Composition

Abstract

To provide a nonaqueous electrolytic solution, which provides improved properties over a nonaqueous electrolytic solution of the prior art.SOLUTION: The invention provides use of a nonaqueous battery electrolyte formulation including a compound of Formula (I) in a battery, where: R1 is CF3; R2 is independently selected from the group consisting of H, F, CH2OR5 and OR5; R3 is an alkyl group with the formula CnH2n+1-xFx; R4 is H or F; and R5 is an alkyl group substituted with at least on fluorine substituent.SELECTED DRAWING: None

Description

[Technical Field]

[0001] The present disclosure relates to non-aqueous electrolytes for energy storage devices, including batteries and capacitors, particularly for secondary batteries and devices known as supercapacitors. [Background technology]

[0002] There are two main types of batteries: primary and secondary. Primary batteries are also known as non-rechargeable batteries. Secondary batteries are also known as rechargeable batteries. A well-known type of rechargeable battery is the lithium-ion battery. Lithium-ion batteries have high energy density, no memory effect, and low self-discharge.

[0003] Lithium-ion batteries are commonly used in portable electronic devices and electric vehicles. In batteries, lithium ions move from the negative electrode to the positive electrode during discharge and back during charging.

[0004] Typically, the electrolyte contains additives in addition to a non-aqueous solvent and an electrolyte salt. The electrolyte is typically a mixture of organic carbonates such as ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, fluoroethylene carbonate, and dialkyl carbonate containing a lithium ion electrolyte salt. Many lithium salts can be used as the electrolyte salt, and common examples include lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF), lithium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (LiFSI), and lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (LiTFSI).

[0005] The electrolyte must perform several distinct roles within the battery.

[0006] The primary role of the electrolyte is to facilitate the flow of charge between the cathode and anode. This occurs by transport of metal ions within the battery from and / or to the anode and / or cathode, where charge is released / introduced by chemical reduction or oxidation.

[0007] Therefore, the electrolyte must provide a medium capable of solvating and / or supporting the metal ions.

[0008] Due to the use of lithium electrolyte salts and the exchange of lithium ions with lithium metal (which is highly reactive with water, as is the sensitivity of other battery components to water), the electrolyte is typically non-aqueous.

[0009] Additionally, the electrolyte must have suitable rheological properties to allow / enhance the flow of ions therein at the typical operating temperatures to which the battery will be exposed and expected to function.

[0010] Furthermore, the electrolyte must be as chemically inert as possible. This is particularly relevant in the context of the battery's expected lifespan with regard to internal corrosion (e.g., of the electrodes and casing) and battery leakage issues within the battery. Also important to consider in chemical stability is flammability. Unfortunately, common electrolyte solvents often contain flammable materials, which can pose safety hazards.

[0011] This can be problematic because the battery can accumulate heat during operation while discharging or being discharged. This is especially true for high-density batteries such as lithium-ion batteries. Therefore, it is desirable for the electrolyte to exhibit low flammability along with other related properties such as a high flash point.

[0012] It is also desirable that the electrolyte not pose any environmental issues related to disposability after use or other environmental issues such as global warming potential. DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION

[0013] It is an object of the present invention to provide a non-aqueous electrolyte that offers improved properties over prior art non-aqueous electrolytes.

[0014] Usage According to a first aspect of the present invention, there is provided the use of a compound of formula (I) in a non-aqueous battery electrolyte formulation, wherein the compound of formula (I) is present in the electrolyte formulation in an amount of 95 wt% or less. Preferably, the compound of formula (I) is present in the electrolyte formulation in an amount of 1 to 30 wt%, more preferably 5 to 20 wt%, for example 5 to 15 wt% or 10 wt%. Preferably, the composition comprising the compound of formula (I) is used in a lithium-ion battery.

[0015] According to a second aspect of the present invention, there is provided the use of a non-aqueous battery electrolyte formulation comprising a compound of formula (I) in a battery, wherein the compound of formula (I) is present in the electrolyte formulation in an amount of up to 95 wt %. Preferably, the compound of formula (I) is present in the electrolyte formulation in an amount of 1 to 30 wt %, more preferably 5 to 20 wt %, for example 5 to 15 wt % or 10 wt %.

[0016] Composition / Device Aspects According to a third aspect of the present invention, there is provided a battery electrolyte formulation comprising a compound of formula (I), wherein the compound of formula (I) is present in the electrolyte formulation in an amount of up to 95 wt %. Preferably, the compound of formula (I) is present in the electrolyte formulation in an amount of 1 to 30 wt %, more preferably 5 to 20 wt %, for example 5 to 15 wt % or 10 wt %.

[0017] According to a fourth aspect of the present invention, there is provided a formulation comprising a metal ion and a compound of formula (I), optionally in combination with a solvent, wherein the compound of formula (I) is present in the formulation in an amount of up to 95% by weight. Preferably, the compound of formula (I) is present in the electrolyte formulation in an amount of 1 to 30% by weight, more preferably 5 to 20% by weight, for example 5 to 15% by weight or 10% by weight.

[0018] According to a fifth aspect of the present invention, there is provided a battery comprising a battery electrolyte formulation comprising a compound of formula (I), wherein the compound of formula (I) is present in the electrolyte formulation in an amount of 95 wt% or less. Preferably, the compound of formula (I) is present in the electrolyte formulation in an amount of 1 to 30 wt%, more preferably 5 to 20 wt%, for example 5 to 15 wt% or 10 wt%.

[0019] Method aspects According to a sixth aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method of reducing the flammability of a battery and / or battery electrolyte formulation, comprising the addition of a formulation comprising a compound of formula (I), wherein the compound of formula (I) is present in the formulation to which it is added in an amount of up to 95 wt %. Preferably, the compound of formula (I) is present in the electrolyte formulation in an amount of 1 to 30 wt %, more preferably 5 to 20 wt %, for example 5 to 15 wt % or 10 wt %.

[0020] According to a seventh aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method of powering an article, comprising the use of a battery comprising a battery electrolyte formulation comprising a compound of formula (I), wherein the compound of formula (I) is present in the electrolyte formulation in an amount of up to 95 wt %. Preferably, the compound of formula (I) is present in the electrolyte formulation in an amount of 1 to 30 wt %, more preferably 5 to 20 wt %, for example 5 to 15 wt % or 10 wt %.

[0021] According to an eighth aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method of improving a battery electrolyte formulation, the method comprising either (a) at least partially replacing the battery electrolyte with a battery electrolyte formulation comprising a compound of formula (I), and / or (b) supplementing the battery electrolyte with a battery electrolyte formulation comprising a compound of formula (I), wherein the compound of formula (I) is present in the replacement electrolyte formulation in an amount of 95 wt% or less. Preferably, the compound of formula (I) is present in the electrolyte formulation in an amount of 1 to 30 wt%, more preferably 5 to 20 wt%, e.g., 5 to 15 wt% or 10 wt%.

[0022] According to a ninth aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method for preparing a battery electrolyte formulation, comprising mixing a compound of formula (I) with a lithium-containing compound and a solvent, wherein the compound of formula (I) is present in the electrolyte formulation in an amount of 95 wt% or less. Preferably, the compound of formula (I) is present in the electrolyte formulation in an amount of 1 to 30 wt%, more preferably 5 to 20 wt%, for example 5 to 15 wt% or 10 wt%.

[0023] According to a tenth aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method for improving battery capacity / charge transfer within a battery / battery life etc. by providing an electrolyte formulation comprising a compound of formula (I).

[0024] According to an eleventh aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method for improving battery capacity / charge transfer within a battery / battery life / etc. by use of a compound of formula (I).

[0025] electrolyte formulation In all embodiments of the present invention, the compound of formula (I) is present in the electrolyte formulation in an amount of 95 wt% or less, such as 75 wt% or less, e.g., 50 wt% or less, preferably 25 wt% or less, 20 wt% or less, 15 wt% or less, 10 wt% or less, or 5 wt% or less. More preferably, the compound of formula (I) is present in the electrolyte formulation in an amount of about 1 wt% to about 30 wt%, such as about 1 wt% to about 20 wt%, or about 5 wt% to about 20 wt%, such as about 1 wt% to about 25 wt%, e.g., about 1 wt% to about 15 wt%, or about 5 wt% to about 15 wt%, about 1 wt% to about 10 wt%, or about 1 wt% to about 5 wt%.

[0026] Compounds of formula (I) For all aspects of the present invention, preferred embodiments of formula (I) are: [ka] During the ceremony, R 1 is independently selected from the group consisting of CF3, CH2CF3, and CFHCF3; R 2 are independently H, F, CH3, CH2F, CH2CF3, CH2OR 5 and OR 5 is selected from the group consisting of R 3 is the formula C n H 2n+1-x F x is an alkyl group having the formula R 4 is H or F, R 5is an alkyl group substituted on at least one fluorine substituent, However, R 1 is CH2CF3 or CFHCF3, and R 2 But H, F or OR 5 This is subject to the condition that:

[0027] With respect to all aspects of the present invention, the most preferred embodiments of formula (I) have the proviso that they exclude compounds of the following formulae: [ka] wherein A and B are independently selected from the group including -H, -CH3, -F, -Cl, -CH2F, -CF3, -OCF3, -OCH2CF3, OCH2CF2CHF2, and -CH2CF3 (wherein A and B cannot both be H, and R is independently selected from the group including -H, -CH3, -F, -Cl, -CH2F, -CF3, -OCF3, -OCH2CF3, OCH2CF2CHF2, and -CH2CF3). n H 2n+1-x F x or C n H 2n+1-x F x is an alkoxy or alkyl group having the formula:

[0028] Alternatively and / or additionally (bearing in mind the above paragraph), highly preferred embodiments of formula (I) are: [ka] During the ceremony, R 1 is CF3, R 2 are independently H, F, CH2OR 5 and OR 5 is selected from the group consisting of R 3 is the formula C n H 2n+1-x F x is an alkyl group having the formula R 4 is H or F, R 5 is an alkyl group substituted on at least one fluorine substituent.

[0029] advantage In an embodiment of the present invention, the electrolyte formulation has been found to be surprisingly advantageous.

[0030] The advantages of using compounds of formula (I) in electrolyte solvent compositions manifest themselves in several ways: their presence can reduce the flammability of the electrolyte composition (e.g., as measured by flash point), their oxidative stability makes them useful for batteries required to operate under harsh conditions, and they are compatible with common electrode chemistries and can even enhance the performance of these electrodes through their interaction with them.

[0031] Additionally, electrolyte compositions containing compounds of formula (I) have been found to have excellent physical properties, including low viscosity and low melting points, but high boiling points with the associated benefit of little or no gas generation during use, leading to reduced cell swelling. The electrolyte formulations have been found to wet and spread very well on surfaces, particularly fluorine-containing surfaces, which is hypothesized to result from a beneficial relationship between their adhesive and cohesive strengths, resulting in low contact angles. The electrolytes have also been found to enable low-temperature performance and performance over a wider temperature range.

[0032] Furthermore, electrolyte compositions containing compounds of formula (I) have been found to have excellent electrochemical properties, including improved capacity retention, improved cyclability and capacity, and improved compatibility with other battery components, such as separators and current collectors, and with all types of cathode and anode chemistries (including systems operating at a range of voltages, particularly high voltages, and including systems containing additives such as silicon). In addition, the electrolyte formulations exhibit good solvation of metal (e.g., lithium) salts and interaction with any electrolyte solvent present. Furthermore, they also enable improved process chemistries and manufacturing methods, along with improved solid electrolyte layer formation.

[0033] Preferred features relating to aspects of the present invention are as follows:

[0034] Preferred compounds In an embodiment of the invention, the compound of formula (I) is a compound of formula (II): [ka] During the ceremony, R 1 is CF3, R 2 are CH3, CH2F CH2CF3 and CH2OR 5 are independently selected from the group consisting of R 3 is the formula C n H 2n+1-x F x is an alkyl group having the formula R 4 is H or F, R 5 is an alkyl group substituted on at least one fluorine substituent.

[0035] In an embodiment of the invention, the compound of formula (I) is a compound of formula (III): [ka] During the ceremony, R 1 is independently selected from the group consisting of CHCF and CFHCF; R 2 are independently determined by HF and OR 5 is selected from the group consisting of R 3 is the formula C n H 2n+1-x F x is an alkyl group having the formula R 4 is H or F, R 5 is an alkyl group substituted on at least one fluorine substituent.

[0036] In a further embodiment of the invention, the compound of formula (I) is a compound of formula (IV): [ka] During the ceremony, R 1 is CF3, R 2 is independently selected from the group consisting of CH3 and CH2F; R 3 is the formula C n H 2n+1-x F x is an alkyl group having the formula R 4 is H or F.

[0037] In an alternative embodiment of the invention, the compound of formula (I) is a compound of formula (V): [ka] In the formula, R 3 is the formula C n H 2n+1-x F x is an alkyl group having the formula:

[0038] In an alternative embodiment of the invention, the compound of formula (I) is a compound of formula (VI): [ka] R 3 is the formula C n H 2n+1-x F x is an alkyl group having the formula:

[0039] In an alternative embodiment of the invention, the compound of formula (I) is a compound of formula (VII): [ka] In the formula, R 3 is the formula C n H 2n+1-x F x is an alkyl group having the formula:

[0040] In an alternative embodiment of the invention, the compound of formula (I) is a compound of formula (VIII): [ka] In the formula, R 3 is the formula C n H 2n+1-x F x is an alkyl group having the formula:

[0041] In an alternative embodiment of the invention, the compound of formula (I) is a compound of formula (IX): [ka] In the formula, R 3 is the formula C n H 2n+1-x F x is an alkyl group having the formula:

[0042] In an alternative embodiment of the invention, the compound of formula (I) is a compound of formula (X): [ka] In the formula, R 3 is the formula C n H 2n+1-x F x is an alkyl group having the formula:

[0043] In an alternative embodiment of the invention, the compound of formula (I) is a compound of formula (XI): [ka] In the formula, R 3 is the formula C n H 2n+1-x F x is an alkyl group having the formula:

[0044] In an alternative embodiment of the invention, the compound of formula (I) is a compound of formula (XII): [ka] In the formula, R3 is the formula C n H 2n+1-x F x is an alkyl group having the formula R 5 is an alkyl group substituted on at least one fluorine substituent.

[0045] In an alternative embodiment of the invention, the compound of formula (I) is a compound of formula (XIII): [ka] In the formula, R 3 is the formula C n H 2n+1-x F x is an alkyl group having the formula R 5 is an alkyl group substituted on at least one fluorine substituent.

[0046] In one embodiment of the present invention, the compound of formula (I) comprises at least two different compounds of formula (I).

[0047] R 3 is the formula C n H 2n+1-x F x is an alkyl group having the formula:

[0048] Preferably, n is 1 to about 10, more preferably, n is 1 to about 7, more preferably, n is 1 to about 5, and most preferably, n is 1 to about 3.

[0049] Preferably, x has a value of 0 to 2n+1. For the most preferred values ​​of n, x is preferably 0, 3 or 4.

[0050] Most preferably, R 3 is CH3, CH2CH3, CF3, CH2CF3, CH2CF2CHF2, CH2CH2CH3, or CH(CH3)2.

[0051] Advantageously, R 5is a C1-C6 alkyl group substituted on at least one fluorine substituent, such as a C1-C5 alkyl group, a C1-C4 alkyl group, a C1-C3 alkyl group, or a C1-C2 alkyl group substituted with at least one fluorine substituent. 5 is a C2 alkyl group substituted with at least one fluorine substituent.

[0052] Conveniently, R 5 is an alkyl group as described in one of the above embodiments terminating in a CF3 substituent. For example, R 5 can be a C1-C6, a C1-C5 alkyl group, a C1-C4 alkyl group, a C1-C3 alkyl group, or a C1-C2 alkyl group terminated by a CF3 substituent. 5 can be CH2CH2CF3.

[0053] Preferably, R 5 is CH2CF3.

[0054] In an alternative embodiment, R 5 is an alkyl group as described in one of the above embodiments terminating in a CHF2 substituent. For example, R 5 can be a C1-C6, a C1-C5 alkyl group, a C1-C4 alkyl group, a C1-C3 alkyl group, or a C1-C2 alkyl group terminated by a CHF2 substituent. For example, R 5 is CH2CH2CHF2 or CH2(CF2) n CHF2, where n is an integer from 1 to 5.

[0055] For the avoidance of doubt, where a compound can exist as one of two conformational isomers, either the isomer or a mixture of isomers is contemplated without any further specification.

[0056] Preferably, the compound of formula (I) has a melting point of about -20°C to about -70°C, for example, about -25°C to about -60°C, preferably about -30°C to about -50°C.

[0057] Preferably, the compounds of formula (I) will have a viscosity suitable for use in heat transfer fluids such as refrigeration or air conditioning devices. Advantageously, the compounds of formula (I) will have a viscosity of about 20 to about 70 cSt, such as 25 to about 65 cSt, about 30 to about 60 cSt, or about 35 to about 55 cSt. Preferably, the compounds of formula (I) will have a viscosity of about 40 to about 50 cSt.

[0058] metal salts The non-aqueous electrolyte further comprises a metal electrolyte salt, which is present in an amount of 0.1 to 20 wt %, based on the total weight of the non-aqueous electrolyte formulation.

[0059] Metal salts generally include salts of lithium, sodium, magnesium, calcium, lead, zinc, or nickel.

[0060] Most preferably, the metal salt is a salt of lithium, such as one selected from the group including lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF), lithium perchlorate (LiClO), lithium tetrafluoroborate (LiBF), lithium triflate (LiSOCF), lithium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (Li(FSO)N), and lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (Li(CFSO)N).

[0061] Most preferably, the metal salt comprises LiPF6. Thus, in a most preferred variant of the fourth aspect of the invention, there is provided a formulation comprising LiPF6 and a compound of formula (I), optionally in combination with a solvent.

[0062] Other solvents The non-aqueous electrolyte may contain a solvent, and preferred examples of the solvent include fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC) and / or propylene carbonate (PC), dimethyl carbonate (DMC), ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC), or ethylene carbonate (EC).

[0063] When present, the additional solvent comprises 0.1% to 99.9% by weight of the liquid component of the electrolyte.

[0064] additives The non-aqueous electrolyte may contain additives.

[0065] A suitable additive can serve as a surface film-forming agent that forms an ion-permeable film on the surface of the positive or negative electrode, which can anticipate the decomposition reaction between the non-aqueous solvent and the electrolyte salt that occurs on the surface of the electrode, thereby preventing the decomposition reaction of the non-aqueous electrolyte solution on the surface of the electrode.

[0066] Examples of film-forming additives include vinylene carbonate (VC), ethylene sulfite (ES), lithium bis(oxalato)borate (LiBOB), cyclohexylbenzene (CHB), and orthoterphenyl (OTP). The additives may be used alone or in combination of two or more.

[0067] When present, the additive is present in an amount of 0.1 to 3 weight percent based on the total weight of the non-aqueous electrolyte formulation.

[0068] battery Primary / secondary battery The battery may comprise a primary battery (non-rechargeable) or a secondary battery (rechargeable). Most preferably, the battery comprises a secondary battery.

[0069] Batteries containing non-aqueous electrolytes will generally contain several components. The components that make up a preferred non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery cell are described below. It should be understood that other battery components (such as a temperature sensor) may be present. The following list of battery components is not intended to be exhaustive.

[0070] electrode Batteries generally contain a positive electrode and a negative electrode. The electrodes are usually porous, allowing metal ions (lithium ions) to enter and exit their structure in a process called intercalation or deintercalation.

[0071] In rechargeable batteries (secondary batteries), the term cathode refers to the electrode where reduction occurs during the discharge cycle. In lithium-ion cells, the positive electrode ("cathode") is a lithium-based electrode.

[0072] Positive electrode (cathode) The positive electrode is generally composed of a positive electrode current collector, such as a metal foil, and optionally, a positive electrode active material layer disposed on the positive electrode current collector.

[0073] The positive electrode current collector may be a foil of a metal that is stable over the range of potentials applied to the positive electrode, or a film having a skin layer of a metal that is stable over the range of potentials applied to the positive electrode. Aluminum (Al) is a preferred metal that is stable over the range of potentials applied to the positive electrode.

[0074] The positive electrode active material layer generally includes a positive electrode active material and other components such as a conductive agent and a binder, and is generally obtained by mixing the components in a solvent, applying the mixture to a positive electrode current collector, and then drying and rolling.

[0075] The positive electrode active material may be a lithium (Li)-containing transition metal oxide. The transition metal element may be at least one selected from the group consisting of scandium (Sc), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), and yttrium (Y). Of these transition metal elements, manganese, cobalt, and nickel are most preferred.

[0076] A portion of the transition metal atoms in the transition metal oxide may be replaced by atoms of a non-transition metal element. The non-transition element may be selected from the group consisting of magnesium (Mg), aluminum (Al), lead (Pb), antimony (Sb), and boron (B). Of these non-transition metal elements, magnesium and aluminum are most preferred.

[0077] Preferred examples of the positive electrode active material are LiCoO2, LiNiO2, LiMn2O4, LiMnO2, LiNi 1-y Coy O2 (0 < y < 1), LiNi 1-y-z Co y Mn z O2 (0 < y + z < 1) and LiNi 1-y-z Co y Al z It contains lithium-containing transition metal oxides such as O2 (0 < y + z < 1). LiNi1-y-zCo containing nickel at a ratio of 50 mol% or more for all transition metals y Mn z O2 (0 < y + z < 0.5) and LiNi 1-y-z Co y Al z O2 (0 < y + z < 0.5) is desirable from the viewpoints of cost and specific capacity. These positive electrode active materials contain a large amount of an alkaline component, and thus accelerate the decomposition of the non-aqueous electrolyte and reduce the durability. However, the non-aqueous electrolyte of the present disclosure is resistant to decomposition even when used in combination with these positive electrode active materials.

[0078] The positive electrode active material can be a lithium (Li)-containing transition metal fluoride. The transition metal element can be at least one selected from the group consisting of scandium (Sc), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), and yttrium (Y). Among these transition metal elements, manganese, cobalt, and nickel are most preferable.

[0079] A part of the transition metal atoms in the transition metal fluoride can be replaced by atoms of a non-transition metal element. The non-transition element can be selected from the group consisting of magnesium (Mg), aluminum (Al), lead (Pb), antimony (Sb), and boron (B). Among these non-transition metal elements, magnesium and aluminum are most preferable.

[0080] The conductive agent can be used to increase the electronic conductivity of the positive electrode active material layer. Preferred examples of the conductive agent include conductive carbon materials, metal powders, and organic materials. Specific examples include carbon materials such as acetylene black, ketjen black, and graphite, metal powders such as aluminum powder, and organic materials such as phenylene derivatives.

[0081] The binder can be used to ensure good contact between the positive electrode active material and the conductive agent and to increase the adhesion of components such as the positive electrode active material to the surface of the positive electrode current collector. Preferred examples of binders include fluoropolymers and rubber polymers such as polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), polyvinylidene fluoride (PVdF), ethylene-propylene-isoprene copolymer, and ethylene-propylene-butadiene copolymer. The binder can be used in combination with a thickener such as carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) or polyethylene oxide (PEO).

[0082] Negative electrode (anode) The negative electrode is generally composed of a negative electrode current collector such as a metal foil, and optionally, a negative electrode active material layer disposed on the negative electrode current collector.

[0083] The negative electrode current collector can be a metal foil, preferably copper (lithium-free), which is low cost, easily processed, and has good electronic conductivity.

[0084] Typically, the negative electrode comprises carbon, such as graphite or graphene.

[0085] Silicon-based materials can also be used for the negative electrode. A preferred form of silicon is in the form of nanowires, which are preferably present on a support material. The support material can include metals (such as steel) or non-metals (such as carbon).

[0086] The negative electrode may include an active material layer, which, if present, comprises the negative electrode active material and other components, such as a binder, and is generally obtained by mixing the components in a solvent and applying the mixture to a positive electrode current collector, followed by drying and rolling.

[0087] The negative electrode active material is not particularly limited as long as it can store and release lithium ions. Examples of suitable negative electrode active materials include carbon materials, metals, alloys, metal oxides, metal nitrides, and lithium-intercalated carbon and silicon. Examples of carbon materials include natural / artificial graphite and pitch-based carbon fibers. Preferred examples of metals include lithium (Li), silicon (Si), tin (Sn), germanium (Ge), indium (In), gallium (Ga), lithium alloys, silicon alloys, and tin alloys. An example of a lithium-based material is lithium titanate (Li2TiO3).

[0088] As with the positive electrode, the binder may be a fluoropolymer or a rubber polymer, preferably a rubbery polymer such as styrene-butadiene copolymer (SBR). The binder may be used in combination with a thickener.

[0089] Separator A separator is preferably present between the positive electrode and the negative electrode. The separator has insulating properties. The separator may include a porous membrane having ion permeability. Examples of porous membranes include microporous thin films, woven fabrics, and nonwoven fabrics. Suitable materials for the separator are polyolefins such as polyethylene and polypropylene.

[0090] case The battery components are preferably disposed within a protective case.

[0091] The case may comprise any suitable resilient material to provide support to the battery and electrical contact to the device being powered.

[0092] In one embodiment, the case comprises a metallic material, preferably in sheet form, formed into the battery shape. The metallic material preferably includes several portions that are adaptable to be attached together (e.g., by press-fitting) in the assembly of the battery. Preferably, the case comprises an iron / steel-based material.

[0093] In another embodiment, the case comprises a plastic material molded to the shape of the battery. The plastic material preferably comprises several parts that are adaptable to be joined together (e.g., by press-fitting / adhesion) during battery assembly. Preferably, the case comprises a polymer such as polystyrene, polyethylene, polyvinyl chloride, polyvinylidene chloride, or polymonochlorofluoroethylene. The case may also include other additives for the plastic material, such as fillers or plasticizers. In this embodiment in which the case for the battery primarily comprises a plastic material, a portion of the casing may additionally include a conductive / metallic material for establishing electrical contact with a device powered by the battery.

[0094] arrangement The positive and negative electrodes may be wound or stacked together through a separator. Together with a non-aqueous electrolyte, they are contained within an external case. The positive and negative electrodes are electrically connected to the external case at their separate portions.

[0095] Modules / Packs Several / multiple battery cells may be configured into a battery module, where the battery cells may be organized in series and / or parallel, typically housed in a mechanical structure.

[0096] A battery pack can be assembled by connecting multiple modules together in series or parallel. Typically, the battery pack includes additional features such as sensors and controllers, including a battery management system and a thermal management system. The battery pack generally includes a containment housing structure to form the final battery pack product.

[0097] end use The batteries of the present invention, in the form of individual batteries / cells, modules and / or packs (and electrolyte formulations therefor), are intended to be used in one or more of a variety of end products.

[0098] Preferred examples of end products include portable electronic devices such as GPS navigation devices, cameras, laptops, tablets, and mobile phones. Other preferred examples of end products include vehicular devices (as a propulsion system and / or a supply of power for any electrical systems or devices present therein) such as electric bicycles and motorbikes, and automotive applications (including hybrid and pure electric vehicles).

[0099] The invention will now be described with reference to the following non-limiting examples. [Example]

[0100] Example 1A - Esterification of HFO with Alcohols Using Bis(triphenylphoshine)palladium(II) Chloride Catalyst The following steps were followed: In a nitrogen-purged glovebox, the catalyst (bis(triphenylphosine)palladium(II) chloride), solvent, and alcohol were charged into a reactor, which was then sealed and removed from the glovebox. Next, the HFO substrate was added from a pre-pressurized and weighed sample cylinder. The reactor was then pressurized to approximately 37 barg with CO and the reactor contents were heated to the desired reaction temperature while stirring. At the end of the experiment, the reactor contents were cooled, any residual pressure was vented, and the crude product was recovered. The recovered crude product was analyzed by GC-MS and NMR spectroscopy. [Table 1] [Table 2]

[0101] Example 1B - Esterification of 1234yf with ethanol in acetonitrile using bis(di-(tertbutyl)(4-trifluoromethyl)phenyl(phosphine)palladium(II) chloride or bis(dicyclohexyl)(4-dimethylaminophenylphosphine)palladium(II) chloride catalyst The same general procedure as in Example 1A was used. The catalyst was selected from bis(di-(tertbutyl)(4-trifluoromethyl)phenyl(phosphine)palladium(II) chloride (A) or bis(dicyclohexyl)(4-dimethylaminophenylphosphine)palladium(II) chloride (B). [Table 3]

[0102] Example 2 - Esterification of HFO with Alcohol The same general procedure was used as in Example 1A. The experiment was repeated in a large scale reactor (450 ml). [Table 4]

[0103] Example 3 - Esterification of 1243zf with diols The following steps were followed: In a nitrogen-purged glovebox, the catalyst (bis(triphenylphosine)palladium(II) chloride (2.26 g)), solvent (acetonitrile, 133 g), and alcohol (2,2-dimethylpropanediol, 36.4 g) were charged into a reactor, which was then sealed and removed from the glovebox. The contents of the reactor were stirred. Next, HFO substrate (1243zf, 39g) was added from a pre-pressurized and weighed sample cylinder. The reactor was then pressurized to approximately 110 barg with CO and the reactor contents were heated to the desired reaction temperature (120°C) while stirring. After 22 hours the pressure had dropped to 62 barg. The reactor contents were cooled and any residual pressure was vented. · The second portion of HFO substrate (1243zf, 43g) was then added from a pre-pressurized and weighed sample cylinder. The reactor was then pressurized to approximately 108 barg with CO and the reactor contents were heated to the desired reaction temperature (120°C) while stirring. After 72 hours the pressure had dropped to 80 barg. At the end of the experiment, the reactor contents were cooled, any residual pressure was vented, and the crude product was recovered.

[0104] The recovered crude product was analyzed by GC-MS and NMR spectroscopy. GC-MS analysis of the crude reaction mixture showed that the reaction mixture contained all five possible ester products. [Table 5]

[0105] of the crude reaction mixture 19 F NMR (56 MHz) analysis confirmed the presence of: ·Isoester functional group (R-OCOCH(CH3)CF3) δ-70.95ppm (vs C6F6, doublet, J=8.7Hz) n-ester functional group (ROCOCH2CH2CF3) δ-68.14 ppm (vs C6F6, triplet, J=10.6 Hz)

[0106] Example 4 - Esterification of 1234yf with diols The following steps were followed: In a nitrogen-purged glovebox, the catalyst (bis(triphenylphosine)palladium(II) chloride (2.22 g)), solvent (acetonitrile, 131.7 g), and alcohol (2,2-dimethylpropanediol, 34.9 g) were charged into a reactor, which was then sealed and removed from the glovebox. The contents of the reactor were stirred. Next, HFO substrate (1234yf, 104g) was added from a pre-pressurized and weighed sample cylinder. The reactor was then pressurized to approximately 107 barg with CO and the reactor contents were heated to the desired reaction temperature (120°C) while stirring. After 66 hours, the pressure had dropped to 57 barg. At the end of the experiment, the reactor contents were cooled, any residual pressure was vented, and the crude product was recovered. The recovered crude product was analyzed by GC-MS and NMR spectroscopy.

[0107] GC-MS analysis of the crude reaction mixture showed that the reaction mixture contained all five possible ester products. [Table 6]

[0108] of the crude reaction mixture 19 F NMR (56 MHz) analysis confirmed the presence of: ·Isoester functional group (R-OCOCF(CH3)CF3)δ(vs C6F6): CF3-80.6ppm, CF-169 (multiplet) n-ester function (ROCOCH2CHFCF3)δ(vs C6F6): CF3-80.6ppm, CHF-201 (multiplet)

[0109] Example 5 - Esterification of 1234yf with triols The following steps were followed: In a nitrogen-purged glovebox, the catalyst (bis(triphenylphosine)palladium(II) chloride (1.91 g)), solvent (acetonitrile, 130.54 g), and alcohol (1,1,1-tris(hydroxylmethyl)propane, 29.44 g) were charged into a reactor. It was then sealed and removed from the glovebox. The contents of the reactor were stirred. Next, HFO substrate (1234yf, 92g) was added from a pre-pressurized and weighed sample cylinder. The reactor was then pressurized to approximately 107 barg with CO and the reactor contents were heated to the desired reaction temperature (120°C) while stirring. The pressure in the reactor dropped, so it was repressurized twice with CO to 107 barg. The final pressure after 79 hours was 68 barg. At the end of the experiment, the reactor contents were cooled, any residual pressure was vented, and the crude product was recovered. The recovered crude product was analyzed by GC-MS.

[0110] A complex mixture of esters was produced and the yield of these esters was estimated at 104 g.

[0111] Example 6 - Esterification of Propenyl Ethers The following steps were followed: In a nitrogen-purged glovebox, the catalyst (bis(di(tertbutyl)(4-trifluoromethyl)phenyl(phosphine)palladium chloride (0.37g)), solvent (acetonitrile, 29.1g), alcohol (ethanol, 10.16g), and propenyl ether (3,3,3-trifluoro-1(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)prop-1-ene (13.3g)) were charged into a reactor. It was then sealed and removed from the glovebox. The contents of the reactor were stirred. The reactor was then pressurized to approximately 107 bar with CO and the reactor contents were heated to the desired reaction temperature (120°C) while stirring (300 rpm). After 90 hours, the pressure had dropped by 7.2 barg. At the end of the experiment, the reactor contents were cooled, any residual pressure was vented, and the crude product was recovered.

[0112] The recovered reaction mixture was 19 Analysis by F NMR showed signals at −60.93 and −64.96 ppm corresponding to the CF3 (highlighted and underlined) groups in the acyl fragments of the products. These signals were in a 1:1 ratio, with an overlapping signal centered at −75.74 for the CF3 in the ether functional group OCH2CF3 in both isomeric products. [Table 7]

[0113] Analysis of the crude reaction mixture by GC-MS showed that the crude product (excluding solvent and excess ethanol) contained a mixture of these esters (84.7%) and unconverted starting materials (11.4%).

[0114] Flammability and Safety Tests flash point Flash points were determined according to the ASTM D6450 standard method using a Miniflash FLP / H device from Grabner Instruments. [Table 8]

[0115] Self-extinguishing time The self-extinguishing time was measured with a custom-made device that included an automatically controlled stopwatch connected to an ultraviolet detector. The electrolyte to be tested (500 μL) was applied to a Whatman GF / D (Φ=24 mm) glass microfiber filter. An ignition source was moved under the sample and held in this position for a preset time (1, 5, or 10 seconds) to ignite the sample. Ignition and combustion of the sample was detected using a UV photodetector. The evaluation is based on the burn time / weight of electrolyte [sg -1 ] over the ignition time [s] and extrapolating with a linear regression line to ignition time = 0 s. ·Self-extinguishing time (sg -1 ) is the time required for the sample to stop burning once ignited. [Table 9]

[0116] These measurements demonstrate that the compound ETFMP has flame retardant properties.

[0117] Electrochemical Testing Drying Prior to testing, the ETFMP was dried by treatment with pre-activated type 4A molecular sieves. The water levels of the pre-treated and post-treated samples were determined by the Karl Fischer method. [Table 10]

[0118] electrolyte formulation Electrolyte preparation and storage were carried out in an argon-filled glove box (both HO and O < 0.1 ppm). The base electrolyte was 1 M LiPF in ethylene carbonate:ethyl methyl carbonate (30:70 wt%) with ETFMP additive at concentrations of 2, 5, 10, and 30 wt%.

[0119] Cell Chemistry and Structure The performance of each electrolyte formulation was tested in multi-layer pouch cells (2 cells per electrolyte) for 50 cycles. Chemistry 1: Lithium-nickel-cobalt-manganese-oxide (NCM622) cathode and artificial graphite (specific capacity: 350 mAh g -1 ) anode. The areal capacities of NMC622 and graphite are 3.5 mAh cm, respectively. -2 and 4.0mAh cm-2 The N / P ratio reached 115%. Chemistry 2: Lithium-nickel-cobalt-manganese-oxide (NCM622) cathode and SiO x / Graphite (specific capacity: 550mAh g -1 ) Negative electrode: NMC622 and SiO x / graphite areal capacity is 3.5mAh / cm -2 and 4.0mAh cm -2 The N / P ratio reached 115%.

[0120] The test pouch cell had the following characteristics: ·Nominal capacity 240mAh + / -2% Standard deviation: Capacity: ±0.6mAh Coulombic efficiency (CE) 1st cycle: ±0.13% Coulombic efficiency (CE) subsequent cycles: ±0.1% Positive electrode: NMC-622 ·Active material content: 96.4% ·Mass load: 16.7mg cm -2 Negative electrode: Artificial graphite ·Active material content: 94.8% ·Mass load: 10mg cm -2 Separator: PE (16 μm) + 4 μm Al2O3 Balanced at 4.2V cutoff voltage Negative electrode: Artificial graphite + SiO ·Active material content: 94.6% ·Mass load: 6.28mg cm -2 Separator: PE (16 μm) + 4 μm Al2O3 Balanced at 4.2V cutoff voltage

[0121] After assembly, the following fabrication protocol was used. 1. Step charge to 1.5V followed by a 5-hour rest step (wet step at 40°C) 2. CCCV(C / 10, 3.7V(I 限界 : 1 hour) (pre-formation step) 3. Rest step (6 hours) 4. CCCV(C / 10, 4.2V(I 限界 :0.05C)) Rest step (20 min) 5. CC discharge (C / 10, 3.8V), (cell degassing) 6.CC discharge (C / 10, 2.8V)

[0122] Following this formation step, the cells were tested as follows. Rest step (1.5V, 5 hours), CCCV (C / 10, 3.7V (1 hour)) Rest step (6 hours), CCCV(C / 10, 4.2V(I 限界 :0.05C)) Rest step (20 min), CC discharge (C / 10, 3.8 V) Degassing step Discharge (C / 10, 2.8V), rest step (5 hours) CCCV(C / 3, 4.2V(I 限界 :0.05C), rest step (20 min) ·CC discharge (C / 3, 2.8V) 50 cycles or until 50% SOH is reached at 40°C: CCCV(C / 3, 4.2V(I 限界 :0.02C), rest step (20 min) CC discharge (C / 3, 3.0V), rest step (20 min)

[0123] Test results The test results for the additive ETFMP in each cell chemistry are summarized in Tables 1-2 and Figures 1-2. [Table 11] [Table 12]

[0124] From this data, it can be confirmed that the additives in both cell chemistries had a positive impact on cell performance, improving both coulombic efficiency and cycling stability. These results, combined with safety-related studies, demonstrate that the compounds of the present invention simultaneously improved both the safety and performance of energy storage devices containing them. [Brief explanation of the drawings]

[0125] [Figure 1] Test results for the additive ETFMP in each cell chemistry are shown. [Figure 2] Test results for the additive ETFMP in each cell chemistry are shown.

[0126] The present invention includes the following aspects. [Aspect 1] 1. Use of a compound of formula (I) in a non-aqueous battery electrolyte formulation, comprising: [ka] During the ceremony, R 1 is independently selected from the group consisting of CF3, CH2CF3, and CFHCF3; R 2 are independently H, F, CH3, CH2F, CH2CF3, CH2OR 5 and OR 5 is selected from the group consisting of R 3 But, formula C n H 2n+1-x F x is an alkyl group having the formula R 4 is H or F, R 5 is an alkyl group substituted on at least one fluorine substituent, However, R 1 is CH2CF3 or CFHCF3, and R 2 But H, F or OR 5 provided that: The compound of formula (I) is present in the electrolyte formulation in an amount of 95% by weight or less. [Aspect 2] Use of a non-aqueous battery electrolyte formulation comprising a compound of formula (I) in a battery, comprising: [ka] During the ceremony, R 1 is independently selected from the group consisting of CF3, CH2CF3, and CFHCF3; R 2 are independently H, F, CH3, CH2F, CH2CF3, CH2OR 5 and OR 5 is selected from the group consisting of R 3 But, formula C n H 2n+1-x F x is an alkyl group having the formula R 4 is H or F, R 5 is an alkyl group substituted on at least one fluorine substituent, However, R 1 is CH2CF3 or CFHCF3, and R 2 But H, F or OR 5 provided that: The compound of formula (I) is present in the electrolyte formulation in an amount of 95% by weight or less. [Aspect 3] 3. The use of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the formulation comprises a metal electrolyte salt present in an amount of 0.1 to 20 wt. %, based on the total mass of the non-aqueous electrolyte formulation. [Aspect 4] The use according to aspect 3, wherein the metal salt is a salt of lithium, sodium, magnesium, calcium, lead, zinc, or nickel. [Aspect 5] 5. The use of embodiment 4, wherein the metal salt is a salt of lithium selected from the group comprising lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF), lithium hexafluoroarsenate monohydrate (LiAsF), lithium perchlorate (LiClO), lithium tetrafluoroborate (LiBF), lithium triflate (LiSOCF), lithium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (Li(FSO)N), and lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (Li(CFSO)N). [Aspect 6] 6. Use according to any one of aspects 1 to 5, wherein the formulation comprises an additional solvent in an amount of 0.1% to 99.9% by weight of the liquid components of the formulation. [Aspect 7] 7. The use according to embodiment 6, wherein the additional solvent is selected from the group comprising dimethyl carbonate (DMC), ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC), fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC), propylene carbonate (PC), or ethylene carbonate (EC). [Aspect 8] A battery electrolyte formulation comprising a compound of formula (I), [ka] During the ceremony, R 1 is independently selected from the group consisting of CF3, CH2CF3, and CFHCF3; R 2 are independently H, F, CH3, CH2F, CH2CF3, CH2OR 5 and OR 5 is selected from the group consisting of R 3 But, formula C n H 2n+1-x F x is an alkyl group having the formula R 4 is H or F, R 5 is an alkyl group substituted on at least one fluorine substituent, However, R 1is CH2CF3 or CFHCF3, and R 2 But H, F or OR 5 provided that: A battery electrolyte formulation, wherein the compound of formula (I) is present in the electrolyte formulation in an amount of 95% by weight or less. [Aspect 9] A formulation comprising a metal ion and a compound of formula (I) optionally in combination with a solvent, [ka] During the ceremony, R 1 is independently selected from the group consisting of CF3, CH2CF3, and CFHCF3; R 2 are independently H, F, CH3, CH2F, CH2CF3, CH2OR 5 and OR 5 is selected from the group consisting of R 3 But, formula C n H 2n+1-x F x is an alkyl group having the formula R 4 is H or F, R 5 is an alkyl group substituted on at least one fluorine substituent, However, R 1 is CH2CF3 or CFHCF3, and R 2 But H, F or OR 5 provided that: A formulation wherein the compound of formula (I) is present in the electrolyte formulation in an amount of 95% by weight or less. [Aspect 10] A battery comprising a battery electrolyte formulation comprising a compound of formula (I), [ka] During the ceremony, R 1 is independently selected from the group consisting of CF3, CH2CF3, and CFHCF3; R 2are independently H, F, CH3, CH2F, CH2CF3, CH2OR 5 and OR 5 is selected from the group consisting of R 3 But, formula C n H 2n+1-x F x is an alkyl group having the formula R 4 is H or F, R 5 is an alkyl group substituted on at least one fluorine substituent, However, R 1 is CH2CF3 or CFHCF3, and R 2 But H, F or OR 5 provided that: A battery wherein the compound of formula (I) is present in the electrolyte formulation in an amount of 95% by weight or less. [Aspect 11] 11. The formulation of any one of aspects 8-10, wherein the formulation comprises a metal electrolyte salt present in an amount of 0.1 to 20 wt %, based on the total weight of the non-aqueous electrolyte formulation. [Aspect 12] 12. The formulation of embodiment 11, wherein the metal salt is a lithium, sodium, magnesium, calcium, lead, zinc, or nickel salt. [Aspect 13] 13. The formulation of embodiment 12, wherein the metal salt is a salt of a lithium salt selected from the group comprising lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF), lithium hexafluoroarsenate monohydrate (LiAsF), lithium perchlorate (LiClO), lithium tetrafluoroborate (LiBF), lithium triflate (LiSOCF), lithium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (Li(FSO)N), and lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (Li(CFSO)N). [Aspect 14] Aspect 14. The formulation of any one of aspects 8-13, wherein the formulation comprises an additional solvent in an amount between 0.1% and 99.9% by weight of the liquid components of the formulation. [Aspect 15] 15. The formulation of embodiment 14, wherein the additional solvent is selected from the group comprising fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC), propylene carbonate (PC), and ethylene carbonate (EC). [Aspect 16] 1. A method for reducing the flammability of a battery and / or battery electrolyte comprising the addition of a formulation comprising a compound of formula (I), [ka] During the ceremony, R 1 is independently selected from the group consisting of CF3, CH2CF3, and CFHCF3; R 2 are independently H, F, CH3, CH2F, CH2CF3, CH2OR 5 and OR 5 is selected from the group consisting of R 3 But, formula C n H 2n+1-x F x is an alkyl group having the formula R 4 is H or F, R 5 is an alkyl group substituted on at least one fluorine substituent, However, R 1 is CH2CF3 or CFHCF3, and R 2 But H, F or OR 5 provided that: The method, wherein the compound of formula (I) is present in the electrolyte formulation in an amount of 95% by weight or less. [Aspect 17] 1. A method of powering an article comprising the use of a battery comprising a battery electrolyte formulation comprising a compound of formula (I), comprising: [ka] During the ceremony, R 1 is independently selected from the group consisting of CF3, CH2CF3, and CFHCF3; R 2are independently H, F, CH3, CH2F, CH2CF3, CH2OR 5 and OR 5 is selected from the group consisting of R 3 But, formula C n H 2n+1-x F x is an alkyl group having the formula R 4 is H or F, R 5 is an alkyl group substituted on at least one fluorine substituent, However, R 1 is CH2CF3 or CFHCF3, and R 2 But H, F or OR 5 provided that: The method, wherein the compound of formula (I) is present in the electrolyte formulation in an amount of 95% by weight or less. [Aspect 18] 1. A method of improving a battery electrolyte formulation, comprising either (a) at least partial replacement of said battery electrolyte with a battery electrolyte formulation comprising a compound of formula (I), and / or (b) supplementation of said battery electrolyte with a battery electrolyte formulation comprising a compound of formula (I), [ka] During the ceremony, R 1 is independently selected from the group consisting of CF3, CH2CF3, and CFHCF3; R 2 are independently H, F, CH3, CH2F, CH2CF3, CH2OR 5 and OR 5 is selected from the group consisting of R 3 But, formula C n H 2n+1-x F x is an alkyl group having the formula R 4 is H or F, R 5 is an alkyl group substituted on at least one fluorine substituent, However, R 1is CH2CF3 or CFHCF3, and R 2 But H, F or OR 5 provided that: The method, wherein the compound of formula (I) is present in the electrolyte formulation in an amount of 95% by weight or less. Formula (I) is present in the electrolyte formulation in an amount of up to 95% by weight. [Aspect 19] A method of preparing a battery electrolyte formulation comprising mixing a compound of formula (I) with a lithium-containing compound and a solvent. [Aspect 20] A method for improving battery capacity / charge transfer within a battery / battery life by providing an electrolyte formulation comprising a compound of formula (I). [Aspect 21] 21. The method of any one of aspects 16-20, wherein the formulation comprises a metal electrolyte salt present in an amount of 0.1 to 20 wt %, based on the total weight of the non-aqueous electrolyte formulation. [Aspect 22] 22. The method of embodiment 21, wherein the metal electrolyte salt is a salt of lithium, sodium, magnesium, calcium, lead, zinc, or nickel. [Aspect 23] 23. The method of claim 22, wherein the metal salt is a salt of lithium selected from the group comprising lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF), lithium hexafluoroarsenate monohydrate (LiAsF), lithium perchlorate (LiClO), lithium tetrafluoroborate (LiBF), lithium triflate (LiSOCF), lithium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (Li(FSO)N), and lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (Li(CFSO)N). [Aspect 24] 24. The method of any one of aspects 16-23, wherein the formulation comprises an additional solvent in an amount between 0.1% and 99.9% by weight of the liquid components of the formulation. [Aspect 25] 25. The method of claim 24, wherein the additional solvent is selected from the group comprising dimethyl carbonate (DMC), ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC), fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC), propylene carbonate (PC), and ethylene carbonate (EC). [Aspect 26] The compound of formula (I) is as follows: [ka] During the ceremony, R 1 is independently selected from the group consisting of CF3, CH2CF3, and CFHCF3; R 2 are independently H, F, CH3, CH2F, CH2CF3, CH2OR 5 and OR 5 is selected from the group consisting of R 3 But, formula C n H 2n+1-x F x is an alkyl group having the formula R 4 is H or F, R 5 is an alkyl group substituted on at least one fluorine substituent, However, R 1 is CH2CF3 or CFHCF3, and R 2 But H, F or OR 5 provided that: with the further proviso that said formula (I) excludes compounds of the formula: [ka] wherein A and B are independently selected from the group including -H, -CH3, -F, -Cl, -CH2F, -CF3, -OCF3, -OCH2CF3, OCH2CF2CHF2, and -CH2CF3 (wherein A and B cannot both be H and R are each a group of the formula n H 2n+1-x F x or C n H2n+1-x F x The use or formulation or method according to any one of the preceding aspects, wherein the alkoxy or alkyl group has the formula: [Aspect 27] The compound of formula (I) is as follows: [ka] During the ceremony, R 1 is CF3, R 2 But independently, H, F, CH2OR 5 and OR 5 is selected from the group consisting of R 3 But, formula C n H 2n+1-x F x is an alkyl group having the formula R 4 is H or F, R 5 Aspect 12. The use or formulation or method according to any one of the preceding aspects, wherein is an alkyl group substituted on at least one fluorine substituent.

Claims

1. 1. Use of a compound of formula (I) in a non-aqueous battery electrolyte formulation, comprising: 【Chemical 1】 During the ceremony, R １ But independently, CF ３ , C.H. ２ CF ３ and CFHCF ３ is selected from the group consisting of R ２ However, independently, H, F, CH ３ , C.H. ２ F, CH ２ CF ３ , C.H. ２ OR ５ and OR ５ is selected from the group consisting of R ３ But, formula C ｎ H ２ｎ＋１－ｘ F ｘ is an alkyl group having the formula R ４ is H or F, R ５ is an alkyl group substituted on at least one fluorine substituent, However, R １ But CH ２ CF ３ or CFHCF ３ and R ２ is H, F or OR ５ provided that: The compound of formula (I) is present in the electrolyte formulation in an amount of 95% by weight or less.

2. Use of a non-aqueous battery electrolyte formulation comprising a compound of formula (I) in a battery, comprising: 【Chemistry 2】 During the ceremony, R １ But independently, CF ３ , C.H. ２ CF ３ and CFHCF ３ is selected from the group consisting of R ２ However, independently, H, F, CH ３ , C.H. ２ F, CH ２ CF ３ , C.H. ２ OR ５ and OR ５ is selected from the group consisting of R ３ But, formula C ｎ H ２ｎ＋１－ｘ F ｘ is an alkyl group having the formula R ４ is H or F, R ５ is an alkyl group substituted on at least one fluorine substituent, However, R １ But CH ２ CF ３ or CFHCF ３ and R ２ is H, F or OR ５ provided that: The compound of formula (I) is present in the electrolyte formulation in an amount of 95% by weight or less.

3. 3. The use according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the formulation comprises a metal electrolyte salt present in an amount of 0.1 to 20% by weight, based on the total mass of the non-aqueous electrolyte formulation.

4. 4. The use according to claim 3, wherein the metal salt is a salt of lithium, sodium, magnesium, calcium, lead, zinc, or nickel.

5. The metal salt is lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF ６ ), lithium hexafluoroarsenate monohydrate (LiAsF ６ ), lithium perchlorate (LiClO ４ ), lithium tetrafluoroborate (LiBF ４ ), lithium triflate (LiSO ３ CF3), lithium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (Li(FSO ２ ) ２ N) and lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (Li(CFSO ２ ) ２ 5. The use according to claim 4, wherein the lithium salt is selected from the group comprising:

6. Use according to any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein the formulation comprises additional solvent in an amount of 0.1% to 99.9% by weight of the liquid component of the formulation.

7. 7. The use according to claim 6, wherein the additional solvent is selected from the group comprising dimethyl carbonate (DMC), ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC), fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC), propylene carbonate (PC), or ethylene carbonate (EC).

8. A battery electrolyte formulation comprising a compound of formula (I), 【Chemistry 3】 During the ceremony, R １ But independently, CF ３ , C.H. ２ CF ３ and CFHCF ３ is selected from the group consisting of R ２ However, independently, H, F, CH ３ , C.H. ２ F, CH ２ CF ３ , C.H. ２ OR ５ and OR ５ is selected from the group consisting of R ３ But, formula C ｎ H ２ｎ＋１－ｘ F ｘ is an alkyl group having the formula R ４ is H or F, R ５ is an alkyl group substituted on at least one fluorine substituent, However, R １ But CH ２ CF ３ or CFHCF ３ and R ２ is H, F or OR ５ provided that: A battery electrolyte formulation, wherein the compound of formula (I) is present in the electrolyte formulation in an amount of 95% by weight or less.

9. A formulation comprising a metal ion and a compound of formula (I) optionally in combination with a solvent, 【Chemistry 4】 During the ceremony, R １ But independently, CF ３ , C.H. ２ CF ３ and CFHCF ３ is selected from the group consisting of R ２ However, independently, H, F, CH ３ , C.H. ２ F, CH ２ CF ３ , C.H. ２ OR ５ and OR ５ is selected from the group consisting of R ３ But, formula C ｎ H ２ｎ＋１－ｘ F ｘ is an alkyl group having the formula R ４ is H or F, R ５ is an alkyl group substituted on at least one fluorine substituent, However, R １ But CH ２ CF ３ or CFHCF ３ and R ２ is H, F or OR ５ provided that: A formulation wherein the compound of formula (I) is present in the electrolyte formulation in an amount of 95% by weight or less.

10. A battery comprising a battery electrolyte formulation comprising a compound of formula (I), 【Chemistry 5】 During the ceremony, R １ But independently, CF ３ , C.H. ２ CF ３ and CFHCF ３ is selected from the group consisting of R ２ However, independently, H, F, CH ３ , C.H. ２ F, CH ２ CF ３ , C.H. ２ OR ５ and OR ５ is selected from the group consisting of R ３ But, formula C ｎ H ２ｎ＋１－ｘ F ｘ is an alkyl group having the formula R ４ is H or F, R ５ is an alkyl group substituted on at least one fluorine substituent, However, R １ But CH ２ CF ３ or CFHCF ３ and R ２ is H, F or OR ５ provided that: A battery wherein the compound of formula (I) is present in the electrolyte formulation in an amount of 95% by weight or less.

11. The formulation of any one of claims 8 to 10, wherein the formulation comprises a metal electrolyte salt present in an amount of 0.1 to 20 wt % based on the total mass of the non-aqueous electrolyte formulation.

12. 12. The formulation of claim 11, wherein the metal salt is a salt of lithium, sodium, magnesium, calcium, lead, zinc, or nickel.

13. The metal salt is lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF ６ ), lithium hexafluoroarsenate monohydrate (LiAsF ６ ), lithium perchlorate (LiClO ４ ), lithium tetrafluoroborate (LiBF ４ ), lithium triflate (LiSO ３ CF3), lithium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (Li(FSO ２ ) ２ N) and lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (Li(CFSO ２ ) ２ 13. The formulation of claim 12, wherein the salt is a salt of lithium selected from the group comprising:

14. A formulation according to any one of claims 8 to 13, wherein the formulation comprises additional solvent in an amount of from 0.1% to 99.9% by weight of the liquid components of the formulation.

15. 15. The formulation of claim 14, wherein the additional solvent is selected from the group comprising fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC), propylene carbonate (PC) and ethylene carbonate (EC).

16. 1. A method for reducing the flammability of a battery and / or a battery electrolyte, comprising the addition of a formulation comprising a compound of formula (I), 【Chemistry 6】 During the ceremony, R １ But independently, CF ３ , C.H. ２ CF ３ and CFHCF ３ is selected from the group consisting of R ２ However, independently, H, F, CH ３ , C.H. ２ F, CH ２ CF ３ , C.H. ２ OR ５ and OR ５ is selected from the group consisting of R ３ But, formula C ｎ H ２ｎ＋１－ｘ F ｘ is an alkyl group having the formula R ４ is H or F, R ５ is an alkyl group substituted on at least one fluorine substituent, However, R １ But CH ２ CF ３ or CFHCF ３ and R ２ is H, F or OR ５ provided that: The method, wherein the compound of formula (I) is present in the electrolyte formulation in an amount of 95% by weight or less.

17. 1. A method of powering an article comprising the use of a battery comprising a battery electrolyte formulation comprising a compound of formula (I), comprising: 【Chemistry 7】 During the ceremony, R １ But independently, CF ３ , C.H. ２ CF ３ and CFHCF ３ is selected from the group consisting of R ２ However, independently, H, F, CH ３ , C.H. ２ F, CH ２ CF ３ , C.H. ２ OR ５ and OR ５ is selected from the group consisting of R ３ But, formula C ｎ H ２ｎ＋１－ｘ F ｘ is an alkyl group having the formula R ４ is H or F, R ５ is an alkyl group substituted on at least one fluorine substituent, However, R １ But CH ２ CF ３ or CFHCF ３ and R ２ is H, F or OR ５ provided that: The method, wherein the compound of formula (I) is present in the electrolyte formulation in an amount of 95% by weight or less.

18. 1. A method of improving a battery electrolyte formulation, comprising either (a) at least partial replacement of said battery electrolyte with a battery electrolyte formulation comprising a compound of formula (I), and / or (b) supplementation of said battery electrolyte with a battery electrolyte formulation comprising a compound of formula (I), 【Chemistry 8】 During the ceremony, R １ But independently, CF ３ , C.H. ２ CF ３ and CFHCF ３ is selected from the group consisting of R ２ However, independently, H, F, CH ３ , C.H. ２ F, CH ２ CF ３ , C.H. ２ OR ５ and OR ５ is selected from the group consisting of R ３ But, formula C ｎ H ２ｎ＋１－ｘ F ｘ is an alkyl group having the formula R ４ is H or F, R ５ is an alkyl group substituted on at least one fluorine substituent, However, R １ But CH ２ CF ３ or CFHCF ３ and R ２ is H, F or OR ５ provided that: The method, wherein the compound of formula (I) is present in the electrolyte formulation in an amount of 95% by weight or less. Formula (I) is present in the electrolyte formulation in an amount of up to 95% by weight.

19. A method of preparing a battery electrolyte formulation comprising mixing a compound of formula (I) with a lithium-containing compound and a solvent.

20. A method for improving battery capacity / charge transfer within a battery / battery life by providing an electrolyte formulation comprising a compound of formula (I).

21. 21. The method of any one of claims 16 to 20, wherein the formulation comprises a metal electrolyte salt present in an amount of 0.1 to 20 wt %, based on the total weight of the non-aqueous electrolyte formulation.

22. 22. The method of claim 21, wherein the metal electrolyte salt is a salt of lithium, sodium, magnesium, calcium, lead, zinc, or nickel.

23. The metal salt is lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF ６ ), lithium hexafluoroarsenate monohydrate (LiAsF ６ ), lithium perchlorate (LiClO ４ ), lithium tetrafluoroborate (LiBF ４ ), lithium triflate (LiSO ３ CF3), lithium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (Li(FSO ２ ) ２ N) and lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (Li(CFSO ２ ) ２ 23. The method of claim 22, wherein the salt is a salt of lithium selected from the group comprising:

24. 24. The method of any one of claims 16 to 23, wherein the formulation comprises additional solvent in an amount of 0.1% to 99.9% by weight of the liquid components of the formulation.

25. 25. The method of claim 24, wherein the additional solvent is selected from the group comprising dimethyl carbonate (DMC), ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC), fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC), propylene carbonate (PC), and ethylene carbonate (EC).

26. The compound of formula (I) is as follows: 【Chemistry 9】 During the ceremony, R １ But independently, CF ３ , C.H. ２ CF ３ and CFHCF ３ is selected from the group consisting of R ２ However, independently, H, F, CH ３ , C.H. ２ F, CH ２ CF ３ , C.H. ２ OR ５ and OR ５ is selected from the group consisting of R ３ But, formula C ｎ H ２ｎ＋１－ｘ F ｘ is an alkyl group having the formula R ４ is H or F, R ５ is an alkyl group substituted on at least one fluorine substituent, However, R １ But CH ２ CF ３ or CFHCF ３ and R ２ is H, F or OR ５ provided that: with the further proviso that said formula (I) excludes compounds of the formula: 【Chemistry 10】 wherein A and B are independently —H, —CH ３ , -F, -Cl, -CH ２ F, -CF ３ , -OCF ３ , -OCH ２ CF ３ , OCH ２ CF ２ CHF ２ and -CH ２ CF ３ wherein A and B cannot both be H and R are each selected from the group comprising the formula OC ｎ H ２ｎ＋１－ｘ F ｘ or C ｎ H ２ｎ＋１－ｘ F ｘ 10. The use or formulation or method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the alkoxy or alkyl group has the formula:

27. The compound of formula (I) is as follows: 【Chemistry 11】 During the ceremony, R １ is CF ３ and R ２ However, independently, H, F, CH ２ OR ５ and OR ５ is selected from the group consisting of R ３ But, formula C ｎ H ２ｎ＋１－ｘ F ｘ is an alkyl group having the formula R ４ is H or F, R ５ 10. The use or formulation or method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein is an alkyl group substituted on at least one fluorine substituent.

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