE2), ~99.5 (IE1).

[0059] Comparative Example 1 (CE1) shows a WVTR of 0.516 g / (m 2 *day) at 40 °C. By incorporating 2.5 wt% of carbon black, the WVTR is improved as shown for Comparative Example 2 (CE2). However, by incorporating graphene instead of carbon black, a significant improvement in the WVTR is achieved. Already at an amount of 0.5 wt% of graphene, for Example 1 (IE1) of the present invention, the WVTR is improved compared to CE2. Furthermore, the WVTR normalized with respect to the layer thickness was investigated. For example, the incorporation of 1.1% of graphene improves the performance by 42% compared to CE1 for Example 2 (IE2) of the present invention, while the incorporation of 2.5% of carbon black only improves the performance by 23% compared to CE1 for CE2. TIFF2025097936000002.tif59170

[0060] The concept of the present invention has been described above mainly with reference to several examples. However, as will be readily understood by those skilled in the art, other embodiments other than those disclosed above, as defined by the appended claims, are equally possible within the scope of the concept of the present invention. For example, if a submarine power cable comprises several identical power cores to form a multi-core power cable such as a three-phase power cable, each power core can correspond to that described with reference to the submarine power cables 1, 107, 201 shown in FIGS. 1 to 3. Thus, each power core can at least comprise a conductor 2, an insulation system 5, and water barrier layers 7, 107, 207, as described above. The power cores may be twisted and surrounded by a polymer jacket.

Claims

1. A conductor (2); an insulation system (5) including at least a first semiconductor layer (3) provided around the conductor (2) and an insulation layer (4) provided around the first semiconductor layer (3); a water barrier layer (7, 107, 207) surrounding the insulation system (5), 2. A submarine power cable (1, 101, 201), wherein said water barrier layer (7, 107, 207) is obtained from said composition comprising a base polymer in an amount of at least 50% by weight and an additive being graphene, graphene or graphite nanoplatelets, graphene oxide, reduced graphene oxide and / or graphite in an amount of 0.05% to 10% by weight, preferably 0.25% to 6% by weight, more preferably 0.5% to 2% by weight, based on the weight of the composition.

2. 2. A submarine power cable (1, 101, 201) according to claim 1, wherein the water barrier layer (7, 107, 207) is in direct contact with the insulation system (5).

3. The water barrier layer (7, 107, 207) has a thickness of 0.05 g / (m ２ A submarine power cable (1, 101, 201) according to claim 1 or 2, having a water permeability of less than 24 h.

4. 4. A submarine power cable (1, 101, 201) according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the composition of the water barrier layer (7, 107, 207) comprises at least one of the following: antioxidants, UV stabilizers, plasticizers, carbon black, filler materials, slip additives, pigments.

5. 5. A submarine power cable (1, 101, 201) according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the base polymer of the composition of the water barrier layer (7, 107, 207) is a thermoplastic polymer.

6. 5. A submarine power cable (1, 101, 201) according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the base polymer of the composition of the water barrier layer (7, 107, 207) is HDPE, MDPE, LDPE, LLDPE or PP.

7. 7. A submarine power cable (1, 101, 201) according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the additives of the composition are in the form of a composite or nanocomposite and / or particles or nanoparticles.

8. A submarine power cable (1, 101, 201) according to any one of the preceding claims, further comprising a polymer jacket (11) provided around the insulation system (5).

9. 9. A submarine power cable (1, 101, 201) according to claim 8, wherein the water barrier layer (7, 207) is arranged between the insulation system (5) and the polymer jacket (11) or the polymer jacket forms the water barrier layer (107).

10. A submarine power cable (1, 101, 201) according to any one of the preceding claims, further comprising a second semiconducting layer (9).

11. Submarine power cable (1, 101, 201) according to claim 10, wherein said second semiconducting layer (9) is included in said insulation system (5).

12. 11. The submarine power cable (201) of claim 10, wherein the second semiconducting layer forms the water barrier layer (207).

13. A submarine power cable (1, 101, 201) according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the power cable does not comprise a lead metallic sheath arranged radially outside the insulation system (5).

14. A submarine power cable (1, 101, 201) according to any one of claims 1 to 13, which is a lead-free power cable.

15. A submarine power cable (1, 101, 201) according to any one of the preceding claims, which is an HVDC or HVAC power cable.

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