Signaling Parameter Set for Geometry-Based Point Cloud Streams

Abstract

Systems, methods, and means for a signaling parameter set for a geometry-based point cloud stream are disclosed. In an example, a device may receive an International Organization for Standardization (ISO) Base Media File Format (ISOBMFF) file. The ISOBMFF file may include geometry-based point cloud compression (G-PCC) data carried using one or more tracks having sample group description information and sample-group box information. The sample group description information may indicate grouping type information and a plurality of sample group description entries indicating geometry-based volume or point cloud parameter set information. The sample-group box information may include one or more sample-group box entries, each sample-group box entry having a plurality of entry parameters including grouping type information, grouping type parameters, and a sample group description index.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] (Cross - Reference to Related Applications) This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63 / 356,335, filed on June 28, 2022, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.

Background Art

[0002] Video coding systems can be used to compress digital video signals to reduce, for example, the storage capacity and / or transmission bandwidth required for such signals. Examples of video coding systems can include block - based systems such as wavelet - based systems, object - based systems, and / or block - based hybrid video coding systems. The representation and / or compression mechanisms used for storing and / or transmitting point cloud data may not be efficient.

Summary of the Invention

[0003] A system, method, and means for a signaling parameter set for a geometry - based point cloud stream are disclosed.

[0004] An exemplary device may receive an International Organization for Standardization (ISO) Base Media File Format (ISOBMFF) file. The ISOBMFF file may include geometry-based point cloud compression (G-PCC) data carried using one or more tracks having sample group description information and sample-to-group box information. The sample group description information may indicate grouping type information and a plurality of sample group description entries indicating geometry-based volume or point cloud parameter set information. The sample-to-group box information may include one or more sample-to-group box entries, each sample-to-group box entry having a plurality of entry parameters including grouping type information, grouping type parameters, and a sample group description index. The entry parameters may further include an entry count and / or a sample count.

[0005] In an example, the device may receive an indication of geometry-based point cloud compression (G-PCC) samples and G-PCC information. The G-PCC samples may be associated with a plurality of tracks. The G-PCC information may include parameter set information, and the parameter set information may include information associated with a set of samples. The device may determine that the parameter set information has changed from a first time to a second time. Based on the change in the parameter set information, the device may group the G-PCC samples for each of the plurality of tracks. The grouped G-PCC samples may include the same parameter set information.

[0006] Each feature disclosed herein can be described and implemented separately / individually, and in combination with any other feature disclosed herein, and / or in any combination with any feature disclosed elsewhere that can be implicitly or explicitly referenced herein, or that can otherwise fall within the scope of the subject matter disclosed herein.

Brief Description of the Drawings

[0007]

Figure 1A

Figure 1B

Figure 1C

Figure 1D

Figure 2

Figure 3

Figure 4

Figure 5

Figure 6

Figure 7

Figure 8

Figure 9

Figure 10

Figure 11

Figure 12

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0008] Here, a detailed description of exemplary embodiments will be given with reference to various figures. It should be noted that this description provides detailed examples of possible implementations, but the details are intended to be exemplary and in no way limit the scope of this application.

[0009] FIG. 1A is a diagram illustrating an exemplary communication system 100 in which one or more of the disclosed embodiments may be implemented. The communication system 100 may be a multiple access system that provides content such as voice, data, video, messaging, broadcast, etc. to a plurality of wireless users. The communication system 100 may enable a plurality of wireless users to access such content through sharing of system resources including wireless bandwidth. For example, the communication system 100 may employ one or more channel access methods such as code division multiple access (CDMA), time division multiple access (TDMA), frequency division multiple access (FDMA), orthogonal FDMA (OFDMA), single-carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA), zero-tail unique-word DFT-Spread OFDM (ZT UW DTS-s OFDM), unique word OFDM (UW-OFDM), resource block filtered OFDM, filter bank multicarrier (FBMC).

[0010] As shown in Figure 1A, the communication system 100 can include wireless transmit / receive units (WTRUs) 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d, a RAN 104 / 113, a CN 106 / 115, a public switched telephone network (PSTN) 108, the Internet 110, and other networks 112, although it will be understood that the disclosed embodiments contemplate any number of WTRUs, base stations, networks, and / or network elements. Each of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d can be any type of device configured to operate and / or communicate in a wireless environment. By way of example, the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d, any of which can be referred to as a "station" and / or "STA", can be configured to transmit and / or receive wireless signals and can be user equipment (UE), a mobile station, a fixed subscriber unit or a mobile subscriber unit, a subscriber-based unit, a pager, a cellular phone, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a smartphone, a laptop, a netbook, a personal computer, a wireless sensor, a hotspot or Mi-Fi device, an Internet of Things (IoT) device, a watch or other wearable device, a head-mounted display (HMD), a vehicle, a drone, a medical device and application (e.g., for remote surgery), an industrial device and application (e.g., a robot and / or other wireless device operating in an industrial and / or automated processing chain context), a home appliance device, a device operating in a commercial wireless network and / or an industrial wireless network, etc. Any of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, and 102d can be interchangeably referred to as a UE.

[0011] The communication system 100 may also include base station 114a and / or base station 114b. Each of base stations 114a, 114b may be any type of device configured to wirelessly interface with at least one of WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d to facilitate access to one or more communication networks such as CN106 / 115, Internet 110, and / or other network 112. By way of example, base stations 114a, 114b may be a base transceiver station (BTS), Node B, eNode B, Home Node B, Home eNode B, gNB, NR Node B, site controller, access point (AP), wireless router, etc. Although base stations 114a, 114b are each depicted as a single element, it will be understood that base stations 114a, 114b may include any number of interconnected base stations and / or network elements.

[0012] Base station 114a may be part of RAN 104 / 113 and may also include other base stations and / or network elements (not shown) such as a base station controller (BSC), a radio network controller (RNC), a relay node, etc. Base station 114a and / or base station 114b may be configured to transmit and / or receive radio signals at one or more carrier frequencies, which may be referred to as a cell (not shown). These frequencies may be licensed spectrum, unlicensed spectrum, or a combination of licensed and unlicensed spectrum. The cell may provide coverage of wireless services in a particular geographic area that may be relatively fixed or may change over time. The cell may be further divided into cell sectors. For example, the cell associated with base station 114a may be divided into three sectors. Thus, in one embodiment, base station 114a may include three transceivers, i.e., one transceiver for each sector of the cell. In one embodiment, base station 114a may employ multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) technology and may utilize multiple transceivers for each sector of the cell. For example, beamforming may be used to transmit and / or receive signals in a desired spatial direction.

[0013] Base stations 114a, 114b may communicate with one or more of WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d via air interface 116, which may be any suitable wireless communication link (e.g., radio frequency (RF), microwave, centimeter wave, micrometer wave, infrared (IR), ultraviolet (UV), visible light, etc.). Air interface 116 may be established using any suitable radio access technology (RAT).

[0014] More specifically, as described above, the communication system 100 may be a multiple access system, and may employ one or more channel access methods such as CDMA, TDMA, FDMA, OFDMA, SC-FDMA, etc. For example, the base stations 114a within RAN104 / 113, and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement radio technologies such as Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA), which may use wideband CDMA (WCDMA) to establish the air interfaces 115 / 116 / 117. WCDMA may include communication protocols such as High-Speed Packet Access (HSPA) and / or Evolved HSPA (HSPA+). HSPA may include High-Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) and / or High-Speed UL Packet Access (HSUPA).

[0015] In one embodiment, the base station 114a and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement radio technologies such as Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA), which may use Long Term Evolution (LTE) and / or LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) and / or LTE-Advanced Pro (LTE-A Pro) to establish the air interface 116.

[0016] In one embodiment, the base station 114a, and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement radio technologies such as NR radio access, which may use New Radio (NR) technology to establish the air interface 116.

[0017] In one embodiment, base station 114a and WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement multiple radio access technologies. For example, base station 114a and WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement LTE radio access and NR radio access together, for example, using the dual connectivity (DC) principle. Accordingly, the air interface utilized by WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may be characterized by transmissions sent between multiple types of radio access technologies and / or multiple types of base stations (e.g., eNBs and gNBs).

[0018] In other embodiments, base station 114a and WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement wireless technologies such as IEEE 802.11 (i.e., Wireless Fidelity (WiFi)), IEEE 802.16 (i.e., Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX)), CDMA2000, CDMA2000 1X, CDMA2000 EV-DO, Interim Standard 2000 (IS-2000), IS-95, IS-856, Global System for Mobile communications (GSM), Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE), GSM EDGE (GERAN), etc.

[0019] The base station 114b in FIG. 1A can be, for example, a wireless router, a home node B, a home eNode B, or an access point, and can utilize any suitable RAT to facilitate wireless connections in a local area such as an office, a home, a vehicle, a campus, an industrial facility, an aerial corridor (for example, for use by a drone), a road, etc. In one embodiment, the base station 114b and the WTRUs 102c, 102d can implement a wireless technology such as IEEE 802.11 to establish a wireless local area network (WLAN). In one embodiment, the base station 114b and the WTRUs 102c, 102d can implement a wireless technology such as IEEE 802.15 to establish a wireless personal area network (WPAN). In yet another embodiment, the base station 114b and the WTRUs 102c, 102d can utilize a cellular-based RAT (for example, WCDMA, CDMA2000, GSM, LTE, LTE-A, LTE-A Pro, NR, etc.) to establish a pico cell or a femto cell. As shown in FIG. 1A, the base station 114b can have a direct connection to the Internet 110. Thus, the base station 114b may not need to access the Internet 110 via the CN 106 / 115.

[0020] RAN 104 / 113 can communicate with CN 106 / 115, which can be any type of network configured to provide voice, data, applications, and / or voice over internet protocol (VoIP) services to one or more of WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d. The data can have various quality of service (QoS) requirements, such as different throughput requirements, latency requirements, error tolerance requirements, reliability requirements, data throughput requirements, mobility requirements, etc. CN 106 / 115 can provide call control, billing services, mobile location-based services, prepaid calls, internet connections, video distribution, etc., and / or perform high-level security functions such as user authentication. Although not shown in Figure 1A, it will be understood that RAN 104 / 113 and / or CN 106 / 115 can communicate directly or indirectly with other RANs that employ the same RAT or a different RAT as RAN 104 / 113. For example, in addition to being connected to a RAN 104 / 113 that can utilize NR radio technology, CN 106 / 115 can also communicate with another RAN (not shown) using GSM, UMTS, CDMA2000, WiMAX, E-UTRA, or WiFi radio technology.

[0021] CN106 / 115 may also serve as a gateway for WTRU102a, 102b, 102c, 102d to access the PSTN108, the Internet 110, and / or other networks 112. The PSTN108 may include a circuit-switched telephone network that provides a plain old telephone service (POTS). The Internet 110 may include a global system of interconnected computer networks and devices, where these networks and devices use a common communication protocol such as the transmission control protocol (TCP), the user datagram protocol (UDP), and / or the Internet protocol (IP) of the TCP / IP Internet protocol suite. The network 112 may include a wired communication network and / or a wireless communication network that is owned and / or operated by another service provider. For example, the network 112 may include another CN connected to one or more RANs that may employ the same RAT or a different RAT as the RAN104 / 113.

[0022] Some or all of the WTRU102a, 102b, 102c, 102d in the communication system 100 may include a multi-mode function (e.g., the WTRU102a, 102b, 102c, 102d may include multiple transceivers for communicating with different wireless networks via different wireless links). For example, the WTRU102c shown in FIG. 1A may be configured to communicate with a base station 114a that may employ a cellular-based wireless technology and a base station 114b that may employ IEEE802 wireless technology.

[0023] Figure 1B is a system diagram illustrating an exemplary WTRU 102. As shown in Figure 1B, the WTRU 102 can include, among other things, a processor 118, a transceiver 120, a transmit / receive element 122, a speaker / microphone 124, a keypad 126, a display / touchpad 128, a non-removable memory 130, a removable memory 132, a power supply 134, a global positioning system (GPS) chipset 136, and / or other peripheral devices 138. It will be understood that the WTRU 102 can include any partial combination of the foregoing elements while remaining consistent with one embodiment.

[0024] The processor 118 can be a general-purpose processor, a dedicated processor, a conventional processor, a digital signal processor (DSP), a plurality of microprocessors, one or more microprocessors associated with a DSP core, a controller, a microcontroller, an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a field programmable gate array (FPGA) circuit, any other type of integrated circuit (IC), a state machine, etc. The processor 118 can perform signal coding, data processing, power control, input / output processing, and / or any other function that enables the WTRU 102 to operate in a wireless environment. The processor 118 can be coupled to the transceiver 120 which can be coupled to the transmit / receive element 122. Although Figure 1B depicts the processor 118 and the transceiver 120 as separate components, it will be understood that the processor 118 and the transceiver 120 can be integrated together in an electronic package or chip.

[0025] The transmit / receive element 122 can be configured to transmit signals to or receive signals from a base station (e.g., base station 114a) via the air interface 116. For example, in one embodiment, the transmit / receive element 122 can be an antenna configured to transmit and / or receive RF signals. In one embodiment, the transmit / receive element 122 can be an emitter / detector configured to transmit and / or receive, for example, IR signals, UV signals, or visible light signals. In yet another embodiment, the transmit / receive element 122 can be configured to transmit and / or receive both RF signals and optical signals. It will be understood that the transmit / receive element 122 can be configured to transmit and / or receive any combination of wireless signals.

[0026] Although the transmit / receive element 122 is depicted in FIG. 1B as a single element, the WTRU 102 can include any number of transmit / receive elements 122. More specifically, the WTRU 102 can employ MIMO technology. Thus, in one embodiment, the WTRU 102 can include two or more transmit / receive elements 122 (e.g., multiple antennas) for transmitting and receiving wireless signals via the air interface 116.

[0027] The transceiver 120 can be configured to modulate signals transmitted by the transmit / receive element 122 and demodulate signals received by the transmit / receive element 122. As noted above, the WTRU 102 can have a multimode function. Thus, the transceiver 120 can include multiple transceivers to enable the WTRU 102 to communicate via multiple RATs such as, for example, NR and IEEE 802.11.

[0028] The processor 118 of the WTRU 102 can be coupled to the speaker / microphone 124, keypad 126, and / or display / touchpad 128 (e.g., a liquid crystal display (LCD) display unit or an organic light-emitting diode (OLED) display unit), and can receive data input by the user from these. The processor 118 can also output user data to the speaker / microphone 124, keypad 126, and / or display / touchpad 128. In addition, the processor 118 can access information from and store data in any suitable type of memory, such as the non-removable memory 130 and / or the removable memory 132. The non-removable memory 130 can include random-access memory (RAM), read-only memory (ROM), a hard disk, or any other type of memory storage device. The removable memory 132 can include a subscriber identity module (SIM) card, a memory stick, a secure digital (SD) memory card, etc. In other embodiments, the processor 118 can access information from and store data in a memory that is not physically located on the WTRU 102, such as on a server or a home computer (not shown).

[0029] Processor 118 may receive power from power supply 134 and may be configured to distribute and / or control power to other components in WTRU 102. Power supply 134 may be any suitable device for supplying power to WTRU 102. For example, power supply 134 may include one or more dry batteries (e.g., nickel-cadmium (NiCd), nickel-zinc (NiZn), nickel metal hydride (NiMH), lithium-ion (Li-ion), etc.), solar cells, fuel cells, and the like.

[0030] Processor 118 may also be coupled to GPS chipset 136, which may be configured to provide location information (e.g., longitude and latitude) regarding the current position of WTRU 102. In addition to, or instead of, the information from GPS chipset 136, WTRU 102 may receive location information from a base station (e.g., base stations 114a, 114b) via air interface 116 and / or may determine its location based on the timing of signals received from two or more neighboring base stations. It will be understood that WTRU 102 may obtain location information by any suitable location determination method while remaining consistent with one embodiment.

[0031] Processor 118 may further be coupled to other peripheral devices 138, which may include one or more software and / or hardware modules that provide additional features, functions, and / or wired or wireless connections. For example, peripheral devices 138 may include an accelerometer, an electronic compass, a satellite transceiver, a digital camera (for photos and / or videos), a universal serial bus (USB) port, a vibration device, a television transceiver, a hands-free headset, a Bluetooth® module, a frequency modulated (FM) radio unit, a digital music player, a media player, a video game player module, an Internet browser, a Virtual Reality / Augmented Reality (VR / AR) device, an activity tracker, etc. Peripheral devices 138 may include one or more sensors, which may be one or more of a gyroscope, an accelerometer, a Hall effect sensor, a magnetometer, an orientation sensor, a proximity sensor, a temperature sensor, a time sensor, a geolocation sensor, an altimeter, a light sensor, a touch sensor, a magnetometer, a barometer, a gesture sensor, a biometric sensor, and / or a humidity sensor.

[0032] The WTRU 102 may include a full-duplex radio in which some or all of the transmission and reception of signals associated with a particular subframe (e.g., for both UL (e.g., for transmission) and downlink (e.g., for reception)) may be parallel and / or simultaneous. The full-duplex radio may include an interference management unit for reducing and / or substantially eliminating self-interference either via hardware (e.g., choke) or via signal processing through a processor (e.g., a separate processor (not shown) or via processor 118). In one embodiment, the WRTU 102 may include a half-duplex radio for the transmission and reception of any of some or all of the signals (e.g., associated with a particular subframe for either UL (e.g., for transmission) or downlink (e.g., for reception)).

[0033] Figure 1C is a system diagram illustrating RAN 104 and CN 106 according to one embodiment. As described above, RAN 104 may employ E-UTRA radio technology to communicate with WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c via air interface 116. RAN 104 may also communicate with CN 106.

[0034] RAN 104 may include eNodeBs 160a, 160b, 160c, although it will be understood that RAN 104 may include any number of eNodeBs while remaining consistent with one embodiment. Each of eNodeBs 160a, 160b, 160c may include one or more transceivers for communicating with WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c via air interface 116. In one embodiment, eNodeBs 160a, 160b, 160c may implement MIMO technology. Thus, eNodeB 160a, for example, may transmit wireless signals to and / or receive wireless signals from WTRU 102a using multiple antennas.

[0035] Each of eNodeBs 160a, 160b, 160c may be associated with a particular cell (not shown) and may be configured to handle radio resource management decisions, handover decisions, user scheduling in UL and / or DL, etc. As shown in Figure 1C, eNodeBs 160a, 160b, 160c may communicate with each other via the X2 interface.

[0036] CN 106 shown in Figure 1C may include a mobility management entity (MME) 162, a serving gateway (SGW) 164, and a packet data network (PDN) gateway (or PGW) 166. Although each of the foregoing elements is depicted as part of CN 106, it will be understood that any of these elements may be owned and / or operated by an entity other than a CN operator.

[0037] The MME 162 can be connected to each of the eNodeBs 162a, 162b, 162c in the RAN 104 via the S1 interface and can function as a control node. For example, the MME 162 can play roles such as authenticating users of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, activating / deactivating bearers, selecting a specific serving gateway during the initial attach of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, etc. The MME 162 can provide control plane functions for switching between the RAN 104 and other RANs (not shown) that employ other radio technologies such as GSM and / or WCDMA.

[0038] The SGW 164 can be connected to each of the eNodeBs 160a, 160b, 160c in the RAN 104 via the S1 interface. The SGW 164 can generally route and transfer user data packets to and from the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c. The SGW 164 can perform other functions such as the function of anchoring the user plane during handover between eNodeBs, the function of triggering paging when DL data is available to the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, and the function of managing and storing the context of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c.

[0039] The SGW 164 can be connected to the PGW 166, and the PGW 166 can provide the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to a packet switched network such as the Internet 110 to facilitate communication between the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c and IP-enabled devices.

[0040] CN106 can facilitate communication with other networks. For example, CN106 can provide access to a circuit-switched network such as the PSTN 108 to the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c to facilitate communication between the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c and a conventional landline communication device. For example, CN106 can include or communicate with an IP gateway (e.g., an IP multimedia subsystem (IMS) server) that functions as an interface between CN106 and the PSTN 108. In addition, CN106 can provide the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to another network 112, which can include other wired and / or wireless networks owned and / or operated by other service providers.

[0041] The WTRU is described as a wireless terminal in FIGS. 1A - 1D, but in certain representative embodiments, it is contemplated that such a terminal can (e.g., temporarily or permanently) use a wired communication interface with a communication network.

[0042] In a representative embodiment, the other network 112 can be a WLAN.

[0043] A WLAN in Infrastructure Basic Service Set (BSS) mode may have an access point (AP) of the BSS and one or more stations (STAs) associated with the AP. The AP may have access or an interface to another type of wired / wireless network that carries traffic within and / or outside the Distribution System (DS) or BSS. Traffic to an STA originating from outside the BSS may reach and be delivered to the STA through the AP. Traffic originating from an STA to a destination outside the BSS may be sent to the AP to be delivered to their respective destinations. Traffic between STAs within the BSS may be sent, for example, through the AP, where the source STA may send the traffic to the AP and the AP may deliver the traffic to the destination STA. Traffic between STAs within the BSS may be considered and / or referred to as peer-to-peer traffic. Peer-to-peer traffic may be sent between the source STA and the destination STA (e.g., directly between them) using direct link setup (DLS). In certain representative embodiments, DLS may use 802.11e DLS or 802.11z tunneled DLS (TDLS). A WLAN using Independent BSS (IBSS) mode may not have an AP, and STAs within or using the IBSS (e.g., all of the STAs) may communicate directly with each other. The IBSS mode of communication may be referred to herein as the "ad hoc" communication mode.

[0044] When using the 802.11ac infrastructure operation mode or a similar operation mode, the AP may transmit beacons on a fixed channel such as the primary channel. The primary channel can be of a fixed width (e.g., a 20 MHz wide bandwidth) or a width dynamically set via signaling. The primary channel can be the operating channel of the BSS, but can also be used by the STA to establish a connection with the AP. In certain representative embodiments, for example, in an 802.11 system, Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance (CSMA / CA) can be implemented. In the case of CSMA / CA, STAs including the AP (e.g., all STAs) can sense the primary channel. If the primary channel is sensed / detected and / or determined to be busy by a particular STA, the particular STA can back off. Only one STA (e.g., only one station) can transmit at any given time in a given BSS.

[0045] A High Throughput (HT) STA may use a 40 MHz wide channel for communication, and this 40 MHz wide channel can be formed, for example, through a combination of a primary 20 MHz channel and an adjacent or non - adjacent 20 MHz channel.

[0046] A Very High Throughput (VHT) STA can support channels with widths of 20 MHz, 40 MHz, 80 MHz, and / or 160 MHz. A 40 MHz and / or 80 MHz channel can be formed by combining a plurality of consecutive 20 MHz channels. A 160 MHz channel can be formed by combining eight consecutive 20 MHz channels or by combining two non - consecutive 80 MHz channels, which can be referred to as an 80 + 80 configuration. In the case of the 80 + 80 configuration, after channel encoding, the data can pass through a segment parser that can divide the data into two streams. The Inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT) process and the time - domain process can be performed separately for each stream. The streams can be mapped to two 80 MHz channels, and the data can be transmitted by the transmitting STA. At the receiver of the receiving STA, the operations described above for the 80 + 80 configuration can be reversed, and the combined data can be sent to the Medium Access Control (MAC).

[0047] The operating modes below 1 GHz are supported by 802.11af and 802.11ah. The channel operating bandwidth and carriers are reduced in 802.11af and 802.11ah compared to those used in 802.11n and 802.11ac. 802.11af supports bandwidths of 5 MHz, 10 MHz, and 20 MHz in the TV White Space (TVWS) spectrum, and 802.11ah supports bandwidths of 1 MHz, 2 MHz, 4 MHz, 8 MHz, and 16 MHz using non-TVWS spectrum. According to an exemplary embodiment, 802.11ah may support meter type control / machine type communication such as MTC devices within a macro communication range area. The MTC device may have limited capabilities, including certain capabilities, such as support for a particular and / or limited bandwidth (e.g., support only for these). The MTC device may include a battery having a battery life exceeding a threshold (e.g., to maintain a very long battery life).

[0048] A WLAN system that supports a plurality of channels and channel bandwidths such as 802.11n, 802.11ac, 802.11af, and 802.11ah includes channels that can be designated as primary channels. The primary channel may have a bandwidth equal to the maximum common operating bandwidth supported by all STAs in the BSS. The bandwidth of the primary channel can be set and / or restricted by an STA from among all STAs operating in a BSS that supports a minimum bandwidth operation mode. In an example of 802.11ah, the primary channel is 1 MHz wide for an STA (e.g., an MTC type device) that supports (e.g., supports only) the 1 MHz mode even when the AP and other STAs in the BSS support 2 MHz, 4 MHz, 8 MHz, 16 MHz, and / or other channel bandwidth operation modes. Carrier sensing and / or Network Allocation Vector (NAV) setting may depend on the status of the primary channel. For example, due to an STA transmitting to an AP (supporting only the 1 MHz operation mode), if the primary channel is busy, the entire available frequency band may be considered busy even if most of the frequency band remains idle and available. [[ID=X]] [[ID=X]]

[0049] [[ID=X]] In the United States, the available frequency band that can be used by 802.11ah is 902 MHz to 928 MHz. In South Korea, the available frequency band is 917.5 MHz to 923.5 MHz. In Japan, the available frequency band is 916.5 MHz to 927.5 MHz. The total bandwidth available for 802.11ah is 6 MHz to 26 MHz depending on the country code. [[ID=X]] [[ID=X]]

[0050] [[ID=X]] FIG. 1D is a system diagram illustrating RAN 113 and CN 115 according to one embodiment. As described above, RAN 113 may use NR radio technology to communicate with WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c via air interface 116. RAN 113 may also communicate with CN 115. [[ID=X]]

[0051] RAN113 may include gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c, but it will be understood that RAN113 may include any number of gNBs while remaining consistent with one embodiment. Each of gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c may include one or more transceivers for communicating with WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c via air interface 116. In one embodiment, gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c may implement MIMO technology. For example, gNBs 180a and 108b may utilize beamforming to transmit signals to and / or receive signals from gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c. Thus, gNB 180a may transmit and / or receive radio signals to and from WTRU 102a using, for example, multiple antennas. In one embodiment, gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c may implement carrier aggregation technology. For example, gNB 180a may transmit multiple component carriers to WTRU 102a (not shown). A subset of these component carriers may be on unlicensed spectrum, while the remaining component carriers may be on licensed spectrum. In one embodiment, gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c may implement coordinated multi-point (CoMP) technology. For example, WTRU 102a may receive coordinated transmission from gNB 180a and gNB 180b (and / or gNB 180c).

[0052] WTRU102a, 102b, and 102c can communicate with gNB180a, 180b, and 180c using transmissions associated with scalable numerology. For example, the OFDM symbol interval and / or the OFDM sub-carrier interval can vary for different transmissions, different cells, and / or different portions of the radio transmission spectrum. WTRU102a, 102b, and 102c can communicate with gNB180a, 180b, and 180c using sub-frames or transmission time intervals (TTIs) of various lengths or extensible lengths (e.g., including various numbers of OFDM symbols and / or absolute time of continuously varying lengths).

[0053] gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c may be configured to communicate with WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c in a stand-alone configuration and / or a non-stand-alone configuration. In a stand-alone configuration, WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c may communicate with gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c without accessing other RANs (e.g., eNodeBs 160a, 160b, and 160c, etc.). In a stand-alone configuration, WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c may utilize one or more of gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c as a mobility anchor point. In a stand-alone configuration, WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c may communicate with gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c using signals in an unlicensed band. In a non-stand-alone configuration, WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c may communicate with and connect to gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c while also communicating with and connecting to another RAN such as eNodeBs 160a, 160b, and 160c. For example, WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c may implement a DC principle for communicating with one or more gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c and one or more eNodeBs 160a, 160b, and 160c substantially simultaneously. In a non-stand-alone configuration, eNodeBs 160a, 160b, and 160c may function as a mobility anchor for WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c, and gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c may provide additional coverage and / or throughput for serving WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c.

[0054] Each of gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c can be associated with a specific cell (not shown) and can be configured to handle radio resource management decision-making, handover decision-making, user scheduling in UL and / or DL, support for network slicing, dual connectivity, interworking between NR and E-UTRA, routing of user plane data to user plane functions (UPFs) 184a, 184b, and routing of control plane information to access and mobility management functions (AMFs) 182a, 182b, etc. As shown in FIG. 1D, gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c can communicate with each other via the Xn interface.

[0055] CN 115 shown in FIG. 1D can include at least one AMF 182a, 182b, at least one UPF 184a, 184b, at least one session management function (SMF) 183a, 183b, and optionally data networks (DNs) 185a, 185b. Although each of the foregoing elements is depicted as part of CN 115, it will be understood that any of these elements may be owned and / or operated by an entity other than the CN operator.

[0056] AMF 182a and 182b can be connected to one or more of gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c in RAN 113 via the N2 interface and can function as control nodes. For example, AMF 182a and 182b can be involved in user authentication of WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c, support for network slicing (e.g., handling different PDU sessions with different requirements), selection of specific SMFs 183a and 183b, management of the registration area, termination of NAS signaling, mobility management, etc. The network slice can be used by AMF 182a and 182b to customize the CN support for WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c based on the type of service being utilized by WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c. For example, different network slices can be established for different use cases such as services that rely on ultra-reliable low latency (URLLC) access, services that rely on enhanced massive mobile broadband (eMBB) access, services for machine type communication (MTC) access, etc. AMF 162 can provide control plane functions for switching between RAN 113 and other RANs (not shown) that employ other radio technologies such as non-3GPP access technologies like LTE, LTE-A, LTE-A Pro, and / or WiFi.

[0057] SMF183a and 183b can be connected to AMF182a and 182b in CN115 via the N11 interface. SMF183a and 183b can also be connected to UPF184a and 184b in CN115 via the N4 interface. SMF183a and 183b can select and control UPF184a and 184b and configure the routing of traffic through UPF184a and 184b. SMF183a and 183b can perform other functions such as managing and allocating UE IP addresses, managing PDU sessions, controlling policy enforcement and QoS, and providing downlink data notifications. The PDU session type can be IP-based, non-IP-based, Ethernet-based, etc.

[0058] UPF184a and 184b can be connected to one or more of gNB180a, 180b, and 180c in RAN113 via the N3 interface, thereby providing WTRU102a, 102b, and 102c with access to a packet-switched network such as the Internet 110 to facilitate communication between WTRU102a, 102b, and 102c and IP-corresponding devices. UPF184 and 184b can perform other functions such as routing and forwarding packets, enforcing user plane policies, supporting multi-home PDU sessions, handling user plane QoS, buffering downlink packets, and providing mobility anchoring.

[0059] CN115 may facilitate communication with other networks. For example, CN115 may include or communicate with an IP gateway (e.g., an IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) server) that functions as an interface between CN115 and PSTN108. Additionally, CN115 may provide access to other network 112 for WTRU102a, 102b, 102c, and other network 112 may include other wired and / or wireless networks owned and / or operated by other service providers. In one embodiment, WTRU102a, 102b, 102c may be connected to local data network (DN) 185a, 185b through UPF184a, 184b via an N3 interface to UPF184a, 184b and an N6 interface between UPF184a, 184b and DN185a, 185b.

[0060] Looking at FIGS. 1A - 1D, and the corresponding descriptions of FIGS. 1A - 1D, one or more of the functions described herein related to one or more of WTRU102a - d, base stations 114a and b, e - NodeB 160a - c, MME162, SGW164, PGW166, gNB180a - c, AMF182a and b, UPF184a and b, SMF183a and b, DN185a and b, and / or any other device described herein may be implemented by one or more emulation devices (not shown). An emulation device may be one or more devices configured to emulate one or more or all of the functions described herein. For example, an emulation device may be used to test other devices and / or simulate network and / or WTRU functionality.

[0061] An emulation device may be designed to implement one or more tests of other devices in an experimental environment and / or an operator network environment. For example, one or more emulation devices may perform one or more or all functions while being fully or partially implemented and / or deployed as part of a wired and / or wireless communication network to test other devices within the communication network. One or more emulation devices may perform one or more or all functions while being temporarily implemented / deployed as part of a wired and / or wireless communication network. An emulation device may be directly coupled to another device for testing purposes and / or may use terrestrial wireless communication to perform the test.

[0062] One or more emulation devices may perform one or more functions including all while not being implemented / deployed as part of a wired and / or wireless communication network. For example, an emulation device may be utilized in a test scenario in a test laboratory and / or in a wired and / or wireless communication network that is not deployed (e.g., for testing) to implement tests of one or more components. One or more emulation devices may be test equipment. Direct RF coupling and / or wireless communication via an RF circuit (which may include one or more antennas) may be used by an emulation device to transmit and / or receive data.

[0063] This application describes various aspects including tools, features, examples or embodiments, models, approaches, etc. Many of these aspects are specifically described and often described in a way that may sound restrictive at least to indicate individual characteristics. However, this is for the purpose of clarifying the description and is not intended to limit the application or scope of those aspects. In fact, all of the different aspects may be combined and exchanged to provide further aspects. Moreover, these aspects may similarly be combined with and exchanged with aspects described in prior applications.

[0064] The aspects described and contemplated in this application can be implemented in many different forms. The FIGS. 5-8 described herein may provide some embodiments, but other embodiments are also contemplated. The discussion of FIGS. 5-8 does not limit the scope of the implementation forms. At least one of the above aspects generally relates to video encoding and decoding, and at least one other aspect generally relates to transmitting a generated or encoded bitstream. These and other aspects can be implemented as a method, an apparatus, a computer-readable storage medium storing instructions for encoding or decoding video data according to any of the described methods, and / or a computer-readable storage medium storing a bitstream generated according to any of the described methods.

[0065] In this application, the terms "reconstructed" and "decoded" may be used interchangeably, the terms "pixel" and "sample" may be used interchangeably, and the terms "image", "picture", and "frame" may be used interchangeably.

[0066] Various methods are described herein, and each of the methods includes one or more steps or acts for achieving the described method. The order and / or use of specific steps and / or acts may be changed or combined, provided that a particular order of steps or acts is not required for the proper operation of the method. Additionally, terms such as "first", "second", etc. may be used in various embodiments to modify elements, components, steps, acts, etc., such as "first decoding" and "second decoding". The use of such terms does not imply an ordering with respect to the modified act, unless specifically required. Thus, in this embodiment, the first decoding need not be performed before the second decoding and may occur, for example, before, during, or overlapping with the second decoding.

[0067] The various methods and other aspects described in this application can each modify (e.g., be used to modify) modules of a video encoder 200 and a video decoder 300 as shown in FIGS. 2 and 3, respectively, such as pre-encoding processing 201, intra prediction 260, entropy coding 245 and / or entropy decoding module 330, intra prediction 360, post-decoding processing 385. Further, the subject matter disclosed herein presents aspects that are not limited to VVC or HEVC, and can be applied, for example, to any type, format, or version of video coding, and to extensions of any such standards and recommendations (including, e.g., VVC and HEVC), whether existing or to be developed in the future, whether described in a standard or recommendation or not. Unless otherwise indicated or technically impossible, the aspects described in this application can be used individually or in combination.

[0068] Various numerical values such as minimum and maximum value ranges (e.g., 0 to 1, 0 to N, or 0 to 255), bit values for indications or determinations, default values, ID numbers (e.g., for adaptive IDs), etc. are used in the examples described in this application. These and other specific values are for the purpose of describing the examples, and the described aspects are not limited to these specific values.

[0069] FIG. 2 is a diagram showing an exemplary video encoder. Although variations of the exemplary encoder 200 are contemplated, encoder 200 is described below for clarity without describing all the expected variations.

[0070] Prior to encoding, a video sequence can undergo pre-encoding processing (201), such as applying a color conversion to the input color picture (e.g., conversion from RGB4:4:4 to YCbCr4:2:0), or performing remapping of the input picture components (e.g., using histogram equalization of one of the color components) to obtain a more flexible signal distribution for compression. Metadata can be associated with that preprocessing and attached to the bitstream.

[0071] In encoder 200, a picture is encoded by encoder elements as follows. The picture to be encoded is divided (202) and processed, for example, in units of coding units (CUs). Each unit is encoded using, for example, either an intra mode or an inter mode. When a unit is encoded in the intra mode, intra prediction (260) is performed. In the inter mode, motion estimation (275) and motion compensation (270) are performed. The encoder determines (205) whether to use the intra mode or the inter mode to encode a unit, and indicates the intra or inter decision, for example, by a prediction mode flag. The prediction residual is calculated, for example, by subtracting the predicted block from the original image block (210).

[0072] Next, the prediction residual is transformed (225) and quantized (230). The quantized transform coefficients, along with motion vectors and other syntax elements, are entropy coded (245) to output a bitstream. The encoder can skip the transform and apply quantization directly to the untransformed residual signal. The encoder can bypass both the transform and quantization, that is, the residual is directly coded without applying the transform process or the quantization process.

[0073] The encoder decodes the encoded block to provide a reference for further prediction. The quantized transform coefficients are inverse quantized (240), inverse transformed (250), and the prediction residual is decoded. The decoded prediction residual and the predicted block are combined (255) to reconstruct the image block. A loop filter (265) is applied to the reconstructed picture to perform, for example, deblocking / Sample Adaptive Offset (SAO) filtering to reduce coding artifacts. The filtered image is stored in a reference picture buffer (280).

[0074] FIG. 3 is a diagram showing an example of a video decoder. In an exemplary decoder 300, a bitstream is decoded by decoder elements as described below. Video decoder 300 generally performs a decoding path that is the reverse of the encoding path described in FIG. 2. Encoder 200 may also generally perform video decoding as part of encoding video data. For example, encoder 200 may perform one or more of the video decoding steps presented herein. The encoder reconstructs the decoded picture and maintains synchronization with the decoder with respect to, for example, one or more of a reference picture, an entropy coding context, and other decoder-related state variables.

[0075] In particular, the input to the decoder includes a video bitstream that may be generated by video encoder 200. The bitstream is first entropy decoded (330) to obtain transform coefficients, motion vectors, and other coded information. Picture partitioning information indicates how a picture is partitioned. Thus, the decoder can partition the picture according to the decoded picture partitioning information (335). The transform coefficients are inverse quantized (340), inverse transformed (350), and the prediction residual is decoded. The decoded prediction residual is combined with the predicted block (355) to reconstruct the picture block. The predicted block can be obtained from intra prediction (360) or motion compensated prediction (i.e., inter prediction) (375) (370). An in-loop filter (365) is applied to the reconstructed picture. The filtered picture is stored in a reference picture buffer (380).

[0076] The decoded picture can further undergo post-decoding processing (385), such as inverse color conversion (e.g., conversion from YCbCr 4:2:0 to RGB 4:4:4), or inverse remapping that performs the reverse of the remapping process performed in pre-encoding processing (201). The post-decoding processing can use metadata derived in pre-encoding processing and signaled in the bitstream.

[0077] FIG. 4 is a diagram showing an example of a system in which various aspects and embodiments described in this specification can be implemented. System 400 can be embodied as a device including various components described below, and is configured to implement one or more of the aspects described in this document. Examples of such devices include, but are not limited to, various electronic devices such as personal computers, laptop computers, smartphones, tablet computers, digital multimedia set-top boxes, digital television receivers, personal video recording systems, Internet appliances, and servers. The elements of System 400 can be embodied alone or in combination in a single integrated circuit (IC), multiple ICs, and / or discrete components. For example, in at least one embodiment, the processing and encoder / decoder elements of System 400 are distributed across multiple ICs and / or discrete components. In various embodiments, System 400 is communicatively coupled to one or more other systems or other electronic devices, for example, via a communication bus or through dedicated input ports and / or output ports. In various embodiments, System 400 is configured to implement one or more of the aspects described in this specification.

[0078] System 400 includes, for example, at least one processor 410 configured to execute instructions loaded therein to implement various aspects described herein. Processor 410 can include embedded memory, input / output interfaces, and various other circuits known in the art. System 400 includes at least one memory 420 (e.g., volatile memory device and / or non-volatile memory device). System 400 includes a storage device 440, which can include non-volatile memory and / or volatile memory, including, but not limited to, electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM), read-only memory (ROM), programmable read-only memory (PROM), random access memory (RAM), dynamic random access memory (DRAM), static random access memory (SRAM), flash, magnetic disk drive, and / or optical disk drive as such memory. Examples of storage device 440 include, but are not limited to, internal storage devices, attached storage devices (including removable and non-removable storage devices), and / or network-accessible storage devices.

[0079] System 400 includes, for example, an encoder / decoder module 430 configured to process data to provide encoded or decoded video. The encoder / decoder module 430 can include its own processor and memory. The encoder / decoder module 430 represents a module that can be included within a device to perform encoding and / or decoding functions. As is known, a device can include one or both of an encoding module and a decoding module. Additionally, the encoder / decoder module 430 may be implemented as a separate element of the system 400 or may be incorporated within the processor 410 as a combination of hardware and software known to those skilled in the art.

[0080] The program code loaded into the processor 410 or the encoder / decoder 430 to implement the various aspects described in this document is stored in the storage device 440 and can then be loaded into the memory 420 for execution by the processor 410. According to various embodiments, one or more of the processor 410, the memory 420, the storage device 440, and the encoder / decoder module 430 can store one or more of the various items during the execution of the processes described herein. Such stored items can include, but are not limited to, input video, decoded video, or a portion of the decoded video, bitstreams, matrices, variables, and intermediate or final results of the processing of equations, expressions, operations, and operation logic.

[0081] In some embodiments, the memory internal to the processor 410 and / or the encoder / decoder module 430 is used to store instructions and provide working memory for processing required during encoding or decoding. However, in other embodiments, memory external to the processing device (e.g., the processing device can be either the processor 410 or the encoder / decoder module 430) is used for one or more of these functions. The external memory can be the memory 420 and / or the storage device 440, e.g., dynamic volatile memory and / or non-volatile flash memory. In some embodiments, external non-volatile flash memory is used to store, for example, the operating system of a television. In at least one embodiment, high-speed external dynamic volatile memory such as RAM is used as the working memory for video encoding and decoding operations such as MPEG-2 (MPEG refers to Moving Picture Experts Group, MPEG-2 is also referred to as ISO / IEC 13818, 13818-1 is also known as H.222, and 13818-2 is also known as H.262), HEVC (HEVC, High Efficiency Video Coding refers to high-efficiency video coding and is also known as H.265 and MPEG-H Part 2), or VVC (Versatile Video Coding is a new standard being developed by the JVET, Joint Video Experts Team).

[0082] Inputs to the elements of system 400 can be provided through various input devices, as shown in block 445. Such input devices include, but are not limited to, (i) a radio frequency (RF) section that receives, for example, an RF signal transmitted by a broadcast station over the air, (ii) a component (COMP) input terminal (or a set of COMP input terminals), (iii) a universal serial bus (USB) input terminal, and / or (iv) a high definition multimedia interface (HDMI) input terminal. Other embodiments include composite video, although not shown in FIG. 4.

[0083] In various embodiments, the input device of block 445 has each of the associated input processing elements known in the art. For example, the RF portion may be associated with elements suitable for (i) selecting a desired frequency (also referred to as selecting a signal or band-limiting a signal to a certain frequency band), (ii) down-converting the selected signal, (iii) band-limiting again to a narrower frequency band to select a signal frequency band that may be referred to as a channel in a particular embodiment, (iv) demodulating the down-converted and band-limited signal, (v) performing error correction, and (vi) demultiplexing to select a desired stream of data packets. The RF portion of various embodiments may include one or more elements that perform these functions, such as a frequency selector, signal selector, band limiter, channel selector, filter, down-converter, demodulator, error corrector, and demultiplexer. The RF portion may include a tuner that performs various of these functions, including, for example, down-converting a received signal to a lower frequency (e.g., an intermediate frequency or a frequency close to baseband) or to baseband. In one embodiment of a set-top box, the RF portion and its associated input processing elements perform frequency selection by receiving, filtering, down-converting, and filtering again to a desired frequency band an RF signal transmitted over a wired (e.g., cable) medium. In various embodiments, the order of the above (and other) elements is rearranged, some of these elements are omitted, and / or other elements performing similar or different functions are added. Adding elements can include, for example, inserting elements between existing elements, such as inserting an amplifier and an analog-to-digital converter. In various embodiments, the RF portion includes an antenna.

[0084] In addition, the USB terminal and / or the HDMI terminal can each include an interface processor for connecting the system 400 to other electronic devices through a USB connection and / or an HDMI connection. It should be understood that various aspects of input processing, such as Reed-Solomon error correction, may be implemented, for example, within a separate input processing IC or within the processor 410 as needed. Similarly, aspects of USB or HDMI interface processing may be implemented, as needed, within a separate interface IC or within the processor 410. Demodulation, error correction, and the demultiplexed stream are provided to various processing elements, including, for example, the processor 410 and an encoder / decoder 430 that operates in combination with a memory and storage elements to process the data stream as needed for presentation on the output device.

[0085] The various elements of the system 400 may be provided within an integrated housing. Within the integrated housing, the various elements are interconnected and can transmit data between them using an internal bus known in the art, including a suitable connection configuration 425, such as an Inter-IC (I2C) bus, wiring, and a printed circuit board.

[0086] The system 400 includes a communication interface 450 that enables communication with other devices via a communication channel 460. The communication interface 450 can include, but is not limited to, a transceiver configured to transmit and receive data via the communication channel 460. The communication interface 450 can include, but is not limited to, a modem or a network card, and the communication channel 460 can be implemented, for example, within a wired and / or wireless medium.

[0087] In various embodiments, data is streamed or otherwise provided to system 400 using a Wi-Fi network, such as a wireless network like IEEE 802.11 (IEEE refers to the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers). The Wi-Fi signals of these examples are received via communication channel 460 and communication interface 450 adapted for Wi-Fi communication. Typically, the communication channel 460 of those embodiments is connected to an access point or router that provides access to an external network, including the Internet, to enable streaming applications and other over-the-top (OTT) communications. In other embodiments, a set-top box that distributes data via the HDMI connection of input block 445 is used to provide the streamed data to system 400. In yet other embodiments, the RF connection of input block 445 is used to provide the streamed data to system 400. As indicated above, various embodiments provide data in a non-streaming fashion. Additionally, various embodiments use wireless networks other than Wi-Fi, such as a mobile communication network or a Bluetooth network.

[0088] System 400 can provide output signals to various output devices, including display 475, speaker 485, and other peripheral devices 495. The display 475 in various embodiments includes, for example, one or more of a touch screen display, an organic light-emitting diode (OLED) display, a curved display, and / or a foldable display. The display 475 can be for a television, a tablet, a laptop, a mobile phone, or other device. The display 475 can also be integrated with other components (e.g., like within a smartphone) or separated (e.g., an external monitor for a laptop). In various examples of embodiments, the other peripheral devices 495 include one or more of a stand-alone digital video disc (or digital versatile disc) (both terms DVR), a disc player, a stereo system, and / or a lighting system. Various embodiments use one or more peripheral devices 495 that provide functions based on the output of system 400. For example, a disc player performs the function of playing back the output of system 400.

[0089] In various embodiments, the control signal is communicated between the system 400 and the display 475, speaker 485, or other peripheral device 495 using signaling such as AV.Link, Consumer Electronics Control (CEC), or other communication protocols that enable control between devices, with or without user intervention. The output devices may be communicatively coupled to the system 400 via dedicated connections through their respective interfaces 470, 480, and 490. Alternatively, the output devices may be connected to the system 400 using the communication channel 460 via the communication interface 450. The display 475 and speaker 485 may be integrated into a single unit with other components of the system 400, such as within an electronic device such as a television. In various embodiments, the display interface 470 includes a display driver, such as a timing controller (T Con) chip, for example.

[0090] The display 475 and speaker 485 may be separate from one or more of the other components, for example, if the RF portion of the input 445 is part of a separate set-top box. In various embodiments where the display 475 and speaker 485 are external components, the output signal may be provided via a dedicated output connection, including, for example, an HDMI port, a USB port, or a COMP output.

[0091] Embodiments can be implemented by computer software executed by a processor 410, or by hardware, or by a combination of hardware and software. As a non-limiting example, embodiments can be implemented by one or more integrated circuits. Memory 420 can be of any type suitable for the technical environment and can be implemented using any suitable data storage technology, such as, by way of non-limiting example, optical memory devices, magnetic memory devices, semiconductor-based memory devices, fixed memory, and removable memory. Processor 410 can be of any type suitable for the technical environment and can include, by way of non-limiting example, one or more of a microprocessor, a general-purpose computer, a dedicated computer, and a processor based on a multi-core architecture.

[0092] Various implementations involve decoding. As used in this application, "decoding" can include, for example, all or part of the processing performed on a received encoded sequence to generate a final output suitable for display. In various embodiments, such processing can include, for example, one or more of the processing normally performed by a decoder, such as entropy decoding, inverse quantization, inverse transform, and differential decoding. In various embodiments, such a process can also or alternatively include, for example, a process implemented by a decoder of various implementations described in this application that receives a file in an International Organization for Standardization (ISO) base media file format (ISOBMFF). An ISOBMFF file can include geometry-based point cloud compression (G-PCC) data carried using one or more tracks having sample group description information and sample-group box information. The sample group description information can indicate group type information and a plurality of sample group description entries indicating geometry-based volume or point cloud parameter set information. The sample-group box information can include one or more sample-group box entries, and each sample-group box entry has a plurality of entry parameters including group type information, group type parameters, and a sample group description index.

[0093] As a further embodiment, in one example, "decoding" refers only to entropy decoding, in another embodiment, "decoding" refers only to differential decoding, and in another embodiment, "decoding" refers to a combination of entropy decoding and differential decoding. Whether the phrase "decoding process" is intended to specifically refer to a subset of operations or to refer to a more extensive decoding process as a whole will become apparent based on the context of the specific description and is considered to be fully understood by those skilled in the art.

[0094] Various implementations involve encoding. Similar to the above considerations regarding "decoding", "encoding" as used in this application can include, for example, all or part of the processing performed on an input video sequence to generate an encoded bitstream. In various embodiments, such processing can include one or more of the processing generally performed by an encoder, such as splitting, differential encoding, transformation, quantization, and entropy encoding. In various embodiments, such a process can also or alternatively include a process implemented by an encoder of various implementations described in this application that receives, for example, a file in the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) Base Media File Format (ISOBMFF). The ISOBMFF file can include geometry-based point cloud compression (G-PCC) data carried using one or more tracks having sample group description information and sample-group box information. The sample group description information can indicate grouping type information and a plurality of sample group description entries indicating geometry-based volume or point cloud parameter set information. The sample-group box information can include one or more sample-group box entries, and each sample-group box entry has a plurality of entry parameters including grouping type information, grouping type parameters, and a sample group description index.

[0095] As a further example, in one embodiment, "encoding" refers only to entropy encoding, in another embodiment, "encoding" refers only to differential encoding, and in another embodiment, "encoding" refers to a combination of differential encoding and entropy encoding. Whether the phrase "encoding process" is intended to specifically refer to a subset of operations or to refer to a more extensive encoding process as a whole will become apparent based on the context of the specific description and is considered to be fully understood by those skilled in the art.

[0096] Note that the syntactic elements used in this specification, such as those shown in Tables 1 to 23 and which may be shown otherwise in the considerations or figures presented in this specification, are descriptive terms. Therefore, these do not preclude the use of other syntactic element names.

[0097] When a figure is presented as a flowchart, it should be understood that the figure also provides a block diagram of the corresponding apparatus. Similarly, when a figure is presented as a block diagram, it should be understood that the figure also provides a flowchart of the corresponding method / process.

[0098] During the symbolic processing, usually, often due to the constraints of computational complexity, a balance or trade-off between rate and distortion is considered. Rate-distortion optimization is usually formulated to minimize the rate-distortion function, which is a weighted sum of rate and distortion. To solve the rate-distortion optimization problem, there are various approaches. For example, these techniques can be based on an extensive examination of all encoding options including all considered modes or coded parameter values, but involve their coding costs and a complete evaluation of the associated distortion of the reconstructed signal after coding and decoding. To suppress the coding complexity, in particular, faster techniques can also be used along with the calculation of approximate distortion based on predicted or prediction residual signals rather than the reconstructed ones. A mixture of these two approaches can also be used, such as by using approximate distortion for only some of the considered encoding options and complete distortion for other encoding options. In other approaches, only a subset of the considered encoding options is evaluated. More generally, many approaches employ any of various techniques for optimization, but the optimization is not necessarily a complete evaluation of both the coding cost and the associated distortion.

[0099] The implementations and aspects described herein can be implemented, for example, in a method or process, an apparatus, a software program, a data stream, or a signal. Even if considered only in the context of a single form of implementation (e.g., considered only as a method), the implementation of the considered features can also be carried out in other forms (e.g., an apparatus or a program). The apparatus can be implemented, for example, with appropriate hardware, software, and firmware. The method can be implemented, for example, with a processor, which generally refers to a processing device and includes, for example, a computer, a microprocessor, an integrated circuit, or a programmable logic device. The processor also includes, for example, communication devices such as a computer, a mobile phone, a portable / personal digital assistant (PDA), and other devices that facilitate the communication of information among end users.

[0100] References to "one embodiment", "an embodiment", "an example", "one implementation", or "an implementation", and other variations thereof, mean that the specific features, structures, characteristics, etc. described in connection with the embodiment are included in at least one embodiment. Thus, the phrases "in one embodiment", "in an example", "in one implementation", or "in an implementation", and the appearance of any other variations thereof, which appear in various places throughout this specification, are not necessarily all referring to the same embodiment or example.

[0101] In addition, this application may refer to "determining" various information. Determining information can include, for example, one or more of estimating information, calculating information, predicting information, or retrieving information from memory. Obtaining can include receiving, retrieving, constructing, generating, and / or determining.

[0102] Furthermore, this application may refer to "accessing" various information. Accessing information can include, for example, one or more of receiving information, obtaining information (e.g., from memory), storing information, moving information, copying information, calculating information, determining information, predicting information, or estimating information.

[0103] In addition, this application may refer to "receiving" various information. Receiving, like "accessing", is intended to be a broad term. Receiving information can include, for example, accessing the information or obtaining the information (e.g., from a memory), among one or more of these. Further, "receiving" typically involves, in some manner, during operations such as storing information, processing information, transmitting information, moving information, copying information, erasing information, calculating information, determining information, predicting information, or estimating information.

[0104] For example, in the cases of "A / B", "A and / or B", and "at least one of A and B", it should be understood that any use of the following " / " ", and / or", and "at least one of" is intended to encompass the selection of only the first-listed option (A), or only the second-listed option (B), or the selection of both options (A and B). As a further example, in the cases of "A, B, and / or C" and "at least one of A, B, and C", such expressions are intended to encompass the selection of only the first-listed option (A), or only the second-listed option (B), or only the third-listed option (C), or the selection of only the first and second-listed options (A and B), or the selection of only the first and third-listed options (A and C), or the selection of only the second and third-listed options (B and C), or the selection of all three options (A and B and C). As will be apparent to those skilled in the art in the relevant technical fields, this can be extended for as many listed items as there are.

[0105] Also, as used herein, the term "signaling" specifically means indicating something to the corresponding decoder. For example, in some embodiments, the encoder signals, among other things, descriptors, elements and attributes, metadata, schemas (such as those disclosed herein, including Tables 1 to 23), MPD, adaptation sets, representations, pre-selections, G-PCC components, G-PCC Component descriptors, G-PCC descriptors or essential property descriptors, supplementary property descriptors, G-PCC tile inventory descriptors, G-PCC static spatial region descriptors, GPCCTileId descriptors, GPCC3DRegionID descriptors to the decoder (e.g., to the decoder). In this way, in one embodiment, the same parameters are used on both the encoder side and the decoder side. Thus, for example, the encoder can send specific parameters to the decoder (explicit signaling) so that the decoder can use the same specific parameters. Conversely, if the decoder already has specific parameters as well as other parameters, signaling can be used without transmission (implicit signaling) to simply enable the decoder to know and select the specific parameters. By avoiding the transmission of any actual functionality, bit savings are achieved in various embodiments. It should be understood that signaling can be achieved in various ways. For example, one or more syntax elements, flags, etc. are used in various embodiments to signal information to the corresponding decoder. The above relates to the verb form of the term "signal", although the term "signal" may also be used as a noun herein.

[0106] As will be apparent to those skilled in the art, the implementation may generate various signals formatted to carry information that can be stored or transmitted, for example. The information can include, for example, instructions for implementing a method or data generated by one of the described implementations. For example, the signal can be formatted to carry a bitstream of the described embodiment. Such a signal can be formatted, for example, as an electromagnetic wave (e.g., using the radio frequency portion of the spectrum) or as a baseband signal. Formatting can include, for example, encoding a data stream and modulating a carrier wave with the encoded data stream. The information carried by the signal can be, for example, analog information or digital information. The signal can be transmitted by various different wired or wireless links, as is known. The signal can be stored on a processor-readable medium.

[0107] High-quality three-dimensional (3D) point clouds can be used to represent immersive media. The point cloud can include a set of points represented in 3D space using coordinates indicating the position of the points (e.g., each point) along with one or more attributes such as color, transparency, acquisition time, laser reflectivity, or material properties associated with each point. The point cloud can be captured in various ways. For example, the point cloud can be captured using multiple cameras and depth sensors, a light detection and ranging (LiDAR) laser scanner, etc. The number of points utilized to realistically reconstruct objects and scenes using the point cloud can be on the order of millions (e.g., or even billions). Thus, efficient representation and compression can be used to store and transmit the point cloud data.

[0108] Techniques for capturing and rendering 3D points would have enabled applications in the fields of telepresence, virtual reality, and / or large-scale dynamic 3D maps. One or more of the 3D point cloud compression (PCC) techniques, i.e., the geometry-based compression standard for static point clouds and the video-based compression standard for dynamic point clouds, may be used. These techniques may be used to support efficient and interoperable storage and transmission of 3D point clouds. Based on this technique, lossy and / or lossless coding of the geometry coordinates and attributes of the point cloud may be supported.

[0109] FIG. 5 shows an example of a geometry-based point cloud compression (G-PCC) bitstream structure. Features related to G-PCC are provided herein. As shown in FIG. 5, the structure of a bitstream for geometry-based point cloud compression (G-PCC) may be described. The G-PCC bitstream may include a set of G-PCC units, for example, as known as a type-length-value (TLV) encapsulation structure, as shown in FIG. 5. The syntax of the G-PCC TLV unit may be given in Table 1, where the G-PCC TLV unit (e.g., each G-PCC TLV unit) has a TLV type (e.g., tlv_type), a payload length of the G-PCC TLV unit (e.g., tlv_num_payload_bytes), and a payload of the G-PCC TLV unit (e.g., tlv_payload_byte[i]). The tlv_type can describe the G-PCC unit type, as shown in Table 2. The G-PCC TLV units with unit types of "2" and "4" may be a geometry data unit and an attribute data unit, respectively. The data unit may represent the main components for reconstructing the point cloud. The payloads of the geometry and attribute G-PCC units may correspond to media data units (e.g., TLV units) that can be decoded by a G-PCC decoder specified by the corresponding geometry and attribute parameter set G-PCC units.

[0110]

Table 1

[0111]

Table 2

[0112]

Table 3

[0113]

Table 4

[0114] The high-level syntax (HLS) of the G-PCC bitstream may include slices and tile groups in the geometry and / or attribute data. A frame may be divided into a plurality of tiles and slices. A slice may be a set of points that can be independently encoded and / or decoded. A slice may include one geometry data unit and zero or more attribute data units. An attribute data unit may depend on the corresponding geometry data unit within the same slice. Within a slice, the geometry data unit may appear before the associated attribute unit (e.g., any associated attribute unit). The data units of a slice may be consecutive. The ordering of the slices within a frame may not be specified.

[0115] A group of slices may be identified by a common tile identifier. A tile inventory may describe the bounding box of a tile (e.g., each tile). A tile may overlap another tile within the bounding box. A slice (e.g., each slice) may include an index that identifies the tile to which the slice belongs.

[0116] Features related to the ISO Base Media File Format (ISOBMFF) are provided herein. The ISOBMFF may include G-PCC data carried using one or more tracks. The ISOBMFF may have multiple parts that may indicate a file format for storing time-based media. These parts may be based on and / or derived from the ISOBMFF, and the ISOBMFF may be a media-independent structural definition. The ISOBMFF may include structures and media data information for various presentations of media data (e.g., time-dependent presentations) such as audio, video, etc. There may be support for time-independent data such as metadata at different levels within the file structure. The logical structure of the file may be a movie that may include a set of temporally parallel tracks. The temporal structure of the file may be such that the tracks include a sequence of samples within time, and those sequences are mapped to the timeline of the entire movie. The ISO BMFF may be based on a box-structured file. The box-structured file may include a series of boxes (e.g., which may be called atoms) having sizes and types. The type is a 32-bit value and is selected to be four printable characters (also known as a four-character code or 4CC). Time-independent data may be included in a metadata box at the file level or may be attached to one of the time-dependent data streams called movie boxes or tracks within the movie.

[0117] Among the top-level boxes within an ISOBMFF container, a MovieBox ("moov") may exist. The MovieBox may contain metadata for the continuous media stream present in the file. The metadata may be signaled within the box hierarchy in the MovieBox (e.g., within a TrackBox ("trak")). A track may represent a continuous media stream present in the file. The media stream may contain a sequence of samples such as audio or video units of an elementary media stream and may be encapsulated within a MediaDataBox ("mdat") present at the top level of the container. The metadata for a track (e.g., each track) may include a list of sample description entries, and an entry (e.g., each entry) may provide the coding format or encapsulation format used in the track and the initialization data for processing samples within that track. A sample (e.g., each sample) may be associated with a sample description entry of a track. Tools can define an explicit timeline map for a track (e.g., each track). This may be known as an edit list and may be signaled using an EditListBox having the following syntax, and an entry (e.g., each entry) defines a part of the track timeline by mapping a part of the composition timeline or by indicating an empty time (e.g., a part of the presentation timeline not mapped to media, also known as an empty edit).

[0118]

Table 5

[0119] Figure 6 shows an example of a sample structure when the coded G-PCC bitstream is stored within a single track. Features associated with the G-PCC container file format are provided herein. When the G-PCC bitstream is conveyed in a single track, the G-PCC encoded bitstream can be represented by the declaration of a single track. Encapsulation of G-PCC data into a single track may utilize simple ISOBMFF encapsulation by storing the G-PCC bitstream in a single track (e.g., without further processing). Samples within this track (e.g., each sample) may include one or more G-PCC components. Samples (e.g., each sample) may include one or more TLV encapsulation structures. As shown in Figure 6, the sample structure can be shown when the G-PCC geometry and attribute bitstreams are stored in a single track.

[0120] Figure 7 shows an example of the container structure of a multi-track G-PCC bitstream. The coded G-PCC geometry bitstream and the coded G-PCC attribute bitstream are stored in separate tracks, and each sample within the track may include at least one TLV encapsulation structure that conveys G-PCC component data. Figure 7 shows the structure of a multi-track G-PCC container. Boxes can be mapped to corresponding boxes.

[0121] Based on this structure, a multi-track G-PCC ISOBMFF container may include one or more of a G-PCC track (e.g., this track may include a track reference to another track that conveys the payload of the G-PCC attribute component) that includes a geometry parameter set, a sequence parameter set, and a geometry bitstream sample that conveys a geometry data TLV unit, or zero or more G-PCC tracks, and a track (e.g., a track) that includes an attribute parameter set for each attribute and an attribute bitstream sample that conveys an attribute data TLV unit.

[0122] When the G-PCC bitstream is carried on multiple tracks, a track reference tool can be used to link between G-PCC component tracks. One TrackReferenceTypeBox can be added to the TrackReferenceBox within the TrackBox of the G-PCC track. The TrackReferenceTypeBox can include an array of track_IDs that specify the tracks referenced by the G-PCC track. To link a G-PCC geometry track to a G-PCC attribute track, the reference_type of the TrackReferenceTypeBox in the G-PCC geometry track can identify the associated attribute track. The 4CC of those track reference types can be "gpca", which may indicate that the referenced track contains the encoded bitstream of the G-PCC attribute component.

[0123] 3D spatial region information and the associated G-PCC tiles within the 3D spatial region in the G-PCC bitstream are dynamically changing, the time-dependent metadata track can carry the dynamically changing 3D spatial region information. This time-dependent metadata track for the 3D spatial region information can provide the association over time between the 3D spatial region information and the corresponding G-PCC tiles for each 3D spatial region.

[0124] The time-dependent metadata track can include a "cdsc" track reference to the G-PCC-based track. The G-PCC-based track can include a track reference type defined using the 4CC "gbsr" to the time-dependent metadata track.

[0125] Time-independent G-PCC data can be encapsulated in an ISOBMFF file using an item. The item can be a box that carries data that does not use time-dependent processing, as opposed to sample data.

[0126] Time-independent G-PCC data conveyance may be supported using a single item or multiple items having G-PCC tiles. In the case of multiple items having G-PCC tiles, an item of type "gpt1" along with property items and item references may be described herein to support partial access.

[0127] Figure 8 shows an example of a G-PCC bitstream container structure having G-PCC items and tile items. As shown in Figure 8, time-independent G-PCC data including three G-PCC tiles may be conveyed to multiple items by storing the G-PCC tiles (e.g., each G-PCC tile) within separate items. This may enable a decoding device (e.g., a player) to identify the items containing the appropriate G-PCC tiles by interpreting the associated spatial region item properties.

[0128] Figure 9 shows an example of a G-PCC bitstream container structure having G-PCC items, tile items, and spatial region items. Subsample information may be used to support a finer-grained indication of G-PCC tiles (e.g., as described with respect to Figure 9, even if a G-PCC tile item may include multiple G-PCC tiles). For example, the subsample information may be suitable for indicating the identifier of the tile contained within the G-PCC tile item.

[0129] The G-PCC time level may be a subset of the frames within the G-PCC bitstream. The G-PCC time level may include a subsequence having a frame rate smaller than the frame rate of the actual bitstream sequence. A G-PCC frame (e.g., each G-PCC frame) may be associated with a time level (e.g., a particular time level). A time level (e.g., each time level) may be identified by a time level identifier (e.g., a unique time identifier), and the first time level has a time level identifier (ID) of 0.

[0130] The G-PCC bitstream (e.g., G-PCC data) can be conveyed and / or stored within one or more time-level tracks. The G-PCC data can include a plurality of G-PCC samples. Information for describing the time-level tracks and the mapping between samples and time levels can be available within a file. G-PCC samples belonging to a time level may not have a decoding dependency (e.g., any decoding dependency) with respect to G-PCC samples present at a higher time level (e.g., any G-PCC sample). Before the coding (e.g., decoding) process, the samples can be extracted from the time-level tracks and combined into a single conforming bitstream. When extracting a G-PCC bitstream for a target time level having an ID greater than 0 and a target tile ID, data from lower time levels (e.g., all lower time levels of samples) can be included in the resulting bitstream, and the tracks can be selected accordingly during the extraction process.

[0131] Figure 10 shows an example of time levels in a G-PCC sequence. As shown in Figure 10, when the G-PCC bitstream is divided into three time levels (time level 0 can represent a 30 fps subsequence, and time levels 1 and 2 can each represent a 15 fps subsequence), playback of the G-PCC bitstream at 30 fps, 45 fps, and 60 fps can be enabled.

[0132] A G-PCC track that contains a GPCCScalabilityInfoBox within a sample entry may be referred to as a time-level track that conveys a subset of the bitstream. This box may signal scalability information for the G-PCC track. When this box is present within a track where the sample entry is of type "gpe1", "gpeg", "gpc1", "gpcg", "gpcb", and / or "gpeb", it may indicate that temporal scalability is supported and provide information about the time levels present within that G-PCC track.

[0133] Features associated with media such as VR and immersive 3D graphics are provided herein. High-quality 3D point clouds can provide a representation of immersive media that enables forms of interaction and communication with a virtual world. The large amount of information used to represent such point clouds may involve efficient coding algorithms. Exemplary techniques for geometry-based compression of point clouds are described herein. Exemplary techniques for temporal scalability are described herein. Temporal scalability can provide temporal partial access support for G-PCC data encapsulated within a container.

[0134] A point cloud sequence can represent a scene having multiple tiles. In an example, a coding device may be able to access (e.g., stream and / or render) individual tiles without the need to decode other parts of the scene. Similarly, a point cloud may represent a single object. Certain parts of the object may be accessible (e.g., streamed and / or rendered) without decoding the entire point cloud.

[0135] The conveyance of G-PCC data within a file can be supported using multiple time-level tracks. A container (e.g., an ISOBMFF container) can signal a dynamically changing G-PCC parameter set, including, for example, a geometry parameter set (GPS), a sequence parameter set (SPS), and / or an attribute parameter set (APS). A frame-specific attribute property (FSAP) parameter set can specify an attribute property. The attribute property can be utilized for a specific attribute frame. A coding device (e.g., an encoder and / or a decoder) may not know how to convey such parameter sets within ISOBMFF when there are multiple tracks, multiple time-level tracks, or multiple time-level tile tracks.

[0136] As described herein, signaling techniques can be utilized to convey a dynamically changing G-PCC parameter set in the case of a single track, multiple tracks, G-PCC time-level tracks, and time-level tile tracks. Constraints for samples entries of time-level tracks and time-level tile tracks can be updated as described herein.

[0137] Features associated with a sample group of G-PCC parameter sets are provided herein. Features associated with the case of a time-level track are provided herein. One or more tracks may be used to carry G-PCC data. A track (e.g., each of one or more tracks) may include sample group description information (e.g., within a SampleGroupDescriptionBox), and sample-group box information (e.g., within a SampleToGroupBox). In an example, when G-PCC data is carried using multiple time-level tracks and the parameter set information changes over time, the parameter set information related to the samples present in that time-level track may be signaled using a sample group of G-PCC parameter set information where the grouping_type is equal to "gpsg". The grouping type may indicate that G-PCC samples using the same sample group description entry (e.g., the same parameter set information) are grouped together. For example, a sample group of G-PCC parameter set information where the grouping type is "gpsg" may be used to group G-PCC samples using the same parameter set information in a time-level track. The use of "gpsg" for the grouping_type within a sample group may represent the assignment of samples within a time-level track to the corresponding parameter set carried within this sample group. If a SampleToGroupBox where the grouping_type is equal to "gpsg" exists, an accompanying SampleGroupDescriptionBox with the same grouping type may exist. The SampleToGroupBox may include an index of the sample group description entry to which each sample belongs.

[0138] If there is a SampleToGroupBox where the grouping_type is equal to "gpsg", the SampleGroupDescriptionEntry at index 1 of the related SampleGroupDescriptionBox may carry the parameter set used to decode the first sample within the track at that temporal level. SampleGroupDescriptionBoxes at positions with an index of 2 or higher may carry a modified parameter set (e.g., only the modified parameter set) associated with a set of samples or consecutive samples present within the track at that temporal level. In the example, the SampleGroupDescriptionEntry may carry one setup unit (e.g., only the setup unit) of the SPS, GPS, APS, and FSAP parameter sets.

[0139] In the example, if an entry of a sample of "gpc1", "gpcg", "gpe1", or "gpeg" is used within the track at the temporal level, the sample group may include the G-PCC parameter set used to decode the samples present within the track at that temporal level.

[0140] In the example, the SampleGroupDescriptionBox may not carry FSAP. FSAP may be carried within the samples of the attribute track.

[0141] Features associated with non-time-level tracks (e.g., component tracks and single-component tracks) are provided herein. If G-PCC data is carried using a single G-PCC track or multiple G-PCC tracks and the parameter set information changes over time, the parameter set information associated with the samples present in the G-PCC track may be signaled using a G-PCC parameter set information sample group where the grouping_type is "gpsg". A sample group of G-PCC parameter set information with a grouping type of "gpsg" may be used to group G-PCC samples that use the same parameter set information in a G-PCC track. The SampleToGroupBox may include grouping type information (e.g., grouping_type). The SampleGroupDescriptionBox may include grouping type information (e.g., grouping_type). By using "gpsg" for grouping_type within a sample group, it may represent the assignment of samples within the G-PCC track to the corresponding parameter set being carried within the sample group. A sample may include a sample group description entry (e.g., one or more SampleGroupDescriptionEntry). A sample group description entry may indicate parameter set information (e.g., geometry-based or point cloud parameter set information). If a SampleToGroupBox with a grouping_type equal to "gpsg" exists, an accompanying SampleGroupDescriptionBox with the same grouping type may exist and may include the index of the group to which the sample belongs. If a SampleToGroupBox with a grouping_type equal to "gpsg" exists, the SampleGroupDescriptionBox at the position of index 1 of the associated SampleGroupDescriptionEntry may carry the parameter set used to decode the first sample within that track.A SampleGroupDescriptionEntry at a position with an index of 2 or higher may carry an updated parameter set (e.g., only the update parameter set) related to samples or a set of consecutive samples existing within that track.

[0142] In the example, a SampleGroupDescriptionEntry may carry one set-up unit (e.g., only the set-up unit) of one of the SPS, GPS, APS, and FSAP parameter sets.

[0143] In a G-PCC track where the sample entry is "gpc1", "gpcg", "gpe1", or "gpeg" and there exists a sample group with grouping_type being "gpsg", the sample group may include the G-PCC parameter set used to decode the samples existing within that track.

[0144] A G-PCC time-level track or a G-PCC track may include one or more SampleToGroupBox boxes where grouping_type is equal to "gpsg". If there are two or more SampleToGroupBox boxes where grouping_type is equal to "gpsg", the SampleToGroupBox boxes may have unique grouping_type_parameter values, and the version of each of the SampleToGroupBox boxes may be set to 1.

[0145] In the example, the SampleGroupDescriptionBox may not carry FSAP. FSAP may be carried within the samples of a specific attribute track.

[0146] Features associated with the cases of component tracks (e.g., cases of normal and temporal level tracks) are provided herein. In an example, if entries of "gpe1" or "gpeg" samples are used within a track, the temporal level track or G-PCC track of G-PCC may include multiple SampleToGroupBox boxes where the grouping_type is equal to "gpsg" but the grouping_type_parameter parameters are different. A sample group having a specific type of parameter set setup unit may be identified using a grouping_type of "gpsg" and a unique grouping_type_parameter value. If there are multiple SampleToGroupBox boxes having different grouping_type_parameter values, the SampleGroupDescriptionEntry (e.g., each SampleGroupDescriptionEntry) present within the sample group description box having a grouping type of "gpsg" may include one (e.g., only one) of SPS, GPS, APS, or frame-specific attribute parameters (e.g., but not a combination of parameter sets). For example, a SampleToGroupBox where the grouping_type is equal to "gpsg" and the value of the grouping_type_parameter is 1 may refer to a SampleGroupDescriptionEntry entry including a setup unit of a geometry parameter set. Similarly, a SampleToGroupBox where the value of the grouping_type_parameter is 2 may point to a SampleGroupDescriptionEntry entry including a setup unit of an attribute parameter set, and a SampleToGroupBox where the value of the grouping_type_parameter is 3 may point to a SampleGroupDescriptionEntry entry including a setup unit of a frame-specific attribute property parameter set.The numOfSetupUnits present in a SampleGroupDescriptionEntry representing one set-up unit of SPS, GPS, or FSAP can be 1. The numOfSetupUnits present in a SampleGroupDescriptionEntry representing APS can be equal to the number of attributes present in the G-PCC bitstream or to an updated APS set of one or more attributes present in the bitstream.

[0147] The group type can be "gpsg", which can be associated with a container sample group description box (e.g., "sgpd"). The group type "gpsg" may not be used (e.g., can be associated with a quantity of 0). If the group type "gpsg" is used, it can be associated with one or more quantities.

[0148] The sample group entry of the G-PCC parameter set information can define the parameter set information for samples using the same G-PCC parameter set. If there are multiple instances of the SampleToGroupBox box where grouping_type is equal to "gpsg", the version of the SampleToGroupBox box can be set to 1.

[0149] An exemplary syntax for the sample group of the G-PCC parameter set is given below.

[0150]

Table 6

[0151] Exemplary semantics may include one or more of numOfSetupUnits or setupUnit. The parameter numOfSetupUnits may specify the number of G-PCC setup units signaled in a sample group description entry. The parameter setupUnit may include a G-PCC unit carrying one of the SPS, GPS, APS, or FSAP parameters.

[0152] The G-PCC parameter set may not be carried within a time-level tile track. In an example, when G-PCC data is carried using multiple time-level tile tracks, a sample group with grouping_type being "gpsg" may not be present within a track where the sample entry is "gpcb", "gpeb", or "gpt1".

[0153] In an example, when G-PCC data is carried using multiple time-level tile tracks, samples within a G-PCC tile-based track where the sample entry type is "gpcb" or "gpeb" may carry a G-PCC unit including one or more of SPS, GPS, APS, tile inventory, or FSAP information.

[0154] Samples of the G-PCC tile-based track used to decode samples of the G-PCC time-level tile track may be identified using the presentation time of the samples. The presentation time of the samples of the corresponding tile-based track may be less than or equal to the presentation time of the samples of the time-level tile track. If the presentation time of the samples of the tile-based track is not equal to the presentation time of the samples of the corresponding time-level tile track, a sample of the tile-based track having a previous presentation time closer to the presentation time of the samples of the time-level tile track may be used to decode the samples of the tile-based track or to identify tile inventory information.

[0155] Samples of a G-PCC tile-based track having FSAP parameter information used to decode samples of a time-level tile track of G-PCC attributes can be identified using the presentation time of the samples of the attribute G-PCC tile track. The presentation time of the samples of the corresponding tile-based track having FSAP information can be the same as the presentation time of the samples of the time-level tile track carrying the attribute data.

[0156] Figure 11 shows an example of using the "gpsg" sample group in a multi-track and a time-level track. The functions associated with the extraction procedure are provided herein. As shown in Figure 11, the GPCC file structure can have two single-component tracks. For a track, there may be a sample group description box (e.g., "sgpd" box) and a sample-group box (e.g., one or more "sgbp" boxes) where the grouping type is "gpsg". Track 1 can be a geometry track (e.g., a geometry component track). Track 1 can include two sample-group boxes and a sample group description box with a grouping_type equal to "gpsg" that includes an SPS parameter set and a GPS parameter set. Track 2 can be an attribute track. The sample-group box can include sample-group box entries that can include multiple parameters. For example, as illustrated in Figure 11, the entries of the sample-group box can include a grouping type, a grouping type parameter (e.g., grouping_type_parameter), an entry count (e.g., entry_count), a sample count (e.g., sample_count), and / or a sample group description index (e.g., sample_description_index).

[0157] The grouping_type_parameter may include a value indicating a setup unit of a parameter set of a sample group description entry. For example, a sample-group box where the grouping_type_parameter is equal to 0 may include related sample group description entries (e.g., SPS and GPS) that include a setup unit of an SPS parameter set. A sample-group box where the grouping_type_parameter is equal to 1 may include related sample group description entries (e.g., SPS and GPS) that include a setup unit of a GPS parameter set. As another example, a sample-group box where the grouping_type_parameter is equal to 2 may include related sample group description entries (e.g., APS and FSAP) that include a setup unit of an APS parameter set. A sample-group box where the grouping_type_parameter is equal to 3 may include related sample group description entries (e.g., APS and FSAP) that include a setup unit of an FSAP parameter set.

[0158] When GPS information changes over time, the GPS information (e.g., new GPS information) can be carried within a sample group description entry. Samples using the changed GPS parameter set can be indicated in a sample-group box where the grouping_type_parameter is equal to 1. The sample_count can indicate how many samples are in a set of samples using a particular parameter set. As shown in FIG. 11, samples 1 to 100 in track 1 (e.g., as indicated by "sample_count[1]" set to 100) can use the GPS parameter set data from index 2 of the sample group entry description, and the subsequent 200 samples, samples 101 to 300 (e.g., as indicated by "sample_count[2]" set to 200) can use the GPS parameter set data from index 3 of the sample group entry description. The index 2 of the sample group entry description and the index 3 of the sample group entry description can be present within the sample group description box. Similarly, a sample-group box where the grouping_type_parameter is equal to 2 can indicate that samples 1 to 200 in track 2 (e.g., as indicated by sample_count[1] being set to 200) use the APS parameter set data from index 1 of the sample group entry description, and the subsequent 100 samples, samples 201 to 300 (e.g., as indicated by sample_count[2] being set to 100) use the APS parameter set data from index 2 of the sample group entry description.

[0159] The entry_count may indicate the number of sets of samples. Each set of samples may use different sample group description entries. For example, as shown in the first sample-group box of FIG. 11, when the entry_count is 1, there may be one set of samples that all use the same sample group description entry (e.g., in this case, the SPS indicated by sample_description_index1). As another example, as shown in the second sample-group box of FIG. 11, when the entry_count is 2, there may be two sets of samples, and all the samples in the sets use the same sample group description entry (e.g., in this case, the first 100 samples use GPS as indicated by sample_description_index2, and the subsequent 200 samples use GPS New as indicated by sample_description_index3).

[0160] FIG. 12 shows an example of using the "gpsg" sample group in a multi-component track. As shown in FIG. 12, the GPCC file structure can have a single multi-component track. The track may include a sample group description box and multiple instances of a sample-group box where the grouping type is "gpsg". As shown in FIG. 12, the first track (e.g., track 1) may include four sample-group boxes where the grouping_type is equal to "gpsg" and has different grouping_type_parameter values representing SPS, GPS, APS, and FSAP parameter sets. The entries of the sample-group box may be associated with a sample group description entry that includes one set-up unit of one of the SPS, GPS, APS, and FSAP parameter sets.

[0161] As shown in FIG. 12, the sample can use the SPS present at position 1 of the SampleGroupDescriptionEntry. As shown in the SampleToGroupBox where the grouping_type is equal to "gpsg" and the grouping_type_parameter is the value 1, samples 1 to 100 can use the GPS parameter set data from the sample group description index 2 of the sample group entry description, and samples 101 to 300 can use the GPS parameter set data from the sample group description index 4 of the sample group entry description existing within the sample group description box. As shown in the SampleToGroupBox where the grouping_type is equal to "gpsg" and the grouping_type_parameter is the value 2, samples 1 to 200 can use the APS parameter set data from the sample group description index 3 of the sample group entry description, and samples 201 to 300 can use the APS parameter set data from the sample group description index 5 of the sample group entry description.

[0162] Exemplary constraints for the time-level track and the time-level tile track are provided herein. A G-PCC track containing a GPCCScalabilityInfoBox among the sample entries can be called a time-level track that conveys a subset of the bitstream. In an example, when G-PCC data is conveyed using multiple time-level tracks, the time-level tracks that convey the G-PCC bitstream can use the same sample entry type. In an example, when G-PCC data is conveyed using multiple time-level tile tracks, the time-level tile tracks that convey the G-PCC bitstream can use the same sample entry type "gpt1".

[0163] The features and elements are described above in a particular combination, but one of ordinary skill in the art will understand that each feature or element can be used alone or in any combination with other features and elements. Additionally, the methods described herein can be implemented in a computer program, software, or firmware incorporated in a computer-readable medium for execution by a computer or processor. Examples of computer-readable media include electronic signals (transmitted via wired or wireless connections) and computer-readable storage media. Examples of computer-readable storage media include, but are not limited to, magnetic media such as read-only memory (ROM), random access memory (RAM), registers, cache memory, semiconductor memory devices, internal hard disks, and removable disks, magneto-optical media, and optical media such as CD-ROM disks and digital versatile disks (DVDs). A processor associated with software can be used to implement a radio frequency transceiver for use in a WTRU, UE, terminal, base station, RNC, or any host computer.

Claims

1. A device comprising: a processor configured to receive an International Organization for Standardization (ISO) Base Media File Format (BMFF) file, the ISO BMFF file including geometry-based point cloud compression (G-PCC) data carried using one or more tracks, each of the one or more tracks including sample group description information and sample-group box information; wherein the sample group description information indicates grouping type information and a plurality of sample group description entries indicating a geometry-based volume or point cloud parameter set information; and wherein the sample-group box information includes one or more sample-group box entries, each of the sample-group box entries including a plurality of entry parameters including the grouping type information, grouping type parameters, and a sample group description index.

2. The device of claim 1, wherein a first track of the one or more tracks is a geometry track and a second track of the one or more tracks is an attribute track.

3. The device of claim 1, wherein one of the one or more tracks is a multi-component track.

4. The device of claim 1, wherein the G-PCC data includes a plurality of G-PCC samples and the grouping type information indicates that G-PCC samples using the same sample group description entry among the plurality of sample group description entries are grouped together.

5. The device of claim 1, wherein the grouping type parameters include a value indicating a setup unit of a parameter set of the plurality of sample group description entries, wherein, under a first condition that the value is a first value, the plurality of sample group description entries include a sample group description entry having a setup unit of a sequence parameter set, and wherein, under a second condition that the value is a second value, the plurality of sample group description entries include a sample group description entry having a setup unit of a geometry parameter set.

6. ​ The grouping type parameter includes a value indicating a setup unit of a parameter set of the plurality of sample group description entries, under a first condition that the value is a first value, the plurality of sample group description entries includes a sample group description entry having a setup unit of an attribute parameter set, under a second condition that the value is a second value, the plurality of sample group description entries includes a sample group description entry having a setup unit of a frame specific attribute property (FSAP) parameter set, the device according to claim 1.

7. The plurality of entry parameters further includes an entry count, the entry count indicates the number of sets of samples, and each of the sets of samples has a different sample group description entry among the plurality of sample group description entries, the device according to claim 1.

8. The plurality of entry parameters further includes one or more sample counts, each set of samples has a corresponding sample count, and the sample count indicates the number of samples in the corresponding set of samples, the device according to claim 7.

9. Each set of samples has a corresponding sample group description index, and the corresponding sample group description index indicates a sample group description entry for the corresponding set of samples among the plurality of sample group description entries, the device according to claim 7.

10. The one or more tracks include one or more time-level tracks, the device according to claim 1.

11. A method, the method comprising: receiving an International Organization for Standardization (ISO) base media file format (ISOBMFF) file, the ISOBMFF file including geometry-based point cloud compression (G-PCC) data carried using one or more tracks, each of the one or more tracks including sample group description information and sample-group box information, the sample group description information indicating grouping type information and a plurality of sample group description entries indicating a geometry-based volume or point cloud parameter set information, The method wherein the sample-group box information includes one or more sample-group box entries, and each of the sample-group box entries includes a plurality of entry parameters including the grouping type information, a grouping type parameter, and a sample group description index.

12. The method according to claim 11, wherein a first track of the one or more tracks is a geometry track, and a second track of the one or more tracks is an attribute track.

13. The method according to claim 11, wherein one of the one or more tracks is a multi-component track.

14. The method according to claim 11, wherein the G-PCC data includes a plurality of G-PCC samples, and the grouping type information indicates that G-PCC samples using the same sample group description entry among a plurality of sample group description entries are grouped together.

15. The grouping type parameter includes a value indicating a setup unit of a parameter set of the plurality of sample group description entries, under a first condition that the value is a first value, the plurality of sample group description entries includes a sample group description entry having a setup unit of a sequence parameter set, under a second condition that the value is a second value, the plurality of sample group description entries includes a sample group description entry having a setup unit of a geometry parameter set. The method according to claim 11.

16. The grouping type parameter includes a value indicating a setup unit of a parameter set of the plurality of sample group description entries, under a first condition that the value is a first value, the plurality of sample group description entries includes a sample group description entry having a setup unit of an attribute parameter set, under a second condition that the value is a second value, the plurality of sample group description entries includes a sample group description entry having a setup unit of a frame specific attribute property (FSAP) parameter set. The method according to claim 11.

17. The method according to claim 11, wherein the plurality of entry parameters further includes an entry count, the entry count indicates the number of sets of samples, and each of the sets of samples has different sample group description entries among the plurality of sample group description entries.

18. The method according to claim 17, wherein the plurality of entry parameters further includes one or more sample counts, each set of samples has a corresponding sample count, and the sample count indicates the number of samples in the corresponding set of samples.

19. The method according to claim 17, wherein each set of samples has a corresponding sample group description index, and the corresponding sample group description index indicates the sample group description entry for the corresponding set of samples among the plurality of sample group description entries.

20. The method according to claim 11, wherein the one or more tracks include one or more time level tracks.

Images