Compositions having pesticidal utility and processes related thereto

Abstract

To provide an agrochemical composition having pesticidal utility against pests in Phyla Arthropoda, Mollusca, and Nematoda.SOLUTION: There is provided a composition containing: a molecule of Formula 1 (F1); and a second active ingredient selected from the group consisting of Tetraniliprole, β-Cyfluthrin, and Deltamethrin.SELECTED DRAWING: None

Description

[Technical Field]

[0001] CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS This application claims the benefit of priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63 / 134,734, filed January 7, 2021, U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63 / 090,467, filed October 12, 2020, and U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62 / 969,829, filed February 4, 2020, all of which are incorporated herein by reference.

[0002] The present disclosure relates to the fields of molecules having pesticidal activity against pests of the phyla Arthropoda, Mollusca, and Nematoda, processes for making such molecules, pesticidal compositions containing such molecules, and processes for using such pesticidal compositions against such pests. These pesticidal compositions can be used, for example, as acaricides, insecticides, miticides, molluscicides, and nematocides. [Background technology]

[0003] "Many of the most dangerous diseases for humans are transmitted by insect vectors" (Rivero et al.). "Historically, malaria, dengue fever, yellow fever, plague, filariasis, louse-borne typhus, trypanomiasis, leishmaniasis, and other vector-borne diseases caused more human illness and death from the 17th to the early 20th centuries than all other causes combined" (Gubler). Vector-borne diseases account for approximately 17% of all parasitic and infectious diseases worldwide. Malaria alone is responsible for more than 800,000 deaths annually, 85% of which occur in children under the age of five. Approximately 50 million to 100 million cases of dengue fever occur each year. Additionally, 250,000 to 500,000 cases of dengue hemorrhagic fever occur annually (Matthews). Vector control plays a major role in the prevention and control of infectious diseases. However, insecticide resistance (including multiple insecticide resistance) has emerged in all insect species that are major vectors of human disease (Rivero et al.). In recent years, over 550 arthropod species have developed resistance to at least one pesticide (Whalon et al.). Furthermore, instances of insect resistance continue to far exceed those of herbicides and fungicides (Sparks et al.).

[0004] Each year, insects, plant pathogens, and weeds destroy over 40% of all food production. This loss occurs despite the application of pesticides and the use of various non-chemical controls, such as crop rotation and biological controls. If even some of this food could be saved, it would be possible to feed the more than 3 billion undernourished people worldwide (Pimental).

[0005] Plant-parasitic nematodes are among the most widespread pests and often the most difficult and costly to control. Losses due to nematodes are estimated to be about 9% (in developed countries) to about 15% (in less developed countries). However, in the United States, a study of various crops in 35 states showed that losses due to nematodes could be as high as 25% (Nicol et al.).

[0006] It should be noted that although gastropods (slugs and snails) are considered pests of less economic importance than other arthropods or nematodes, in some areas they can substantially reduce yields, adversely affect crop quality, and transmit human, animal, and plant diseases. Locally, only a few dozen gastropod species are pests, but hundreds are important pests on a global scale. In particular, gastropods affect a wide variety of agricultural and horticultural crops, including arable, pasture, and fiber crops; vegetables; shrubs and fruit trees; medicinal herbs; and ornamental plants (Speiser).

[0007] Termites cause damage to all types of private and public structures, as well as agricultural and forest resources. In 2005, it was estimated that termites caused over US$50 billion in damage worldwide each year (Korb).

[0008] Therefore, for many reasons, including those mentioned above, the ongoing development of new pesticides is necessary, which is costly (estimated at approximately US$256 million per pesticide in 2010), time-consuming (on average, approximately 10 years per pesticide), and difficult (CropLife America).

[0009] Certain References Cited in this Disclosure CropLife America,The Cost of New Agrochemical Product Discovery,Development&Registration,and Research&Development predictions for the Future,2010. Drewes,M.,Tietjen,K.,Sparks,T.C.,High-Throughput Screening in Agrochemical Research,Modern Methods in Crop Protection Research,Part I,Methods for the Design and Optimization of New Active Ingredients,Edited by Jeschke,P.,Kramer,W.,Schirmer,U.,and Matthias W.,p.1-20,2012. Gubler,D.,Resurgent Vector-Borne Diseases as a Global Health Problem,Emerging Infectious Diseases,Vol.4,No.3,p.442-450,1998. Korb,J.,Termites,Current Biology,Vol.17,No.23,2007. Matthews,G.,Integrated Vector Management:Controlling Vectors of Malaria and Other Insect Vector Borne Diseases,Ch.1,p.1,2011. Nicol,J.,Turner S.,Coyne,L.,den Nijs,L.,Hocksland,L.,Tahna-Maafi,Z.,Current Nematode Threats to World Agriculture,Genomic and Molecular Genetics of Plant - Nematode Interactions,p.21-43,2011. Pimental,D.,Pest Control in World Agriculture,Agricultural Sciences - Vol.II,2009. Rivero, A., Vezilier, J., Weill, M., Read, A., Gandon, S., Insect Control of Vector-Borne Diseases: When is Insect Resistance a Problem?Public Library of Science Pathogens,Vol.6,No.8,p.1-9,2010. Sparks TC, Nauen R., IRAC:Mode of action classification and insecticide resistance management, Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology(2014) available online 4 December 2014. Speiser, B., Molluscicides, Encyclopedia of Pest Management, Ch. 219, p. 506-508, 2002. Whalon, M., Mota-Sanchez, D., Hollingworth, R., Analysis of Global Pesticide Resistance in Arthropods, Global Pesticide Resistance in Arthropods, Ch. 1, p. 5-33, 2008. Summary of the Invention [Means for solving the problem]

[0010] Definitions used in this disclosure The examples provided in these definitions are generally not exhaustive and should not be construed as limiting the present disclosure. It is understood that a substituent must comply with the chemical bonding rules and steric compatibility constraints in relation to the particular molecule to which it is attached. These definitions are used solely for the purposes of this disclosure.

[0011] The phrase "active ingredient" (sometimes referred to as "AI") means a substance having an activity useful for controlling pests and / or a substance useful for assisting other substances in having better activity for controlling pests. Examples of such substances include, but are not limited to, acaricides, algicides, antifeedants, avianicides, bactericides, bird repellents, chemosterilants, fungicides, herbicide antidotes, herbicides, insect attractants, insect repellents, insecticides, mammalian repellents, mating inhibitors, molluscicides, nematicides, plant activators, plant growth regulators, rodenticides, synergists, and virucides (see alanwood.net). Specific examples of such substances include, but are not limited to, those listed in Active Ingredient Group Alpha.

[0012] The phrase "Active Ingredient Group Alpha" (hereinafter "AIGA") collectively refers to the following substances: (3-ethoxypropyl)mercuric bromide, 1,2-dibromoethane, 1,2-dichloroethane, 1,2-dichloropropane, 1,3-D, 1,3-dichloropropene, 1-methylcyclopropene, 1-naphthol, 2-(octylthio)ethanol, 2,2,3-TPA, 2,3,3-TPA, 2,3,5-triiodobenzoic acid, 2,3,5-tri-iodobenzoic acid, 2,3,6-TBA, 2,4,5-T, 2,4,5-TB, 2,4,5-TP, 2,4-D, 2, 4-DB, 2,4-DEB, 2,4-DEP, 2,4-DES, 2,4-DP, 2,4-MCPA, 2,4-MCPB, 2iP, 2-methoxyethylmercuric chloride, 2-phenylphenol, 3,4-DA, 3,4-DB, 3,4-DP, 3,6-dichloropicolinic acid, 4-aminopyridine, 4-CPA, 4-CPB, 4-CPP, 4-hydroxyphenoxy alcohol, 8-hydroxyquinoline sulfate, 8-phenylmercurioxyquinoline, abamectin, abamectin-aminomethyl, abscisic acid dibenzoate, ACC, acephate, acequinocyl, acetamiprid, acetione, acetochlor, acetophenate, acetophos, acetoprole, acibenzolar, acifluorfen, aclonifen, ACN, Aclep, acrinathrin, acrolein, acrylonitrile, acinonapyr, acipetax, afidopiropen, afoxolaner, alachlor, alanap, alanycarb, albendazole, aldicarb, aldicarb sulfone, aldimorph, aldoxicarb, aldrin, allethrin, allicin, allidochlor, alosa Midine, alloxydim, allyl alcohol, alixycarb, arorac, alpha-bromadiolone, alpha-cypermethrin, alpha-endosulfan, alphamethrin, altretamine, aluminum phosphide, aluminum phosphide, ametoctrazine, ametridione, ametryn, ametryne, amivudine, amicarbazone, amicalthiazole, amidithione, amidochlor, amidoflumet, amidosulfuron, aminocarb, aminocyclopyrachlor, aminopyralid, aminopyrifen,Aminotriazole, amiprophos-methyl, amiprofos, amiprofos-methyl, amisulbrom, amiton, amitraz, amitrole, ammonium sulfamate, amovam, amorphous silica gel, amorphous silicon dioxide, ampropylphos, AMS, anabasine, ancymidol, anilazine, anilofos, anisrone, anthraquinone, potassium antimony tartrate, anth, aphorate, alamite, alprocarb, arsenic acid, asomate, aspirin, asulam, atidathion, atraton, atrazine, aureofungin, abe Rumectin B1, AVG, Aviglycin, Azaconazole, Azadirachtin, Azafenidin, Azamethiphos, Azidithion, Azimsulfuron, Azinphos-ethyl, Azinphos-ethyl, Azinphos-methyl, Azinphos-methyl, Aziprothrin, Aziprotryne, Azityram, Azobenzene, Azocyclotine, Azotoate, Azoxystrobin, Bacmedesh, Barban, Barbanate, Barium hexafluorosilicate, Barium polysulfide, Barium silicofluoride, Bartholin, Basic charcoal Copper chloride, basic copper sulfate, BCPC, beflubutamid, beflubutamid-M, benalaxyl, benalaxyl-M, benazolin, bencarbazone, benclotiaz, bendaqingbingzhi, bendiocarb, benzoxide, benefin, benfluralin, benfuracarb, benfuresate, benmihuangcaoan, benodanil, benomyl, benoxacor, benoxafos, benquinox, bensulfuron, bensulide, bensultap, bentallon, bentazone (b entazon), bentazon, benthiavalicarb, benzazole, bentiocarb, bentranil, benzadox, benzalkonium chloride, benzamacryl, benzamizole, benzamorph, benzene hexachloride, benzfendizone, benzimine, benzipram, benzobicyclon, benzoepin, benzofenap, benzofluor, benzohydroxamic acid, benzomate, benzophosphate, benzothiadiazole, benzovindiflupyr, benzoximate, benzoylprop, benzpyrimoxane,Benzthiazuron, benzocaotong, benzyl benzoate, benzyladenine, berberine, beta-cyfluthrin, beta-cypermethrin, bethoxadin, BHC, bialaphos, bicyclopyrone, bifenazate, bifenox, bifenthrin, bifujunzhi, bilanaphos, binapacryl, binghuanzuo, bingqingxiao, bioallethrin, bioethanomethrin, biopermethrin, bioresmethrin, biphenyl, bipyrone Lazone, Bisadyl, Bismerthiazole, Bismerthiazole-copper, Methylenedi(x-naphthalene-y-sulfonate)bisphenylmercury, Bispyribac, Bistrifluron, Bisultap, Bitertanol, Bithionol, Bixafen, Bixlozone, Blasticidin-S, Borax, Bordeaux mixture, Boric acid, Boscalid, BPCMS, BPPS, Brassinolide, Brassinolide-ethyl, Brevicomin, Brodifacoum, Brofenprox, Brofenvalerate, Broflanilide, Broflutrinate, Bromacil, Bromadiolone, Bro Muclophos, bromethalin, bromethrin, bromfenvinphos, bromoacetamide, bromobornyl, bromobutide, bromociclen, bromocyclen, bromo-DDT, bromofenoxime, bromophos, bromomethane, bromophos, bromophos-ethyl, bromopropylate, bromothalonil, bromoxynil, brompyrazone, bromuconazole, bronopol, broprop-difacoum, BRP, BTH, bucarborate, bufencarb, buminafos, bupirimate, buprofezin Burgundy liquid, busulfan, busulfan, butacarb, butachlor, butafenacil, butam, butamifos, butane-fipronil, butathiofos, butenachlor, butene-fipronil, butetryn, butidazole, buthiobate, buthiuron, butifos, butocarboxim, butonate, butopyronoxyl, butoxycarboxim, butralin, butrizole, butroxydim, buturon, butylamine, butyrate, butylchlorophos, butylene-fipronil, cacodylic acid, cadusafos,Cafenstrole, calciferol, calcium arsenate, calcium chlorate, calcium cyanamide, calcium cyanide, calcium polysulfide, carvinphos, camphendichlor, camphechlor, camphor, captafol, captan, carbam, carbamorph, carbanolate, carbaryl, carbaslam, carbathion, carbathion, carbendazim, carbendazole, carbetamide, carbophenothion, carbofuran, carbon disulfide, carbon tetrachloride, carbonyl sulfide , Carbophenothione, Carbophos, Carbosulfan, Carboxazole, Carboxide, Carboxin, Carfentrazone, Carpropamid, Cartap, Carvacrol, Carvone, CAVP, CDAA, CDEA, CDEC, Celocidin, CEPC, Cerala, Selenox, Sabadila, Cheshunt solution, Quinalphos, Quinalphos-methyl, Quinomethionate, Quinomethionate, Chiralaxyl, Chitosan, Chlobenthiazone, Chlomethoxyphen, Chloralose, Chloramben, Chloraminephosphorus, Chloramisole, Chloramphenicol , chloraniformethane, chloranil, chloranocryl, chlorantraniliprole, chlorradifop, chlorazine, chlorbenside, chlorbenzuron, chlorbicyclen, chlorbromuron, chlorbufam, chlordane, chlordecone, chlorodimeform, chlorempenthrin, chloretazate, chlorethephon, chlorethoxyphos, chloreturon, chlorfenac, chlorfenapyr, chlorphenazole, chlorfenetole, chlorphenidim, chlorfenprop, chlorfenson, chlorfensulfide, chlorfenvinpho s, chlorfenvinphos-methyl, chlorfluazuron, chlorflurazole, chlorflurecol, chlorflurene, chlorflurenol, chloridazon, chlorimuron, chlorinate, chlor-IPC, chlormephos, chlormequat, chlormethuron, chlormethoxynil, chlornidine, chlornitrofen, chloroacetic acid, chlorobenzilate, chlorodinitronaphthalene, chlorophenisone, chloroform, chloromebform, chloromethiron, chloroneb, chlorophacinone, chlorophos, chlorophthalim, chloropicrin, chloropon,Chloropallethrin, chloropropylate, chlorothalonil, chlorotoluron, chloroxyphenidim, chloroxuron, chloroxynil, chlorphonium, chlorphoxim, chlorphthalim, chlorprazofos, chlorprocarb, chlorpropham, chlorpyrifos, chlorpyrifos-methyl, chlorquinox, chlorsulfuron, chlorthal, chlorthiamid, chlorthiophos, chlortoluron, chlorzolinate, chltosan, cholecalciferol, choline chloride, chromafenozide, cycloheximide, simekutaka Rub, cinerin I, cinerin II, cinerins, cinidon-ethyl, cinmethylin, cinosulfuron, sinthofen, thiobutide, cisanilide, cismethrin, clasifos, clefoxydim, clenpirin, clenpyrin, clethodim, climbazole, cliodinate, clodinafop, cloetocarb, clofencet, clofenotan, clofentezine, clofenvinphos, clofibric acid, clofop, clomazone, clomeprop, clonitralide, cloprop, cloproxydim, clo Lopyralid, cloquintocet, cloransulam, closantel, clothianidin, clotrimazole, cloxifonac, cloxylacon, clozylacon, CMA, CMMP, CMP, CMU, codrelure, cholecalciferol, colophonate, copper 8-quinolinolate, copper acetate, copper acetoarsenite, copper arsenate, copper carbonate (basic), copper hydroxide, copper naphthenate, copper oleate, copper oxychloride, copper silicate, copper sulfate, copper sulfate (basic), zinc copper chromate, coumachlor, coumafen, coumaphos, coumafuryl, coumaphos, coumatetralyl, methoxystrobin, coumito ate, cumoxystrobin, CPMC, CPMF, CPPC, credazine, cresol, cresylic acid, crimidine, crotamiton, crotoxyphos, crotoxyphos, curfomate, cryolite, curua, kufuraneb, cumileron, cumyluron, cuprobam, cuprous oxide, curcumenol, CVMP, cyanamide, cyanatrin, cyanazine, cyanofenphos, cyanogen, cyanomethyl 4-amino-3-chloro-5-fluoro-6-(7-fluoro-1H-indol-6-yl)pyridine-2-carboxylate, cyanophos, cyantoate,Cyantraniliprole, cyanuric acid, cyazofamid, sibutrin, cyclafuramide, cyclanilide, cyclaniliprole, ciclethrin, cycloate, cyclobutrifluram, cycloheximide, cycloplate, cycloprothrin, cyclopyranyl, cyclopirimo, methylate, cyclosulfamuron, cycloxapride, cycloxydim, cycluron, cyenopyrafen, cyetopyrafen, cyflufenamid, cyflumetofen, cyfluthrin, cyhalodiamide, cyhalofop, cyhalofop-butyl, cyhalothrin, cyhexatin, cymiazole, cymoxanil, siometrinil, cypendazole, cypermethrin, cyperquat, cyphenothrin, cyprazine, cyprazole, cyproconazole, cyprodinil, cyproflam, cypromide, cyprosulfamide, cypirafluon, cyromazine, cythioate, Citrex, Dimron, Dalapon, Daminodi Do, dayoutong, dazomet, DBCP, d-camphor, DCB, DCD, DCIP, DCPA (Japan), DCPA (USA), DCPTA, DCU, DDD, DDPP, DDT, DDVP, debacarb, decafetin, decamethrin, decarbofuran, DEET, dehydroacetic acid, diquat, delaclor, delnab, deltamethrin, demefion, demefion-O, demefion-S, demeton, demeton-methyl, demeton-O, demeton-O-methyl, demeton-S, demeton-S-methyl, demeton-S-methyl sulfone sulphone, demeton-S-methylsulphon, DEP, deparethrin, derris, desmedipham, desmetryn, desmetryne, d-fanshiluquebingjuzhi, DFDT, diafenthiuron, dialifol, dialifos, diallate, di-alate, diamidaphos, dianat, diatomaceous earth, diatomite, diazinon, dibrom, djibutyric acid , dibutyl succinate, dicamba, dikapton, dicarbasulf, dicarbosulf, dichlobenil, dichlobenthiazox, diclofenthion, dichlofluanid, dichloron, dichloralurea, dichlorbenzuron, dichlorphenidim, dichlorflurecol, dichlorflurenol, dichlormate, dichlormid, dichloromethane, dichlorophen, dichloroprop, dichloroprop-P, dichlorovos, dichlorozoline, dichlorozolin, diclobutrazol, diclocymet, diclofop,Diclomedine, dicloran, dichloromezodiaz, diclosulam, dicofol, dicophane, dicoumarol, dicresyl, dicrotophos, dicryl, dicoumarol, dicyclanil, dicyclonone, dieldrin, dienochlor, diethamquat, dieththyl, diethion, diethion, diethofencarb, dietholate, dietone, diethyl pyrocarbonate, diethyltoluamide, difenacoum, difenoconazole, difenopentene, difenoxuron, difenzoquat, difethialone, diflovidazid Diflubenzuron, diflufenican, diflufenicanil, diflufenzopyr, diflumetrim, dikegulac, dilol, dimatif, dimefluthrin, dimefox, dimefron, dimehypo, dimepiperate, dimesulfazate, dimethaclon, dimethane, dimethacarb, dimethaclon, dimethachlor, dimethamethrin, dimethenamid, dimethenamid-P, dimethipin, dimethirimol, dimethoate, dimethomorph, dimethrin, dimethylcarbamate, dimethyldisulfide, dimethylphthalate, dimethylvinphos, dimethiran, dimexa No, dimidazon, dimoxystrobin, dimpropylidaz, dimpirate, dimron, dinex, dingjunezuo, diniconazole, diniconazole-M, dinitramine, dinitrophenol, dinobuton, dinocap, dinocap-4, dinocap-6, dinoctone, dinophenate, dinopenton, dinoprop, dinosam, dinoseb, dinosulfone, dinotefuran, dinoterb, dinoterbone, diofenolan, dioxabenzophos, dioxacarb, dioxathion, dioxathion (d ioxation), diphacin, diphacinone, diphenadione, diphenamid, diphenamide, diphenyl sulfone, diphenylamine, diphenyl sulfide, diproglic acid, dipropalin, dipropetrine, dipterex, dipimethitron, dipyrithione, diquat, disodium tetraborate, disosultap, disparlua, disgran, disul, disulfiram, disulfoton, ditalimfos, dithianon, dicyclofos, dithioether, dithiometon, dithiopyr, diuron,Dixanthogen, d-limonene, DMDS, DMPA, DNOC, dodemorph, dodicin, dodine, dofenapine, doguazine, dominicale, doramectin DPC, drazoxolone, DSMA, d-trans-allethrin, d-trans-resmethrin, zuflin, dymron, EBEP, EBP, ebfos, ecdysterone, eclonezole, EDB, EDC, EDDP, edifenphos, eglinadin, emamectin, EMPC, empenthrin, enadenine, endosulfan, endothal, endothal hall), Endothion, Endrin, Enestrobulin, Enilconazole, Enoxastrobin, Efilsulfonate, EPN, Epocoleon, Epofenonane, Epoxiconazole, Eprinomectin, Epronaz, Epsilon-Metofluthrin, Epsilon-Monfluorotrin, EPTC, Ervon, Ergocalciferol, Erlujixiancaoan, Esdeparethrin, Esfenvalerate, ESP, Esprocarb, Etaceracil, Etaconazole, Etaphos, Etem, Ethaboxam, Eta Chlor, ethalfluralin, ethametsulfuron, ethaprochlor, ethephon, ethijimuron, ethiphencarb, ethiolate, ethion, ethiozin, ethiprole, ethirimol, ethoate-methyl, etobenzanide, ethofumesate, ethohexadiol, ethoprop, ethoprophos, ethoxyphene, ethoxyquin, ethoxysulfuron, ethychlozate, ethyl formate, ethyl pyrophosphate, ethylane, ethyl-DDD, ethylene, ethylene dibromide, ethylene dichloride, ethylene oxide, ethilisin, ethylmercury 2,3-dihydriodide Roxypropyl mercaptide, ethylmercury acetate, ethylmercury bromide, ethylmercury chloride, ethylmercury phosphate, ethinofen, ETM, etonipromide, etobenzanide, etofenprox, etoxazole, etridiazole, etrimfos, etrimphos, eugenol, EXD, famoxadone, famfur, fenac, fenamidone, fenaminosulf, phenaminestrobin, fenamiphos, fenapanil, fenarimol, fenasulam, fenazaflor, fenazaquin,Fenbuconazole, fenbutatin oxide, fenchlorazole, fenchlorphos, fenclofos, fenclorim, fenetacarb, fenfluthrin, fenfuram, fenhexamid, phenidim, fenitropan, fenitrothion, fenizon, fenjuntong, fenobucarb, fenorobo, fenoprop, fenothiocarb, fenoxacrim, fenoxanil, fenoxaprop, fenoxaprop-P, fenoxasulfone, fenoxycarb, fenpiclonil, fenpicoxamid, fen Empirithrin, fenpropathrin, fenpropidin, fenpropimorph, fenpyrazamine, fenpyroximate, fenquinotrione, fenridazon, fenthone, fensulfothion, fenteracol, fentiaprop, fenthion, fenthione-ethyl, fenthiaprop, fentin, fentrazamide, fentrifanil, fenuron, fenuron-TCA, fenvalerate, ferbam, ferimzone, ferric phosphate, ferrous sulfate, fipronil, flamprop, flamprop-M, flazasulfuron, floc Mafen, flometoquin, flonicamid, florasulam, florpilauxifen, florpilauxifen-benzyl, florylpicoxamide, fluacrypyrim, fluazaindolizine, fluazifop, fluazifop-P, fluazinam, fluazolate, fluazuron, flubendiamide, flubeneteram, flubenzimine, flubrocythrinate, flucarbazone, flucetosulfuron, fluchloralin, flucofuron, flucycloxuron, flucythrinate, fludioxonil, fluenethyl, fluensulfone, fluf Enacet, Flufenerim, Flufenican, Flufenoxuron, Flufenoxystrobin, Flufenprox, Flufenpyr, Flufenzin, Flufiprole, Fluhexafon, Fluindapyr, Flumethrin, Flumetober, Flumetralin, Flumetsulam, Flumezin, Flumiclorac, Flumioxazin, Flumipropin, Flumorph, Fluometuron, Fluopicolide, Fluopimomide, Fluopyram, Fluorobenside, Fluoridamide, Fluoroacetamide, Fluoroacetic acid, Fluorochloridone, Fluoro-DDT,Fluorodifen, fluorogesalol, fluoroglycofen, fluoroimide, fluoromide, fluoromidine, fluoronitrofen, fluoroxypyr, fluothiuron, fluotrimazole, fluoxapiprolin, fluoxastrobin, flupentiofenox, flupoxam, flupropacil, flupropazine, flupropanate, flupyradifuron, flupirimine, flupyrsulfuron, fluquinconazole, fluralaner, flurazole, flurecol, flurenol, fluridone, flurochloridone, fluromidine, fluroxy Pill, ruroxypyr meptyl, flurprimidol, flursulamide, flurtamone, flusilazole, flusulfamide, flutensin, fluthiacet, fluthiamide, flutianil, flutolanil, flutriafol, fluvalinate, fluxametamide, fluxapyroxad, fluxofenim, forper, folpet, fomesafen, fonofos, foramsulfuron, forchlorfenuron, formaldehyde, formetanate, formothion, formoparanate, fosamin, fosetyl, fosmetilan, fospirate, fosthiaze To, fostietan, frontalin, phthalide, fuberidazole, fukaojin, fukaomi, fujunmanji, flumi, fumarin, funaihecaoling, fuphenthiourea, furalan, furalaxyl, furametrin, furametpyr, furantebufenozide, furathiocarb, flucarbanil, fluconazole, fluconazole-cis, fretrin, furfural, furilazole, flumecyclox, furfanate, furyloxyfen, gamma-BHC, gamma-cyhalothrin, gamma-HCH, genit, gibberellin Phosphate, gibberellin A3, gibberellin, glyftol, glitol, glucocoralose, glufosinate, glufosinate-P, gliodin, glyoxime, glyphosate, glyphosine, gossypur, glandur, griseofulvin, guanectin, guazatine, halacrinate, haloxifen, haloxifen-methyl, halfenprox, halofenozide, halosafen, halosulfuron, haloxydine, haloxyfop, haloxyfop-P, haloxyfop-R, HCA, HCB, HCH, hemel, hemp, HEOD, heptachlor,Heptafluthrin, heptamaloxyloglucan, heptenophos, heptopargyl, herbimycin, herbimycin A, heterophos, hexachlor, hexachlorane, hexachloroacetone, hexachlorobenzene, hexachlorobutadiene, hexachlorophene, hexaconazole, hexa, Flumuron, hexafluoramine, hexaflurate, hexalure, hexamide, hexazinone, hexylthiophos, hexythiazox, HHDN, holosulf, homobrassinolide, huancaiwo, huanchongjing, huangcaoling, huanjunzuo, hydramethylnon, hydragafen, hydrated lime, hydrogen cyanamide, hydrogen cyanide, hydroprene, hydroxyisoxazole, hymexazole, hikincarb, IAA, IBA, IBP, icaridin, imazalil, imazamethabenz, imazamox, imazapic, imazapyr, imazaquin, imazethapyr, imazosulfuron, imibenconazole, imiciaphos, imidacloprid, imidaclothiz, iminoctadine, imiprothrin, inabenfide, indanofan, indaziflam, indoxacarb, inedin, infusorial soil, inpirfluxam, iodobonyl, iodocarb, iodofenphos, iodomethane, iodosulfuron, iofensulfuron, ioxynil, ipazine, IPBC, IPC, ipconazole, Pufencarbazone, ipfentrifluconazole, ipflufenoquine, iprobenfos, iprodione, iprovalicarb, iprimidam, ipsdienol, ipsenol, IPSP, IPX, isamidophos, isazophos, isobenzane, isocarbamid, isocarbamide, isocarbophos, isosyl, isocycloceram, isodrin, isofenphos, isofenphos-methyl, isofetamide, isofulcipram, isorane, isomethiozine, isonorulone, isopamphos, isopon Linate, isoprocarb, isoprosil, isoproparin, isopropazole, isoprothiolane, isoproturon, isopyrazam, isopyrimol, isothioate, isotianil, isouron, isovaledion, isoxaben, isoxachlorthor, isoxadifen, isoxaflutole, isoxapirifop, isoxathion, islon, ivermectin, ixoxaben, isopamfos, isopamphos, japonirua, japotrins, jasmolin I, jasmolin II, jasmonic acid,Jiahuangchongzong, Jiajizengxiaolin, Jiaxiangjunzhi, Jiekaowan, Jiekaoxi, Jinggangmycin A, Iodofenphos, Juvenile hormone I, Juvenile hormone II, Juvenile hormone III, Kadethrin, Kappa-bifenthrin, Kappa-tefluthrin, Carbutilate, Caletazane, Kasugamycin, Kejunrin, Keleban, Ketospiradox, Diatomaceous earth, Kinetin, Kinoprene, Chiralaxyl, Kresoxim-Me Chil, Kuikaoxy, Lactofen, Lambda-Cyhalothrin, Lancotrione, Latilua, Lead arsenate, Lenacil, Lepimectin, Leptophos, Lianbenjingzhi, Lime sulfur mixture, Lindane, Lineatin, Linuron, Lilimphos, Litrua, Lupula, Lotilaner, Lufenuron, Luefuqingchongxianan, Luexiancaolin, Lubdingjunzhi, Lubfumijvzhi, Lubuki Cyan kaolin, ritidathion, M-74, M-81, MAA, magnesium phosphide, malathion, malgisone, maleic hydrazide, malonoben, maltodextrin, MAMA, mancopper, mancozeb, mandestrobin, mandipropamid, maneb, matrine, magidox, MCC, MCP, MCPA, MCPA-thioethyl, MCPB, MCPP, mebenil, mecarbam, mecarbinzide, mecarfone, mecoprop, mecoprop-P, medimeform, medinoterb, medulla, mefenacet, mefenoxam, mefenpyr, mefen Entrifluconazole, mefluidide, megatomoic acid, melissyl alcohol, melitoxin, MEMC, menasone, MEP, mepanipyrim, meperfluthrin, mephenate, mefosfolan, mepiquat, mepronil, meptyldinocap, mercaptodimetur, mercaptophos, mercaptophosthiol, mercaptothione, mercuric chloride, mercuric oxide, mercurous chloride, merphos, merphos oxide, mesoprazine, mesosulfuron, mesotrione, mesulfen, mesulfenphos, mesulfen, metacresol, metaflumizone, metalaxyl,Metalaxyl-M, metaldehyde, metam, metamifop, metamitron, metaphos, metaxone, metazachlor, metazosulfuron, metazoxolone, metcamifen, metconazole, metepa, metofluran, methoflurazon, methabenzthiazuron, methacrifos, metthalproparin, metam, methamidophos, metasulfocarb, methazole, metofuroxam, methybenzuron, methidathion, methiobencarb, methiocarb, methiopyrisulfuron, methiotepa, methiozoline, methiuron, metoclotphos, metolcarb, methometon, methomyl, methop Methoprothrin, methoprothrin, methoquin-butyl, methothrin, methoxychlor, methoxyfenozide, methoxyphenone, methyl afolate, methyl bromide, methyl eugenol, methyl iodide, methyl isothiocyanate, methyl parathion, methyl acetophos, methyl chloroform, methyl dithiocarbamate, methyl dymron, methylene chloride, methyl isofenphos, methyl mercaptophos, methyl mercaptophos oxide, methyl mercaptophos thiol, methyl mercury Benzoate, methylmercury dicyandiamide, methylmercury pentachlorophenoxide, methyl neodecanamide, methylnitrophos, methyl triazothion, methiozoline, metiram, metiram-zinc, metobenzuron, metobromuron, metofluthrin, metolachlor, metolcarb, metometuron, metominostrobin, metosulam, metoxadiazone, metoxuron, metrafenone, metriam, metribuzin, metrifonate, metriphonate, metsulfovax, metsulfuron, Methyltetraprole, mevinphos, mexacalvert, miechuwei, mieshuan, miewenjuzhi, milbemectin, milbemycin oxime, milneb, mimanan, mipafox, MIPC, mirex, MNAF, moguchun, molinate, morosultap, monfluorotrin, monalid, monisouron, monistron, monoamitraz, monochloroacetic acid, monocrotophos, monolinuron, monomehypo, monosulfiram, monosulfuron, monosultap,Monuron, Monuron-TCA, Morphamcoat, Moroxydine, Morphothion, Morzide, Moxidectin, MPMC, MSMA, MTMC, Muscalure, Myclobutanil, Myclozolin, Myricyl alcohol, N-(ethylmercury)-p-toluenesulfonanilide, N-(ethylmercury)-p-toluenesulfonanilide, NAA, NAAm, Nabam, Naphthalophos S, naled, naphthalene, naphthaleneacetamide, naphthalic anhydride, naphthalophos, naphthoxyacetic acid, naphthylacetic acid, naphthylindan-1,3-dione, naphthyloxyacetic acid, naproanilide, napropamide, napropamide-M, naptalam, natamycin, NBPOS, Nebrair, Nebron, Nendrin, neonicotine, nichlorphos, niclofen, niclosamide, nicobifen, nicosulfuron, nicotine, nifluridide, nikkomycin, ningamycin, ninnanmycin, NIP, nipiraclofen, nipiralofen, nitenpyram , nithiazine, nitralin, nitrapyrin, nitrilacarb, nitrofen, nitrofluorfen, nitrostyrene, nitrotar-isopropyl, NNM, novormide, nonanol, norvormide, norea, norflurazon, nornicotine, norlon, novaluron, noviflumuron, NPA, nuarimol, nuranone, OCH, octachlorodipropyl ether, octhilinone, o-dichlorobenzene, ofrace, omethoate, o-phenylphenol, orbencarb, orfural, orthobencarb, ortho-dichlorobenzene, orthosulfan Lufamuron, orictalure, orysastrobin, oryzalin, osthol, osthole, ostramon, obatrone, obex, oxabetrinil, oxadiargyl, oxadiazon, oxadixyl, oxamate, oxamyl, oxapyrazon, oxapyrazone, oxasulfuron, oxathiapiprolin, oxaziclomefon, oxazosulfil, oxine-copper, oxine-Cu, oxolinic acid, oxpoconazole, oxycarboxin,Oxydemeton-methyl, oxydeprofos, oxydisulfoton, oxyenadenine, oxyfluorfen, oxymatrine, oxytetracycline, oxythioquinox, PAC, paclobutrazol, paichongding, parethrin, PAP, para-dichlorobenzene, parafluron, paraquat, parathion, parathion-methyl, parinol, Paris Green, PCNB, PCP, PCP-Na, p-dichlorobenzene, PDJ, pebulate, pezinex, pefurazoate, pelargonic acid, penconazole, pefurazoate Penciclon, pendimethalin, penphenate, penflufen, penfluron, penoxalin, penoxsulam, pentachlorophenol, pentachlorophenyl laurate, pentanochlor, penthiopyrad, pentomethrin, pentoxazone, perchlordecone, perfluidone, permethrin, petoxamide, PHC, fenamacryl, fenamacryl-ethyl, fenaminosulf, phenazine oxide, fenetacarb, phenisopham, fencapton, phenmedipham, phenmedipham-ethyl, fenobenzuron, fenothione le, fenothrin, fenproxide, phenthoate, phenylmercuric urea, phenylmercuric acetate, phenylmercuric chloride, phenylmercuric derivatives of pyrocatechol, phenylmercuric nitrate, phenylmercuric salicylate, phorate, fosacetim, phosalone, fosamethine, fosazetim, fosazetine, foscyclotine, phosdifen, fosetyl, phospholane, phospholan-methyl, phosglycine, phosmet, phosnichlor, phosphamide, phosphamidon, phosphine, phosphinothricin, phosphocarb, phosphorus, phostin, phoxim, phoxim-methyl, phthalide, phthalide Rophos, phthalthuline, picarbutrazox, picaridin, picloram, picolinafen, picoxystrobin, pimaricin, pindone, pinoxaden, piperaline, piperazine, piperonyl butoxide, piperonylcyclonene, piperophos, piproctanly, piproctanyl, piprotal, pirimetaphos, pirimicarb, pyriminyl, pirimioxyphos, pirimiphos-ethyl, pirimiphos-methyl, pival, pivaldione, prifenate, PMA, PMP, polybutene, polycarbamate,Polychlorcamphene, polyethoxyquinoline, polyoxin D, polyoxins, polyoxorim, polythiaran, potassium arsenite, potassium azide, potassium cyanate, potassium ethylxanthogenate, potassium naphthenate, potassium polysulfide, potassium thiocyanate, pp'-DDT, prallethrin, Precocene I, Precocene II, Precocene III, Pretilachlor, Primidophos, Primisulfuron, Probenazole, Prochloraz, Proclonol, Procyazin, Procymidone, Prodiamine, Profenofos, Profluazole, Profluralin, Profluthrin, Profoxydim, Proflit-aminium, Proglinadin, Prohexadione, Prohydrojasmone, Promacyl, Promecarb, Prometon, Prometryn, Prometryne, Promulit, Pro Namide, pronitrizine, propachlor, propafos, propamidine, propamocarb, propanil, propafos, propaquizafop, propargite, propartrin, propazine, propetamphos, propham, propiconazole, propizine, propineb, propisochlor, propoxur, propoxycarbazone, propyl isom, propyrisulfuron, propyzamide, proquinazide, prosrel, prosulfarin, prosulfocarb, prosulfuron, prothidathion, prothiocarb, prothioconazole, prothiofos, prothoate, prothoate lotrifenbut, proxan, primidophos, prinachlor, psoralen, psoralene, pydanone, pydiflumetofen, piflubumid, pymetrozine, pyracarbollide, pyraclofos, pyraclonil, pyraclostrobin, pyraflufen, pyrafluprole, pyramat, pyrametostrobin, pyroxystrobin, pyrapropoin, pyrasulfotole, pyraziflumide, pyrazolate, pyrazolinate, pyrazone, pyrazophos, pyrazosulfuron, pyrazothion, pyrazoxyfen, pyresmethrin, Pyrethrin I, pyrethrin II, pyrethrins, pyribambenz-isopropyl, pyribambenz-propyl, pyribencarb, pyribenzoxim, pyributicarb, pyriclor, pyridaben, pyridaclomethyl, pyridafol, pyridalyl, pyridaphenthion, pyridaphenthione, pyridate, pyridinnitrile, pyrifenox, pyrifluquinazon, pyriftalid, pyrimetaphos, pyrimethanil, pirimicarb, pyrimidifen, pyriminobac, pyriminostrobin,Pirimiphos-ethyl, pirimiphos-methyl, pyrimisulfan, pirimitate, pyrinuron, pyriophenone, pyriprole, pyripropanol, pyriproxyfen, pyrisoxazole, pyrithiobac, pyrrolan, pyroquilon, pyroxasulfone, piroxsulam, piroxchlor, piroxiflur, qincaosuan, quinkuling, cassia, quinacetol, quinalphos, quinalphos-methyl, quinazamide, quinclorac, quinconazole, quinmerac, quinoclamine, quinofumelin, quinomethione acetamide, quinonamide, quinothion, quinoxyfen, quinthiofos, quintozene, quintrione, quizalofop, quizalofop-P, quwenzhi, quyingding, rabenzazole, lafoxanide, R-diniconazole, levemid, regulon, lenofluthrin, lenliduron, lescalua, resmethrin, rhodetanil, rhodojaponin-III, ribavirin, rimsulfuron, rizasol, R-metalaxyl, rhodetanil, ronnel, rotenone, riania, sabadila, saflufenacil, saijunmao ( Saijunmao), Saisenton, Salicylanilide, Salifluofen, Sanguinarine, Santonin, Sanzuohuangcaotong, Sarolaner, S-Bioallethrin, Schladan, Sciliroside, Sebutylazine, Secbumetone, Sedaxane, Selamectin, Semiamitraz, Sesamex, Sesamolin, Saison, Sethoxydim, Sevin, Shuangjiaancaolin, Shuangjianan caolin), S-hydroprene, Siduron, Cifumidibuty, Sigul, Silafluofen, Silatran, silica aerogel, silica gel, silthiofam, silthiofam, silthiophan, Silvex, simazine, simeconazole, simeton, simetryn, simetryne, synthofen, S-kinoprene, hydrated lime, SMA, S-methoprene, S-metolachlor, sodium arsenite, sodium azide, sodium chlorate, sodium cyanide,Sodium fluoride, sodium fluoroacetate, sodium hexafluorosilicate, sodium naphthenate, sodium orthophenylphenoxide, sodium pentachlorophenate, sodium pentachlorophenoxide, sodium polysulfide, sodium silicofluoride, sodium tetrathiocarbonate, sodium thiocyanate, sodium o-phenylphenoxide, solan, sofamide, spinetoram, spinosad, spirodiclofen, spiromesifen, spiropydione, spirotetramat, spiroxamine, styrophos, strep Tomycin, strychnine, sulcatol, sulcofuron, sulcotrione, sulfurate, sulfentrazone, sulfiram, sulfuramide, sulfodiazole, sulfometuron, sulfosate, sulfosulfuron, sulfotep, sulfotepp, sulfoxaflor, sulfoxide, sulfoxime, sulfur, sulfuric acid, sulfuryl fluoride, sulglycapin, sulfosate, sulprofos, sultropene, swep, tartar emetic, tau-fluvalinate, tabron, tazimcarb, TBTO, TB Z, TCA, TCBA, TCMTB, TCNB, TDE, tebuconazole, tebufenozide, tebufenpyrad, tebufloquine, tebupirimfos, tebutam, tebuthiuron, tecloftalam, tecnazene, tecoram, tedion, teflubenzuron, tefluthrin, tefuryltrione, tembotrione, temefos, temephos, tepa, TEPP, tepraloxydim, teproxydim, telalethrin, terbacil, terbucarb, terbuchlor, terbufos, terbumeton, terbuthylazine, terbut ol, terbutryn, terbutryne, terachlor, terramycin, tetcyclacis, tetflupyrolimet, tetrachlorantraniliprole, tetrachloroethane, tetrachlorvinphos, tetraconazole, tetradifon, tetradisulf, tetrafluron, tetramethrin, tetramethylfluthrin, tetramine, tetranactin, tetraniliprole, tetrapion, tetrasulf, thallium sulfate,Thallous sulfate, thenylchlor, theta-cypermethrin, thiabendazole, thiacloprid, thiadiazine, thiadifluor, thiamethoxam, thiameturon, tiapronil, thiazafluron, thiazfluron, thiazone, thiazopyr, cyclophos, thithiofen, thidiazimine, thidiazuron, thiencarbazone, thifensulfuron, thifluzamide, thimerosal, thimet, thiobencarb, thiocarboxim, thiochlorfenphim, thiochlorp henphime), thiocyanatodinitrobenzene, thiocyclam, thiodan, thiodiazole-copper, thiodicarb, thiofanocarb, thiofanox, thiofluoximate, thiohenpa, thiomersal, thiometon, thionazine, thiophanate, thiophanate-ethyl, thiophanate-methyl, thiophos, thioquinox, thiosemicarbazide, thiosultap, thiotepa, thiooxamyl, thiram, thiram, thuringiensin, thiabendazole, tiadinil, thiafenacil, thiaojie An, TIBA, tiphatol, thiocarbazil, thiochlorim, thioxazafen, tioximide, tilpart, TMTD, tolclofos-methyl, tolfenpyrad, tolprocarb, tolpyralate, tolifluanid, tolylfluanid, tolylmercuric acetate, tomarin, topramezone, toxaphene, TPN, tralkoxydim, tralocitrin, tralomethrin, tralopyril, transfluthrin, transpermethrin, tretamim, triacontanol, triadimefon, triadimenol, triafamone, triallate, Tri-alate, triamiphos, triapentenol, triatene, triarimol, triasulfuron, triazamate, triazbutyl, triaziflam, triazophos, triazothion, triazoxide, tribasic copper chloride, tribasic copper sulfate, tribenuron, tribufos, tributyltin oxide, tricamba, triclamide, triclopyr, trichlorfon, trichlormetaphos-3, trichloronat, trichloronate, trichlorotrinitrobenzene, trichlorfon,Triclopyr, triclopyricarb, tricresol, tricyclazole, tricyclohexyltin hydroxide, tridemorph, tridiphan, trietazine, triphenmorph, triphenofos, trifloxystrobin, trifloxysulfuron, trifludimoxazine, triflumezopyrim, triflumizole, triflumuron, trifluralin, triflusulfuron, triphop, trifopsim, triforine, trihydroxytriazine, trimedlure, trimethacarb, trime Turon, Trinexapac, Triphenyltin, Triplen, Tripropindan, Triptolide, Tripyrasulfone, Tritac, Trithialan, Triticonazole, Tritosulfuron, Tranqu-Cole, Tuoyelin, Cyclopyrazoflurane, Uniconazole, Uniconazole-P, Urvacid, Uredepa, Valerate, Validamycin, Validamycin A, Valifenalate, Baron, Vamidothion, Vanguard, Vaniliprole, Vernolate, Vinclo Zorin, vitamin D3, warfarin, xiaochongliulin, xinjunan, xiwojunan, xiwojunzhi, XMC, xylaclor, xylenol, xylylcarb, xymiazole, yishijing, zaliramide, zeatin, zengxiaoan, zengxiaolin, zeta-cypermethrin, Zinc naphthenate, zinc phosphide, zinc thiazole, zinc thiozole, zinc trichlorophenate, zinc trichlorophenoxide, zineb, ziram, zolaprofos, zucoumarin, zoxamide, zuoanjunzhi, zuocaoan, zuojunzhi, zuomihuanglong, α-chlorohydrin, α-ecdysone, α-multistriatin, α-naphthaleneacetic acid, and β-ecdysone.

[0013] As used in this disclosure, each of the above is an active ingredient. For further information, see the substances listed in the "Compendium of Pesticide Common Names" (listed at Alanwood.net and editions), e.g., the online version of "The Pesticide Manual" (listed at bcpcdata.com).

[0014] Particularly preferred choices of active ingredients are chlorantraniliprole, chlorpyrifos, cyantraniliprole, hexaflumuron, methomyl, methoxyfenozide, noviflumuron, oxamyl, spinetoram, spinosad, sulfoxaflor, and triflumezopyrim (hereinafter "AIGA-2").

[0015] Furthermore, another particularly preferred choice of active ingredient is acequinocyl, acetamiprid, acetoprole, avermectin, azinphos-methyl, bifenazate, bifenthrin, carbaryl, carbofuran, chlorfenapyr, chlorfluazuron, chromafenozide, clothianidin, cyfluthrin, cypermethrin, deltamethrin, diafenthiuron, emamectin benzoate, endosulfan, esfenvalerate, ethiprole. The listed compounds are benzophenone, etoxazole, fipronil, flonicamid, fluacrypyrim, gamma-cyhalothrin, halofenozide, indoxacarb, lambda-cyhalothrin, lufenuron, malathion, methomyl, novaluron, permethrin, pyridalyl, pyrimidifen, spirodiclofen, tebufenozide, thiacloprid, thiamethoxam, thiodicarb, tolfenpyrad, and zeta-cypermethrin (hereinafter referred to as "AIGA-3").

[0016] Seed treatments are used alone or in combination to combat or prevent many pests, diseases, nutrient deficiencies, and to promote plant growth. These seed treatments may include fungicides, insecticides, inoculants, plant growth regulators, fertilizers, and fertilizer enhancers. Currently, the following fungicides are available: (R)-flutriafol, (R)-hexaconazole, (S)-flutriafol, (S)-hexaconazole, 10,10'-oxybisphenoxarcine, 2-(thiocyanomethylthio)benzothiazole, 2,2-dibromo-3-nitrilopropionamide, 2,4,5-trichlorophenol, 2,4-dimethylphenol, 2,5-dichlorobenzoic acid methyl ester, 2,6-dichloro-N-((4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)methyl-benzyl)benzoate ... nzamide, 24-epibrassinolide, 2-aliphenol, 2-aminobutane, 2-methoxyethylmercuric acetate, 2-methoxyethylmercuric chloride, 2-phenylphenol, 8-hydroxyquinoline, acibenzolar-S-methyl, aldimorph, ametoctrazine, amisulbrom, ammonium acetate, ammonium carbonate, ampropylphos, anilazine, anthracene oil, asomethane, azaconazole, adithiram, azoxystrobin, barium polysulfide, benalaxyl, Benalaxyl-M, benodanil, benomyl, benquinox, bentalon, benthiavalicarb, benthiavalicarb isopropyl, benzalkonium chloride, benzamacryl, benzamacryl isobutyl, benzamorph, benzoic acid, benzovindiflupyr, bethoxadin, binapacryl, biphenyl, bis(methylmercury) sulfate, bismerthiazole, bis-trichloromethylsulfone, bitertanol, bithionol, bixafen, Bordeaux mixture, boric acid, boscalid, bromine Conazole, bronopol, bupirimate, buthiobate, calcium carbonate, calcium chloride, calcium cyanamide, calcium hydroxide, calcium phosphate, captafol, captan, carbamorph, carbendazim, carboxin, carpropamid, chinomethionate, clobenziazone, chloraniformethane, chloranil, chlordecone, chlorphenazole, chloroneb, chlorothalonil, chloroxylenol, chlorquinox, chlozolinate, cis-propiconazole,Climbazole, copper(I) oxide, copper abietic acid, copper bis(3-phenylsalicylate), copper(II) acetate, copper(II) carbonate, copper(II) chloride, copper(II) hydroxide, copper naphthenate, copper oxychloride, copper sulfate, COS-OGA, cumoxystrobin, cumoxystrobin, cufuraneb, cuprobam, cyazofamid, cycloheximide, cyflufenamid, cymoxanil, cypendazole, cyproconazole, cyprodinil, cyproflam, dazomet, DD, debacarb, decafetin, dehydroacetic acid, diammonium ethylenebis(dithiocarbamate) ate), dibromochloropropane, diclobenthiazox, dichlorofluanid, dichloron, dichlorophen, diclobutrazol, diclocymet, diclomedine, dicloran, didecyldimethylammonium chloride, diethofencarb, difenoconazole, difenzoquat, difenzoquat methylsulfate, diflumetrim, dimethachlon, dimethirimol, dimethomorph, dimethyl disulfide, dimoxystrobin, diniconazole, diniconazole-M, dinobuton, dinocap, dinokton, dinopenton, dinosulfone , diphenylamine, dipimethitrone, dipyrithione, disodium octaborate tetrahydrate, disodium phosphonate, ditalimfos, dithianon, DNOC, dodemorph, dodemorph acetate, dodine, drazoxolone, edifenphos, enoxastrobin, epoxiconazole, etaconazole, etem, ethaboxam, ethirimol, ethoxyquin, ethylenebisisothiocyanate sulfide, ethilisin, ethylmercuric bromide, etridiazole, famoxadone, fenamidone, fenaminosulf, phenaminestrobin, fenapanil , fenarimol, fenbuconazole, fenfuram, fenhexamid, fenitropan, fenoxanil, fenpiclonil, fenpicoxamide, fenpropidin, fenpropimorph, fenpyrazamine, fentin acetate, fentin chloride, fentin hydroxide, ferbam, florylpicoxamide, fluazinam, flubeneteram, flubenzimine, fludioxonil, flufenoxystrobin, flumorph, flupicolide, fluopimomide, furopyram, fluoroimide, fluotrimazole, fluoxapiprolin,Fluoxastrobin, fluquinconazole, flusilazole, flusulfamide, flutianil, flutolanil, flutriafol, fluxapyroxad, folpet, formaldehyde, fosetyl, fosetyl-aluminum, fuberidazole, furalaxyl, furalaxyl-M, furametpyr, fluconazole, fluconazole-cis, furfural, flumecyclox, furyloxyfen, gliotoxin, glutaraldehyde, gliodin, griseofulvin, guazatine, halacrinate, hexachlorobenzene, hexachlorophene , hexaconazole, hexylthiophos, Huanjunzuo, hydrogen peroxide, hymexazole, imazalil, imibenconazole, iminoctadine, iminoctadine triacetate, iminoctadine tris(albesilate), inedin, ipconazole, ipfentrifluconazole, ipflufenoquin, iprobenfos, iprodione, iprovalicarb, isobutyric acid, isofetamide, isoflucipram, isopamfos, isoprothiolane, isopyrazam, isotianil, isopamfos, kresoxim-methyl, lime sulfur Combination drugs, mancopper, mancozeb, mandestrobin, mandipropamide, maneb, mebenil, mecarbinzide, mefentrifluconazole, mepanipyrim, mepronil, meptyldinocap, mercuric oxide, mercurous chloride, metalaxyl, metalaxyl-M, metam-potassium, metam-sodium, metazoxolone, meconazole, metasulfocarb, metofloxam, methyl isothiocyanate, methyl arsenic sulfide, methylene bisthiocyanate, metiram, metominostrobin, metrafenone, metsulfovax, methyltetraprole, muco Chloric acid anhydride, myclobutanil, myclozolin, N-(3-chloro-2,6-dimethylphenyl)-2-methoxy-N-(tetrahydro-2-oxo-3-furanyl)acetamide, nabam, nickel bis(dimethyldithiocarbamate), niclosamide, nitrotar isopropyl, nuarimol, octhilinone, ofrace, orysastrobin, oxadixyl, oxathiapiprolin, oxazosulfil, oxine-copper, oxypoconazole fumarate, oxycarboxin, paclobutrazol, paraffin oil (C11 to C25) (4a),Paraffin oil (C11-C30) (4c), Paraffin oil (C15-C30) (4b), Parinol, Penconazole, Pencycuron, Penflufen, Pentachlorophenol, Penthiopyrad, Peroxyacetic acid, Phenylmercuric acetate, Phenylmercuric chloride, Phenylmercuric nitrate, Phosdifen, Phthalide, Picarbtrazox, Picoxystrobin, Piperalin, Potassium bicarbonate, Potassium iodide, Potassium phosphonate, Potassium thiocyanate, Probenazole, Prochloraz, Procymidone, Propamidine, Propamocarb, Propamo Carb hydrochloride, propiconazole, propineb, propionic acid, proquinazid, prothiocarb, prothioconazole, pydiflumetofen, pyracarbollide, pyraclostrobin, pyrametostrobin, pyroxystrobin, pyrapropoin, pyraziflumide, pyrazophos, pyribencarb, pyridaclomethyl, pyridinitrile, pyrifenox, pyrimethanil, pyrimorph, pyriophenone, pyrisoxazole, pyroquilon, quinofumelin, quinoxyfen, quintozene, Saisenton, sedaxane , silthiofam, simeconazole, sodium arsenite, sodium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate, sodium hypochlorite, sodium tetraborate pentahydrate, spiropidione, spiroxamine, sulfuryl fluoride, sulfur, tebuconazole, tebufloquine, tecloftalam, tecnazene, tetraconazole, thiabendazole, thithiofen, thifluzamide, thiomersal, thiophanate, thiophanate-methyl, thioquinox, thiram, tiadinil, tolclofos-methyl, tolfenpyrad, tolprocarb, tolylfluanid , trans-propiconazole, triadimefon, triadimenol, triamiphos, triazoxide, tributyltin oxide, triclamide, triclopyricarb, tricyclazole, tridemorph, trifloxystrobin, triflumizole, triforine, trioxymethylene, triticonazole, urea, valifenalate, vinclozolin, zaliramide, zinc borate, zinc oxide, zineb, ziram, and zoxamide; can be used in conjunction with molecule F1 (disclosed hereinafter), this group of fungicides being hereinafter referred to as "FGK-1."

[0017] Another preferred group of fungicides for use with molecule F1 (disclosed hereinafter) in seed treatments are azoxystrobin, benomyl, benzovindiflupyr, bixafen, carbendazim, chlorothalonil, cymoxanil, cyproconazole, diclobenthiazox, difenoconazole, ethaboxam, famoxadone, fenbuconazole, fluopyram, fluindapyr, fludioxonil, folpet, inpirfluxam, ipconazole, ipfentrifluco The fungicides are benzodiazepine, benzophenone, benzocaine, benzophenone-1, benzocaine, benzocaine-2, benzocaine-3, benzocaine-4, benzocaine-5, benzocaine-6, benzocaine-7, benzocaine-8, benzocaine-9, benzocaine-10, benzocaine-11, benzocaine-12, benzocaine-13, benzocaine-14, benzocaine-15, benzocaine-16, benzocaine-17, benzocaine-18, benzocaine-19, benzocaine-20, benzocaine-21, benzocaine-22, benzocaine-23, benzocaine-24, benzocaine-25, benzocaine-26, benzocaine-27, benzocaine-28, benzocaine-29, benzocaine-30, benzocaine-31, benzocaine-32, benzocaine-33, benzocaine-34, benzocaine-35, benzocaine-36, benzocaine-37, benzocaine-38, benzocaine-39, benzocaine-40, benzocaine-41, benzocaine-42, benzocaine-43, benzocaine-44, benzocaine-45, benzocaine-46, benzocaine-47, benzocaine-48, benzocaine-49 ...

[0018] The following two fungicide molecules are also preferably used together with molecule F1: [ka]

[0019] FGK-3 is described in WO 2019173665 as compound number 278, and FGK-4 is described in Example 2 of WO 2016187201.

[0020] The term "biopesticide" refers to microbial biological pest control agents and is generally applied in the same way as chemical pesticides. Typically, they are bacteria, such as Bacillus, Burkholderia, Pseudomonas, Saccaropolyspora, and Wolbachia pipientis (Zap), although examples of fungal control agents, such as Trichoderma and Ampelomyces quisqualis, also exist. One well-known example of a biopesticide is Bacillus species, which are effective against bacterial diseases of the Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, and Diptera orders. Biological control agents include products based on entomopathogenic fungi (e.g., Beauveria bassiana strain, Metarhizium anisopliae strain F52, Paecilomyces fumosoroseus Apopka strain 97, Lecanicillium spp., and Isaria spp.), entomopathogenic nematodes (e.g., Steinernema feltiae), and entomopathogenic viruses (e.g., Cydia pomonella granulovirus (GV), Nuclear polyhedrosis virus (NPV)). Other examples of insect pathogenic organisms include, but are not limited to, baculoviruses such as Thaumatotibia leucotreta GV, Anticarsia gemmatalis MNPV, and Helicoverpa armigera NPV; protozoans; and microsporidia.Some include plant essences such as synthetic, extracted and unrefined oils (e.g. Chenopodium ambrosioides near neem extract, fatty acid monoesters with glycerol or propanediol, neem oil). For the avoidance of doubt, biopesticides are the active ingredients. For further information see Kachhawa D, Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies 2007,5,468-473.

[0021] The term "area" means a habitat, breeding ground, plant, seed, soil, material, or environment in which a pest is growing, is able to grow, or is able to move about. For example, an area can be: where crops, trees, fruits, grains, forage seeds, vines, turf, and / or ornamental plants are growing; where livestock live; interior or exterior surfaces of buildings (e.g., where grain is stored); construction materials used in buildings (e.g., impregnated wood); and the soil around buildings.

[0022] The term "MoA substance" means an active ingredient having a mechanism of action ("MoA") as set out in the IRAC MoA Classification v.9.3 (available at irac-online.org), which lists the following groups:

[0023] (1) Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors, including the following active ingredients: alanycarb, aldicarb, bendiocarb, benfuracarb, butocarboxim, butoxycarboxim, carbaryl, carbofuran, carbosulfan, ethiofencarb, fenobucarb, formetanate, furathiocarb, isoprocarb, methiocarb, methomyl, metolcarb, oxamyl, pirimicarb, propoxur, thiodicarb, thiofanox, triazamate, trimethacarb, XMC, xylylcarb, acephate, azamethiphos, azinphos-ethyl, azinphos-methyl, cadusafos, chlorethoxyphos, chlorfenvinphos, chlormephos, chlorpyrifos, chlorpyrifos-methyl, coumaphos, cyanophos, demeton-S-methyl, diazinon, dichlorvos / DDVP, dicrotophos, dimethicone Thoate, dimethylvinphos, disulfon, EPN, ethion, ethoprophos, famfur, fenamiphos, fenitrothion, fenthion, fosthiazate, heptenophos, isofenphos, isoxathion, malathion, mecarbam, methamidophos, methidathion, mevinphos, monocrotophos, naled, omethoate, oxydemeton-methyl, parathion, parathion-methyl, phenthoate, phosalone, phorate, phosmet, phosphamidon, phoxim, profenofos, propetamphos, prothiofos, pyraclofos, pyridaphenthion, quinalphos, sulfotep, tebupirinphos, temephos, terbufos, tetrachlorvinphos, thiometon, triazophos, trichlorfon, vamidothion, pirimiphos-methyl, imicyafos, and isopropyl O-(methoxyaminothio-phosphoryl)salicylate.

[0024] (2) GABA-gated chloride channel blockers, including the following active ingredients: chlordane, endosulfan, ethiprole, and fipronil.

[0025] (3) Sodium channel modulators, including the following active ingredients: acrinathrin, allethrin, d-cis-trans allethrin, d-trans-allethrin, bifenthrin, bioallethrin, bioallethrin S-cyclopentenyl, bioresmethrin, cycloprothrin, cyfluthrin, beta-cyfluthrin, cyhalothrin, lambda-cyhalothrin, gamma-cyhalothrin, cypermethrin, alpha-cypermethrin, beta-cypermethrin, theta-cypermethrin, zeta-cypermethrin, and cyphenothrin [(1R)-trans-isomer]. , deltamethrin, empenthrin [(EZ)-(1R)-isomer], esfenvalerate, etofenprox, fenpropathrin, fenvalerate, flucythrinate, flumethrin, tau-fluvalinate, kadathrin, pyrethrins (pyrethrams), halfenprox, fenothrin [(1R)-trans-isomer], prallethrin, resmethrin, silafluofen, tefluthrin, tetramethrin, tetramethrin [(1R)-isomer], tralomethrin, transfluthrin, permethrin, DDT, and methoxychlor.

[0026] (4) Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) competitive modulators, including the following active ingredients: (4A) acetamiprid, clothianidin, dinotefuran, imidacloprid, nitenpyram, thiacloprid, thiamethoxam, (4B) Nicotine, (4C) sulfoxaflor, (4D) flupyradifurone, and (4E) Triflumezopyrim.

[0027] (5) Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) allosteric modulators—Site I, including the following active ingredients: spinetoram and spinosad.

[0028] (6) Glutamate-gated chloride channel (GLUCL) allosteric modulators, including the following active ingredients: abamectin, emamectin benzoate, lepimectin, and milbemectin.

[0029] (7) Juvenile hormone mimetics, including the following active ingredients: hydroprene, kinoprene, methoprene, fenoxycarb, and pyriproxyfen.

[0030] (8) Multiple nonspecific (multi-site) inhibitors, including the following active ingredients: methyl bromide, chloropicrin, cryolite, sulfuryl fluoride, borax, boric acid, disodium octaborate, sodium borate, sodium metaborate, tartar emetic, dazomet, and metam.

[0031] (9) TRPV channel modulators of chordotonal organs, including the following active ingredients: afidopiropene, pymetrozine, and pyrifluquinazone.

[0032] (10) Mite growth inhibitors, including the following active ingredients: clofentezine, hexythiazox, diflobidazine, and etoxazole.

[0033] (11) Microbial disruptors of insect midgut membranes, including the following active ingredients: Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) var. israelensis, Bt var. aizawai, Bt var. kurstaki, Bt var. tenebrionenis, and Bacillus sphaericus.

[0034] (12) Mitochondrial ATP synthase inhibitors, including the following active ingredients: tetradifon, propargite, azocyclotin, cyhexatin, fenbutatin oxide, and diafenthiuron.

[0035] (13) Uncouplers of oxidative phosphorylation via disruption of the proton gradient, including the following active ingredients: chlorfenapyr, DNOC, and sulfluramide.

[0036] (14) Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) channel blockers, including the following active ingredients: bensultap, cartap hydrochloride, thiocyclam, and thiosultap-sodium.

[0037] (15) Chitin biosynthesis inhibitors type 0, including the following active ingredients: bistrifluron, chlorfluazuron, diflubenzuron, flucycloxuron, flufenoxuron, hexaflumuron, lufenuron, novaluron, noviflumuron, teflubenzuron, and triflumuron.

[0038] (16) Chitin biosynthesis inhibitor type 1, including the following active ingredient: buprofezin.

[0039] (17) Dipteran molting disruptors, including the following active ingredients: cyromazine.

[0040] (18) Ecdysone receptor agonists, including the following active ingredients: chromafenozide, halofenozide, methoxyfenozide, and tebufenozide.

[0041] (19) Octopamine receptor agonists, including the following active ingredients: amitraz.

[0042] (20) Mitochondrial complex III electron transport inhibitors, including the following active ingredients: hydramethylnon, acequinocyl, bifenazate, and fluacrypyrim.

[0043] (21) Mitochondrial complex I electron transport inhibitors, including the following active ingredients: fenazaquin, fenpyroximate, pyrimidifen, pyridaben, tebufenpyrad, tolfenpyrad, and rotenone.

[0044] (22) Voltage-dependent sodium channel blockers, including the following active ingredients: indoxacarb and metaflumizone.

[0045] (23) Acetyl-CoA carboxylase inhibitors, including the following active ingredients: spirodiclofen, spiromesifen, spiropydione, and spirotetramat.

[0046] (24) Mitochondrial complex IV electron transport inhibitors, including the following active ingredients: aluminum phosphide, calcium phosphide, phosphine, zinc phosphide, calcium cyanide, potassium cyanide, and sodium cyanide.

[0047] (25) Mitochondrial complex II electron transport inhibitors, including the following active ingredients: cyenopyrafen, cyflumetofen, and piflubumid.

[0048] (28) Ryanodine receptor modulators, including the following active ingredients: chlorantraniliprole, cyantraniliprole, cyclaniliprole, flubendiamide, and tetraniliprole.

[0049] (29) Chordotonal organ modulators (undefined target site), including the following active ingredients: flonicamide;

[0050] (30) GABA-gated chloride channel allosteric modulators, including the following active ingredients: broflanilide and fluxametamide.

[0051] (31) Baculoviruses, including the following active ingredients: Cydia pomonella GV, Thaumatotibia leucotreta GV, Anticarsia gemmatalis MNPV, and Helicoverpa armigera NPV.

[0052] (32) Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) allosteric modulators—Site II, including the following active ingredients: GS-omega / kappa HXTX-Hv1a peptide;

[0053] Groups 26 and 27 are not assigned in this version of the classification scheme. Additionally, there is Group UN, which contains active ingredients with unknown or unclear mechanisms of action. This group includes the following active ingredients: azadirachtin, benzoximate, bromopropylate, quinomethionate, dicofol, lime sulfur, pyridalyl, and sulfur. There is Group UNB (non-Bt), which contains antimicrobial agents with unknown or unclear mechanisms of action. This group includes the following active ingredients: Burkholderia spp. and Wolbachia pipientis (Zap). There is Group UNE, which contains plant essences, such as synthetic, extracted, and unrefined oils, with unknown or unclear mechanisms of action. This group includes the following active ingredients: Chenopodium ambrosioides, which is similar to a spider lily extract, fatty acid monoesters with glycerol or propanediol, and neem oil. Group UNF includes fungicides with unknown or unclear mechanisms of action. This group includes the following active ingredients: Beauveria bassiana strain, Metarhizium anisopliae strain F52, and Paecilomyces fumosoroseus Apopka strain 97. Group UNM includes nonspecific mechanical disruptors. This group includes the following active ingredients: diatomaceous earth.

[0054] The term "pest" means an organism that is harmful to humans or human concerns (e.g., crops, food, livestock, etc.), said organism being from the phylum Arthropoda, Mollusca, or Nematoda. Specific examples are ants, aphids, bedbugs, beetles, silverfish, caterpillars, cockroaches, crickets, earwigs, fleas, flies, grasshoppers, grubs, hornets, killer bees, leafhoppers, lice, locusts, maggots, mealybugs, mites, mosquitoes, moths, nematodes, mirid bugs, planthoppers, psyllids, sawflies, scale insects, sea lice, silverfish, slugs, snails, spiders, springtails, stink bugs, symphytes, termites, thrips, ticks, digger wasps, whiteflies, and wireworms.

[0055] Further examples are the following pests: (1) Subphyla Chelicerata, Myriapoda, Hexapoda, and Crustacea. (2) Arachnida, Symphyla and Insecta. (3) Anoplura. A non-exhaustive list of specific genera includes, but is not limited to: Haematopinus spp., Hoplopleura spp., Linognathus spp., Pediculus spp., Polyplax spp., Solenopotes spp., and Neohaematopinis spp. A non-exhaustive list of specific species includes, but is not limited to: Haematopinus asini, Haematopinus suis, Linognathus setosus, Linognathus ovillus, Pediculus humanus capitis, Pediculus humanus humanus, and Pthirus pubis. (4) Coleoptera. A non-exhaustive list of specific genera includes, but is not limited to, the following: Acanthoscelides spp., Agriotes spp., Anthonomus spp., Apion spp., Apogonia spp., Araecerus spp., Aulacophora spp., Bruchus spp., Cerosterna spp., and the like. listna spp., Cerotoma spp., Ceutorhynchus spp., Chaetocnema spp., Colaspis spp., Ctenicer spp. a) Species, Curculio sp., Cyclocephala sp., Diabrotica sp., Dinoderus sp., Gnathocerus sp. Hemicoelus sp., Heterobostruchus sp., Hypera sp., Ips sp., Lyctus sp., Megascelis sp. species, Meligethes sp., Mezium sp., Niptus sp., Otiorhynchus sp., Pantomorus sp., Phyl lophaga species, Phyllotreta species, Ptinus species, Rhizotrogus species, Rhynchites species, Rhynchophorus species, Scolytus species, Sphenophorus species, Sitophilus species, Tenebrio species, and Tribolium species. A non-exhaustive list of specific species includes, but is not limited to: Acanthoscelides obtectus, Agrilus planipennis,planipennis, Ahasverus advena, Alphitobius diaperinus, Anoplophora glabripennis, Anthonomus grandis, Anthrenus verbasci, Anthrenus falvipes, Attaenius spretulus, Atomaria linearis, Attagenus unicolor, Bothynoderes punctiventris, Bruchus pisorum, Callosobruchus maculatus, Carpophilus hemipterus, Cassida vittata, Cathartus quadricollis, Cerotoma trifurcata, Ceutorhynchus assimilis, Ceutorhynchus napi, Conoderus scalaris, Conoderus stigmosus, Conotrachelus nenuphar, Cotinis nitida, Crioceris asparagi, Cryptolestes ferrugineus ferrugineus, Cryptolestes pusillus, Cryptolestes turcicus, Cylindrocopturus adspersus, Deporaus marginatusmarginatus, Dermestes lardarius, Dermestes maculatus, Epilachna varivestis, Euvrilletta peltata, Faustinus cubae, Hylobius pales, Hylotrupes bajulus, Hypera postica, Hypothenemus hampei, Lasioderma serricorne, Leptinotarsa ​​decemlineata, Limonius canus canus, Liogenys fuscus, Liogenys suturalis, Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus, Lophocateres pusillus, Lyctus planicollis, Maecolaspis joliveti, Melanotus communis, Meligethes aeneus, Melolontha melolontha, Necrobia rufipes, Oberea brevis, Oberea linearis, Oryctes rhinoceros rhinoceros, Oryzaephilus mercator, Oryzaephilus surinamensis, Oulema melanopus, Oulema oryzae, Phyllophaga cuyabanacuyabana, Polycaon stoutti, Popillia japonica, Prostephanus truncatus, Rhyzopertha dominica, Sitona lineatus, Sitophilus granarius, Sitophilus oryzae, Sitophilus zeamais, Stegobium paniceum, Tenebroides mauritanicus, Tribolium castaneum, Tribolium confusum confusum, Trogoderma granarium, Trogoderma variabile, Xestobium rufovillosum and Zabrus tenebrioides. (5) Dermaptera. A non-exhaustive list of specific species includes, but is not limited to: Forficula auricularia. (6) Blattariales. A non-exhaustive list of specific species includes, but is not limited to: Blattella germanica, Blattella asahinai, Blatta orientalis, Blatta lateralis, Parcoblatta pennsylvanica, Periplaneta americana, Periplaneta australasiae, Periplaneta brunnea, Periplaneta fuliginosa, Pycnoscelus surinamensis, and Supella longipalpa. (7) Diptera. A non-exhaustive list of specific genera includes, but is not limited to, Aedes spp., Agromyza spp., Anastrepha spp., Anopheles spp., Bactrocera spp., Ceratitis spp., Chrysops spp., Cochliomyia spp., Contarinia spp., Culex spp., and Culicidae spp. Culicoides spp., Dasineura spp., Delia spp., Drosophila spp., Fannia spp., Hylemya spp., Liriomyza spp. yza) sp., Musca sp., Phorbia sp., Pollenia sp., Psychoda sp., Simulium sp., Tabanus sp. and Tipula sp. A non-exhaustive list of specific species includes, but is not limited to: Agromyza frontella, Anastrepha suspensa, Anastrepha ludens, Anastrepha obliqua, Bactrocera cucurbitae, Bactrocera dorsalis, Bactrocera invadens, Bactrocera zonata, Ceratitis capitata, Dasineura brassicae, Delia platura, Fannia canicularis, canicularis, Fannia scalaris, Gasterophilus intestinalisintestinalis, Gracillia perseae, Haematobia irritans, Hypoderma lineatum, Liriomyza brassicae, Liriomyza sativa, Melophagus ovinus, Musca autumnalis, Musca domestica, Oestrus ovis, Oscinella frit, Pegomya betae, Piophila casei, Psila rosae, Rhagoletis cerasi, Rhagoletis pomonella, Rhagoletis mendax, Sitodiplosis mosellana and Stomoxys calcitrans. (8) Hemiptera. A non-exhaustive list of specific genera includes, but is not limited to, the following: Adelges spp., Aulacaspis spp., Aphrophora spp., Aphis spp., Bemisia spp., Ceroplastes spp., Chionaspis spp., Chrysomphalus spp., Coccus spp., Empoasca spp., Euschistus spp., Lepidosaphes spp., Lagynotomus spp., Lygus spp., Macrosiphus spp., and the like. m) species, Nephotettix sp., Nezara sp., Nilaparvata sp., Philaenus sp., Phytocoris sp., Piezodorus sp., Planococcus sp., Pseudococcus sp. ) species, Rhopalosiphum species, Saissetia species, Therioaphis species, Toumeyella species, Toxoptera species, Trialeurodes species, Triatoma species and Unaspis species. A non-exhaustive list of specific species includes, but is not limited to: Acrosternum hilare, Acyrthosiphon pisum, Aleyrodes proletella, Aleurodicus dispersus, Aleurothrixus floccosus, Amrasca biguttulabiguttula, Aonidiella aurantii, Aphis fabae, Aphis gossypii, Aphis glycines, Aphis pomi, Aulacorthum solani, Bactericera cockerelli, Bagrada hilaris, Bemisia argentifolii, Bemisia tabaci, Blissus leucopterus, Boisea trivittata, Brachycorynella asparagi asparagi, Brevennia rehi, Brevicoryne brassicae, Cacopsylla pyri, Cacopsylla pyricola, Calocoris norvegicus, Ceroplastes rubens, Cimex hemipterus, Cimex lectularius, Coccus pseudomagnoliarum, Dagbertus fasciatus, Dichelops furcatus, Diuraphis noxia noxia, Diaphorina citri, Dysaphis plantaginea, Dysdercus suturellus, Edessa meditabunda, Empoasca vitis, Eriosomalanigerum, Erythroneura elegantula, Eurygaster maura, Euschistus conspersus, Euschistus heros, Euschistus servus, Halyomorpha halys, Helopeltis antonii, Hyalopterus pruni, Helopeltis antonii, Helopeltis theivora, Icerya purchasi, Idioscopus nitidulus nitidulus, Jacobiasca formosana, Laodelphax striatellus, Lecanium corni, Leptocorisa oratorius, Leptocorisa varicornis, Lygus hesperus, Maconellicoccus hirsutus, Macrosiphum euphorbiae, Macrosiphum granarium, Macrosiphum rosae, Macrosteles quadrilineatus quadrilineatus, Mahanarva fimbriolata, Megacopta cribraria, Metopolophium dirhodum, Mictis longicornis, Myzus persicae, Nasonovia libisnigriribisnigri, Nephotettix cincticeps, Neurocolpus longirostris, Nezara viridula, Nilaparvata lugens, Paracoccus marginatus, Paratrioza cockerelli, Parlatoria pergandii, Parlatoria ziziphi, Peregrinus maidis, Phylloxera vitifoliae, Physokermes piceae, Phytocoris californicus californicus, Phytocoris relativus, Piezodorus guildinii, Planococcus citri, Planococcus ficus, Poecilocapsus lineatus, Psallus vaccinicola, Pseudacysta perseae, Pseudococcus brevipes, Quadraspidiotus perniciosus, Rhopalosiphum maidis, Rhopalosiphum padi padi, Saissetia oleae, Scaptocoris castanea, Schizaphis graminum, Sitobion avenae, Sogatella furciferafurcifera, Trialeurodes vaporariorum, Trialeurodes abutiloneus, Unaspis yanonensis and Zulia entrerriana. (9) Hymenoptera. A non-exhaustive list of specific genera includes, but is not limited to, Acromyrmex spp., Atta spp., Camponotus spp., Diprion spp., Dolichovespula spp., Formica spp., Monomorium spp., Neodiprion spp. ) species, Paratrechina species, Pheidole species, Pogonomyrmex species, Polistes species, Solenopsis species, Technomyrmex species, Tetramorium species, Vespula species, Vespa species and Xylocopa species.A non-exhaustive list of specific species includes, but is not limited to: Athalia rosae, Atta texana, Caliroa cerasi, Cimbex americana, Iridomyrmex humilis, Linepithema humile, Mellifera scutellata, Monomorium minimum, Monomorium pharaonis, Neodiprion sertifer, Solenopsis invicta, Solenopsis geminata, and others. geminata, Solenopsis molesta, Solenopsis richtery, Solenopsis xyloni, Tapinoma sessile and Wasmannia auropunctata. (10) Isoptera: A non-exhaustive list of specific genera includes, but is not limited to, Coptotermes spp., Cornitermes spp., Cryptotermes spp., Heterotermes spp., Kalotermes spp., Incisitermes spp., Macrotermes spp., Marginitermes spp., Microcerotermes spp., Procornitermes spp., Reticulitermes spp., Schedorhinotermes spp., and Zootermopsis spp.A non-exhaustive list of specific species includes, but is not limited to: Coptotermes acinaciformis, Coptotermes curvignathus, Coptotermes frenchi, Coptotermes formosanus, Coptotermes gestroi, Cryptotermes brevis, Heterotermes aureus, Heterotermes tenuis, Incisitermes minor, Incisitermes snyderi, Microtermes obesi, obesi, Nasutitermes corniger, Odontotermes formosanus, Odontotermes obesus, Reticulitermes banyulensis, Reticulitermes grassei, Reticulitermes flavipes, Reticulitermes hageni, Reticulitermes hesperus, Reticulitermes santonensis, Reticulitermes speratus, Reticulitermes tibialis tibialis and Reticulitermes virginicus. (11) Lepidoptera. A non-exhaustive list of specific genera includes, but is not limited to, Adoxophyes spp., Agrotis spp., Argyrotaenia spp., Cacoecia spp., Caloptilia spp., Chilo spp., Chrysodeixis spp., Colias spp., Crambus spp., Diaphania spp., Diatraea spp., Earias spp., Ephestia spp., Epimecis spp., Feltia spp., Golchi Gortyna spp., Helicoverpa spp., Heliothis spp., Indarbela spp., Lithocolletis spp., Loxagrotis spp., Malacosoma spp., Nemapogon spp., Peridroma spp., Phyllonorycter spp., Pseudaletia spp., Plutella spp., Sesamia spp., Spodoptera spp., Synanthedon spp. and Yponomeuta spp. A non-exhaustive list of specific species includes, but is not limited to: Achaea janata, Adoxophyes orana, Agrotis ipsilon, Alabama argillacea, Amorbia cuneana, Amyelois transitella, Anacamptodes defectaria, and Anarsia lineatella.lineatella, Anomis sabulifera, Anticarsia gemmatalis, Archips argyrospila, Archips rosana, Argyrotaenia citrana, Autographa gamma, Bonagota cranaodes, Borbo cinnara, Bucculatrix thurberiella, Capua reticulana, Carposina niponensis, Chlumetia transversa, Choristoneura rosaceana, Cnaphalocrocis medinalis, Conopomorpha cramerella, Corcyra cephalonica, Cossus cossus, Cydia caryana, Cydia funebrana, Cydia molesta, Cydia nigricana, Cydia pomonella, Darna didacta, Diaphania nitidalis, Diatraea saccharalis, Diatraea grandiosella grandiosella, Earias insulana, Earias vittella, Ecdytolopha aurantianum, Elasmopalpus lignocelluslignosellus, Ephestia cautella, Ephestia elutella, Ephestia kuehniella, Epinotia aporema, Epiphyas postvittana, Erionota thrax, Estigmene acrea, Eupoecilia ambiguella, Euxoa auxiliaris, Galleria mellonella, Grapholita molesta, Hedylepta indicata indicata, Helicoverpa armigera, Helicoverpa zea, Heliothis virescens, Hellula undalis, Keiferia lycopersicella, Leucinodes orbonalis, Leucoptera coffeella, Leucoptera malifoliella, Lobesia botrana, Loxagrotis albicosta, Lymantria dispar, Lyonetia clerkella, Mahasena corbetii corbetti, Mamestra brassicae, Manduca sexta, Maruca testulalis, Metisa plana, Mythimna unipunctaunipuncta, Neoleucinodes elegantalis, Nymphula depunctalis, Operophtera brumata, Ostrinia nubilalis, Oxydia vesulia, Pandemis cerasana, Pandemis heparana, Papilio demodocus, Pectinophora gossypiella, Peridroma saucia, Perileucoptera coffeella, Phthorimaea operculella, Phyllocnistis citrella, Phyllonorycter blancardella, Pieris rapae, Plathypena scabra, Platynota idaeusalis, Plodia interpunctella, Plutella xylostella, Polychrosis viteana, Prays endocarpa, Prays oleae, Pseudaletia unipuncta, Pseudoplusia includens includens), Rachiplusia nu, Scirpophaga incertulas, Sesamia inferens, Sesamia nonagrioides, Setora nitensnitens, Sitotroga cerealella, Sparganothis pilleriana, Spodoptera exigua, Spodoptera frugiperda, Spodoptera eridania, Thecla basilides, Tinea pellionella, Tineola bisselliella, Trichoplusia ni, Tuta absoluta, Zeuzera coffeae and Zeuzea pyrina. (12) Order Mallophaga. A non-exhaustive list of specific genera includes, but is not limited to: Anaticola spp., Bovicola spp., Chelopistes spp., Goniodes spp., Menacanthus spp., and Trichodectes spp. A non-exhaustive list of specific species includes, but is not limited to: Bovicola bovis, Bovicola caprae, Bovicola ovis, Chelopistes meleagridis, Goniodes dissimilis, Goniodes gigas, Menacanthus stramineus, Menopon gallinae, and Trichodectes canis. (13) Orthoptera. A non-exhaustive list of specific genera includes, but is not limited to, Melanoplus species and Pterophylla species. A non-exhaustive list of specific species includes, but is not limited to: Acheta domesticus, Anabrus simplex, Gryllotalpa africana, Gryllotalpa australis, Gryllotalpa brachyptera, Gryllotalpa hexadactyla, Locusta migratoria, Microcentrum retinerve, Schistocerca gregaria, and Scudderia furcata. (14) Order Psocoptera. A non-exhaustive list of specific species includes, but is not limited to: Liposcelis decolor, Liposcelis entomophila, Lachesilla quercus, and Trogium pulsatorium. (15) Siphonaptera. A non-exhaustive list of specific species includes, but is not limited to: Ceratophyllus gallinae, Ceratophyllus niger, Ctenocephalides canis, Ctenocephalides felis, and Pulex irritans. (16) Order Thysanoptera. A non-exhaustive list of specific genera includes, but is not limited to: Caliothrips spp., Frankliniella spp., Scirtothrips spp., and Thrips spp. A non-exhaustive list of specific species includes, but is not limited to: Caliothrips phaseoli, Frankliniella bispinosa, Frankliniella fusca, Frankliniella occidentalis, Frankliniella schultzei, Frankliniella tritici, Frankliniella williamsi, Heliothrips haemorrhoidalis, Rhipiphorothrips cruentatus, Scirtothrips citri, Scirtothrips dorsalis, Taeniothrips rhopalantennalis, Thrips hawaiiensis, Thrips nigropilosus, Thrips orientalis, Thrips palmi and Thrips tabaci. (17) Thysanura. A non-exhaustive list of specific genera includes, but is not limited to: Lepisma species and Thermobia species. (18) Acarina: A non-exhaustive list of specific genera includes, but is not limited to, Acarus spp., Aculops spp., Argus spp., Boophilus spp., Demodex spp., Dermacentor spp., Epitrimerus spp., Eriophyes spp., Ixodes spp., Oligonychus spp., Panonychus spp., Rhizoglyphus spp., and Tetranychus spp.A non-exhaustive list of specific species includes, but is not limited to: Acarapis woodi, Acarus siro, Aceria mangiferae, Aculops lycopersici, Aculus pelekassi, Aculus schlechtendali, Amblyomma americanum, Brevipalpus obovatus, Brevipalpus phoenicis, Dermacentor variabilis, Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus, and pteronyssinus, Eotetranychus carpini, Liponyssoides sanguineus, Notoedres cati, Oligonychus coffeae, Oligonychus ilicis, Ornithonyssus bacoti, Panonychus citri, Panonychus ulmi, Phyllocoptruta oleivora, Polyphagotarsonemus latus, Rhipicephalus sanguineus sanguineus, Sarcoptes scabiei, Tegolophus perseaflorae, Tetranychus urticae, Tyrophagus longior and Varroa destructor. (19) Araneae. A non-exhaustive list of specific genera includes, but is not limited to: Loxosceles spp., Latrodectus spp., and Atrax spp. A non-exhaustive list of specific species includes, but is not limited to: Loxosceles reclusa, Latrodectus mactans, and Atrax robustus. (20) Class Symphyla. A non-exhaustive list of specific species includes, but is not limited to: Scutigerella immaculata. (21) Subclass Collembola. A non-exhaustive list of specific species includes, but is not limited to: Bourletiella hortensis, Onychiurus armatus, Onychiurus fimetarius, and Sminthurus viridis. (22) Phylum Nematoda. A non-exhaustive list of specific genera includes, but is not limited to, Aphelenchoides spp., Belonolaimus spp., Criconemella spp., Ditylenchus spp., Globodera spp., Heterodera spp., Hirschmanniella spp., Hoplolaimus spp., Meloidogyne spp., Pratylenchus spp., and Radopholus spp. A non-exhaustive list of specific species includes, but is not limited to, Dirofilaria immitis, Globodera pallida, Heterodera glycines, Heterodera zeae, Meloidogyne incognita, Meloidogyne javanica, Onchocerca volvulus, Pratylenchus penetrans, Radopholus similis, and Rotylenchulus reniformis. (23) Mollusca. A non-exhaustive list of specific species includes, but is not limited to: Arion vulgaris, Cornu aspersum, Deroceras reticulatum, Limax flavus, Milax gagates, and Pomacea canaliculata.

[0056] A particularly preferred group of pests to control are sap-feeding pests. Sap-feeding pests generally have injection and / or sucking mouthparts and may feed on plant sap and internal plant tissues or host blood. Examples of sap-feeding pests particularly relevant to agriculture include, but are not limited to, aphids, leafhoppers, lice, scale insects, thrips, psyllids, planthoppers, mealybugs, mosquitoes, stink bugs, and whiteflies. Specific examples of agriculturally relevant orders that include sap-feeding pests include, but are not limited to, Diptera, Hemiptera, Phthiraptera, and Thysanoptera. Specific examples of agriculturally relevant Hemiptera include, but are not limited to, Aulacaspis spp., Aphrophora spp., Aphis spp., Bemisia spp., Coccus spp., Euschistus spp., Lygus spp., Macrosiphum spp., Nezara spp., Rhopalosiphum spp., Sogatella spp., Nilaparvata spp., Laodelphax spp., and Nephotettix spp.

[0057] Another group of pests that are particularly preferred for control are chewing pests. Chewing pests generally have mouthparts that enable them to chew plant tissues, including roots, stems, leaves, buds, and reproductive tissues (including, but not limited to, flowers, fruits, and seeds). Examples of chewing pests that are particularly relevant to agriculture include, but are not limited to, caterpillars, beetles, grasshoppers, and locusts. Specific examples of orders that include chewing pests relevant to agriculture include, but are not limited to, the orders Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, and Orthoptera. Specific examples of Coleoptera that are relevant to agriculture include, but are not limited to, Anthonomus spp., Cerotoma spp., Chaetocnema spp., Colaspis spp., Cyclocephala spp., Diabrotica spp., Hypera spp., Phyllophaga spp., Phyllotreta spp., Sphenophorus spp., and Sitophilus spp.

[0058] The phrase "pesticidally effective amount" refers to the amount of pesticide required to achieve an observable effect on a pest (e.g., necrosis, death, suppression, prevention, elimination, destruction, or otherwise reducing the occurrence and / or activity of the pest in an area). This effect can occur when the pest population is eliminated from an area, the pest is disabled in or around an area, and / or the pest is eradicated in or around an area. Naturally, a combination of these effects can occur. Generally, it is desirable to reduce the pest population, activity, or both by greater than 50 percent, preferably greater than 90 percent, and most preferably greater than 99 percent. Pesticidal amounts for agricultural purposes are generally from about 0.0001 grams / hectare to about 5000 grams / hectare, preferably from about 0.0001 grams / hectare to about 500 grams / hectare, and even more preferably from about 0.0001 grams / hectare to about 50 grams / hectare. Alternatively, about 150 grams / hectare to about 250 grams / hectare can be used against pests. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0059] The present specification discloses the following N-(4-chloro-2-(pyridin-3-yl)thiazol-5-yl)-N-ethyl-3-(methylsulfonyl)propanamide molecule: [ka]

[0060] Formula 1 may exist in different tautomeric forms, and the present disclosure covers all such tautomers.

[0061] The structures disclosed in this disclosure may be drawn in only one geometric configuration for clarity, but are intended to represent all geometric configurations of the molecule.

[0062] Synthesis of Formula 1 (F1) Starting materials, reagents, and solvents obtained from commercial sources were used without further purification. Anhydrous solvents were purchased from Aldrich as Sure / Seal™ and used as received. Melting points were obtained on a Thomas Hoover Unimelt capillary melting point apparatus or an OptiMelt automated melting point system from Stanford Research Systems and are uncorrected. Examples using the term "room temperature" were performed in a climate-controlled laboratory at temperatures ranging from about 20°C to about 24°C. Molecules are designated by their known names, which are named according to naming programs within Symyx Draw, ChemDraw, or ACD Name Pro. Where such programs are unable to name a molecule, such molecules are named using conventional naming conventions. Unless otherwise specified, 1 H NMR spectral data are in ppm (δ) and were recorded at 300, 400, 500, or 600 MHz; 13 C NMR spectral data are in ppm (δ) and were recorded at 75, 100, or 150 MHz. 19 F NMR spectral data are in ppm (δ) and were recorded at 376 MHz.

[0063] Those skilled in the art will recognize that it may be possible to achieve synthesis of the desired molecule by performing some of the steps of the synthetic routes in a different order than that described. Those skilled in the art will also recognize that it may be possible to perform standard functional group interconversion or substitution reactions on the desired molecule to introduce or modify substituents.

[0064] Synthesis of Formula 1 (F1) Formula 1 (F1) can be synthesized by the methods disclosed in WO 2010 / 129497 or by the route described below. [ka] [Example]

[0065] Example 1: Preparation of N-(4-chloro-2-(pyridin-3-yl)thiazol-5-yl)-N-ethyl-3-(methylsulfonyl)propanamide (Formula 1) Step 1—Preparation of tert-butyl (2-bromothiazol-5-yl)(ethyl)carbamate (C1): To a solution of commercially available tert-butyl (2-bromothiazol-5-yl)carbamate (2 grams (g), 7.16 millimoles (mmol)) in N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF; 14.3 milliliters (mL)) was added sodium hydride (60% dispersion in mineral oil; 0.43 g, 10.8 mmol) in portions at 0° C. The suspension was stirred for 1 hour (h). Iodoethane (0.63 mL, 7.88 mmol) was added in one portion. The reaction mixture was stirred overnight while gradually warming to ambient temperature. Water and ethyl acetate were added, and the resulting biphasic mixture was separated. The aqueous layer was extracted once with ethyl acetate. The combined organic extracts were washed twice with brine, dried over sodium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated to dryness under reduced pressure. Purification by silica gel flash chromatography (0-100% ethyl acetate-hexanes) afforded the title compound as a clear oil (2.0 g, 91%): 1 H NMR(500MHz,CDCl3)δ 7.08(s,1H),3.78(d,J=7.1Hz,2H),1.54(s,10H),1.26(t,J=7.1Hz,3H); 13 C NMR(126MHz,CDCl3)δ 130.36,83.17,28.20,12.49;ESIMS m / z 309([M+2] + ).

[0066] Step 2—Preparation of tert-butyl ethyl (2-(pyridin-3-yl)thiazol-5-yl)carbamate (C2): To a solution of tert-butyl 2-bromothiazol-5-yl(ethyl)carbamate (C1; 7.0 g, 22.8 mmol) in toluene (88 mL) was added pyridin-3-ylboronic acid (3.36 g, 27.3 mmol), ethanol (44 mL), and 2.0 molar (M) potassium carbonate solution (22.8 mL, 45.6 mmol) sequentially. Tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0) (1.32 g, 1.14 mmol) was added, and the reaction mixture was heated to 110° C. and stirred for 16 hours. The mixture was cooled and diluted with ethyl acetate. The organic layer was washed with saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate, dried over sodium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated. Purification by silica gel chromatography (0-100% ethyl acetate-hexanes) afforded the title compound as an orange solid (6.96 g, 80%): 1 H NMR(400MHz,CDCl3)δ 9.12(d,J=2.2Hz,1H),8.60(dd,J=4.8,1.6Hz,1H),8.17(dt,J=7.9,1.9Hz,1H),7.44(s,1 H),7.35(dd,J=8.0,4.8Hz,1H),3.87(q,J=7.1Hz,2H),1.57(s,9H),1.32(t,J=7.1Hz,3H); 13 C NMR(126MHz,CDCl3)δ 152.48,150.01,147.02,140.87,132.69,130.11,123.63,82.85,44.18,28.22,12.71;ESIMS m / z 306([M+1] + ).

[0067] Step 3 - Preparation of tert-butyl (4-chloro-2-(pyridin-3-yl)thiazol-5-yl)(ethyl)carbamate (C3): tert-Butyl ethyl (2-(pyridin-3-yl)thiazol-5-yl)carbamate (C2; 3.0 g, 9.8 mmol) in acetonitrile (58 mL) was added in one portion to N-chlorosuccinimide (2.62 g, 19.6 mmol), and the reaction mixture was stirred at 45 °C for 16 hours. The reaction mixture was concentrated. Purification of the residue by silica gel chromatography (0-100% ethyl acetate-hexanes) afforded the title compound as a red oil (2.24 g, 67%): 1 H NMR(300MHz,CDCl3)δ 9.09(d,J=1.9Hz,1H),8.68(dd,J=4.8,1.6Hz,1H),8.19(dd,J=5.9,4.2Hz,1H),7.3 9(dd,J=7.6,5.2Hz,1H),3.68(q,J=7.2Hz,2H),1.45(s,9H),1.22(t,J=7.0Hz,3H); 13 C NMR(126MHz,CDCl3)δ 160.30,153.30,152.08,146.51,136.29,134.06,133.09,129.59,123.77,82.34,45.26,28.13,13.33;ESIMS m / z 340([M+1] + ).

[0068] Step 4 - Preparation of 4-chloro-N-ethyl-2-(pyridin-3-yl)thiazol-5-amine hydrochloride (C4): To a solution of tert-butyl (4-chloro-2-(pyridin-3-yl)thiazol-5-yl)(ethyl)carbamate (C3; 2.03 g, 5.97 mmol) in 1,4-dioxane (3 mL) was added hydrogen chloride (4 M solution in dioxane; 7.47 mL, 29.9 mmol), and the mixture was stirred at ambient temperature for 24 hours. Diethyl ether (approximately 15 mL) was added to the vial; the mixture was stirred for 1 minute; and the clear solution was removed by pipette. This procedure was repeated three times. The slurry was filtered, and the red solid was washed three times with ether. The resulting solid was dried under high vacuum. The title compound was isolated as a brown solid (1.33 g, 4.82 mmol): 1H NMR(400MHz,DMSO-d6)δ 9.10(d,J=2.1Hz,1H),8.74(dd,J=5.5,1.1Hz,1H),8.67 - 8.59(m,1H),7.95(dd,J=8.2,5.5Hz,1H),6.54(s,5H),3.20(q,J=7.1Hz,2H),1.24(t,J=7.1Hz,3H);ESIMS m / z 241([M+2] + ).

[0069] Step 4—Preparation of N-(4-chloro-2-(pyridin-3-yl)thiazol-5-yl)-N-ethyl-3-(methylthio)propanamide (C5): N,N-Dimethylaminopyridine (2.42 g, 19.8 mmol) and 3-(methylthio)propanoyl chloride (2.99 g, 21.6 mmol) were added sequentially to 4-chloro-N-ethyl-2-(pyridin-3-yl)thiazol-5-amine hydrochloride (C4; 4.97 g, 18 mmol) in dichloroethane (2 mL). The reaction mixture was stirred at ambient temperature for 4 hours. To this mixture was added N,N-dimethylaminopyridine (2.42 g, 19.8 mmol), which immediately formed a white precipitate. The reaction mixture was concentrated. The concentrated mixture was purified by silica gel chromatography (0-100% ethyl acetate-hexanes) to give the title compound as a yellow oil (5.59 g, 91%): IR (KBr) 1680 cm -1 ; 1 H NMR(300MHz,CDCl3)δ 9.11(s,1H),8.73(d,J=3.4Hz,1H),8.28 - 8.14(m,1H),7.43(dd,J=8.2,5.0Hz,1H),3.77(br s,2H),2.81(t,J=7.2Hz,2H),2.56(t,J=7.2Hz,2H),2.08(s,3H),1.21(t,J=7.2Hz,3H);ESIMS m / z 342([M+1] + ).

[0070] Step 5—Preparation of N-(4-chloro-2-(pyridin-3-yl)thiazol-5-yl)-N-ethyl-3-(methylsulfonyl)propanamide (Formula 1): To N-(4-chloro-2-(pyridin-3-yl)thiazol-5-yl)-N-ethyl-3-(methylthio)propanamide (C5; 147 mg, 0.43 mmol) in glacial acetic acid (3.6 mL) was added sodium perborate tetrahydrate (139 mg, 0.90 mmol) and the mixture was heated at 65° C. for 16 hours. The reaction mixture was carefully poured into a separatory funnel containing saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate solution, causing gas evolution. When gas evolution ceased, dichloromethane was added and the layers were separated. The aqueous layer was extracted twice with dichloromethane, and the organic layers were combined, dried over sodium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The concentrated mixture was purified by silica gel chromatography (0-10% methanol-dichloromethane) to give the title compound as a yellow oil (110 mg, 69%): 1 H NMR(300MHz,CDCl3)δ 9.12(dd,J=2.4,0.9Hz,1H),8.74(dd,J=4.8,1.6Hz,1H),8.22(ddd,J=8.0,2.4,1.6Hz,1H),7.45(ddd,J=8.0, 4.8,0.9Hz,1H),3.79(q,J=7.2Hz,2H),3.43(s,2H),2.96(s,3H),2.80(t,J=7.1Hz,2H),1.23(t,J=7.2Hz,3H); 13 C NMR(126MHz,CDCl3)δ 160.30,153.30,152.08,146.51,136.29,134.06,133.09,129.59,123.77,82.34,53.44,45.26,28.13,13.33;ESIMS m / z 374([M+1] + ).

[0071] Biological assays The following bioassays were conducted on the green peach aphid (Myzus persicae), cotton whitefly (Bemisia tabaci), western flower thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis), western rust turtle (Lygus hesperus), neotropical brown marmorated stink bug (Euschistus heros), beet armyworm (Spodoptera exigua), and diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella), which are excellent indicators of various agricultural pests. These indicator organism results demonstrate the broad utility of various pesticides (also called active ingredients) mixed with Formula 1 in controlling pests.

[0072] Bioassay 1: Green peach aphid (Myzus persicae, MYZUPE) (“GPA”). GPA is the most destructive aphid pest of peach trees, causing reduced growth, leaf withering, and death of various tissues. It is also harmful because it acts as a vector for the transfer of plant viruses, such as potato virus Y and potato leaf curl virus, to members of the nightshade / potato family, Solanaceae, and for the transfer of various mosaic viruses to many other food crops. GPA attacks plants such as broccoli, burdock, cabbage, carrots, cauliflower, radish, eggplant, kidney beans, lettuce, macadamia, papaya, pepper, sweet potato, tomato, watercress, and zucchini, among other crops. GPA also attacks many ornamental crops, such as carnations, chrysanthemums, flowering white cabbage, poinsettias, and roses. GPA has developed resistance to many pesticides. It is currently the third most common pest in terms of reported insect resistance (Sparks et al.). Therefore, for the above reasons, it is important to control this pest. Furthermore, molecules that control the control pest GPA, which is a sap-feeding pest, may also be useful in controlling other pests that feed on plant sap.

[0073] Stock solutions of Formula 1 and one or more active ingredients were prepared at a concentration of 0.1 mg / mL using a 1:1 mixture of acetone:methanol as the diluent. Stock solutions were prepared separately for Formula 1 and each active ingredient. Test solutions were prepared from the stock solutions. Test solutions containing Formula 1, individual active ingredients, and mixtures of Formula 1 and each active ingredient were prepared. Test solutions of Formula 1 and individual active ingredients were prepared by placing 750 microliters (μL) of the stock solution in a 25 mL glass vial, then adding 750 μL of 1:1 acetone:methanol solvent, followed by adding 13.5 mL of water containing 0.025% Tween® 20 to form a 0.0005% (weight / volume (w / v)) solution. Test solutions containing mixtures of Formula 1 and individual active ingredients were prepared by placing 750 μL of the active ingredient stock solution in a 25 mL glass vial, followed by the addition of 750 μL of Formula 1 stock solution, and then adding 13.5 mL of water containing 0.025% Tween® 20 to form test solutions containing 0.0005% (w / v) Formula 1 and 0.0005% (w / v) of the active ingredient. Each test solution was serially diluted to form the desired doses of test solutions: 0.0005% (w / v), 0.000125% (w / v), 0.00003125% (w / v), 0.0000078% (w / v), 0.00000195% (w / v), and 0.0000005% (w / v).

[0074] Test solutions were tested against GPA using the following procedure: Cabbage seedlings with two to three small (3-5 centimeter (cm)) true leaves grown in 3-inch pots were used as test substrates. One day before chemical application, the seedlings were infested with 20 to 50 GPA (wingless adult and nymph stages). Four pots with individual seedlings were used for each treatment. Using a handheld aspirator-type sprayer, the solution was sprayed onto both sides of the cabbage leaves until runoff. Reference plants (solvent test) were sprayed with only the diluent (0.025% Tween® 20 and 10% acetone / methanol (1:1) in water). Treated plants were kept in a holding room at approximately 25°C and ambient relative humidity (RH approximately 20% to approximately 45%) for three days before being graded. Evaluation was performed by counting the number of surviving aphids per plant under a microscope three days after treatment. The percent control was determined using Abbott's correction formula (W.S. Abbott, J. Econ. Entomol. 18 (1925), pp. 265-267) as follows: Corrected % Control = (1-(Y / X))*100 (where X = number of surviving aphids on the solvent test plants and Y = number of surviving aphids on the treated plants.) In Table B1, the "expected % control" was calculated using the method described in Colby SR, Weeds, 1967, 15, 20-22. The results are shown in Table B1 in the Tables section.

[0075] Bioassay 2: Cotton whitefly (Bemisia tabaci, BEMITA) ("SPW"). The cotton whitefly (SPW) is a major destructive pest of cotton. It is also a serious pest of many vegetable crops, such as melons, cole crops, tomatoes, and salad greens, as well as ornamental plants. SPW causes damage both through direct feeding and virus transmission. SPW are sap-feeding insects that remove nutrients from plants as they feed. This can result in stunted growth, defoliation, reduced yield, and cotton boll drop. SPW produce large amounts of nectar, which promotes the proliferation of sooty fungi on plant leaves. SPW are also vectors of viruses such as cotton leaf crumple virus and tomato yellow leaf curl virus.

[0076] Stock solutions of Formula 1 and one or more active ingredients were prepared at a concentration of 0.2 mg / mL using acetone as a diluent. Stock solutions were prepared separately for Formula 1 and each active ingredient. Test solutions were prepared from the stock solutions. Test solutions containing Formula 1, individual active ingredients, and mixtures of Formula 1 and each active ingredient were prepared. Test solutions of Formula 1 and individual active ingredients were prepared by placing 500 μL of the stock solution in a 25 mL glass vial, then adding 500 μL of acetone, followed by adding 9 mL of water containing 0.025% Tween® 20 to form a 0.001% (w / v) solution. Test solutions containing mixtures of Formula 1 and individual active ingredients were prepared by placing 500 μL of the active ingredient stock solution in a 25 mL glass vial, followed by the addition of 500 μL of Formula 1 stock solution, and then adding 9 mL of water containing 0.025% Tween® 20 to form test solutions containing 0.001% (w / v) Formula 1 and 0.001% (w / v) of the active ingredient. Each test solution was serially diluted to form the desired doses of test solutions (0.001% (w / v), 0.0001% (w / v), 0.00001% (w / v), 0.000001% (w / v), 0.0000001% (w / v), and 0.00000001% (w / v)).

[0077] Test solutions were tested against SPW using the following procedure: cotton seedlings grown in 3-inch pots and pruned to leave only one true leaf were used as test substrates. Adult B. tabaci were allowed to colonize cotton plants and lay eggs for 24 hours, after which all adults were removed from the plants using compressed air. Plants were monitored for egg emergence, and once crawler emergence had progressed (>25% emergence based on visual inspection using a microscope), the plants were sprayed using the test solution and method described above for Green peach aphid (GPA). Treated plants were held in a holding room at approximately 25°C and ambient relative humidity (RH) before being graded. Evaluation was performed 7-9 days after treatment by counting the number of second- to third-instar nymphs that emerged per plant under a microscope. The percent control was determined using Abbott's correction formula (W.S. Abbott, J. Econ. Entomol. 18 (1925), pp. 265-267) as follows: Corrected % Control = (1-(Y / X))*100 (where X = number of surviving larvae on the solvent test plants and Y = number of surviving larvae on the treated plants.) In Table B2, the "expected % control" was calculated using Colby SR, Weeds, 1967, 15, 20-22. The results are shown in Table B2 in the Tables section.

[0078] Bioassay 3: Western flower thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis, FRANOC) ("WFT"). Western flower thrips (WFT) are major destructive pests of a wide variety of commercially relevant plant species (over 500 host plant species have been recorded), including many fruit, vegetable, and ornamental plants. WFT are sap-feeding insects that feed on a variety of plant parts, destroying plant cells as they feed. WFT are also known to function as vectors of plant diseases and are one of the primary vectors of the tomato spotted wilt virus.

[0079] Stock solutions of Formula 1 and various active ingredients were initially prepared using acetone as the diluent at a concentration of 8 mg / mL for Formula 1 and 1 mg / mL for each active ingredient. Stock solutions were prepared separately for Formula 1 and each active ingredient. Test solutions were prepared from the stock solutions. Test solutions containing Formula 1, individual active ingredients, and mixtures of Formula 1 and each active ingredient were prepared. Test solutions for Formula 1 were prepared by placing 500 μL of the stock solution in a 25 mL glass vial, then adding 500 μL of acetone, followed by adding 9 mL of water containing 0.025% Tween® 20 to form a 0.04% (w / v) solution. Test solutions for each active ingredient were prepared by placing 500 μL of the stock solution in a 25 mL glass vial, then adding 500 μL of acetone, followed by adding 9 mL of water containing 0.025% Tween® 20 to form a 0.005% (w / v) solution. Test solutions containing mixtures of Formula 1 and individual active ingredients were prepared by placing 500 μL of the active ingredient stock solution in a 25 mL glass vial, followed by the addition of 500 μL of Formula 1 stock solution, and then adding 9 mL of water containing 0.025% Tween® 20 to form test solutions containing 0.04% (w / v) Formula 1 and 0.005% (w / v) active ingredient. Each test solution was serially diluted to form test solutions of the desired doses: 0.005% (w / v), 0.00125% (w / v), 0.0003125% (w / v), 0.000078% (w / v), and 0.0000195% (w / v). For test solutions containing mixtures of Formula 1 and active ingredients, the active ingredients were diluted as described above, but the concentration of Formula 1 was kept constant (0.04% (w / v)).

[0080] Test solutions were tested against WFT using the following procedure: Leaf discs (2.7 cm diameter) were cut from the true leaves of cotton plants. The leaf discs were immersed in the test solution, shaken to ensure complete coverage, and then placed in Millipore® PetriSlides containing filter paper discs. The treated leaf discs were allowed to air dry for approximately 1 hour. Five WFT (9-10 day old nymphal stages) were infested by placing them on each leaf disc, and the PetriSlides were then covered to prevent escape. Each treatment was performed in triplicate, and the test treatments were held at approximately 26°C and ambient relative humidity (RH) before being graded. Reference discs (solvent tests) were treated with diluent only. Evaluations were made by counting the number of live WFT under magnification 3 days after treatment. The following Abbott's correction formula (W.S. Abbott, J. Econ. Entomol. 18 (1925), pp. 265-267) was used to determine percent control: Corrected % Control = (1-(Y / X))*100 (Where X = number of surviving larvae on the solvent test leaf discs and Y = number of surviving larvae on the treated leaf discs.) In Table B3, the "expected % control" was calculated using Colby SR, Weeds, 1967, 15, 20-22. The results are shown in Table B3 in the Tables section.

[0081] Bioassay 4: Western rusty white turtle (Lygus hesperus, LYGUHE) (“WTPB”). The western rust bug, or WTPB, is a serious pest of cotton, fruit, and vegetables. The WTPB is a sap-feeding insect that damages plant cells and parts while feeding and laying eggs.

[0082] Stock solutions of Formula 1 and one or more active ingredients were prepared using acetone as a diluent at a concentration of 8 mg / mL for Formula 1 and 1 mg / mL for each active ingredient. Stock solutions were prepared separately for Formula 1 and each active ingredient. Test solutions were prepared from the stock solutions. Test solutions containing Formula 1, individual active ingredients, and mixtures of Formula 1 and each active ingredient were prepared. Test solutions for Formula 1 were prepared by placing 500 μL of the stock solution in a 25 mL glass vial, then adding 500 μL of acetone, followed by adding 9 mL of water containing 0.025% Tween® 20 to form a 0.04% (w / v) solution. Test solutions for each active ingredient were prepared by placing 500 μL of the stock solution in a 25 mL glass vial, then adding 500 μL of acetone, followed by adding 9 mL of water containing 0.025% Tween® 20 to form a 0.005% (w / v) solution. Test solutions containing mixtures of Formula 1 and individual active ingredients were prepared by placing 500 μL of the active ingredient stock solution in a 25 mL glass vial, followed by the addition of 500 μL of Formula 1 stock solution, and then adding 9 mL of water containing 0.025% Tween® 20 to form test solutions containing 0.04% (w / v) Formula 1 and 0.005% (w / v) active ingredient. Each test solution was serially diluted to form test solutions of the desired doses: 0.005% (w / v), 0.00125% (w / v), 0.0003125% (w / v), 0.000078% (w / v), and 0.0000195% (w / v). For test solutions containing mixtures of Formula 1 and active ingredients, the active ingredients were diluted as described above, but the concentration of Formula 1 was kept constant (0.04% (w / v)).

[0083] The test solutions were tested against WTPB using the following procedure: Fresh green beans were cut into pieces approximately 1.5 inches long. Four bean pieces were placed in each 25 mL vial containing the test solution and allowed to soak for approximately 15 minutes. After soaking, one bean piece was removed and placed into one well of a 32-well rearing tray (Frontier Agricultural Sciences™) on top of a round filter paper disc. The reference treatment (solvent test) was treated with diluent only. Each treatment was in four replicates, and the test treatments were held at approximately 26°C and ambient relative humidity (RH) before being rated. The bean pieces were allowed to air dry for approximately 30 minutes. Three WTPB larvae were placed into each well, which had a clear, perforated adhesive lid. The total number of live WTPB larvae was recorded three days after application. Scoring was based on the total number of live larvae from all four replicates. The percent control was determined using Abbott's correction formula (W.S. Abbott, J. Econ. Entomol. 18 (1925), pp. 265-267) as follows: Corrected % Control = (1-(Y / X))*100 (Where X = number of surviving larvae in the solvent test and Y = number of surviving larvae on the treated bean pieces.) In Table B4, the "expected % control" was calculated using the method described in Colby SR, Weeds, 1967, 15, 20-22. The results are shown in Table B4 in the Tables section.

[0084] Bioassay 5: Neotropical brown marmorated stink bug (Euschistus heros, EUSCHE) (“BSB”). The neotropical brown marmorated stink bug is a major pest of soybean, cotton, sunflower, and other economically important crops. BSB is a sap-feeding insect that damages plant cells and seeds during feeding. When plant seeds are eaten, seed viability is reduced, potentially resulting in reduced yields.

[0085] Stock solutions of Formula 1 and one or more active ingredients were prepared using acetone as a diluent at a concentration of 8 mg / mL for Formula 1 and 1 mg / mL for each active ingredient. Stock solutions were prepared separately for Formula 1 and each active ingredient. Test solutions were prepared from the stock solutions. Test solutions containing Formula 1, individual active ingredients, and mixtures of Formula 1 and each active ingredient were prepared. Test solutions for Formula 1 were prepared by placing 500 μL of the stock solution in a 25 mL glass vial, then adding 500 μL of acetone, followed by adding 9 mL of water containing 0.025% Tween® 20 to form a 0.04% (w / v) solution. Individual active ingredients were prepared by placing 500 μL of the stock solution in a 25 mL glass vial, then adding 500 μL of acetone, followed by adding 9 mL of water containing 0.025% Tween® 20 to form a 0.005% (w / v) solution. Test solutions containing mixtures of Formula 1 and individual active ingredients were prepared by placing 500 μL of the active ingredient stock solution in a 25 mL glass vial, followed by the addition of 500 μL of Formula 1 stock solution, and then adding 9 mL of water containing 0.025% Tween® 20 to form test solutions containing 0.04% (w / v) Formula 1 and 0.005% (w / v) active ingredient. Each test solution was serially diluted to form test solutions of the desired doses (0.01% (w / v), 0.0025% (w / v), 0.000625% (w / v), 0.000156% (w / v), and 0.000039% (w / v)). For test solutions containing mixtures of Formula 1 and active ingredients, the active ingredients were diluted as described above, but the concentration of Formula 1 was kept constant (0.04% (w / v)).

[0086] The test solutions tested against BSB were similar to those described above for WTPB. Fresh green beans were cut into pieces approximately 1.5 inches long. Four bean pieces were placed in each test solution and allowed to soak for approximately 15 minutes. After soaking, one bean piece was removed and placed into one well of a 32-well rearing tray (Frontier Agricultural Sciences™) on top of a round filter paper disc. The reference treatment (solvent test) was treated with diluent only. Each treatment was replicated four times, and the test treatments were held at approximately 26°C and ambient relative humidity (RH) before being rated. The bean pieces were allowed to air dry for approximately 30 minutes. Three BSB larvae were placed into each well, each with a clear, perforated adhesive lid. The total number of live BSB larvae was recorded three days after application. Scoring was based on the total number of live larvae from all four replicates. The percent control was determined using Abbott's correction formula (W.S. Abbott, J. Econ. Entomol. 18 (1925), pp. 265-267) as follows: Corrected % Control = (1-(Y / X))*100 (Where X = number of surviving larvae in the solvent test and Y = number of surviving larvae on the treated bean pieces.) In Table B5, the "expected % control" was calculated using the method described in Colby SR, Weeds, 1967, 15, 20-22. The results are shown in Table B5 in the Tables section.

[0087] Bioassay 6: beet armyworm (Spodoptera exigua) (BAW), and diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella, PLUTMA) (DBM). The beet armyworm (BAW) is a worldwide pest of many agriculturally important plant species, including asparagus, beans, beets, celery, cole crops, lettuce, peas, potatoes, tomatoes, and cotton. BAW larvae are biting pests that damage plants by feeding on leaves and fruit, thereby reducing yields and even killing the host plant. Similarly, the diamondback moth (Diamondback moth) is a common and destructive pest of Brassicaceae host plants, particularly cabbage, Brussels sprouts, broccoli, cauliflower, kale, and radish. Both BAW and DBM are good representatives of pests that damage lepidopteran larvae.

[0088] Stock solutions of Formula 1 and one or more active ingredients were prepared at a concentration of 4 mg / mL using a 9:1 mixture of acetone:water as the diluent. Stock solutions were prepared separately for Formula 1 and each active ingredient. Test solutions were prepared from the stock solutions. Test solutions containing Formula 1, individual active ingredients, and mixtures of Formula 1 and each active ingredient were prepared. Test solutions for Formula 1 were prepared by placing 500 μL of the stock solution in a 25 mL glass vial and then adding 500 μL of a 9:1 mixture of acetone:water. Individual active ingredients were prepared by placing 500 μL of the active ingredient's stock solution in a 25 mL glass vial and then adding 500 μL of a 9:1 mixture of acetone:water. Test solutions containing mixtures of Formula 1 and individual active ingredients were prepared by adding 500 μL of the active ingredient stock solution to a 25 mL glass vial, followed by 500 μL of Formula 1 stock solution to form a test solution containing 4000 ppm Formula 1 and 0.4% (w / v) active ingredient. Each test solution was serially diluted to form test solutions of the desired doses (0.4% (w / v), 0.04% (w / v), 0.004% (w / v), 0.0004% (w / v), 0.00004% (w / v), and 0.000004% (w / v)). For test solutions containing a mixture of Formula 1 and the active ingredient, the active ingredient was diluted as described above, but the concentration of Formula 1 was kept constant (0.4% (w / v)). The test solution with the highest dose (0.4% (w / v)) was discarded, and the remaining five test solution concentrations were used for testing.

[0089] Test solutions were tested against BAW and DBM using the following procedure: An artificial lepidopteran diet (Multispecies Lepidopteran Diet, Southland Products) was dispensed into a 128-cell bioassay tray (Frontier Agricultural Sciences™). 50 μL of test solution was pipetted into the cells of the bioassay tray. (Doses of 0.04% (w / v), 0.004% (w / v), 0.0004% (w / v), 0.00004% (w / v), and 0.000004% (w / v) test solution were 5, 0.5, 0.05, 0.005, and 0.0005 μg / cm of diet, respectively.) 2 The reference treatment (solvent test) was treated with diluent only. Each treatment was replicated eight times for each species. Second-instar BAW or DBM larvae were placed on the food in each cell and contained using a transparent, perforated adhesive lid. The test trays were kept at approximately 26°C and ambient relative humidity (RH) before being graded. After five days, the number of live larvae from each cell was recorded and the percent control was determined using Abbott's correction formula (W.S. Abbott, J. Econ. Entomol. 18 (1925), pp. 265-267) as follows: Corrected % Control = (1-(Y / X))*100 (where X = number of surviving larvae in the solvent test and Y = number of surviving larvae on the treated diet). In Table B6, the "expected % control" was calculated using the method described in Colby SR, Weeds, 1967, 15, 20-22. The results are shown in Table B6 in the Tables section.

[0090] Agriculturally acceptable acid addition salts, salt derivatives, solvates, ester derivatives, polymorphs, isotopes and radionuclides Formula 1 can be formulated into agriculturally acceptable acid addition salts. By way of non-limiting example, the amine functional group can form salts with hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, acetic acid, benzoic acid, citric acid, malonic acid, salicylic acid, malic acid, fumaric acid, oxalic acid, succinic acid, tartaric acid, lactic acid, gluconic acid, ascorbic acid, maleic acid, aspartic acid, benzenesulfonic acid, methanesulfonic acid, ethanesulfonic acid, hydroxylmethanesulfonic acid, and hydroxyethanesulfonic acid.

[0091] Formula 1 can be formulated into a salt derivative. By way of non-limiting example, a salt derivative can be prepared by contacting the free base with a sufficient amount of the desired acid to produce the salt. The free base can be regenerated by treating the salt with a dilute aqueous solution of an appropriate base, such as sodium hydroxide, potassium carbonate, ammonia, and sodium bicarbonate. As an example, pesticides such as 2,4-D are often made more water-soluble by converting them to their dimethylamine salts.

[0092] Formula 1 can also be formulated into a stable complex with a solvent, such that the complex remains intact after the uncomplexed solvent is removed. These complexes are often referred to as "solvates." However, it is particularly desirable to form stable hydrates using water as the solvent.

[0093] Formula 1 can be produced in a variety of crystalline polymorphs. Polymorphism is important in agrochemical development because different crystalline polymorphs or structures of the same molecule can have significantly different physical properties and biological performance.

[0094] Formula 1 can be produced with different isotopes. Of particular importance is 1 Instead of H. 2 Molecules with H (also known as deuterium) or 3 H (also known as tritium). Formula 1 can be produced with different radionuclides. Of particular interest are: 14C (also known as radiocarbon). 14 Formula 1 with C can be used in biological studies to track chemical and physiological processes, study half-lives, and study MoA.

[0095] combination In another embodiment of the present invention, Formula 1 can be used in combination with one or more active ingredients (eg, in a compositional mixture or in the form of simultaneous or sequential application).

[0096] In another embodiment of the present invention, Formula 1 can be used in combination with one or more active ingredients (e.g., in a compositional mixture or in the form of simultaneous or sequential application), each having an MoA that is the same as, similar to, or preferably different from the MoA of Formula 1.

[0097] In another embodiment, Formula 1 can be used in combination (e.g., in a compositional mixture or in simultaneous or sequential application) with one or more molecules having acaricidal, algicidal, avicidal, bactericidal, fungicidal, herbicidal, insecticidal, molluscicidal, nematicidal, rodenticidal and / or virucidal properties.

[0098] In another embodiment, Formula 1 can be used in combination (e.g., in a compositional mixture or in simultaneous or sequential application) with one or more molecules that are antifeedants, bird repellents, chemosterilants, herbicide safeners, insect attractants, insect repellents, mammalian repellents, mating disruptants, plant activators, plant growth regulators, plant health stimulators or promoters, nitrification inhibitors, and / or synergists.

[0099] In another embodiment, Formula 1 can also be used in combination with one or more biopesticides (eg, in a compositional mixture or in simultaneous or sequential application).

[0100] In another embodiment, the combination of Formula 1 and the active ingredient in the pesticidal composition can be used in a wide variety of weight ratios. For example, in a two-component mixture, as the weight ratio of Formula 1 to the active ingredient, the weight ratios listed in Table 3 can be used.

[0101]

Table 1

[0102] The weight ratio of the molecule of Formula 1 to the active ingredient can also be expressed as X:Y (where X is the part by weight of Formula 1 and Y is the part by weight of the active ingredient). The numerical range of the part by weight of X is 0 < X ≤ 100, and the part by weight of Y is 0 < Y ≤ 100, which is graphically shown in Table 4. By way of non-limiting example, the weight ratio of Formula 1 to the active ingredient can be 20:1.

[0103]

Table 2

[0104] The range of the weight ratio of Formula 1 to the active ingredient can be expressed as X1:Y1~X2:Y2 (where X and Y are defined as above).

[0105] In one embodiment, the range of the weight ratio can be X1:Y1~X2:Y2 (where X1 > Y1 and X2 < Y2). By way of non-limiting example, the range of the weight ratio of Formula 1 to the active ingredient can be 3:1~1:3 (including both ends).

[0106] In another embodiment, the range of the weight ratio can be X1:Y1~X2:Y2 (where X1 > Y1 and X2 > Y2). By way of non-limiting example, the range of the weight ratio of Formula 1 to the active ingredient can be 15:1~3:1 (including both ends).

[0107] In another embodiment, the weight ratio range can be X1:Y1 to X2:Y2 (where X1 < Y1 and X2 < Y2). By way of non-limiting example, the weight ratio range of Formula 1 to the active ingredient can be from about 1:3 to about 1:20 (including both ends).

[0108] Formulation Pesticides are often not suitable for application in their pure form. Usually, other substances need to be added, whereby the pesticides can be used at the required concentration and in a suitable form, facilitating application, handling, transportation, storage and maximum pesticidal activity. Thus, pesticides are formulated, for example, as bait agents, concentrated emulsions, dusts, emulsions, fumigants, gels, granules, microencapsulated agents, seed treatment agents, suspension concentrates, suspoemulsion agents, tablets, water-soluble liquids, water-dispersible granules or dry flowables, wettable powders and ultra-low volume solutions.

[0109] Pesticides are most often applied as aqueous suspensions or emulsions prepared from such concentrated formulations of pesticides. Such water-soluble, water-suspensible, or emulsifiable formulations can be solids generally known as wettable powders, water-dispersible granules, liquids generally known as emulsions, or aqueous suspensions. Wettable powders can be compressed to form water-dispersible granules and contain a homogeneous mixture of the pesticide, carrier and surfactant. The concentration of the pesticide is usually from about 10% to about 90% by weight. The carrier is usually selected from attapulgite clay, montmorillonite clay, diatomaceous earth or purified silicate. Effective surfactants, which account for about 0.5% to about 10% of the wettable powder, are found among sulfonated lignin, condensed naphthalene sulfonate, naphthalene sulfonate, alkyl benzene sulfonate, alkyl sulfate and non-ionic surfactants, such as ethylene oxide adducts of alkyl phenol.

[0110] Pesticide emulsifiable concentrates contain the pesticide at a convenient concentration, for example, about 50 to about 500 grams per liter (liquid), dissolved in a carrier that is a mixture of a water-miscible solvent or a water-immiscible organic solvent and an emulsifier. Useful organic solvents include aromatic compounds, particularly xylene, and petroleum fractions, especially the high-boiling naphthalene and olefin fractions of petroleum, such as heavy aromatic naphtha. Other organic solvents, such as terpene solvents including rosin derivatives, aliphatic ketones such as cyclohexanone, and complex alcohols such as 2-ethoxyethanol, can also be used. Suitable emulsifiers for emulsifiable concentrates are selected from conventional anionic and nonionic surfactants.

[0111] Aqueous suspensions include suspensions of water-insoluble pesticides dispersed in an aqueous carrier at concentrations ranging from about 5% to about 50% by weight. Suspensions are prepared by finely grinding the pesticide and vigorously mixing it into a carrier consisting of water and surfactants. Ingredients such as inorganic salts and synthetic or natural gums can also be added to increase the density and viscosity of the aqueous carrier. It is often most efficient to simultaneously grind and mix the pesticide by preparing an aqueous mixture and homogenizing it in a device such as a sand mill, ball mill, or piston-type homogenizer. The pesticide in the suspension may be microencapsulated in a plastic polymer.

[0112] Oil dispersions (ODs) comprise suspensions of finely dispersed organic solvent-insoluble pesticides in a mixture of organic solvent and emulsifier at concentrations ranging from about 2% to about 50% by weight. One or more pesticides can be dissolved in the organic solvent. Useful organic solvents include aromatic compounds, particularly xylene, and the high-boiling naphthalene and olefinic portions of petroleum, such as petroleum fractions, especially heavy aromatic naphtha. Other solvents include vegetable oils, seed oils, and esters of vegetable and seed oils. Suitable emulsifiers for oil dispersions are selected from conventional anionic and nonionic surfactants. Thickeners or gelling agents are added to oil dispersion formulations to modify the rheology or flow properties of the liquid and to prevent separation and settling of dispersed particles or droplets.

[0113] Pesticides can also be applied as granular compositions, which are particularly useful for application to soil. Granular compositions typically contain about 0.5% to about 10% by weight of the pesticide dispersed in a carrier comprising clay or similar material. Such compositions are typically prepared by dissolving the pesticide in a suitable solvent and applying it to a granular carrier preformed to an appropriate particle size, ranging from about 0.5 mm to about 3 mm. Such compositions can also be formulated by creating a dough or paste of the carrier and molecules, which is then crushed and dried to obtain the desired granule size. Another form of granule is water-emulsifiable granules (EG). These are formulations consisting of granules that disintegrate and dissolve in water, and are then applied as an oil-in-water emulsion of the conventional active ingredient, dissolved or diluted in an organic solvent. Water-emulsifiable granules contain one or more active ingredients solubilized or diluted in a suitable organic solvent, absorbed in a water-soluble polymer shell or some other type of soluble or insoluble matrix.

[0114] Pesticide-containing dusts are prepared by homogeneously mixing a powdered form of the pesticide with a suitable powdered agricultural carrier, such as kaolin clay and ground volcanic rock. The dusts may suitably contain from about 1% to about 10% of the pesticide. The dusts may be applied as a seed dressing or as a foliar spray using a dust blower.

[0115] It is equally practical to apply the pesticide in the form of a solution, for example a spray oil, using a suitable organic solvent, usually petroleum, which is widely used in agricultural chemistry.

[0116] Pesticides can also be applied in the form of aerosol compositions. In such compositions, the pesticide is dissolved or dispersed in a carrier that is a pressure-generating propellant mixture. The aerosol composition is packaged in a container, which then dispenses the mixture via an atomizing valve.

[0117] Pesticide baits are formed when a pesticide is mixed with food or an attractant, or both. When pests eat the bait, they also ingest the pesticide. Baits can be in the form of granules, gels, flowable powders, liquids, or solids. Baits can be used in pest hiding places.

[0118] Fumigants are pesticides that have a relatively high vapor pressure and can therefore exist as gases in soil or confined spaces in concentrations sufficient to kill pests. The toxicity of fumigants is proportional to their concentration and exposure time. They are characterized by excellent diffusion ability and act by penetration into the respiratory system of pests or absorption through the pest's cuticle. Fumigants are applied in airtight rooms or buildings, or in special chambers, under gas-tight sheets, to control pests in stored products.

[0119] Pesticides can be microencapsulated by suspending particles or droplets of the pesticide in various polymers. By varying the chemical nature of the polymer or by varying processing factors, microcapsules of various sizes, solubility, wall thickness, and permeability can be formed. These factors control the rate at which the active ingredient therein is released, which in turn affects the residual performance, speed of action, and odor of the product. Microcapsules may also be formulated as suspension concentrates or water-dispersible granules.

[0120] Oil concentrates are made by dissolving a pesticide in a solvent that holds the pesticide in solution. Oil solutions of pesticides typically knock down and kill pests more quickly than other formulations, both because the solvent itself has pesticidal activity and because dissolving the waxy coating of the exine increases the rate of pesticide uptake. Other advantages of oil solutions include good storage stability, good interstitial penetration, and good adhesion to oily surfaces.

[0121] Another embodiment is an oil-in-water emulsion comprising oily droplets, each having a lamellar liquid crystalline coating, dispersed in an aqueous phase, each oily droplet comprising at least one agriculturally active molecule and individually coated with one or more layers comprising: (1) at least one non-ionic lipophilic surfactant, (2) at least one non-ionic hydrophilic surfactant, and (3) at least one ionic surfactant, wherein the droplets have an average particle size of less than 800 nanometers.

[0122] Other formulation ingredients Generally, when Formula 1 is used in a formulation, such formulation may also contain other ingredients. Such ingredients include, but are not limited to, the following (this is a non-exhaustive and non-mutually exclusive list): wetting agents, spreading agents, sticking agents, penetrating agents, buffering agents, sequestering agents, drift reducing agents, compatibilizers, antifoaming agents, detergents, and emulsifiers. Some ingredients are described below.

[0123] Wetting agents are substances that, when added to a liquid, increase the liquid's spreading or penetration power by reducing the interfacial tension between the liquid and the surface it spreads on. Wetting agents are used in pesticide formulations for two primary functions: to increase the rate at which powders are wetted with water during processing and manufacturing to make soluble liquid concentrates or suspension concentrates, and to reduce the wetting time of wettable powders and improve the penetration of water into water-dispersible granules when the product is mixed with water in the spray tank. Examples of wetting agents used in wettable powder, suspension concentrate, and water-dispersible granule formulations are sodium lauryl sulfate, sodium dioctyl sulfosuccinate, alkylphenol ethoxylates, and fatty alcohol ethoxylates.

[0124] Dispersants are substances that adsorb to particle surfaces, help maintain particle dispersion, and prevent particle reagglomeration. Dispersants are added to pesticide formulations to facilitate dispersion and suspension during manufacturing and ensure particle redispersion in the water in the spray tank. They are widely used in wettable powders, suspension concentrates, and water-dispersible granules. Surfactants used as dispersants have the ability to strongly adsorb to particle surfaces and provide a charge or steric barrier against particle reagglomeration. The most commonly used surfactants are anionic, nonionic, or a mixture of the two. In wettable powder formulations, the most common dispersant is sodium lignosulfonate. In suspension concentrates, excellent adsorption and stabilization are achieved by using polyelectrolytes, such as sodium naphthalene sulfonate formaldehyde condensates. Tristyrylphenol ethoxylate phosphate esters are also used. Nonionics, such as alkylarylethylene oxide condensates and EO-PO block copolymers, are sometimes combined with anionics as dispersants in suspension concentrates. In recent years, new types of ultra-high molecular weight polymer surfactants have been developed as dispersants. These have an extremely long hydrophobic "backbone" and numerous ethylene oxide chains that form the "teeth" of the surfactant "comb." These high molecular weight polymers can impart excellent long-term stability to suspension concentrates because the hydrophobic backbone provides numerous anchoring points to the particle surface. Examples of dispersants used in pesticide formulations include sodium lignosulfonate, sodium naphthalenesulfonate formaldehyde condensates, tristyrylphenol ethoxylate phosphate esters, fatty alcohol ethoxylates, alkyl ethoxylates, EO-PO block copolymers, and graft copolymers.

[0125] An emulsifier is a substance that stabilizes the suspension of droplets of one liquid phase in another. Without the emulsifier, the two liquids would separate into two immiscible liquid phases. The most commonly used emulsifier blends contain an alkylphenol or aliphatic alcohol having 12 or more ethylene oxide units and the oil-soluble calcium salt of dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid. A hydrophile-lipophile balance ("HLB") value in the range of about 8 to about 18 will usually result in a stable emulsion. Emulsion stability can sometimes be improved by adding a small amount of an EO-PO block copolymer surfactant.

[0126] Solubilizers are surfactants that form micelles in water at concentrations above the critical micelle concentration. These micelles can then dissolve or solubilize water-insoluble substances within the hydrophobic compartment of the micelle. The types of surfactants commonly used for solubilization are nonionics, sorbitan monooleate, sorbitan monooleate ethoxylate, and methyl oleate ester.

[0127] Surfactants may also be used as adjuvants to spray tank mixtures, alone or with other additives such as mineral or vegetable oils, to enhance the biological performance of pesticides on their targets. The type of surfactant used for bioenhancement generally depends on the nature and mechanism of action of the pesticide. However, they are often nonionic materials such as alkyl ethoxylates, linear fatty alcohol ethoxylates, and fatty amine ethoxylates.

[0128] Carriers or diluents in agricultural formulations are substances added to pesticides to obtain a product with the required strength. Carriers are usually substances with high absorption capacity, while diluents are usually substances with low absorption capacity. Carriers and diluents are used in dust, wettable powder, granule, and water-dispersible granule formulations.

[0129] Organic solvents are primarily used in the formulation of emulsifiable concentrates, oil-in-water emulsions, suspoemulsions, oil dispersions, and microformulations, and less frequently in granular formulations. Mixtures of solvents may also be used. The first major group of solvents are aliphatic paraffinic oils, such as kerosene or refined paraffin. The second major group (and the most common) includes aromatic solvents, such as xylene and the higher molecular weight fractions of C9 and C10 aromatic solvents. Chlorinated hydrocarbons are useful as cosolvents to prevent pesticide crystallization when the formulation is emulsified in water. Alcohols may also be used as cosolvents to increase solvent power. Other solvents may include vegetable oils, seed oils, and esters of vegetable and seed oils.

[0130] Thickening or gelling agents are primarily used in the formulation of suspension concentrates, oil dispersions, emulsions, and suspoemulsions to alter the rheology, or flowability, of liquids and prevent separation and settling of dispersed particles or droplets. Thickening, gelling, and anti-settling agents are generally divided into two categories: water-insoluble particulates and water-soluble polymers. Clay and silica can be used to formulate suspension concentrates and oil dispersions. Examples of these types of materials include, but are not limited to, montmorillonite, bentonite, magnesium aluminum silicate, and attapulgite. Water-soluble polysaccharides have been used as thickening and gelling agents in aqueous suspension concentrates for many years. The most commonly used types of polysaccharides are natural extracts of seeds and seaweeds or synthetic derivatives of cellulose. Examples of these types of materials include, but are not limited to, guar gum, locust bean gum, carrageenan, alginates, methylcellulose, sodium carboxymethylcellulose (SCMC), and hydroxyethylcellulose (HEC). Other types of anti-settling agents are based on modified starch, polyacrylates, polyvinyl alcohol and polyethylene oxide. Another good anti-settling agent is xanthan gum.

[0131] Microorganisms can cause spoilage of formulated products. Therefore, preservatives are used to eliminate or reduce their effects. Examples of such agents include, but are not limited to, propionic acid and its sodium salt, sorbic acid and its sodium or potassium salt, benzoic acid and its sodium salt, p-hydroxybenzoic acid sodium salt, methyl p-hydroxybenzoate, and 1,2-benzisothiazolin-3-one (BIT).

[0132] The presence of surfactants often causes foaming in water-based formulations during the mixing process during manufacturing and spray tank application. To reduce the tendency to foam, antifoaming agents are often added during manufacturing or before filling into bottles. Generally, there are two types of antifoaming agents: silicone-based and non-silicone-based. Silicone-based antifoaming agents are usually aqueous emulsions of dimethylpolysiloxane, while non-silicone-based antifoaming agents are water-insoluble oils such as octanol and nonanol or silica. In either case, the function of the antifoaming agent is to remove the surfactant from the air-water interface.

[0133] "Eco-friendly" agents (e.g., adjuvants, surfactants, solvents) can reduce the total environmental footprint of crop protection formulations. Eco-friendly agents are biodegradable and generally derived from natural and / or sustainable sources, such as plant and animal sources. Specific examples include vegetable oils, seed oils and their esters, as well as alkoxylated alkyl polyglucosides.

[0134] Purpose Formula 1 can be applied to any area. Particular areas to which such molecules are applied include areas where alfalfa, almonds, apples, barley, beans, canola, corn, cotton, cauliflower (crucifer), flowers, forage species (ryegrass, sudangrass, tall fescue, longgrass, and clover), fruits, lettuce, oats, oilseed crops, oranges, peanuts, pears, peppers, potatoes, rice, sorghum, soybeans, strawberries, sugarcane, sugar beets, sunflowers, tobacco, tomatoes, wheat (e.g., hard red winter wheat, soft red winter wheat, white winter wheat, hard red spring wheat, and durum spring wheat), and other valuable crops are grown or the seeds of which will be planted.

[0135] Formula 1 may also be applied to areas where plants, such as crops, are grown and where there are low levels (including no levels) of pests that can commercially damage such plants. Application of such molecules to such areas can benefit plants grown in such areas. Such benefits include, but are not limited to, supporting better root system development in plants, helping plants better tolerate stressful growing conditions, improving plant health, improving plant yield (e.g., increased biomass and / or increased content of active ingredients), improving plant vigor (e.g., improved plant growth and / or greener foliage), improving plant quality (e.g., increased content or composition of certain components), and improving plant tolerance to abiotic and / or biotic stress.

[0136] When growing a variety of plants, Formula 1 can be applied in conjunction with ammonium sulfate, which may provide additional benefits.

[0137] Formula 1 can be applied both above and below ground to, within, or around plants that have been genetically engineered to express unique traits, such as Bacillus thuringiensis (e.g., Cry1Ab, Cry1Ac, Cry1Fa, Cry1A.105, Cry2Ab, Vip3A, mCry3A, Cry3Ab, Cry3Bb, Cry34Ab1 / Cry35Ab1), other insecticidal toxins, or herbicide resistance, or to "stacked" foreign genes expressing insecticidal toxins, herbicide resistance, nutritional enhancement, or any other beneficial trait. In addition, in further detail, transgenic plants can contain a stack of one or more insecticidal polynucleotides disclosed herein with one or more additional polynucleotides that result in the production or suppression of multiple polypeptide sequences. Transgenic plants containing a stack of polynucleotide sequences can be obtained by either or both conventional breeding and genetic engineering methods. These methods include, but are not limited to, breeding individual lines containing each polynucleotide of interest, transforming a transgenic plant containing a gene disclosed herein with a subsequent gene, and co-transforming genes into a single plant cell. As used herein, the term "stacked" includes having multiple traits present in the same plant (i.e., both traits integrated into the nuclear genome, one trait integrated into the nuclear genome and one trait integrated into the plastid genome, or both traits integrated into the plastid genome). In one non-limiting example, a "stacked trait" includes a molecular stack in which the sequences are physically adjacent to each other. As used herein, a trait refers to a phenotype resulting from a particular sequence or group of sequences. Genetic co-transformation can be performed using a single transformation vector containing multiple genes, or using genes carried separately on multiple vectors. When sequences are stacked by genetically transforming plants, polynucleotide sequences of interest can be combined at any time and in any order.Traits can be introduced simultaneously in a co-transformation protocol, with the polynucleotide of interest provided by any combination of transformation cassettes. For example, if two sequences are introduced, the two sequences can be contained in separate transformation cassettes (trans) or in the same transformation cassette (cis). Expression of the sequences can be driven by the same promoter or different promoters. In certain cases, it may be desirable to introduce a transformation cassette that suppresses expression of the polynucleotide of interest. This can be combined with any combination of other suppression or overexpression cassettes to create a desired combination of traits in a plant. Furthermore, it is recognized that polynucleotide sequences can be stacked at the desired genomic location using site-specific recombination systems. See, for example, WO 1999 / 25821, WO 1999 / 25854, WO 1999 / 25840, WO 1999 / 25855, and WO 1999 / 25853 (all of which are incorporated herein by reference).

[0138] In some embodiments, one or more polynucleotides encoding a Cry toxin polypeptide disclosed herein, alone or stacked with one or more additional insect resistance traits, can be stacked with one or more additional input traits (e.g., herbicide resistance, fungus resistance, virus resistance, stress tolerance, disease resistance, male sterility, stalk strength, etc.) or output traits (e.g., increased yield, modified starch, improved oil profile, balanced amino acids, high lysine or methionine, improved digestibility, improved fiber quality, drought resistance, etc.). Thus, polynucleotide embodiments can be used to provide a complete pesticide package with improved crop quality, capable of flexibly and cost-effectively controlling any number of crop pests.

[0139] Transgenes useful for stacking include, but are not limited to, transgenes that confer tolerance to herbicides, transgenes that confer or contribute to variations in crop characteristics, genes that control male sterility, genes that form sites for site-specific DNA integration, genes that affect biotic stress tolerance, genes that increase yield, genes that confer digestibility in plants, and transgenes that confer resistance to insects or diseases.

[0140] Examples of transgenes that confer insect resistance include genes encoding Bacillus thuringiensis proteins, derivatives thereof, or synthetic polypeptides modeled thereon. See, e.g., Geiser, et al., (1986) Gene 48:109, which discloses the cloning and nucleotide sequence of the Bt delta-endotoxin gene. DNA molecules encoding delta-endotoxin genes can also be purchased from the American Type Culture Collection (Rockville, MD), e.g., under ATCC® Accession Nos. 40098, 67136, 31995, and 31998.Other non-limiting examples of genetically engineered Bacillus thuringiensis transgenes are described in the following patents and patent applications: U.S. Patent Nos. 5,188,960, 5,689,052, 5,880,275, 5,986,177, 6,023,013, 6,060,594, 6,063,597, and 6,064,598. Specification No. 6,077,824, Specification No. 6,620,988, Specification No. 6,642,030, Specification No. 6,713,259, Specification No. 6,893,826, Specification No. 7, Specification No. 105,332, Specification No. 7,179,965, Specification No. 7,208,474, Specification No. 7,227,056, Specification No. 7,288,643, Specification No. 7,323, Specification No. 556, Specification No. 7,329,736, Specification No. 7,449,552, Specification No. 7,468,278, Specification No. 7,510,878, Specification No. 7,521,235 Specification No. 7,544,862, Specification No. 7,605,304, Specification No. 7,696,412, Specification No. 7,629,504, Specification No. 7,705,216 , 7,772,465, 7,790,846, 7,858,849, and WO 1991 / 14778, WO 1999 / 31248, WO 2001 / 12731, WO 1999 / 24581, and WO 1997 / 40162.

[0141] Genes encoding insecticidal proteins can be stacked including, but not limited to, from the genus Pseudomonas, e.g., PSEEN3174 (Monalysin, (2011) PLoS Pathogens, 7:1-13), from Pseudomonas protegens strains CHA0 and Pf-5 (already fluorescent) (Pechy-Tarr, (2008) Environmental Microbiology 10:2368-2386: GenBank Accession No. EU400157); from Pseudomonas taiwanensis (Liu, et al., (2010) J. Agric. Food Chem. 58:12343-12349), and from Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes. pseudoalcaligenes) (Zhang, et al., (2009) Annals of Microbiology 59:45-50 and Li, et al., (2007) Plant Cell Tiss. Organ Cult. 89:159-168); insecticidal proteins from the genera Photorhabdus and Xenorhabdus (Hinchliffe, et al., (2010) The Open Toxinology Journal 3:101-118 and Morgan, et al., (2001) Applied and Envir. Micro. 67:2062-2069), insecticidal proteins from U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,048,838, and 6,379,946; PIP-1 polypeptides from U.S. Pat. No. 9,688,730; AfIP-1A and / or AfIP-1B polypeptides from U.S. Pat. No. 9,475,847; PIP-47 polypeptides from U.S. Pat. No. 10,006,045; IPD045 polypeptides, IPD064 polypeptides, IPD074 polypeptides, IPD075 polypeptides, and IPD077 polypeptides from International Patent Application Publication No. WO 2016 / 114973;IPD080 polypeptide of International Patent Application Publication No. 2018 / 075350; IPD078 polypeptide, IPD084 polypeptide, IPD085 polypeptide, IPD086 polypeptide, IPD087 polypeptide, IPD088 polypeptide, and IPD089 polypeptide of International Patent Application Publication No. 2018 / 084936; PIP-72 polypeptide of U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 20160366891; PtIP-50 polypeptide and PtIP-65 polypeptide of U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 20170166921; IPD098 polypeptide, IPD059 polypeptide, IPD108 polypeptide, and IPD109 polypeptide of International Patent Application Publication No. 2018 / 232072; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 201603 PtIP-83 polypeptide of U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 47799; PtIP-96 polypeptide of U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 20170233440; IPD079 polypeptide of International Patent Application Publication No. 2017 / 23486; IPD082 polypeptide of International Patent Application Publication No. 2017 / 105987; IPD090 polypeptide of International Patent Application Publication No. 2017 / 192560; IPD093 polypeptide of International Patent Application Publication No. 2018 / 111551; IPD103 polypeptide of International Patent Application Publication No. 2018 / 005411; IPD101 polypeptide of International Patent Application Publication No. 2018 / 118811; IPD121 polypeptide of International Patent Application Publication No. 2018 / 208882;and delta-endotoxins such as, but not limited to, Cry1, Cry2, Cry3, Cry4, Cry5, Cry6, Cry7, Cry8, Cry9, Cry10, Cry11, Cry12, Cry13, Cry14, Cry15, Cry16, Cry17, Cry18, Cry19, Cry20, Cry21, Cry22, Cry23, Cry24, Cry25, Cry26, Cry27, Cry28, Cry29, Cry30, Cry31, Cry32, Cry33, Cry34, Cry35, Cry36, Cry37, Cry38, Cry39, Cry40, Cry41, Cry42, Cry43, Cry44, Cry45, Cry46, Cry47, Cry48, Cry49, Cry50, Cry51, Cry52, Cry53, Cry54, Cry55, Cry56, Cry57, Cry58, Cry59, Cry60, Cry61, Cry62, Cry63, Cry64, Cry65, Cry66, Cry67, Cry68, Cry69, Cry70, Cry71, Cry72, Cry73, Cry74, Cry75, Cry76, Cry77, Cry78, Cry79, Cry80, Cry81, Cry82, Cry83, Cry84, Cry85, Cry86, Cry87, Cry88, Cry89, Cry90, Cry91, Cry92, Cry93, Cry94, Cry95, Cry96, Cry97, Cry98, Cry99, Cry100, Cry1 δ-endotoxin genes of the Cry40, Cry41, Cry42, Cry43, Cry44, Cry45, Cry46, Cry47, Cry49, Cry50, Cry51, Cry52, Cry53, Cry54, Cry55, Cry56, Cry57, Cry58, Cry59, Cry60, Cry61, Cry62, Cry63, Cry64, Cry65, Cry66, Cry67, Cry68, Cry69, Cry70, Cry71, and Cry72 classes and the B. thuringiensis cytolytic Cyt1 and Cyt2 genes;

[0142] Examples of δ-endotoxins include, but are not limited to, the Cry1A proteins of U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,880,275 and 7,858,849; the DIG-3 or DIG-11 toxins (N-terminal deletions of α-helix 1 and / or α-helix 2 variants of Cry proteins such as Cry1A) of U.S. Pat. Nos. 8,304,604 and 8,304,605; the α-helix 1 and / or α-helix 2 variants of Cry proteins such as Cry1A of U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,880,275 and 7,858,849; Cry1B of U.S. Patent No. 6,033,874; Cry1F of U.S. Patent Nos. 5,188,960, 6,218,188; Cry1A / F chimeras of U.S. Patent Nos. 7,070,982, 6,962,705, and 6,713,063; Cry2 proteins such as the Cry2Ab protein of U.S. Patent No. 7,064,249. proteins, such as (but not limited to) engineered hybrid insecticidal proteins (eHIPs) formed by fusing unique combinations of variable regions with conserved blocks of at least two different Cry proteins (U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2010 / 0017914); Cry4, Cry5, Cry6, and Cry8 proteins of U.S. Patent Nos. 7,329,736, 7,449,552, 7,803,943, 7,476,781, 7,105,332, 7,378,499, and 7,462,760; Cry9 proteins, such as members of the Cry9A, Cry9B, Cry9C, Cry9D, Cry9E, and Cry9F families; Naimov, et al.Cry15 proteins of U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,127,180, 6,624,145, and 6,340,593; Cry22 and Cry34Ab1 proteins of U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,248,535, 6,326,351, 6,399,330, 6,949,626, 7,385,107, and 7,504,229; U.S. Pat. Appl. Pub. No. 2009 / 0100104; CryET33 and CryET34 homologs of U.S. Patent Application Publication Nos. 6 / 0191034, 2012 / 0278954, and WO 2012 / 139004; Cry35Ab1 proteins of U.S. Patent Application Nos. 6,083,499, 6,548,291, and 6,340,593; Cry46 proteins, Cry51 proteins, Cry binary toxins; TIC901 or related toxins; TIC807 of U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2008 / 0295207; PCT Also included are Cry proteins such as ET29, ET37, TIC809, TIC810, TIC812, TIC127, and TIC128 of US 2006 / 033867; Cry proteins such as Cry1A and Cry3A with engineered proteolytic sites of U.S. Patent No. 8,319,019; and Cry1Ac, Cry2Aa, and Cry1Ca toxin proteins from Bacillus thuringiensis strain VBTS 2528 of U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2011 / 0064710. Other Cry proteins are known to those skilled in the art (see Crickmore, et al., "Bacillus thuringiensis toxin nomenclature" (2011) at lifesci.sussex.ac.uk / home / Neil_Crickmore / Bt / , accessible on the World Wide Web using the "www" prefix). The insecticidal activity of Cry proteins is well known to those skilled in the art (for review, see van Frannkenhuyzen, (2009) J. Invert. Path.101:1-16). The use of Cry proteins as transgenic plant traits is well known to those of skill in the art, and Cry transgenic plants (including, but not limited to, Cry1Ac, Cry1Ac+Cry2Ab, Cry1Ab, Cry1A.105, Cry1F, Cry1Fa2, Cry1F+Cry1Ac, Cry2Ab, Cry3A, mCry3A, Cry3Bb1, Cry34Ab1, Cry35Ab1, Vip3A, mCry3A, Cry9c, and CBI-Bt) have received regulatory approval (see Sanahuja, (2011) Plant Biotech Journal 9:283-300 and the CERA (2010) GM Crop Database Center for Environmental Risk Assessment (CERA), ILSI Research, at cera gmc.org / index.php?action=gm_crop_database, accessible on the World Wide Web using the "www" prefix). (See, for example, the Phytophthora spp. Foundation, Washington DC). Several pesticide proteins known to those skilled in the art can also be expressed in plants, such as Cry1F & CryCa (U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2012 / 0317681) and Cry1DA & Cry1Fa (U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2012 / 0331589). Insecticidal proteins also include insecticidal lipases, including the lipid acyl hydrolases of U.S. Patent No. 7,491,869, and cholesterol oxidases, such as those from Streptomyces (Purcell et al. (1993) Biochem Biophys Res Commun 15:1406-1413). Insecticidal proteins also include VIP (plant insecticidal protein) toxins, such as those described in U.S. Patent Nos. 5,877,012, 6,107,279, 6,137,033, 7,244,820, 7,615,686, and 8,237,020. Other VIP proteins are known to those skilled in the art (see lifesci.sussex.ac.uk, accessible on the World Wide Web using the prefix "www").(See U.K. / home / Neil_Crickmore / Bt / vip.html.) Insecticidal proteins also include toxin complex (TC) proteins available from organisms such as Xenorhabdus, Photorhabdus, and Paenibacillus (see U.S. Patent Nos. 7,491,698 and 8,084,418). Some TC proteins have "stand-alone" insecticidal activity, while others enhance the activity of stand-alone toxins produced by the same given organism. The toxicity of "stand-alone" TC proteins (e.g., from Photorhabdus, Xenorhabdus, or Paenibacillus) can be enhanced by one or more TC protein "potentiators" derived from organisms of different genera of source. There are three main types of TC proteins. Class A proteins ("protein A") referred to herein are stand-alone toxins. Class B proteins ("protein B") and class C proteins ("protein C") enhance the toxicity of class A proteins. Examples of class A proteins are TcbA, TcdA, XptA1, and XptA2. Examples of class B proteins are TcaC, TcdB, XptB1Xb, and XptC1Wi. Examples of class C proteins are TccC, XptC1Xb, and XptB1Wi. Insecticide proteins also include venom proteins from spiders, snakes, and scorpions. Examples of spider venom peptides include, but are not limited to, lycotoxin-1 peptide and variants thereof (U.S. Patent No. 8,334,366).

[0143] Additional transgenes that confer insect resistance may downregulate the expression of target genes in insect pest species by interfering with ribonucleic acid (RNA) molecules through RNA interference. RNA interference refers to the process of sequence-specific post-transcriptional gene silencing in animals mediated by short interfering RNA (siRNA) (Fire, et al., (1998) Nature 391:806). RNAi transgenes include, but are not limited to, the expression of dsRNA, siRNA, miRNA, iRNA, antisense RNA, or sense RNA molecules that downregulate the expression of target genes in pests. International Patent Application Publication No. 2007 / 074405 describes a method for inhibiting the expression of target genes in invertebrate pests, such as the Colorado potato beetle. International Patent Application Publication No. 2005 / 110068 describes a method for inhibiting the expression of target genes in invertebrate pests, particularly the western corn rootworm, as a means of controlling insect infestations. Additionally, WO 2009 / 091864 describes compositions and methods for silencing target genes from pest species, including pests from the genus Lygus.

[0144] RNAi transgenes have been provided to target the vacuolar ATPase H subunit and are useful for controlling lepidopteran pest populations and infestations, as described in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2012 / 0198586. International Patent Application Publication No. 2012 / 055982 describes ribonucleic acids (RNA or double-stranded RNA) that inhibit or downregulate the expression of target genes encoding: insect ribosomal proteins, such as ribosomal protein L19, ribosomal protein L40, or ribosomal protein S27A; Rpn6 protein; Pros insect proteasome subunits such as Rpn2 protein, proteasome beta 1 subunit protein, or Pros beta 2 protein; insect β-coatomer of COPI vesicles, γ-coatomer of COPI vesicles, β'-coatomer protein or ζ-coatomer of COPI vesicles; insect tetraspanin 2A protein, a putative transmembrane domain protein; insect proteins belonging to the actin family such as actin 5C; insect ubiquitin-5E protein; insect Sec23 protein, a GTPase activator involved in intracellular protein transport; insect crinkle protein, a non-classical myosin involved in motor activity; insect crooked neck protein, involved in regulating alternative mRNA splicing in the nucleus; insect vacuolar H+-ATPase G subunit protein; and insect Tbp-1, such as Tat-binding protein. International Patent Application Publication No. WO 2007 / 035650 describes ribonucleic acids (RNA or double-stranded RNA) that inhibit or downregulate expression of target genes encoding Snf7. U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2011 / 0054007 describes polynucleotide silencing factors that target RPS10. International Patent Application Publication No. WO 2016 / 205445 describes polynucleotide silencing factors that reduce fertility, with target polynucleotides including NCLB, MAEL, BOULE, and VgR.U.S. Patent Application Publication Nos. 2014 / 0275208 and 2015 / 0257389 describe polynucleotide silencing factors that target RyanR (DvSSJ1) and PAT3. International Patent Application Publication Nos. 2016 / 138106, 2016 / 060911, 2016 / 060912, 2016 / 060913, and 2016 / 060914 describe polynucleotide silencing factors that target COPI coatomer subunit nucleic acid molecules that confer resistance to Coleoptera and Hemiptera pests. US Patent Application Publication Nos. 2012 / 029750, 20120297501, and 2012 / 0322660 describe interfering ribonucleic acids (RNA or double-stranded RNA) that function upon uptake by an insect pest species to downregulate expression of a target gene in the insect pest, wherein the RNA comprises at least one silencing element, which is a region of double-stranded RNA comprising annealed complementary strands, one strand of which comprises or consists of a nucleotide sequence that is at least partially complementary to a target nucleotide sequence within the target gene.U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2012 / 0164205 describes potential targets for interfering double-stranded ribonucleic acid to inhibit invertebrate pests, including: Chd3 homologous sequence, beta-tubulin homologous sequence, 40 kDa V-ATPase homologous sequence, EF1α homologous sequence, 26S proteosome subunit p28 homologous sequence, juvenile hormone epoxide hydrolase homologous sequence, swelling-dependent chloride channel protein homologous sequence, glucose-6-phosphatase 1-dehydrogenase protein homologous sequence, Act42A protein homologous sequence, ADP-ribosylating factor 1 homologous sequence, transcription factor IIB protein homologous sequence, chitinase homologous sequence, ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme homologous sequence, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase homologous sequence, ubiquitin B homologous sequence, juvenile hormone esterase homologous sequence, and alpha tubulin homologous sequence.

[0145] The molecule F1 can be used with seeds that have and do not have such traits.

[0146] Formula 1 can be applied to the foliage and / or fruit of plants to control pests, either by direct contact with the pests or by the pests ingesting such molecules when they feed on the plant or while absorbing sap or other nutrients from the plant.

[0147] Formula 1 can also be applied to the soil and, when so applied, can control root and stem feeding pests. The roots can absorb the molecules and transport them to the plant foliage, thereby controlling above-ground chewing pests and sap-feeding pests.

[0148] Systemic movement of pesticides in plants can be exploited by applying a molecule of Formula 1 to one part of a plant (e.g., by spraying an area) to control pests in another part of the plant. For example, control of foliar-feeding insects can be achieved by drip irrigation or furrow application, by treating the soil, e.g., with a soil drench before or after planting, or by treating the seeds of the plant before planting.

[0149] Formula 1 can be used with baits and attractants. Generally, with respect to baits, the bait is placed underground where, for example, termites can come into contact with the bait and / or be attracted to the bait. The bait can also be applied to building surfaces (horizontal, vertical, or inclined surfaces) where, for example, ants, termites, cockroaches, and flies can come into contact with the bait and / or be attracted to the bait.

[0150] Formula 1 can be encapsulated inside or on the surface of a capsule, which can range in size from nanometer size (approximately 100-900 nanometers in diameter) to micrometer size (approximately 10-900 microns in diameter).

[0151] Formula 1 can also be applied to pest eggs. Because the eggs of some pests have a unique ability to resist certain pesticides, repeated applications of such molecules may be desirable to control newly emerging larvae.

[0152] Formula 1 can be applied as a seed treatment. Seed treatments can be applied to all types of seeds, including those from which plants genetically modified to express specific traits will germinate. Typical examples include seeds expressing proteins toxic to invertebrate pests, such as Bacillus thuringiensis or other insecticidal toxins, seeds expressing herbicide resistance, such as "Roundup Ready" seeds, or seeds containing "stacked" exogenous genes expressing insecticidal toxins, herbicide resistance, nutritional enhancement, drought tolerance, or any other beneficial trait. Furthermore, such seed treatments with Formula 1 can further enhance the plant's ability to tolerate high-stress growing conditions. This results in healthier, more vigorous plants, which can lead to higher yields at harvest. Generally, amounts of about 0.0025 mg of Formula 1 per seed to about 2.0 mg of Formula 1 per seed are useful, amounts of about 0.01 mg of Formula 1 per seed to about 1.75 mg of Formula 1 per seed are useful, amounts of 0.1 mg of Formula 1 per seed to about 1.5 mg of Formula 1 per seed are useful, and amounts of 0.25 mg of Formula 1 per seed to about 0.75 mg of Formula 1 per seed are useful. Generally, an amount of about 0.5 mg of Formula 1 per seed is useful.

[0153] Formula 1 may be applied with one or more active ingredients in a soil conditioner.

[0154] Formula 1 can be used in the veterinary sector or in the field of non-human animal husbandry to control endo- and ectoparasites. Such molecules can be administered orally, for example, in the form of tablets, capsules, drinks, granules, etc., by dermal application, for example, in the form of dipping, spraying, injection, spot-on, and dusting, and parenterally, for example, in the form of injection.

[0155] Formula 1 can also be advantageously used in livestock farming, such as cattle, chickens, geese, goats, pigs, sheep, and turkeys. They can also be advantageously used in pets such as horses, dogs, and cats. Specific pests to be controlled would be flies, fleas, and ticks that are a nuisance to such animals. A suitable formulation is orally administered to the animal with drinking water or feed. Suitable dosages and formulations vary depending on the species.

[0156] Formula 1 can also be used to control parasites, particularly intestinal parasites, in the animals listed above.

[0157] Formula 1 can also be applied to invasive pests. Pests from around the world are migrating into environments that are new (to them) and, after migrating, become new invasive species in those new environments. Such molecules can also be used on those new invasive species to control them in those new environments.

[0158] Plant viruses cause an estimated US$60 billion in crop yield losses worldwide each year. Many plant viruses must be transmitted by vectors, most commonly insects, such as leafhoppers and planthoppers. However, nematodes have also been shown to transmit viruses. Nematodes transmit plant viruses by feeding on roots. Formula 1 can also be applied to plants to inhibit pests that carry plant viruses, thereby reducing the chances of such plant viruses being transmitted from the pest to the plant.

[0159] Therefore, in light of the above, the following further non-exhaustive details (D) are provided.

[0160] 1D. (a) Molecule (F1) of Formula 1 [ka] and, (b) a second active ingredient (“2AI”); and A composition comprising: 2D. The composition of 1D, wherein said 2AI is abamectin. 3D. The composition of 1D, wherein the 2AI is acephate. 4D. The composition of 1D, wherein the 2AI is acetamiprid. 5D. The composition of 1D, wherein the 2AI is acequinocyl. 6D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is acrinathrin. 7D. The composition of 1D, wherein the 2AI is afidopiropen. 8D. The composition of 1D, wherein the 2AI is afoxolaner. 9D. The composition of 1D, wherein the 2AI is allethrin. 10D. The composition of 1D, wherein the 2AI is allicin. 11D. The composition of 1D, wherein the 2AI is allosamidin. 12D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is alpha-cypermethrin. 13D. The composition of 1D, wherein the 2AI is amitraz. 14D. The composition of 1D, wherein the 2AI is anabasine. 15D. The composition of 1D, wherein the 2AI is azadirachtin. 16D. The composition of 1D, wherein the 2AI is azinphos-methyl. 17D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is Bartholin's. 18D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is benklothiaz. 19D. The composition of 1D, wherein the 2AI is benfuracarb. 20D. The composition of 1D, wherein the 2AI is bensultap. 21D. The composition of 1D, wherein the 2AI is a benzoximate. 22D. The composition of 1D, wherein the 2AI is benzpyrimoxane. 23D. The composition of 1D, wherein the 2AI is beta-cyfluthrin. 24D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is beta-cypermethrin. 25D. The composition of 1D, wherein the 2AI is bifenazate. 26D. The composition of 1D, wherein the 2AI is bifenthrin. 27D. The composition of 1D, wherein the 2AI is bioallethrin S-cyclopentenyl. 28D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is bioallethrin. 29D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is bioethanometrin. 30D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is biopermethrin. 31D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is bioresmethrin. 32D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is bistrifluron. 33D. The composition of 1D, wherein the 2AI is brofenvalerate. 34D. The composition of 1D, wherein said 2AI is broflanilide. 35D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is broflutrinate. 36D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is bromethrin. 37D. The composition of 1D, wherein the 2AI is bromopropylate. 38D. The composition of 1D, wherein the 2AI is buprofezin. 39D. The composition of 1D, wherein the 2AI is carbaryl. 40D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is carbofuran. 41D. The composition of 1D, wherein the 2AI is cartap. 42D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is quinomethionate. 43D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is chlorantraniliprole. 44D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is chlorbenzuron. 45D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is chlorodimeform. 46D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is chlorenpentrin. 47D. The composition of 1D, wherein the 2AI is chlorfenapyr. 48D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is chlorfenvinphos. 49D. The composition of 1D, wherein the 2AI is chlorfluazuron. 50D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is chlorpyrifos. 51D. The composition of 1D, wherein the 2AI is chlorpyrifos-methyl. 52D. The composition of 1D, wherein the 2AI is chromafenozide. 53D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is cinerine. 54D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is cismethrin. 55D. The composition of 1D, wherein the 2AI is clofentezine. 56D. The composition of 1D, wherein the 2AI is closantel. 57D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is clothianidin. 58D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is copper oleate. 59D. The composition of 1D, wherein the 2AI is crotamiton. 60D. The composition of 1D, wherein the 2AI is cryolite. 61D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is cyantraniliprole. 62D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is cyclaniliprole. 63D. The composition of 1D, wherein the 2AI is cyclethrin. 64D. The composition of 1D wherein the 2AI is cyclobutrifluram. 65D. The composition of 1D, wherein the 2AI is cycloprothrin. 66D. The composition of 1D, wherein the 2AI is cycloxapride. 67D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is cyenopyrafen. 68D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is cyflumetofen. 69D. The composition of 1D, wherein the 2AI is cyfluthrin. 70D. The composition of 1D, wherein said 2AI is cyhalodiamide. 71D. The composition of 1D, wherein the 2AI is cyhalothrin. 72D. The composition of 1D, wherein the 2AI is cyhexatin. 73D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is cypermethrin. 74D. The composition of 1D, wherein the 2AI is cyphenothrin. 75D. The composition of 1D, wherein said 2AI is cyphenothrin [(1R)-trans isomer]. 76D. The composition of 1D, wherein the 2AI is cyromazine. 77D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is dayoutong. 78D. The composition of 1D, wherein said 2AI is dazomet. 79D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is DBCP. 80D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is DCIP. 81D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is d-cis-trans allethrin. 82D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is deltamethrin. 83D. The composition of 1D, wherein the 2AI is Demeton-S. 84D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is DFDT. 85D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is diafenthiuron. 86D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is diazinon. 87D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is dichlorvos. 88D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is dichloromesothiazide. 89D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is dicofol. 90D. The composition of 1D, wherein said 2AI is dicyclanil. 91D. The composition of 1D, wherein the 2AI is diflovidadin. 92D. The composition of 1D, wherein the 2AI is diflubenzuron. 93D. The composition of 1D, wherein the 2AI is dimefluthrin. 94D. The composition of 1D, wherein the 2AI is dimethoate. 95D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is dimpropyridaz. 96D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is Dynex. 97D. The composition of 1D, wherein said 2AI is dinoprop. 98D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is Ginosum. 99D. The composition of 1D, wherein the 2AI is dinotefuran. 100D. The composition of 1D, wherein the 2AI is diofenolan. 101D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is d-limonene. 102D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is DNOC. 103D. The composition of 1D wherein the 2AI is doramectin. 104D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is d-trans-allethrin. 105D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is ecdysterone. 106D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is emamectin benzoate. 107D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is emamectin. 108D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is empenthrin. 109D. The composition of 1D, wherein the 2AI is empenthrin [(EZ)-(1R)-isomer]. 110D. The composition of 1D, wherein the 2AI is endosulfan. 111D. The composition of 1D, wherein the 2AI is epofenonane. 112D. The composition of 1D, wherein the 2AI is eprinomectin. 113D. The composition of 1D, wherein the 2AI is epsilon-metofluthrin. 114D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is epsilon-momfluorotrin. 115D. The composition of 1D, wherein the 2AI is esfenvalerate. 116D. The composition of 1D, wherein the 2AI is ethion. 117D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is ethiprole. 118D. The composition of 1D, wherein the 2AI is ethylene dibromide. 119D. The composition of 1D, wherein the 2AI is etofenprox. 120D. The composition of 1D, wherein the 2AI is etoxazole. 121D. The composition of 1D, wherein said 2AI is EXD. 122D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is fenamiphos. 123D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is fenazaquin. 124D. The composition of 1D, wherein the 2AI is fenbutatin oxide. 125D. The composition of 1D, wherein the 2AI is fenitrothion. 126D. The composition of 1D, wherein the 2AI is fenobucarb. 127D. The composition of 1D wherein the 2AI is fenoxycarb. 128D. The composition of 1D, wherein the 2AI is fenpyrithrin. 129D. The composition of 1D, wherein the 2AI is fenpropathrin. 130D. The composition of 1D, wherein the 2AI is fenpyroximate. 131D. The composition of 1D, wherein the 2AI is fenvalerate. 132D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is fipronil. 133D. The composition of 1D wherein the 2AI is flometoquine. 134D. The composition of 1D, wherein said 2AI is flonicamid. 135D. The composition of 1D wherein the 2AI is fluacrypyrim. 136D. The composition of 1D, wherein the 2AI is fluazaindolizine. 137D. The composition of 1D, wherein the 2AI is flubendiamide. 138D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is flucofuron. 139D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is flucycloxuron. 140D. The composition of 1D, wherein the 2AI is flucythrinate. 141D. The composition of 1D, wherein the 2AI is fluensulfone. 142D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is flufenerim. 143D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is flufenoxuron. 144D. The composition of 1D, wherein the 2AI is flufenprox. 145D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is flufiprol. 146D. The composition of 1D, wherein said 2AI is full hexaphone. 147D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is flumethrin. 148D. The composition of 1D, wherein the 2AI is flupyradifurone. 149D. The composition of 1D wherein the 2AI is flupirimine. 150D. The composition of 1D, wherein the 2AI is fluralaner. 151D. The composition of 1D, wherein the 2AI is fluthramide. 152D. The composition of 1D, wherein said 2AI is fluvalinate. 153D. The composition of 1D, wherein the 2AI is fluxametamide. 154D. The composition of 1D, wherein the 2AI is formetanate. 155D. The composition of 1D, wherein the 2AI is formparanate. 156D. The composition of 1D, wherein the 2AI is fosthiazate. 157D. The composition of 1D, wherein the 2AI is furamethrin. 158D. The composition of 1D, wherein the 2AI is furan tebufenozide. 159D. The composition of 1D, wherein the 2AI is fretolin. 160D. The composition of 1D, wherein the 2AI is furfural. 161D. The composition of 1D, wherein the 2AI is gamma-cyhalothrin. 162D. The composition of 1D, wherein said 2AI is Halfenprox. 163D. The composition of 1D wherein said 2AI is halofenozide. 164D. The composition of 1D, wherein the 2AI is heptafluthrin. 165D. The composition of 1D, wherein the 2AI is hexaflumuron. 166D. The composition of 1D wherein said 2AI is hexythiazox. 167D. The composition of 1D, wherein the 2AI is hydramethylnon. 168D. The composition of 1D, wherein the 2AI is hydroprene. 169D. The composition of 1D, wherein the 2AI is imidiaphos. 170D. The composition of 1D, wherein the 2AI is imidacloprid. 171D. The composition of 1D, wherein said 2AI is imidacloth. 172D. The composition of 1D, wherein the 2AI is imiprothrin. 173D. The composition of 1D, wherein said 2AI is indoxacarb. 174D. The composition of 1D, wherein the 2AI is isamidophos. 175D. The composition of 1D, wherein the 2AI is isocycloceram. 176D. The composition of 1D, wherein the 2AI is isoprocarb. 177D. The composition of 1D, wherein the 2AI is isoprothiolane. 178D. The composition of 1D, wherein the 2AI is isoxathion. 179D. The composition of 1D, wherein the 2AI is ivermectin. 180D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is Jasmolin I. 181D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is Jasmolin II. 182D. The composition according to 1D, wherein the 2AI is Jiahuangchongzong. 183D. The composition of 1D, wherein said 2AI is juvenile hormone I. 184D. The composition of 1D, wherein said 2AI is juvenile hormone II. 185D. The composition of 1D, wherein said 2AI is juvenile hormone III. 186D. The composition of 1D, wherein the 2AI is kadathrin. 187D. The composition of 1D, wherein the 2AI is cadetrin. 188D. The composition of 1D, wherein the 2AI is kappa-bifenthrin. 189D. The composition of 1D, wherein the 2AI is kappa-tefluthrin. 190D. The composition of 1D, wherein the 2AI is kinoprene. 191D. The composition of 1D, wherein the 2AI is lambda-cyhalothrin. 192D. The composition of 1D, wherein the 2AI is lepimectin. 193D. The composition of 1D, wherein the 2AI is lotilaner. 194D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is lufenuron. 195D. The composition of 1D, wherein the 2AI is malathion. 196D. The composition of 1D, wherein the 2AI is maltodextrin. 197D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is matrine. 198D. The composition of 1D, wherein the 2AI is medimethicone. 199D. The composition of 1D, wherein the 2AI is metaflumizone. 200D. The composition of 1D, wherein the 2AI is metaldehyde. 201D. The composition of 1D, wherein the 2AI is methamidophos. 202D. The composition of 1D, wherein the 2AI is methidathion. 203D. The composition of 1D wherein the 2AI is methomyl. 204D. The composition of 1D, wherein said 2AI is methoxyfenozide. 205D. The composition of 1D, wherein the 2AI is methyl isothiocyanate. 206D. The composition of 1D, wherein the 2AI is metofluthrin. 207D. The composition of 1D, wherein the 2AI is methoxadiazone. 208D. The composition of 1D, wherein the 2AI is milbemectin. 209D. The composition of 1D, wherein the 2AI is milbemycin oxime. 210D. The composition of 1D, wherein the 2AI is monocrotophos. 211D. The composition of 1D, wherein the 2AI is moxidectin. 212D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is niclosamide. 213D. The composition of 1D, wherein said 2AI is nifluridide. 214D. The composition of 1D, wherein the 2AI is nitenpyram. 215D. The composition of 1D, wherein said 2AI is nithiazine. 216D. The composition of 1D, wherein the 2AI is nornicotine. 217D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is Novaluron. 218D. The composition of 1D, wherein said 2AI is noviflumuron. 219D. The composition of 1D, wherein the 2AI is omethoate. 220D. The composition of 1D, wherein the 2AI is oxamyl. 221D. The composition of 1D, wherein the 2AI is oxazosulfil. 222D. The composition of 1D, wherein said 2AI is oxydemeton-methyl. 223D. The composition of 1D, wherein the 2AI is parathion. 224D. The composition of 1D, wherein the 2AI is parathion-methyl. 225D. The composition of 1D, wherein the 2AI is permethrin. 226D. The composition of 1D, wherein the 2AI is phorate. 227D. The composition of 1D wherein the 2AI is phosphamidon. 228D. The composition of 1D wherein the 2AI is pirimicarb. 229D. The composition of 1D, wherein said 2AI is pirimiphos-ethyl. 230D. The composition of 1D, wherein said 2AI is pirimiphos-methyl. 231D. The composition of 1D, wherein said 2AI is precocene I. 232D. The composition of 1D, wherein said 2AI is precocene II. 233D. The composition of 1D, wherein said 2AI is precocene III. 234D. The composition of 1D, wherein the 2AI is profenofos. 235D. The composition of 1D, wherein the 2AI is propargite. 236D. The composition of 1D wherein said 2AI is propoxur. 237D. The composition of 1D, wherein the 2AI is prothiofos. 238D. The composition of 1D, wherein said 2AI is piflubumid. 239D. The composition of 1D, wherein the 2AI is pymetrozine. 240D. The composition of 1D wherein the 2AI is pyraclofos. 241D. The composition of 1D, wherein the 2AI is pyrethrin I. 242D. The composition of 1D, wherein said 2AI is pyrethrin II. 243D. The composition of 1D, wherein said 2AI is a pyrethrin (pyrethrum). 244D. The composition of 1D, wherein the 2AI is a pyrethrin. 245D. The composition of 1D, wherein the 2AI is pyridaben. 246D. The composition of 1D, wherein the 2AI is pyridalyl. 247D. The composition of 1D, wherein the 2AI is pyrifluquinazone. 248D. The composition of 1D, wherein the 2AI is pyrimidifen. 249D. The composition of 1D, wherein the 2AI is pyriprole. 250D. The composition of 1D, wherein the 2AI is pyriproxyfen. 251D. The composition of 1D, wherein the 2AI is quinalphos. 252D. The composition of 1D wherein said 2AI is rafoxanide. 253D. The composition of 1D wherein the 2AI is lenofluthrin. 254D. The composition of 1D, wherein the 2AI is resmethrin. 255D. The composition of 1D, wherein said 2AI is rhodojaponin-III. 256D. The composition of 1D, wherein the 2AI is rotenone. 257D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is riania. 258D. The composition of 1D, wherein said 2AI is sabajila. 259D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is sanguinarine. 260D. The composition of 1D wherein the 2AI is sarolaner. 261D. The composition of 1D, wherein the 2AI is selamectin. 262D. The composition of 1D, wherein the 2AI is semiamitraz. 263D. The composition of 1D, wherein the 2AI is silafluofen. 264D. The composition of 1D, wherein the 2AI is sodium thiocyanate. 265D. The composition of 1D, wherein the 2AI is spinetoram. 266D. The composition of 1D, wherein said 2AI is spinosad. 267D. The composition of 1D, wherein the 2AI is spirodiclofen. 268D. The composition of 1D, wherein the 2AI is spiromesifen. 269D. The composition of 1D, wherein said 2AI is spiropyridione. 270D. The composition of 1D, wherein said 2AI is spirotetramate. 271D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is sulfofuron. 272D. The composition of 1D, wherein the 2AI is sulfluramide. 273D. The composition of 1D, wherein said 2AI is sulfoxaflor. 274D. The composition of 1D, wherein the 2AI is a sulfoxime. 275D. The composition of 1D, wherein said 2AI is tau-fluvalinate. 276D. The composition of 1D, wherein said 2AI is tebufenozide. 277D. The composition of 1D, wherein said 2AI is tebufenpyrad. 278D. The composition of 1D, wherein the 2AI is teflubenzuron. 279D. The composition of 1D, wherein the 2AI is tefluthrin. 280D. The composition of 1D, wherein the 2AI is temephos. 281D. The composition of 1D, wherein the 2AI is terbufos. 282D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is tetrachlorantraniliprole. 283D. The composition of 1D, wherein said 2AI is tetradifon. 284D. The composition of 1D, wherein the 2AI is tetramethrin. 285D. The composition of 1D, wherein the 2AI is tetramethrin [(1R)-isomer]. 286D. The composition of 1D, wherein said 2AI is tetramethylfulthrin. 287D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is tetraniliprole. 288D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is theta-cypermethrin. 289D. The composition of 1D, wherein the 2AI is thiacloprid. 290D. The composition of 1D, wherein the 2AI is thiamethoxam. 291D. The composition of 1D, wherein the 2AI is tiapronil. 292D. The composition of 1D, wherein the 2AI is thiocyclam. 293D. The composition of 1D, wherein the 2AI is thiodicarb. 294D. The composition of 1D, wherein the 2AI is thiometon. 295D. The composition of 1D, wherein the 2AI is thiosultap. 296D. The composition of 1D, wherein the 2AI is thiosultap-sodium. 297D. The composition of 1D, wherein the 2AI is thuringiensin. 298D. The composition of 1D, wherein the 2AI is thioxazaphen. 299D. The composition of 1D, wherein said 2AI is a chirpate. 300D. The composition of 1D, wherein the 2AI is tolfenpyrad. 301D. The composition of 1D, wherein the 2AI is tralocitrine. 302D. The composition of 1D, wherein said 2AI is tralomethrin. 303D. The composition of 1D, wherein the 2AI is transfluthrin. 304D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is transpermethrin. 305D. The composition of 1D, wherein said 2AI is triaraten. 306D. The composition of 1D, wherein the 2AI is triazophos. 307D. The composition of 1D, wherein said 2AI is trichlorfon. 308D. The composition of 1D, wherein said 2AI is triflumezopyrim. 309D. The composition of 1D, wherein the 2AI is triflumuron. 310D. The composition of 1D, wherein said 2AI is triptolide. 311D. The composition of 1D, wherein the 2AI is cyclopyrazoflor. 312D. The composition of 1D, wherein said 2AI is valerate. 313D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is vaniliprole. 314D. The composition of 1D, wherein said 2AI is icidin. 315D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is zeta-cypermethrin. 316D. The composition of 1D, wherein said 2AI is α-ecdysone. 317D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the two AIs are selected from AIGAs. 318D. The composition of 1D, wherein the 2AI is selected from acaricides, algicides, antifeedants, bird killers, bactericides, bird repellents, chemosterilants, fungicides, herbicide antidotes, herbicides, insect attractants, insect repellents, insecticides, mammalian repellents, mating disruptants, molluscicides, nematicides, plant activators, plant health stimulators or promoters, nitrification inhibitors, plant growth regulators, rodenticides, synergists, and viricides. 319D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AIs are selected from AIGA-2. 320D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AIs are selected from AIGA-3. 321D. The composition of 1D, wherein the 2AI is a biopesticide. 322D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is selected from an acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitor. 323D. The composition of 1D, wherein the 2AI is selected from GABA-gated chloride channel blockers. 324D. The composition of 1D, wherein the 2AI is selected from sodium channel modulators. 324D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is selected from nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) competitive modulators. 325D. Any of the compositions detailed above, wherein the composition further comprises an AI selected from a nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) allosteric modulator - Site I. 325D. The composition of 1D, wherein the 2AI is selected from glutamate-gated chloride channel (GLUCL) allosteric modulators. 326D. The composition of 1D, wherein the 2AI is selected from juvenile hormone mimetics. 327D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is selected from multiple non-specific (multi-site) inhibitors. 328D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is selected from chordotonal organ TRPV channel modulators. 329D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is selected from mite growth inhibitors. 330D. The composition of 1D, wherein the 2AI is selected from microbial disruptors of the insect midgut membrane. 331D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is selected from a mitochondrial ATP synthase inhibitor. 332D. The composition of 1D, wherein the 2AI is selected from uncouplers of oxidative phosphorylation via disruption of the proton gradient. 333D. The composition of 1D, wherein the 2AI is selected from nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) channel blockers. 334D. The combination described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is selected from chitin biosynthesis inhibitors type 0. 335D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is selected from chitin biosynthesis inhibitors type 1. 336D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is selected from dipteran molting disruptors. 337D. The composition of 1D, wherein the 2AI is selected from ecdysone receptor agonists. 338D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is selected from octopamine receptor agonists. 339D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is selected from mitochondrial complex III electron transport inhibitors. 340D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is selected from mitochondrial complex I electron transport inhibitors. 341D. The composition of 1D, wherein the 2AI is selected from voltage-gated sodium channel blockers. 342D. The composition of 1D, wherein the 2AI is selected from an acetyl-CoA carboxylase inhibitor. 343D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is selected from mitochondrial complex IV electron transport inhibitors. 345D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is selected from mitochondrial complex II electron transport inhibitors. 346D. The composition of 1D, wherein the 2AI is selected from ryanodine receptor modulators. 347D. The composition of 1D, wherein said 2AI is selected from chordotonal organ modulators (undefined target site). 348D. The composition of 1D, wherein the 2AI is selected from a GABA-gated chloride channel allosteric modulator. 349D. The composition of 1D, wherein the 2AI is selected from a baculovirus. 350D. Any of the compositions detailed above, wherein the composition further comprises a nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) allosteric modulator - Site II. 351D. The composition of 1D, wherein the 2AI is selected from Group UN. 352D. The composition of 1D, wherein said 2AI is selected from Group UNB. 353D. The composition of 1D, wherein the 2AI is selected from Group UNE. 354D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is selected from Group UNF. 355D. The composition of 1D, wherein the 2AI is selected from Group UNM. 356D. The composition of 1D, wherein the 2AI is a fungicide. 357D. The composition of 1D, wherein said 2AI is a herbicide. 358D. The seed treatment composition of 1D, wherein the two AIs are azoxystrobin, and the composition may optionally comprise one or more AIs selected from AIGA. 359D. The seed treatment composition of 358D, wherein the one or more AIs are selected from fludioxonil, mefenoxam, sedaxane, fipronil, pyraclostrobin, thiophanate-methyl, fluazinam, metalaxyl-M, thiabendazole, fluopicolide, fluoxastrobin, imidacloprid, tebuconazole, metalaxyl, and thiodicarb. The seed may optionally be a genetically modified seed, a seed treated with the seed treatment composition according to 358D or 359D. 361D. A composition according to any of those detailed above, wherein the weight ratio of (a) the molecule of formula 1 (F1) to (b) the second active ingredient is from about 1000:1 to about 1:1000, or from about 100:1 to about 1:100. 362D. A composition according to any of those detailed above, wherein the weight ratio of (a) the molecule of formula 1 (F1) to (b) the second active ingredient is from about 50:1 to about 1:50. 363D. A composition according to any of those detailed above, wherein the weight ratio of (a) the molecule of formula 1 (F1) to (b) the second active ingredient is from about 20:1 to about 1:20. 364D. A composition according to any of those detailed above, wherein the weight ratio of (a) the molecule of formula 1 (F1) to (b) the second active ingredient is from about 10:1 to about 1:10. 365D. A composition according to any of those detailed above, wherein the weight ratio of (a) the molecule of formula 1 (F1) to (b) the second active ingredient is from about 5:1 to about 1:5. 366D. A composition according to any of those detailed above, wherein the weight ratio of (a) the molecule of formula 1 (F1) to (b) the second active ingredient is from about 3:1 to about 1:3. 367D. A composition according to any of those detailed above, wherein the weight ratio of (a) the molecule of formula 1 (F1) to (b) the second active ingredient is from about 2:1 to about 1:2. 368D. A composition according to any of those detailed above, wherein the weight ratio of (a) the molecule of formula 1 (F1) to (b) the second active ingredient is about 1:1. 369D. A composition according to any of those detailed above, wherein the weight ratio of (a) the molecule of formula 1 (F1) to (b) the second active ingredient is X:Y, where X is the part by weight of the molecule of (a) formula 1 (F1) and Y is the part by weight of (b) the second active ingredient, and further, the numerical range of the part by weight of X is 0 < X ≦ 100, the part by weight of Y is 0 < Y ≦ 100, and further X and Y are selected from Table 4. 370D. A method for controlling pests, comprising applying an agriculturally effective amount of the composition according to any one of 1D to 369D detailed above to an area. 371.5D The method of detail 370D, wherein the pest is Mahanarva fimbriolata or Nilaparvata lugens or both. 371D. The method of detail 370D, wherein said pest is selected from the group consisting of ants, aphids, bedbugs, beetles, silverfish, caterpillars, cockroaches, crickets, earwigs, fleas, flies, grasshoppers, grubs, leafhoppers, lice, locusts, lygas bugs, maggots, mealybugs, mites, mosquitoes, nematodes, planthoppers, psyllids, rootworms, sawflies, scale insects, silverfish, slugs, snails, spiders, springtails, stink bugs, symphytes, termites, thrips, mites, digger wasps, whiteflies, scarabs, and wireworms. 372D. The method of detail 370D, wherein the pest is a sap-feeding pest. 373D. The method of detail 370D, wherein the pest is a chewing pest. 374D. The method of detail 370D, wherein the composition is applied to soil. 375D. The method of detail 370D, wherein the composition is applied to the foliage of the plant. 376D. The method of detail 370D, wherein the area is growing rice, bananas, corn, coffee beans, soybeans, cotton, tree nuts, peanuts, potatoes, sorghum, sugarcane, canola, tea, grapes, turf, ornamentals, wheat, barley, alfalfa, tree fruits, tropical fruits, oil palm, plantation crops, or other fruits or vegetables. 377D. The composition of detail 360D, wherein the seed is a cotton seed, a sunflower seed, a rice seed, a sugar beet seed, a rapeseed seed, a corn seed, a wheat seed, a barley seed, a millet seed, a sorghum seed, a buckwheat seed, an oat seed, a rye seed, a soybean seed, or a quinoa seed. 378D. (a) Molecule (F1) of Formula 1 [ka] and, (b) a second active ingredient or combination of second active ingredients (“2AIs”); and A seed treatment composition comprising: 379D. The composition of 378D, wherein the 2AI is: (1) Abamectin; (2) acibenzolar-S-methyl; (3) Azoxystrobin; (4) a combination of azoxystrobin, fludioxonil, mefenoxam, and sedaxane; (5) Bacillus amyloliquefaciens in combination with Trichoderma virens; (6) Bacillus amyloliquefaciens MB600; (7) Bacillus firmus I-1582; (8)Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain PTA-4838; (9) Bradyrhizobium japonicum; (10) Bradyrhizobium spp.; (11) Broflanilide; (12) Chlorantraniliprole; (13) combination of chlorantraniliprole and fluopyram; (14) a combination of chlortraniliprole, oxathiapiprolin, ipconazole, and picoxystrobin; (15) Clothianidin; (16) A combination of clothianidin and Bacillus firmus I-1582; (17) A combination of clothianidin, Bacillus firmus I-1582, and Bacillus thuringiensis; (18) a combination of clothianidin, fluopicolide, and fluoxastrobin; (19) A combination of clothianidin, penflufen, trifloxystrobin, and metalaxyl; (20) Cyantraniliprole; (21) a combination of cyantraniliprole and thiamethoxam; (22) Difenoconazole; (23) a combination of difenoconazole and mefenoxam; (24) Dimethomorph; (25) Ethaboxam; (26) Fludioxonil; (27) a combination of fludioxonil and mefenoxam; (28) a combination of fludioxonil, mefenoxam, azoxystrobin, and thiabendazole; (29) a combination of fluopicolide and fluoxastrobin; (30) Fluopyram; (31) Flupyradifurone; (32) Fluxapyroxad; (33) Imazamox; (34) Imidacloprid; (35) a combination of imidacloprid, metalaxyl, and tebuconazole; (36) a combination of imidacloprid, tebuconazole, metalaxyl, and fludioxonil; (37) a combination of imidacloprid and thiodicarb; (38) Ipconazole; (39) Ipconazole and metalaxyl combination; (40) a combination of ipconazole, metalaxyl, and imidacloprid; (41) Mefenoxam; (42) a combination of mefenoxam, thiabendazole, and fludioxonil; (43) Mefentrifluconazole; (44) Metalaxyl; (45) A combination of metalaxyl, fluxapyroxad, and pyraclostrobin; (46) Methiocarb; (47) Methoxyfenozide; (48) Myclobutanil; (49) Oxathiapiprolin; (50) A combination of oxathiapiprolin, picoxystrobin, and ipconazole; (51) Picoxystrobin; (52) Prothioconazole and metalaxyl combination; (53) A combination of prothioconazole, penflufen, and metalaxyl; (54) Pyraclostrobin; (55) A combination of pyraclostrobin, fluxapyroxad, triticonazole, and metalaxyl; (56) Sedaxane; (57) Spinetoram; (58) Spinosad; (59) sulfoxaflor; (60) Tebuconazole; (61) A combination of tebuconazole, prothioconazole, and metalaxyl; (62) Tefluthrin; (63) Thiamethoxam; (64) A combination of thiamethoxam, difenoconazole, mefenoxam, fludioxonil, and sedaxane; (65) A combination of thiamethoxam, fludioxonil, and mefenoxam; (66) A combination of thiamethoxam, mefenoxam, and difenoconazole; (67) Chilam; (68) thioxazaphen; or (69) Triflumezopyrim. 380D. The composition according to 379D, wherein the 2AI is: (1) Fenpicoxamid; (2) Florylpicoxamide; (3) one or more members of FGK-1; (4) one or more members of FGK-2; (5) FGK-3; (6) FGK-4; or (7) Any combination of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6.

[0161] The headings herein are for convenience only and should not be used to interpret any part of this document.

[0162] The table sections are as follows, including Tables B1, B2, B3, B4, B5, and B6.

[0163] [Table 3]

[0164] [Table 4]

[0165] [Table 5]

[0166] [Table 6]

[0167] [Table 7]

[0168] [Table 8]

Claims

1. (a) Molecule of Formula 1 (F1) 【Chemistry 1】 and, (b) a second active ingredient (“2AI”) selected from the group consisting of tetraniliprole, beta-cyflutiline, and deltamethrin; and A composition comprising:

2. 2. The composition of claim 1, wherein the 2AI is tetraniliprole.

3. 2. The composition of claim 1, wherein the 2AI is beta-cyflutilin.

4. 2. The composition of claim 1, wherein the 2AI is deltamethrin.

5. 5. The composition of any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the weight ratio of (a) molecules of formula 1 (F1) to (b) the second active ingredient is from 10,000:1 to 1:10,000.

6. 6. The composition of any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein the weight ratio of (a) molecules of formula 1 (F1) to (b) the second active ingredient is 1:1.

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