Sample exchange in magnetic resonance systems

Abstract

In a general aspect, the sample holder has a plurality of sample vessels. In some cases, the sample holder can be received in a resonator package within a primary magnetic field of a magnetic resonance system. The resonator package includes a resonator configured to interact with a sample within a sample volume. The sample holder includes a first sample and a calibration sample. A position of the sample holder relative to the resonator is calibrated. After calibrating the position of the sample holder, the sample holder is moved to position the first sample within the sample volume. Magnetic resonance data is acquired based on a magnetic resonance signal generated by the interaction between the resonator and the first sample.

Description

[Technical Field]

[0001] CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63 / 399,455, filed August 19, 2022, and U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63 / 494,161, filed April 4, 2023. U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63 / 399,455, filed August 19, 2022, and U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63 / 494,161, each of which is incorporated by reference in its entirety.

[0002] The following description relates to sample exchange in a magnetic resonance system. [Background technology]

[0003] Magnetic resonance systems are used to investigate various types of samples and phenomena. Resonators manipulate the spins of a sample by creating a magnetic field at or near the resonant frequency of the spins. In some cases, the resonators detect the spins based on the voltage induced by the perturbing spins. [Brief explanation of the drawings]

[0004] [Figure 1] 1 is a schematic diagram of an exemplary magnetic resonance system. [Figure 2] 1 is a perspective view of an exemplary probe for use in a magnetic resonance system. [Figure 3] FIG. 1 is a perspective view of an exemplary probeless magnetic resonance package. [Figure 4] FIG. 1 is a perspective view of an exemplary resonator package. [Figure 5] FIG. 2 is a plan view of the interior of an example resonator package showing an example sample holder and an example resonator. [Figure 6A] FIG. 2 is a perspective view of an exemplary resonator showing the positioning of a sample holder relative to the exemplary resonator. [Figure 6B]FIG. 2 is a perspective view of an exemplary resonator showing the positioning of a sample holder relative to the exemplary resonator. [Figure 7] 1 is a cross-sectional view of an exemplary resonator and an exemplary sample holder. [Figure 8] FIG. 10 is a detailed cross-sectional view of an example resonator package showing an example alignment guide. [Figure 9A] FIG. 2 is a side view of an exemplary sample holder. [Figure 9B] FIG. 9B is a perspective view of the sample holder of FIG. 9A. [Figure 9C] FIG. 9B is a top view of the sample holder of FIG. 9A. [Figure 9D] FIG. 9B is an end view of the sample holder of FIG. 9A. [Figure 10A] FIG. 10 is a perspective view illustrating the attachment of an exemplary sample holder to a transfer arm. [Figure 10B] FIG. 10 is a perspective view illustrating the attachment of an exemplary tubular sample holder to a transfer arm. [Figure 11A] FIG. 1 is a flow diagram illustrating an example process for exchanging samples in a magnetic resonance system using a calibration sample. [Figure 11B] FIG. 1 is a flow diagram illustrating an example process for exchanging a sample in a magnetic resonance system using frequency shift calibration. [Figure 11C] 1 is an example graph of sample holder position versus frequency shift. [Figure 11D] 1 is an exemplary graph showing resonant frequency shifts induced by sample holders containing samples with different dielectric constants. [Figure 12A] FIG. 1 is a front view of an exemplary sample holder showing a sample vessel with an inlet port. [Figure 12B] FIG. 12B is a detailed front view of the example sample holder of FIG. 12A. [Figure 13A] FIG. 12B is a side view of the example sample holder of FIG. 12A. [Figure 13B] FIG. 12B is a detailed side view of the example sample holder of FIG. 12A. [Figure 14A]FIG. 10 is a front view of an exemplary sample holder showing a sample vessel with offset inlet ports and adhesive grooves. [Figure 14B] FIG. 1 is a front view of an exemplary sample holder showing a sample container with multiple inlet ports and adhesive grooves. [Figure 14C] FIG. 1 is a front view of an exemplary sample holder showing the laser welding path. [Figure 14D] FIG. 1 is a front view of an exemplary sample holder including adhesive grooves and laser welds. [Figure 15] FIG. 1 is an exploded view of an exemplary three-layer sample holder. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0005] In some aspects of the described subject matter, the magnetic resonance system includes a sample exchange device that can be used to exchange samples. The sample exchange device can include a sample holder that holds multiple magnetic resonance samples. The sample holder can be a cartridge, a tubular device, a cylindrical device with multiple sample containers, or another type of structure. The sample exchange device can include additional components that operate to move the sample exchange device to a selected position relative to the resonator at the magnetic resonance location. For example, the sample exchange device may include a sample transfer device, an actuator, a control system, or a combination of these and other components. In some cases, the sample exchange device moves the sample holder from an external environment to a controlled environment near the resonator within the primary magnetic field of the magnetic resonance system. Thus, in a system operating at cryogenic temperatures, multiple samples can be moved together from a room temperature and pressure environment to a low temperature and pressure environment, allowing the samples to cool collectively in the controlled environment near the resonator. The sample holder can then be adjusted in the controlled environment to position one of the samples within the sample region of the resonator. Thus, each of the samples can be selected by the magnetic resonance system and measured independently without interfering with each other's response, without the need to remove the sample holder from the controlled environment, which, among other benefits, can improve the sample throughput of the magnetic resonance system.

[0006] In some implementations, one or more of the samples in the sample holder are calibration samples. The calibration samples can be used to calibrate the position of the sample holder relative to the resonator within the controlled environment of the magnetic resonance system. For example, the sample exchanger can initially position the calibration sample within the sample region of the resonator (e.g., within or adjacent to the resonator, within a region where the resonator can magnetically control the spins of the calibration sample with a magnetic control field generated by the resonator), and the sample exchanger can iteratively adjust the position of the sample holder relative to the resonator. In such an iterative process, the magnetic resonance system can move the sample holder through a series of test positions and acquire magnetic resonance data from the calibration sample at each of the test positions. The magnetic resonance data can be analyzed to determine a fiducial reference position for the sample holder. The fiducial reference position can be, for example, the test position at which an optimal magnetic resonance signal is obtained from the calibration sample. The reference position can then be used as a reference point when the sample exchanger subsequently moves any of the other samples into the sample region for analysis. Because each sample in the sample holder resides in a known location relative to the calibration sample, determining the ideal position of the calibration sample within the sample volume allows each sample to be precisely positioned in the ideal location for analysis. In some cases, calibration samples may be used for other purposes, such as monitoring system performance. The calibration sample may differ from the actual sample under test and is typically chosen from materials with well-known ESR responses, such as PTM, BDPA, etc. The size of the calibration container may also differ from the size of the actual sample container.

[0007] Aspects of the systems and techniques described herein can be implemented in various types of magnetic resonance systems. For example, the sample exchange device may be implemented in a nuclear magnetic resonance ("NMR") system, an electron spin resonance ("ESR") or electron paramagnetic resonance ("EPR") system, an optically detected magnetic resonance ("ODMR") system, or another type of magnetic resonance system. As another example, all or a portion of the sample exchange device may be disposed on a probe for a magnetic resonance system, or the sample exchange device may be disposed in a probeless magnetic resonance system. In some cases, the sample holder may be adapted to hold a liquid sample, a solid sample, a liquid crystal sample, a spin-labeled protein sample, other biological samples (e.g., blood samples, urine samples, saliva samples, etc.), or other types of samples to be measured or otherwise analyzed by the magnetic resonance system. As another example, the sample exchange device may be equipped with a resonator package operating in a cryogenic environment (e.g., 77 K, 4 K, millikelvin, or other cryogenic temperatures below 273 K), or the sample exchange device may be equipped with a resonator package operating at non-cryogenic temperatures, including room temperature. The resonators can be planar resonators (2D), such as, for example, microstrip, coplanar waveguide, split ring, or planar lumped element resonators, or 3D resonators, such as rectangular cavity, cylindrical cavity, birdcage, loop gap, bulk lumped element, coil, or another type of resonator for magnetic resonance systems, or a combination of the above. Furthermore, the resonators can be, for example, rectangular cavity resonators, cylindrical cavity resonators, dielectric resonators, loop gap resonators, or any lumped element resonator.

[0008] In some cases, the systems and techniques presented herein may be deployed in connection with a variety of cryogenic systems, including, for example, compact closed-cycle systems, open-cycle systems, and liquid cryogen systems. In some cases, the systems and techniques presented herein may be deployed in connection with a variety of probes, including compact probe designs, so that low-noise cryogenic receiver amplifiers may be used in a variety of configurations. In some cases, the systems and techniques presented herein may be deployed in connection with continuous wave (CW) magnetic resonance (e.g., using CW ESR or CW NMR spectroscopy procedures), pulsed magnetic resonance (e.g., using pulsed ESR or pulsed NMR spectroscopy procedures), or combinations of these and other MR regimes.

[0009] In some implementations, the systems and techniques described herein can provide technical advantages and improvements over existing technology. As an example, the systems and techniques herein can improve system efficiency, for example, by reducing the time required to change samples in a magnetic resonance system. As another example, the systems and techniques herein can improve the quality of magnetic resonance data and measurements obtained by a magnetic resonance system, for example, by enabling precise positioning of samples in the controlled operating environment of the resonator package. Furthermore, utilizing the same resonator magnetic field (also known as the "B1 field") and consistent conditions to perform measurements on various samples within a single setting ensures a level of uniformity and precision that is crucial for meaningful comparisons. In some cases, other improvements and advantages can be realized.

[0010] Aspects of the systems and techniques described herein can be adapted for various types of applications. For example, the systems and techniques described herein may be used for structural biology measurements, e.g., to measure the structural properties of proteins or protein complexes in a biological sample (e.g., a blood sample, a urine sample, or another type of biological sample). Such measurements may be useful for clinical applications (e.g., diagnostics, therapeutics, etc.), drug discovery / development, understanding membrane protein structure and function, and other applications.

[0011] FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of an example magnetic resonance system 100. In various implementations, the magnetic resonance system 100 may be utilized in, for example, nuclear magnetic resonance ("NMR") spectroscopy, electron spin resonance ("ESR") or electron paramagnetic resonance ("EPR") spectroscopy, nuclear quadrupole resonance spectroscopy ("NQR"), magnetic resonance imaging ("MRI"), or other applications. The magnetic resonance system 100 includes a sample holder 102 that includes a plurality of sample vessels 104. In various implementations, the sample holder 102 is constructed from a material that has suitable dielectric properties (e.g., low loss tangent) and is suitable for cryogenic temperatures. In various implementations, the sample holder 102 may be constructed from, for example, quartz, sapphire, borosilicate glass, or other similar materials. In the example shown in FIG. 1 , the sample holder 102 is coupled to a first end of a sample transfer device 106 via an attachment mechanism 108. The sample transfer device 106 can move the sample holder 102 and position it relative to the resonator 110 within the primary magnetic field of the magnetic resonance system 100. In various implementations, the resonator 110 can be enclosed in a resonator housing or another type of resonator package.

[0012] 1 , a second end of the sample transfer device 106 is coupled to an actuator 112. In operation, the actuator 112 drives the movement of the sample transfer device 106 and, in various implementations, can be, for example, a single-degree-of-freedom linear actuator that translates the sample transfer device 106 in a linear manner along an axis of the sample transfer device 106. Examples of single-degree-of-freedom linear actuators include, for example, a mechanical linear actuator, an electromechanical linear actuator, a linear motor, a piezoelectric actuator, a twisted and coiled polymer actuator (“TCP”) actuator, a hydraulic actuator, a pneumatic actuator, or other types of linear actuators. In various implementations, the actuator 112 can be, for example, a multi-degree-of-freedom actuator, such as, for example, a two-degree-of-freedom actuator that translates the sample transfer device 106 in a linear manner along two independent (e.g., perpendicular) axes. Such a two-degree-of-freedom linear actuator, in various implementations, can move the sample holder 102 relative to the resonator 110 not only along a first axis but also along a second axis, thereby adjusting the position of the sample holder 102 relative to the resonator 110 along the second axis. In other implementations, the actuator 112 can be a three-degree-of-freedom actuator, for example, that moves the sample transfer device 106 along two linear axes and rotates the sample transfer device 106 about its own axis. The actuator is coupled to a position control system 115, which controls the operation of the actuator. In various implementations, the position control system 115 can be, for example, an automated control system such as a CNC control system, a PID control system, or another type of controller. In some cases, the position control system 115 can include or be embodied as software or firmware running on a computer system (e.g., a microprocessor or another type of data processing device).In some instances, the control mechanism may be a manual control such as, for example, a caliper, micrometer, or manual crank, which may be further enhanced by incorporating a laser indicator.

[0013] 1 , the resonator 110, the sample holder 102, the mounting mechanism 108, and a first end of the sample transfer device 106 are disposed within a controlled environment cooled by a cooling system 114, while a second end of the sample transfer device 106 is disposed outside the controlled environment. The sample transfer device 106 is introduced into the cooling system 114 via an insertion point 113. In various embodiments, the insertion point 113 may be or include a valve, a load lock system, or another type of component that provides environmental isolation. For example, in various implementations, the insertion point 113 may provide a vacuum pressure environment or a low-pressure gas seal between the controlled environment within the cooling system 114 and a room temperature environment. In various implementations, the vacuum pressure environment may be at milliTorr pressure. In various implementations, the cooling system 114 maintains a cryogenic temperature environment for the resonator 110 and the sample holder 102. 1, the cooling system 114 is in thermal contact with the resonator 110 and the sample holder 102. In some cases, the cooling system 114 is cooled to liquid helium temperatures (e.g., approximately 4 Kelvin), liquid nitrogen temperatures (e.g., approximately 77 Kelvin), or another cryogenic temperature. In some cases, the cooling system 114 includes a dry cryostat. In some cases, the cooling system 114 may be implemented with or without a liquid cryogen, for example, as a continuous-flow helium or nitrogen cryostat (e.g., 4-300 Kelvin), a variable-temperature pulse tube cold chamber (e.g., 3.5-300 Kelvin), a pumped helium cryostat (e.g., 1-10 Kelvin), a helium-3 cold chamber (e.g., 250-400 milliKelvin), a dilution cold chamber (e.g., 5-100 milliKelvin), or another type of system or combination of systems. In some implementations, the resonator 110 and sample holder 102 are both maintained at cryogenic temperatures. In some cases, the resonator 110 and sample holder 102 are immersed in a cryogenic liquid or gas, but may be maintained in a vacuum pressure environment during operation.In some cases, the sample holder 102, the resonator 110, or both are held at a higher temperature (eg, room temperature, etc.).

[0014] In the example shown in FIG. 1 , the primary magnet system 116 generates a primary magnetic field to which the resonator 110 and the sample holder 102 are exposed during operation. In various implementations, the primary magnet system 116 may be located within or external to the cooling system 114. The primary magnet system 116 generates a magnetic field within the controlled environment of the resonator 110 and the sample holder 102. The example primary magnet system 116 shown in FIG. 1 can be implemented as a superconducting solenoid, an electromagnet, a permanent magnet, or another type of magnet that generates a primary magnetic field. In various implementations, the magnetic field is uniform across the volume of the sample region defined by the resonator 110. In some cases, the gradient system generates one or more gradient fields that vary spatially across the sample volume. In some cases, the gradient system includes multiple independent gradient coils that can generate gradient fields that vary along different spatial dimensions of the sample region.

[0015] In the example shown in FIG. 1 , a spin ensemble within the sample volume of the resonator 110 interacts with the resonator 110. A primary magnetic field generated by the primary magnet system 116 quantizes the spin states and sets the Larmor frequency of the spin ensemble. Control of the spin magnetization can be achieved, for example, by a radio frequency or microwave magnetic field generated by the resonator 110. In the example shown in FIG. 1 , the spin ensemble can be any collection of particles with non-zero spin that magnetically interacts with the applied magnetic field of the magnetic resonance system 100. For example, the spin ensemble can include nuclear spins, electron spins, or a combination of nuclear and electron spins. Examples of nuclear spins include hydrogen nuclei ( 1 H) and carbon-13 nuclei ( 13 In some implementations, a spin ensemble is a collection of identical spin-1 / 2 free electron spins attached to an ensemble of large molecules.

[0016] 1 , the resonator 110 is electrically coupled to a spectrometer system 118. In various implementations, the spectrometer system 118 acquires magnetic resonance data based on magnetic resonance signals generated by the interaction between the resonator 110 and a magnetic resonance sample contained in the sample holder 102. Typically, the resonator 110 has one or more resonant frequencies and possibly other resonant frequencies or modes. The drive frequency can be tuned to the resonant frequency of the spins, which is determined by the strength of the primary magnetic field and the rotational magnetic ratio of the spins.

[0017] The exemplary spectrometer system 118 can control the resonator 110 and, possibly, other components or subsystems of the magnetic resonance system 100 shown in Figure 1. The spectrometer system 118 is adapted to be electromagnetically coupled to and in communication with the resonator 110 (e.g., by a coaxial cable, etc.). For example, the spectrometer system 118 can be adapted to provide a voltage or current signal that drives the resonator 110, and the spectrometer system 118 can further acquire the voltage or current signal from the resonator 110.

[0018] In some cases, spectrometer system 118 includes or is connected to a controller, a waveform generator, an amplifier, a transmitter / receiver switch, a receiver, a signal processor, and possibly other components. Spectrometer system 118 can include additional or different features (e.g., a gradient waveform generator and gradient electronics, etc.). In the example shown in FIG. 1, spectrometer system 118 is adapted to communicate with one or more external sources, e.g., a computer system or another source, and can operate based on inputs provided by one or more external sources, e.g., a computer system or another source.

[0019] In some cases, the spectrometer system 118 can operate in multiple modes of operation. In one mode of operation, the spectrometer system 118 generates a control signal (e.g., a radio frequency signal, a microwave signal, etc.) that is delivered to the resonator 110 to control the spin system of the sample. In another mode of operation, the spectrometer system 118 acquires magnetic resonance signals from the resonator 110. The magnetic resonance signals may be processed (digitized) and provided to a computer system for analysis, display, storage, or other action. The computer system may include one or more digital electronic controllers, microprocessors, or other types of data processing devices. The computer system may include a memory, a processor, and may operate as a general-purpose computer, or the computer system may operate as an application-specific instrument.

[0020] 2 is a perspective view of an example probe 202 that, in various implementations, can be used with the magnetic resonance system 100 or another type of system. The probe 202 includes a linear support element 204 extending from an anchor plate 203 disposed on an exterior surface or access point of a cooling system (e.g., the cooling system 114 of FIG. 1 ) to a support plate 205. In various implementations, the probe 202 can include multiple linear support elements 204, such as two elements, three elements, or more. A thermal baffle 208 is coupled to the linear support element 204 to provide thermal insulation between the cryogenic temperature environment achieved by the cooling system and the external ambient environment. In various implementations, the probe 202 can include multiple thermal baffles 208, such as two thermal baffles 208, three thermal baffles 208, or more.

[0021] In the example shown in FIG. 2 , the sample transfer arm 201 extends through the anchor plate 203 and the thermal baffle 208 so as to be generally parallel to the linear support element 204. The sample transfer arm 201 is disposed within a guide tube 207. In various implementations, the sample transfer arm 201 is an elongated rod or another type of structure constructed of a material with low thermal conductivity and a low coefficient of thermal expansion. In various implementations, the sample transfer arm 201 may be formed, for example, of high-pressure fiberglass impregnated with an epoxy resin, such as G-10 fiberglass laminate. A sample holder (e.g., the sample holder 102 shown in FIG. 1 ) is coupled to a first end of the sample transfer arm 201. A resonator package 206 containing a resonator (e.g., the resonator 110 shown in FIG. 1 ) is coupled to a support plate 205 opposite the linear support element 204.

[0022] FIG. 3 is a perspective view of an example resonator package 206 of a probe-less magnetic resonance system. In various implementations, the resonator package 206 is coupled to a mounting structure 302. The mounting structure 302 is disposed within a cooling system (e.g., the cooling system 114 shown in FIG. 1 ) to provide a fixed location for the resonator package 206. In various implementations, the mounting structure 302 is constructed of a material with high thermal conductivity and provides cooling for the resonator package 206 via galvanic contact. Furthermore, the mounting structure 302 may be used to position the resonator package in three-dimensional space relative to the primary magnetic field. The sample mount should feature an empty space at its center, thereby providing sufficient room for removing the sample holder through a bottom slot in the resonator package. In various implementations, such positioning can be achieved using, for example, a linear actuator, a rotary actuator, or a combination of linear and rotary actuators. The sample transfer arm 201 extends from the resonator package 206 to outside the cryogenic temperature environment through a guide tube 207. For illustrative purposes, the resonator package 206 in Figure 3 is shown without a cover so that the location of the example sample holder 306 is visible. Thus, the linear support structure 204 and thermal baffle 208 are omitted from the configuration shown in Figure 3.

[0023] FIG. 4 is a perspective view of an example resonator package 206. In the view shown in FIG. 4, the cover of the resonator package 206 has been removed to reveal the example resonator chip 420 and sample holder 306. The example resonator package 206 includes a housing 402 and a package insert 404. The resonator floor 406 is cantilevered from the package insert 404. In various implementations, the resonator floor 406 is constructed of a conductive material, such as copper or another conductive material. This selection ensures a solid electrical ground for the resonator. The resonator chip 420 is bonded to a face of the resonator floor 406. The resonator chip 420 includes a dielectric substrate 408, a ground plane (not shown) on a first side of the substrate 408 in contact with the resonator floor 404, and a conductor 410 on a second, opposing side of the substrate 408. In various implementations, the resonator can include additional or different features, and the components of the resonator can be arranged as shown in FIG. 4 or in another manner.

[0024] In the example shown in FIG. 4 , the dielectric substrate 408 may be constructed of a dielectric material such as, for example, sapphire, silicon, MgO, LaAlO, or another type of non-magnetic dielectric crystalline material. In some implementations, the conductive material on the dielectric substrate (e.g., ground plane, conductor 410, etc.) may be made of a non-superconducting material (e.g., gold, copper, or other conductive material), a superconducting material (e.g., niobium, niobium titanium, niobium nitride, aluminum, yttrium barium copper oxide (also known as “YBCO”), magnesium diboride), or a combination thereof. Furthermore, improved resonator behavior can be achieved through the implementation of various techniques. Such techniques include utilizing composite layers, multilayers, or arrays of holes, slots, dielectric, or metallic centers, consisting of a separate superconducting material in addition to the normal conductive material. In various implementations, the conductive material may be deposited on the substrate 408 by a deposition process or other type of manufacturing process. In various implementations, the substrate 408 may be etched or otherwise prepared based on standard manufacturing processes.

[0025] 4, the ground plane and conductor 410 define a microstrip transmission line structure. In general, a microstrip transmission line structure may include any conductive material (non-superconducting or superconducting) on a first surface of the dielectric substrate, spaced apart from a ground plane on the opposite side of the dielectric substrate.

[0026] In the example shown in FIG. 4 , the exemplary sample holder 306 is coupled to the sample transfer arm 201. During operation, the sample transfer arm 201 transfers the sample holder 306 into the housing 402 so that one of the sample vessels formed on the sample holder 306 is positioned within the sample region 502 defined by the resonator 420 (shown in FIG. 5 ). The toe clamp 414 is attached to the resonator floor 406 and includes a slot 416 formed therein. During operation, the sample holder 306 is received through the slot 416. Thus, during operation, the toe clamp 414 protrudes above the surface of the resonator tip 420, facilitating proper alignment of the sample holder 306 in two dimensions relative to the resonator tip 420. In some cases, a mechanical element such as a pedestal or tensioner (metallic or dielectric) may be employed to ensure controlled elevation of the sample vessel relative to the resonator.

[0027] FIG. 5 is a top view of the example resonator package 206 with the housing 402 removed to show structural features. As shown, the resonator floor 406 extends upward from the package insert 404. The resonator tip 420 is coupled to the resonator floor 406. The conductor 410 is formed on a surface of the resonator tip 420. In the example shown in FIG. 5, the conductor 410 forms a planar conductive path, although in other implementations the conductor 410 may be any shape and, in some cases, may be non-planar. For example, in various implementations, the conductor 410 may form a coiled or birdcage-type resonator.

[0028] 5, the microstripline resonators of the resonator tip 420 define a sample region of the resonator tip 420. The sample region of the resonator tip 420 is shown schematically in FIG. 5 by line 502. In various implementations, the sample may be positioned within the sample region 502 to increase or maximize the filling factor. The magnetic field generated by the resonator 420 is expressed as a vector of B1 magnetic field strength at any point in three-dimensional space according to the following equation:

[0029]

number

number

[0030] The filling factor is a dimensionless parameter that describes how much of the total magnetic energy of the resonator field is contained in the sample and can be calculated according to the following equation:

number

number

number

[0031] 5, sample holder 306 is coupled to sample transfer arm 201. Actuation of sample transfer arm 201 facilitates movement of sample holder 306 relative to a sample region 502 defined by a microstripline resonator, thereby enabling a selected sample vessel 504 to be aligned with sample region 502 of resonator 420. Toe clamp 414 facilitates precise alignment of sample holder 306 with resonator tip 420.

[0032] During operation, each sample vessel 504 formed within the sample holder 306 contains a sample for magnetic resonance analysis. Movement of the sample holder 306 by actuation of the sample transfer arm 201 allows one sample vessel 504 to be positioned within the sample region 502 of the resonator at a time. Calibration sample vessel 104A can contain a calibration sample. Once the calibration sample is positioned within the sample region 502, the positioning of the sample holder 306 relative to the resonator can be calibrated. Once calibration is complete, the sample holder 306 is moved so that another sample vessel 504 containing a sample for analysis is positioned within the sample region 502 of the resonator. Once magnetic resonance analysis of one sample is complete, the sample holder 306 is moved again to position a different sample vessel 504 for analysis of a different sample. Thus, the sample holder 306 facilitates calibration and testing of multiple samples at cryogenic temperatures without having to remove the samples from the cryogenic temperature environment. Such a configuration increases the throughput of magnetic resonance analysis.

[0033] 6A-6B are perspective views of the resonator 420 illustrating the positioning of the sample holder relative to the resonator 420. FIG. 6A illustrates the sample holder 306 in a first position, in which a sample vessel 504 (shown in FIG. 5) containing a calibration sample is positioned within the sample region 502 (shown in FIG. 5). Additionally, FIG. 6A illustrates that the sample holder 306 can be an elongated prismatic body having multiple flat outer surfaces in various implementations. In such implementations, the sample vessel 504 can be implemented as a groove formed in one of the flat outer surfaces. FIG. 6B illustrates another example sample holder 602 in a second position, in which the sample vessel 604 can be aligned with the sample region 502 of the resonator 420. FIG. 6B further illustrates that in some implementations, the sample holder 602 can be, for example, an elongated cylindrical body defining a side surface, and the sample vessel 604 is a groove defined in the side surface.

[0034] FIG. 7 is a cross-sectional view of an exemplary package insert 404 showing the resonator 420 and sample holder 306. As shown in FIG. 7, the resonator floor 406 is cantilevered from the package insert 404. The resonator tip 420 is disposed on a surface of the resonator floor 406. The sample holder 306 is received through the toe clamp 414 and positioned next to the resonator tip 420 by the sample transfer arm 201. The sample transfer arm 201 passes the sample holder 306 through a positioning guide 702 disposed on the surface of the housing 402 (shown in FIG. 4 ) opposite the package insert 404. The positioning guide 702 may be cylindrical in shape and includes a notch 704 formed in its bottom edge. When assembled, the notch 704 engages the cantilevered edge of the resonator floor 406. Such a configuration stabilizes the free edge of the resonator floor 406. During assembly of resonator package 206 (shown in FIG. 4 ), package insert 404 is assembled to housing 402, for example, by screws received through openings 706. During assembly, positioning guide 702 is removed from housing 402 to try to prevent damage to resonator floor 406 or resonator tip 420. After package insert 404 is assembled to housing 402, positioning guide 702 is inserted, thereby securing the free edge of resonator floor 406.

[0035] 7 , the interaction of the notch 704 with the resonator floor 406 and the interaction of the sample transfer arm 201 with the positioning guide 702 ensures proper spacing between the sample holder 306 and the resonator tip 420. In various implementations, the toque clamp 414 can include an actuatable compression element (not explicitly shown) that urges the sample holder 306 toward the resonator tip 420 during magnetic resonance data acquisition. In various implementations, the compression element can be, for example, a wedge element that is received in a slot 416 formed in the toque clamp 414 and urges the sample holder 306 into engagement with the resonator tip 420. In various implementations, the compression element can be mechanically actuated, electrically actuated, or a combination of the two. In other implementations, the compression element can be, for example, hydraulically actuated, pneumatically actuated, or piezoelectric.

[0036] FIG. 8 is a detailed view of the positioning guide 702, resonator floor 406, sample holder 306, and resonator 420. A notch 704 formed in the positioning guide 702 secures the free end of the resonator floor 406. This facilitates positioning of the resonator floor 406 and helps ensure that the sample holder 306 is properly spaced from the resonator 420 when received in the positioning guide 702. The toe clamp 414 further ensures proper positioning of the sample holder 306 relative to the resonator 420. As shown in FIG. 8 , in various implementations, a coverslip 802 is used in conjunction with the sample holder 306. The coverslip 802 is placed over the sample holder 306 to seal the sample vessel 504, thereby preventing spillage of the sample contained therein. Multiple ports 804 may be formed in the coverslip 802. Port 804 provides fluid communication with sample vessel 504 and allows for loading of a liquid sample into sample vessel 504 without removing cover slip 802. In various implementations, port 804 may be plugged or sealed, for example, with glue, wax, or another material that does not contain a magnetic resonance signal, after the sample has been loaded into sample vessel 504. Sealing port 804 prevents loss of sample, for example, by evaporation or other mechanisms.

[0037] FIG. 9A is a side view of sample holder 306. FIG. 9B is a perspective view of sample holder 306. FIG. 9C is a plan view of sample holder 306. FIG. 9D is an end view of sample holder 306. In the example shown in FIGS. 9A-9D, sample holder 306 is a prismatic body with multiple flat surfaces, and sample container 504 is formed on one of the flat surfaces. In various implementations, sample container 504 may incorporate 3D contours to improve spectral fidelity. One of the sample containers, 504A, contains a calibration sample used in calibrating the positioning of sample holder 306 relative to resonator 420. In various implementations, sample holder 306 may be barcoded or otherwise marked to verify authenticity and identify the specific calibration sample contained in sample container 504A. Sample containers 504 are spaced apart by a known distance. In various implementations, the sample vessels 504 may be spaced from one another by a uniform distance or in another arrangement. The sample vessels 504 are spaced from one another so that adjacent samples do not electromagnetically interfere with the sample being measured. Such known spacing between the sample vessels 504 allows a sample vessel 504A containing a calibration sample to be positioned within the sample region 502 (shown in FIG. 5 ) for calibration of the position of the sample holder 306 relative to the resonator 420.

[0038] During calibration, the position of the sample holder 306 may be adjusted via actuation of the sample transfer arm 201 by an actuator (e.g., actuator 112 shown in FIG. 1 ) so that an optimal signal is obtained from the calibration sample contained in the sample container 504A. For example, the sample holder 306 may be adjusted to determine a position where magnetic resonance data from the calibration sample meets one or more calibration criteria or optimization metrics. In various implementations, this position is used as a reference point for moving to another sample container 504 within the sample holder 306. After calibration is complete, the sample holder 306 may be moved to position another sample container 504 within the sample region 502 for purposes of performing a magnetic resonance analysis of the first sample. In various implementations, the calibration sample contained in the sample container 504A can further enable monitoring of the performance of the magnetic resonance system, for example, by comparing results with results from factory testing of the same calibration sample. After completing the magnetic resonance analysis of the first sample, the sample holder 306 may be further moved to position a different sample container 504 within the region 502 for the purpose of completing the magnetic resonance analysis of a second sample. After completing the magnetic resonance analysis of the second sample, the sample holder 306 may be further moved relative to the resonator 420 to perform a magnetic resonance analysis on a third sample. This process may be repeated until all samples contained in the sample holder 306 have been analyzed.

[0039] 9A-9D, a coverslip 802 may, in some implementations, be used in conjunction with a sample holder 306. In such implementations, the coverslip 802 is placed on the sample holder 306 to cover the sample vessel 504. In some implementations, the coverslip 802 may be bonded to the sample holder 306 by, for example, a chemical adhesive. In other implementations, the coverslip 802 and the sample holder 306 may remain separable.

[0040] FIG. 10A is a perspective view illustrating one possible method of mounting a prismatic sample holder 102 to a transfer arm 201. An opening 1002A is formed in the top aspect of the sample holder 102, and a corresponding opening is formed at the attachment point of the sample transfer arm 201. A notch 1003A is formed in the bottom surface of the sample transfer arm 201. The notch 1003A receives the proximal end of the sample holder 102. Once the sample holder 102 is received in the notch 1003A, a threaded member such as, for example, a set screw 1004, can be utilized to secure the sample holder 102 to the sample transfer arm 201. The principles discussed with respect to FIG. 10A can be applied to any implementation of a sample holder described in this disclosure, such as, for example, sample holder 102, 306, 602, 1202, 1402, 1450, 1501, or another sample holder.

[0041] FIG. 10B is a perspective view illustrating the attachment of tubular sample holder 602 to transfer arm 201. An opening 1002B is formed in the top aspect of sample holder 602, and a corresponding opening is formed at the attachment point on sample transfer arm 201. A notch 1003B is formed in the bottom surface of sample transfer arm 201. Notch 1003B receives the proximal end of sample holder 602. Once sample holder 602 is received in notch 1003A, a threaded member such as, for example, set screw 1004, can be utilized to secure sample holder 602 to sample transfer arm 201. As shown in FIGS. 10A-10B and 6A-6B, sample holders incorporate and utilize different shapes and configurations, but are not limited to the shapes and configurations described herein.

[0042] 11A is a flow diagram illustrating a process 1100 for replacing a sample in a magnetic resonance system using a calibration sample. In various implementations, the magnetic resonance system may be the example magnetic resonance system 100 discussed above with respect to FIG. 1 or another type of magnetic resonance system. The example process 1100 may include additional or different operations, and the operations may be performed in the order shown or in a different order. In some cases, one or more operations may be repeated, omitted, or performed in a different manner.

[0043] At 1110, a sample holder is received in the resonator package. The sample holder can be, for example, the exemplary sample holder 102 shown in FIG. 1 , any of the exemplary sample holders described above and the exemplary sample holders shown in FIGS. 2-9 or 13-15 , or another type of sample holder. The resonator package operates in the primary magnetic field of the primary magnet system. The resonator package may be disposed in a cryogenic temperature environment controlled by a cooling system. Transfer of the sample holder is facilitated by a sample transfer device (e.g., sample transfer arm 201 shown in FIG. 2 or another type of sample transfer device). In various implementations, the sample transfer device may be used in conjunction with a probe (e.g., as shown in FIG. 2 ), while in other implementations, the probe may be omitted (e.g., as shown in FIG. 3 ). Positioning guides can facilitate positioning of the sample holder relative to the resonator.

[0044] Various shapes or forms of sample holders may be utilized. The sample holder has multiple sample vessels formed therein. In some implementations, the sample vessels may be, for example, multiple grooves formed in the surface of the sample holder. The sample vessels may be spaced apart from one another by a uniform distance or may be otherwise spaced apart. In some implementations, the sample vessels are spaced apart by known but non-uniform distances. In some implementations, a coverslip may be used in conjunction with the sample holder. In some implementations, multiple ports are formed in the coverslip to provide access to the sample vessels.

[0045] At 1120, the sample holder is transferred such that the sample vessel containing the calibration sample is positioned within the sample volume of the resonator. In some implementations, transferring the sample holder includes moving the sample holder along a single axis. In other implementations, transferring the sample holder includes moving the sample holder along multiple axes, such as linearly along two axes or about one or more axes of rotation. Transfer of the sample holder is facilitated by an actuator, which may be a mechanical actuator, an electromechanical actuator, or any of the actuator types described above with respect to FIG. 1.

[0046] At 1130, the position of the sample holder relative to the resonator is calibrated. In some implementations, calibrating the position of the sample holder determines a reference position for the sample holder. The reference position can be the position where the magnetic resonance signal obtained from the calibration sample satisfies a calibration criterion or optimization metric. For example, the reference position can be the position where the observed signal-to-noise ratio is highest (or higher than a threshold value), or the position where the observed signal intensity is highest (or higher than a threshold value) resulting in the smallest observed linewidth, or a combination of these or other criteria can be used to select the reference position. The process of calibrating the position of the sample holder typically includes acquiring magnetic resonance signals from the calibration sample at multiple test positions within the sample volume of the resonator and analyzing the magnetic resonance signals to identify one of the test positions as the ideal position for the calibration sample.

[0047] At 1140, the sample holder is transferred to position a selected sample container containing a selected sample for magnetic resonance analysis within the sample region of the resonator. The fiducial reference position is used as a reference point of reference when the selected sample container is transferred to the sample region. In this manner, the known spacing between the sample containers combined with knowledge of the fiducial reference position can ensure that the first sample is transferred to the correct position relative to the resonator, e.g., the ideal position for magnetic resonance analysis.

[0048] In 1150, magnetic resonance data is acquired from the selected sample. The magnetic resonance data is generated by interaction between the resonator and the selected sample in the sample volume. In various implementations, after magnetic resonance analysis of the first sample in the first sample container, the sample holder may further be transferred to position a second sample container containing a second sample in the sample volume of the resonator. The fiducial reference position may be used again as a reference reference point when the second sample is transferred to the sample volume. Once the second sample is positioned in the sample volume, magnetic resonance data may be acquired from the interaction of the second sample with the resonator. This sequence may be repeated with a third sample, a fourth sample, or more samples in various implementations. Thus, multiple samples may be subjected to magnetic resonance analysis without having to remove the sample holder from the cryogenic temperature environment.

[0049] 11B is a flow diagram illustrating a process 1102 for replacing a sample in a magnetic resonance system with frequency-shift calibration. In various implementations, the magnetic resonance system can be the example magnetic resonance system 100 discussed above with respect to FIG. 1 or another type of magnetic resonance system. The example process 1102 may include additional or different operations, and the operations may be performed in the order shown or in a different order. In some cases, one or more operations may be repeated, omitted, or performed in a different manner.

[0050] At 1112, a sample holder is received in the resonator package. The sample holder can be, for example, the exemplary sample holder 102 shown in FIG. 1 , any of the exemplary sample holders described above and the exemplary sample holders shown in FIGS. 2-9 or 13-15 , or another type of sample holder. The resonator package operates in the primary magnetic field of the primary magnet system. The resonator package may be disposed in a cryogenic temperature environment controlled by a cooling system. Transfer of the sample holder is facilitated by a sample transfer device (e.g., sample transfer arm 201 shown in FIG. 2 or another type of sample transfer device). In various implementations, the sample transfer device may be used in conjunction with a probe (e.g., as shown in FIG. 2 ), while in other implementations, the probe may be omitted (e.g., as shown in FIG. 3 ). Positioning guides can facilitate positioning of the sample holder relative to the resonator.

[0051] Various shapes or forms of sample holders may be utilized. The sample holder has multiple sample vessels formed therein. In some implementations, the sample vessels may be, for example, multiple grooves formed in the surface of the sample holder. The sample vessels may be spaced apart from one another by a uniform distance or may be otherwise spaced apart. In some implementations, the sample vessels are spaced apart by known but non-uniform distances. In some implementations, a coverslip may be used in conjunction with the sample holder. In some implementations, multiple ports are formed in the coverslip to provide access to the sample vessels.

[0052] In 1122, the sample holder is transported so that the leading edge of the sample holder begins to interact with the electric field generated by the resonator. In various implementations, the transport of the sample holder may be as described in 1120 of FIG. 11A or by another method. The interaction of the sample holder with the electric field of the resonator shifts the resonant frequency of the resonator. Because the sample holder has a dielectric constant higher than that of a vacuum, this results in a change in the effective dielectric constant of the resonator, ε eff As a result, the resonant frequency of the resonator can be expressed by the following equation:

[0053]

number

[0054] At 1132, the position of the sample holder relative to the resonator is calibrated. In some implementations, calibrating the position of the sample holder determines a reference position for the sample holder. The reference position can be a position where a shift in the resonator's resonant frequency indicates alignment of the front edge of the sample holder with the center of the resonator. As described above, the process of calibrating the position of the sample holder can include measuring a shift in the resonator's resonant frequency to determine the exact position of the sample holder.

[0055] In 1142, the sample holder is transferred to position a selected sample container containing a selected sample for magnetic resonance analysis within the sample region of the resonator. The fiducial reference position is used as a reference point of reference when the selected sample container is transferred to the sample region. In this manner, the known spacing between the sample containers combined with knowledge of the fiducial reference position can ensure that the first sample is transferred to the correct position relative to the resonator, e.g., the ideal position for magnetic resonance analysis.

[0056] In 1152, magnetic resonance data is acquired from the selected sample. The magnetic resonance data is generated by interaction between the resonator and the selected sample in the sample volume. In various implementations, after magnetic resonance analysis of the first sample in the first sample container, the sample holder may be further transferred to position a second sample container containing a second sample in the sample volume of the resonator. The fiducial reference position may be used again as a reference reference point when the second sample is transferred to the sample volume. Once the second sample is positioned in the sample volume, magnetic resonance data may be acquired from the interaction of the second sample with the resonator. This sequence may be repeated with a third sample, a fourth sample, or more samples in various implementations. Thus, multiple samples may be subjected to magnetic resonance analysis without having to remove the sample holder from the cryogenic temperature environment.

[0057] FIG. 12A is a front view of an example sample holder 1202 showing a sample vessel 1204. FIG. 12B is a detailed front view of the sample vessel 1204. FIG. 13A is a side view of the example sample holder 1202 showing the sample vessel 1204. FIG. 13B is a detailed side view of the sample vessel 1204. The sample vessel 1204 includes a sample cavity 1206 that is fluidly coupled to a first port 1208 via a first groove 1210. The sample cavity 1206 is further fluidly coupled to a second port 1212 via a second groove 1214. The first port 1208 and the second port 1212 are offset from the sample cavity 1206 and disposed on opposite sides of the sample cavity 1206. During operation, the first port 1208 may be used as an injection port through which a magnetic resonance sample is added to the sample cavity 1206. In this arrangement, the second port 1212 acts as an air release port to facilitate filling of the sample cavity 1206. In other implementations, the second port 1212 may be used as a fill port, and the first port 1208 may function as an air release port. Thus, the first port 1208 and the second port 1212 are functionally interchangeable.

[0058] In the examples shown in FIGS. 12A, 12B, 13A, and 13B, the injection port is sized to accept a pipette tip, so that a pipette (e.g., a standard-sized pipette) can be used to fill the sample cavity 1206. In various implementations, the volume of the sample cavity 1206 ranges from approximately 1 μL to approximately 15 μL, which is the amount that a pipette can handle. In other implementations, the sample cavity 1206 may be less than approximately 1 μL. In still other implementations, the sample cavity 1206 may be larger than 15 μL. Standard disposable pipette tips with tip outer diameters (Ods) up to approximately 500 μm are available. In various implementations, the first port 1208 and the second port 1212 are approximately 600 μm in diameter, so that such standard pipette tips can be inserted into the ports to transfer liquid to the sample cavity. Having an injection port into which a pipette tip can be inserted simplifies the filling process and may also enable or enhance an automated filling process. In the example shown, the fill port extends through the first layer 1302 (typically about 250 um) of the sample holder 1202, as shown in FIG. 13B.

[0059] Generally, larger injection ports can simplify the filling process, but larger injection ports may also result in a higher evaporation rate of the sample solution. Significant evaporation can result in bubble formation in the sample solution and changes to the concentration of the sample solution, both of which are undesirable. In the example shown in FIGS. 12A, 12B, 13A, and 13B, first groove 1210 and second groove 1214 are utilized to reduce or avoid evaporation of the sample solution. As shown, first groove 1210 and second groove 1214 exhibit small cross-sections (smaller than the cross-sections of ports 1208 and 1212) and form flow paths fluidically coupling first port 1208 and second port 1212, respectively, to sample cavity 1206. As shown in Figures 13A-13B, the first groove 1210 and the second groove 1214 can be implemented as trenches in the two substrates that make up the sample holder 1202 and can be as small as, for example, 50 µm x 50 µm in cross section (e.g., approximately 100 times smaller in area compared to a 600 µm diameter injection port). In other implementations, the first groove 1210 and the second groove 1214 can be as small as, for example, 10 µm x 10 µm in cross section (e.g., approximately 2500 times smaller in area). The first groove 1210 and the second groove 1214 extend from the first port 1208 and the second port 1212, respectively, to opposite diagonally opposite corners of the sample cavity 1206. Such an arrangement allows gas to escape from the sample cavity 1206 during the filling process, preventing residual bubbles in the sample cavity 1206 after filling. The small volumes of the first groove 1210 and the second groove 1214 further limit the amount of sample present in the outer portions of the mode volume of the resonator where the resonator field is low, thereby limiting RF inhomogeneities.

[0060] The relatively large, deep, offset nature of the first port 1208 and the second port 1212 allows a sealing material in some implementations to be used to reduce or prevent evaporation of the magnetic resonance sample from the sample cavity 1206. For example, a material such as an adhesive, epoxy, wax, or viscosity may be dispensed into the first port 1208 and the second port 1212 in various implementations after sample injection is complete. The offset nature of the first port 1208 and the second port 1212 will reduce the effect the sealing material has on the magnetic resonance signal from the magnetic resonance sample. In other implementations, the first port 1208 and the second port 1212 may not be sealed.

[0061] 13B , the sample holder 1202 may be formed from a first layer 1302 bonded to a second layer 1304. In various implementations, bonding of the first layer 1302 to the second layer 1304 may be via, for example, laser welding, chemical adhesive, crimping, a combination thereof, or another bonding method. A first plurality of etches 1306 is formed in the first layer 1302, and a second plurality of etches 1308 is formed in the second layer 1304. In various implementations, the first plurality of etches 1306 and the second plurality of etches 1308 extend partially through the thickness of the first layer 1302 and the second layer 1304, respectively. In various implementations, the first plurality of etches 1306 and the second plurality of etches 1308 define portions of the sample cavity 1206, the first port 1208, and the second port 1212, such that when the first layer 1302 is aligned with and bonded to the second layer 1304, the sample cavity 1206, the first port 1208, and the second port 1212 are formed. In implementations in which the first port 1208 and the second port 1212 are offset from the sample cavity 1206, the first plurality of etches 1306 and the second plurality of etches 1308 may further define a portion of the first groove 1210 and the second groove 1214, such that when the first layer 1302 is aligned with and bonded to the second layer 1304, the first groove 1210 and the second groove 1214 are further formed. The principles discussed with respect to Figures 12A-12B and 13A-13B can be applied to any implementation of a sample holder described in this disclosure, such as, for example, sample holder 102, 306, 602, 1402, 1450, 1501, or another sample holder.

[0062] 14A is a front view of an example sample holder 1402 showing a sample vessel 1404 with an offset port and adhesive groove 1408. In various implementations, the sample holder 1402 may be constructed similarly to the sample holder 1202 shown in FIGS. 13A-13B. The sample holder 1402 includes a sample vessel 1404. The sample vessel 1404 includes a first port 1410 that is offset from the sample cavity 1406 and fluidly coupled to the sample cavity 1406 via a first groove 1412, and a second port 1414 that is offset from the sample cavity 1406 and fluidly coupled to the sample cavity 1406 via a second groove 1416.

[0063] In various implementations, a first adhesive port 1418 and a second adhesive port 1420 are formed in the sample holder 1402. The first adhesive port 1418 and the second adhesive port 1420 are fluidly coupled to adhesive grooves 1408 defined in the sample holder 1402. The adhesive grooves 1408 define fluid paths surrounding each of the sample vessels 1404. During operation, a chemical adhesive is injected into the first adhesive port 1418. The chemical adhesive then fills the adhesive grooves 1408 as air is evacuated through the second adhesive port 1420. The chemical adhesive facilitates stable bonding of the layers of the sample holder 1402, such as, for example, the first layer 1302 and the second layer 1304 shown in FIG. 13B. In various implementations, the chemical adhesive injected into the adhesive grooves 1408 may be used alone, or in other implementations, the chemical adhesive may be used in combination with other joining procedures including, for example, laser welding or crimping.

[0064] A vent port 1424 is fluidly coupled to the sample cavity 1406. In various implementations, the vent port 1424 may be formed at opposite corners of the sample cavity 1406 from the first port 1410 and the second port 1414, while in other implementations, the vent port 1424 may be located elsewhere and fluidly coupled to the sample cavity 1406. How the sample cavity 1406 fills depends on the wetting characteristics of the sample solution relative to the material of the sample holder 1402. In some cases, the solution may fill the perimeter of the sample cavity 1406 first, and in some cases, the first port 1410 and the second port 1414 may be blocked before the sample cavity 1406 is completely filled, leaving trapped air bubbles within the sample cavity 1406. The addition of vent port 1424 to sample cavity 1406 facilitates the escape of air from sample cavity 1406, facilitating complete filling of sample cavity 1406.

[0065] 14B is a front view of an example sample holder 1450 showing a sample vessel 1456 having multiple ports 1458 and an adhesive groove 1460. In various implementations, the sample holder 1450 is similar in construction and operation to the sample holder 1402. However, the sample holder 1450 omits the first port 1410, the second port 1414, the first groove 1412, and the second groove 1416. By way of example, the sample holder 1450 includes four ports 1458 fluidly coupled to the sample cavity 1406. During operation, one of the ports 1458 may be utilized for sample loading, while the remaining ports 1458 may be utilized for air release. The principles discussed with respect to Figures 14A-14B can be applied to any implementation of a sample holder described in this disclosure, such as, for example, sample holder 102, 306, 602, 1202, 1501, or another sample holder.

[0066] FIG. 14C is a front view of an example sample holder 1470 showing a laser weld path 1472. FIG. 14D is a front view of an example sample holder 1470 including an adhesive groove 1476. The principles discussed with respect to FIGS. 14C-14D can be applied to any implementation of a sample holder described in this disclosure, such as, for example, sample holders 102, 306, 602, 1202, 1501, or another sample holder. Laser welding is a joining process that uses a focused laser beam to create heat and pressure. Laser welding is a precise process that results in minimal thermal distortion and stress on the sample holder 1770. The laser weld path 1472 is disposed around the periphery of the sample container 1474. The laser weld path 1472 indicates the path taken by a laser welder and the location of the laser weld on the sample holder 1470. 14D, laser welding may be used in conjunction with adhesive grooves 1476, which in various implementations may be similar to adhesive grooves 1408 described above. The use of adhesive grooves 1476 in combination with laser weld paths 1472 promotes stable bonding of the layers of sample holder 1470.

[0067] 15 is an exploded view of an example three-layer sample holder 1501. The sample holder 1202 may be formed from a first layer 1502 bonded to a second layer 1504 and a third layer 1506. In various implementations, the first layer 1502 is bonded to the second layer 1504 and the third layer 1506 via, for example, laser welding, chemical adhesives, pressure bonding, a combination thereof, or other bonding methods. A first plurality of etches 1508 is formed in the first layer 1502, and a second plurality of etches 1510 is formed in the second layer 1504. The third layer 1506 is not etched. In various implementations, the first plurality of etches 1508 and the second plurality of etches 1510 extend completely through the thickness of the first layer 1502 and the second layer 1504, respectively. In various implementations, the first plurality of etches 1508 and the second plurality of etches 1510 define a portion of the sample cavity, the first port, and the second port, such that the sample cavity, the first port, and the second port are formed when the first layer 1502 is aligned with and bonded to the second layer 1504 and the third layer 1506. In implementations in which the first port and the second port are offset from the sample cavity, the first plurality of etches 1508 and the second plurality of etches 1510 may further define a portion of the first groove and the second groove, such that the first groove and the second groove are further formed when the first layer 1502 is aligned with and bonded to the second layer 1504 and the third layer 1506.

[0068] The three-layer sample holder 1501 does not need to be etched to a particular depth. The first and second plurality of etches 1508 and 1510 extend completely through the first and second layers 1502 and 1504, respectively. This allows for the use of more traditional etch processes or other types of cutting, such as laser cutting or water jet cutting. In such a construction, the surfaces of the first, second, and third layers 1502, 1504, and 1506 would remain in their original state because they would be unaffected by the etch process, facilitating some alternative bonding method, such as crimping. Crimping is an adhesive-free process whereby two highly compatible flat surfaces are held together by intermolecular forces. Crimping requires that the surfaces, e.g., the first, second, and third layers 1502, 1504, and 1506, be very smooth and flat. The full-thickness etching of the first multiple etches 1508 and the second multiple etches 1510 leaves the outer surfaces of the first layer 1502 and the second layer 1504 in their original state, thereby facilitating a crimp between the first layer 1502, the second layer 1504, and the third layer 1506. The principles discussed with respect to Figure 15 can be applied to any implementation of a sample holder described in this disclosure, such as, for example, sample holder 102, 306, 602, 1202, 1402, 1450, or another sample holder.

[0069] In a general aspect, the systems and techniques described herein allow for sample exchange in a magnetic resonance system.

[0070] In a first example, the magnetic resonance apparatus includes a resonator, a sample holder includes a plurality of sample vessels, and a sample transfer device is operable to transfer the sample holder relative to the resonator to position one of the sample vessels within a sample volume of the resonator.

[0071] Implementations of the first example may include one or more of the following features. For example, in some implementations, the sample transfer instrument transfers the sample holder relative to the resonator to maximize the fill factor of one of the sample vessels relative to the other sample vessel. In some implementations, the resonator is configured to generate a controlled field within the sample volume. The sample transfer instrument is operable to selectively position one of the sample vessels within the sample volume.

[0072] In some implementations of the first example, at least one sample vessel of the plurality of sample vessels contains a calibration sample.

[0073] In some implementations of the first example, the plurality of sample vessels comprises a plurality of grooves defined in the sample holder.

[0074] An implementation of the first example may include one or more of the following features: Each sample vessel may include a sample cavity and an injection port offset from the sample cavity by a sample groove and fluidically coupled to the sample cavity by the sample groove. Each sample vessel may include an air release port offset from the sample cavity opposite the injection port and fluidically coupled to the sample cavity by the air release groove. The injection port may be sized to receive a pipette tip. A sealant may be applied to the injection port and the air release port. Each of the plurality of grooves includes a contoured surface to match the spatial distribution of the resonator control field produced by the resonator. The sample holder may include a cover slip closing the plurality of grooves. The cover slip defines ports providing fluid communication with the plurality of grooves. The ports may be sealed.

[0075] In some implementations of the first example, the sample transfer arm is operable to linearly transfer the sample holder in a first direction, and the sample vessels are spaced apart from one another in the first direction.

[0076] In some implementations of the first example, the sample holder may include an elongated prismatic body defining a plurality of flat outer surfaces, and the sample vessel includes a groove defined in one of the plurality of flat outer surfaces.

[0077] In some implementations of the first example, the sample holder may include an elongated cylindrical body defining a side surface. The sample vessel may include a groove defined in the side surface.

[0078] In some implementations of the first example, the multiple sample vessels may include multiple capillaries within the sample holder.

[0079] Some implementations of the first example include a resonator package including the resonator, the sample holder being at least partially disposed within the resonator package, and the resonator package may include positioning guides that facilitate alignment of the sample holder with the resonator.

[0080] In some implementations of the first example, the sample transfer arm comprises a first end that is exposed to room temperature and a second end that is exposed to cryogenic temperatures during operation.

[0081] In some implementations of the first example, the second end of the sample transfer arm contacts the sample holder, and the first end of the sample transfer arm is mechanically coupled to an actuator that moves the sample transfer arm.

[0082] In some implementations of the first example, the resonator may be a planar resonator. Additional implementations may include a resonator chip. The resonator may be a microstrip resonator defined on a surface of the resonator chip.

[0083] In some implementations of the first example, the resonator may be a three-dimensional cavity.

[0084] In some implementations of the first example, the resonator may be configured to operate in the primary magnetic field of a probeless magnetic resonance system.

[0085] In some implementations of the first example, the resonator may be configured to operate on a probe within a primary magnetic field of a magnetic resonance system.

[0086] In some implementations of the first example, moving the sample holder relative to the resonator includes moving the sample holder along multiple axes.

[0087] In a second example, a magnetic resonance system includes a primary magnet system configured to generate a primary magnetic field, a resonator configured to interact with a sample within a sample volume, a sample holder including a plurality of sample vessels, and a sample transfer device that transfers the sample holder relative to the resonator to position one of the sample vessels within the sample volume.

[0088] Implementations of the second example may include one or more of the following features: The sample transfer device may include a sample transfer rod. Some implementations may include a probe including the resonator. Some implementations may include a cryogenic system that controls the cryogenic temperature environment of the resonator. The sample transfer rod may extend from outside the cryogenic temperature environment to inside the cryogenic temperature environment. Multiple sample vessels can be present in the cryogenic temperature environment. The sample transfer device may be operable to transfer the sample holder relative to the resonator to maximize the fill factor of any one of the sample vessels relative to another sample vessel. At least one sample vessel of the multiple sample vessels can contain a calibration sample.

[0089] In some implementations of the second example, the plurality of sample vessels may include a plurality of grooves defined in the sample holder, and each sample vessel may include a sample cavity and an injection port offset from and fluidly coupled to the sample cavity by the sample groove.

[0090] In some implementations of the second example, each sample container may include an air release port offset from the sample cavity opposite the injection port and fluidly coupled to the sample cavity by an air release groove. The injection port may be sized to receive a pipette tip. A sealant may be applied to the injection port and the air release port.

[0091] In some implementations of the second example, each of the multiple sample vessels may include a contoured surface to match the spatial distribution of the resonator-controlled field produced by the resonator.

[0092] In some implementations of the second example, the sample transfer device may be operable to transfer the sample holder linearly in a first direction. The sample vessels may be spaced apart from one another in the first direction.

[0093] In some implementations of the second example, the sample transfer device may include a first end exposed to room temperature and a second end exposed to cryogenic temperatures during operation. The sample transfer device may be configured to transfer the sample holder along multiple axes.

[0094] In a third example, a magnetic resonance sample exchange system includes a sample holder including a plurality of sample vessels, at least one of which contains a calibration sample. The sample holder is configured to move relative to a resonator within a primary magnetic field of a magnetic resonance system. The sample holder is configured to mechanically couple to an actuator that positions the sample holder relative to a reference position determined by magnetic resonance measurements of the calibration sample.

[0095] A third example implementation may include an actuator. Additional implementations may include a sample transfer arm that mechanically couples the sample holder to the actuator. The actuator may include at least one of a servo, a caliper, or a micrometer.

[0096] A third example implementation may include a position control system that controls the actuator.

[0097] Implementations of the third example may include one or more of the following features: The plurality of sample vessels may include a plurality of grooves defined in the sample holder. Each sample vessel may include a sample cavity and an injection port offset from the sample cavity by the sample groove and fluidically coupled to the sample cavity by the sample groove. Each sample vessel may include an air relief port offset from the sample cavity opposite the injection port and fluidically coupled to the sample cavity by the air relief groove. The injection port may be sized to receive a pipette tip. A sealant may be applied to the injection port and the air relief port.

[0098] In some implementations of the third example, each of the multiple sample vessels may include a contoured surface to match the spatial distribution of the resonator-controlled field produced by the resonator.

[0099] In some implementations of the third example, the sample holder may include a cover slip that closes off the multiple grooves.

[0100] In some implementations of the third example, the coverslip defines ports that provide fluid communication with the plurality of grooves.

[0101] In some implementations of the third example, the port may include a plug.

[0102] In some implementations of the third example, the sample vessels are spaced apart from one another in the first direction.

[0103] In some implementations of the third example, the sample holder may include an elongated prismatic body defining a plurality of flat outer surfaces, and the sample container may include a groove defined in one of the plurality of flat outer surfaces.

[0104] In some implementations of the third example, the sample holder may include an elongated cylindrical body defining a side surface, and the sample vessel may include a groove defined in the side surface.

[0105] In some implementations of the third example, the multiple sample vessels may include multiple capillary tubes within the sample holder.

[0106] In a fourth example, a magnetic resonance method includes receiving a sample holder into a resonator package. The resonator package is disposed within a primary magnetic field of a magnetic resonance system. The resonator package may include a resonator configured to interact with a sample in a sample volume. The sample holder may include a first sample and a calibration sample. The sample holder is transported to position the calibration sample in the sample volume. The position of the sample holder is calibrated relative to the resonator based on a first magnetic resonance signal generated by the interaction between the resonator and the calibration sample. After calibrating the position of the sample holder, the sample holder is transported to position the first sample in the sample volume. Magnetic resonance data is acquired based on a second magnetic resonance signal generated by the interaction between the resonator and the first sample.

[0107] In some implementations of the fourth example, the sample holder may include a plurality of additional samples, and the method may include iteratively transferring the sample holder to position one of the plurality of additional samples within the sample volume and acquiring magnetic resonance data based on a magnetic resonance signal generated by an interaction between the resonator and the sample currently positioned within the sample volume.

[0108] Some implementations of the fourth example may include cooling the sample holder to a cryogenic temperature before calibrating the position of the sample holder.

[0109] In some implementations of the fourth example, transporting the sample holder may include transporting the sample holder linearly.

[0110] In some implementations of the fourth example, transporting the sample holder may include transporting the sample holder along multiple axes.

[0111] In some implementations of the fourth example, the magnetic resonance system is the magnetic resonance system of any of the second examples.

[0112] In a fifth example, a magnetic resonance system includes a primary magnet system configured to generate a primary magnetic field, a resonator configured to interact with a sample within a sample volume, a sample holder including a plurality of sample vessels, and a sample transfer device that transfers the sample holder relative to the resonator to position one of the sample vessels within the sample volume.

[0113] An implementation of the fifth example may include one or more of the following features. For example, the sample transfer device may include a sample transfer rod. Further, an implementation of the fifth example may include a cryogenic system that controls the cryogenic temperature environment of the resonator. The sample transfer rod extends from outside the cryogenic temperature environment to inside the cryogenic temperature environment. In such an implementation, multiple sample containers can be present within the cryogenic temperature environment.

[0114] In some implementations of the fifth example, the sample transfer device is operable to transfer the sample holder relative to the resonator to maximize the filling rate of one of the sample vessels relative to the other sample vessel.

[0115] In some implementations of the fifth example, at least one sample vessel of the plurality of sample vessels contains a calibration sample.

[0116] In some implementations of the fifth example, introduction of the sample holder into the electric field of the resonator induces a shift in the resonant frequency of the resonator, the shift in the resonant frequency being indicative of the position of the sample holder relative to the resonator.

[0117] Some implementations of the fifth example may include one or more of the following features. For example, each sample vessel may include a sample cavity, an injection port fluidly coupled to the sample cavity, and an air release port fluidly coupled to the sample cavity. Further, in implementations of the fifth example, the sample holder may include a first layer having a first plurality of etches formed on a planar surface of the first layer and a second layer having a second plurality of etches formed on a planar surface of the second layer. When the first layer is aligned with the second layer, the first plurality of etches and the second plurality of etches align to form the sample cavity, the injection port, and the air release port.

[0118] Some implementations of the fifth example may include one or more of the following features. For example, an implementation of a sample holder may include a first layer having a first plurality of etches formed through the entire thickness of the first layer, a second layer having a second plurality of etches formed through the entire thickness of the second layer, and a third, unetched layer. When the first, second, and third layers are aligned, the first and second plurality of etches align to form a sample cavity, an injection port, and an air release port. Further, in implementations of the fifth example, the injection port may be offset from the sample cavity and fluidically coupled to the sample cavity by a sample groove. The air release port may be offset from the sample cavity opposite the injection port and fluidically coupled to the sample cavity by the air release groove.

[0119] In a fifth example implementation, the sample holder may include an adhesive port formed in one of the first layer or the second layer, an adhesive vent formed in one of the first layer or the second layer, and an adhesive groove fluidly coupling the adhesive port to the adhesive vent and defining a fluid path surrounding each of the sample cavities.

[0120] In an implementation of the fifth example, the sample holder may include an elongated prismatic body defining a plurality of flat outer surfaces, and the sample vessel comprises a groove defined in one of the plurality of flat outer surfaces. In another implementation of the fifth example, the sample holder may include an elongated cylindrical body defining a side surface, and the sample vessel comprises a groove defined in the side surface. In another implementation of the fifth example, the plurality of sample vessels may include a plurality of capillaries within the sample holder.

[0121] A fifth example implementation may include a resonator package including the resonator, the sample holder being at least partially disposed within the resonator package, and the resonator package may include positioning guides that facilitate alignment of the sample holder with the resonator.

[0122] A fifth example implementation may include a resonator chip. In various implementations, the resonator is a planar microstrip resonator defined on a surface of the resonator chip.

[0123] In a sixth example, a magnetic resonance method includes receiving a sample holder into a resonator package. The resonator package is disposed within a primary magnetic field of a magnetic resonance system. The resonator package includes a resonator configured to interact with a sample within a sample volume. A position of the sample holder relative to the resonator is calibrated. Based on the calibration, the sample holder is moved to position the sample within the sample volume. Magnetic resonance data is acquired based on a magnetic resonance signal generated by the interaction between the resonator and the first sample.

[0124] An implementation of a sixth example may include transporting a sample holder to position a calibration sample contained in the sample holder within a sample volume, and calibrating the position of the sample holder relative to the resonator based on a magnetic resonance signal generated by an interaction between the resonator and the calibration sample.

[0125] In a sixth example implementation, the sample holder may include multiple additional samples, and the method may include repeatedly transferring the sample holder to position one of the multiple additional samples within the sample region, and acquiring magnetic resonance data based on a magnetic resonance signal generated by an interaction between the resonator and the sample currently positioned within the sample region.

[0126] In a sixth example implementation, calibrating the position of the sample holder may include detecting a shift in the resonant frequency of the resonator, the shift in the resonant frequency being due to the sample holder entering the electric field of the resonator, and calibrating the position of the sample holder may further include determining a position of the sample holder relative to the resonator based on the detected shift in the resonant frequency.

[0127] A sixth example implementation may include cooling the sample holder to a cryogenic temperature before calibrating the position of the sample holder.

[0128] In a seventh example, a magnetic resonance apparatus includes a resonator, a sample holder includes a plurality of sample vessels, and a sample transfer device is operable to transfer the sample holder relative to the resonator to position one of the sample vessels within a sample volume of the resonator.

[0129] An implementation of the seventh example may include one or more of the following features. For example, the sample transfer device may include a sample transfer rod. Further, the implementation of the first example may include a cryogenic system that controls the cryogenic temperature environment of the resonator. The sample transfer rod extends from outside the cryogenic temperature environment to inside the cryogenic temperature environment. In such an implementation, multiple sample containers can be present within the cryogenic temperature environment.

[0130] In some implementations of the seventh example, the sample transfer device is operable to transfer the sample holder relative to the resonator to maximize the filling rate of one of the sample vessels relative to the other sample vessel.

[0131] In some implementations of the seventh example, at least one sample vessel of the plurality of sample vessels contains a calibration sample.

[0132] In some implementations of the seventh example, introduction of the sample holder into the electric field of the resonator induces a shift in the resonant frequency of the resonator, the shift in the resonant frequency being indicative of the position of the sample holder relative to the resonator.

[0133] An implementation of the seventh example may include one or more of the following features. For example, each sample vessel may include a sample cavity, an injection port fluidly coupled to the sample cavity, and an air release port fluidly coupled to the sample cavity. Further, in an implementation of the seventh example, the sample holder may include a first layer having a first plurality of etches formed on a planar surface of the first layer and a second layer having a second plurality of etches formed on a planar surface of the second layer. When the first layer is aligned with the second layer, the first plurality of etches and the second plurality of etches align to form the sample cavity, the injection port, and the air release port.

[0134] Implementations of the seventh example may include one or more of the following features. For example, an implementation of a sample holder may include a first layer having a first plurality of etches formed through the entire thickness of the first layer, a second layer having a second plurality of etches formed through the entire thickness of the second layer, and a third, unetched layer. When the first, second, and third layers are aligned, the first and second plurality of etches align to form a sample cavity, an injection port, and an air release port. Further, in implementations of the seventh example, the injection port may be offset from the sample cavity and fluidically coupled to the sample cavity by a sample groove. The air release port may be offset from the sample cavity opposite the injection port and fluidically coupled to the sample cavity by the air release groove.

[0135] In a seventh example implementation, the sample holder may include an adhesive port formed in one of the first layer or the second layer, an adhesive vent formed in one of the first layer or the second layer, and an adhesive groove fluidly coupling the adhesive port to the adhesive vent and defining a fluid path surrounding each of the sample cavities.

[0136] In an implementation of the seventh example, the sample holder may include an elongated prismatic body defining a plurality of flat outer surfaces, and the sample vessel comprises a groove defined in one of the plurality of flat outer surfaces. In another implementation of the seventh example, the sample holder may include an elongated cylindrical body defining a side surface, and the sample vessel comprises a groove defined in the side surface. In another implementation of the seventh example, the plurality of sample vessels may include a plurality of capillaries within the sample holder.

[0137] A seventh example implementation may include a resonator package including the resonator, the sample holder being at least partially disposed within the resonator package, and the resonator package may include positioning guides that facilitate alignment of the sample holder with the resonator.

[0138] An implementation of the seventh example may include a resonator chip. In various implementations, the resonator is a planar microstrip resonator defined on a surface of the resonator chip.

[0139] While this specification contains many details, these should not be understood as limitations on the scope of what may be claimed, but rather as descriptions of features specific to particular examples. Certain features described herein or shown in the associated drawings in separate implementations may also be combined. Conversely, various features described or shown in the context of a single implementation may also be implemented in multiple embodiments separately or in any suitable subcombination.

[0140] Similarly, while operations are depicted in the figures in a particular order, this should not be understood as requiring such operations to be performed in the particular order shown, or in sequential order, or that all of the illustrated operations be performed, to achieve desirable results. In certain situations, multitasking and parallel processing may be advantageous. Furthermore, the separation of various system components in the above-described implementations should not be understood as requiring such separation in all implementations, and it should be understood that the described program components and systems may generally be integrated together in a single product or packaged in multiple products.

[0141] A number of embodiments have been described. Nevertheless, it will be understood that various modifications may be made. For example, in various implementations, a guide system may be utilized to facilitate insertion and placement of the sample holder into the resonator package and to prevent damage to the sample holder. Such a guide system may include, for example, rails that support both edges of the sample holder during placement. Accordingly, other embodiments are within the scope of the following claims.

[0142] The following represent embodiments according to aspects of the present disclosure. 1. A resonator; a sample holder containing a plurality of sample vessels; a sample transfer arm operable to transfer the sample holder relative to the resonator to position one of the sample vessels within the sample region of the resonator; A magnetic resonance apparatus comprising: 2. The magnetic resonance apparatus of embodiment 1, wherein the sample transfer arm is operable to transfer the sample holder relative to the resonator to maximize the fill factor of one of the sample vessels relative to the other sample vessel. 3. The magnetic resonance apparatus of embodiment 1, wherein the resonator is configured to generate a control field within the sample region, and the sample transfer arm is operable to selectively position one of the sample vessels within the sample region. 4. The magnetic resonance apparatus of embodiment 1, wherein at least one sample vessel of the plurality of sample vessels contains a calibration sample. 5. The magnetic resonance apparatus of embodiment 1, wherein the plurality of sample vessels comprises a plurality of grooves defined in the sample holder. 6. The magnetic resonance apparatus of embodiment 1, wherein each sample vessel comprises a sample cavity and an injection port offset from the sample cavity by a sample groove and fluidly coupled to the sample cavity by the sample groove. 7. The magnetic resonance apparatus of embodiment 6, wherein each sample vessel comprises an air release port offset from the sample cavity opposite the injection port and fluidly coupled to the sample cavity by an air release groove. 8. The magnetic resonance apparatus of embodiment 7, wherein the injection port is sized to receive a pipette tip. 9. The magnetic resonance apparatus of embodiment 7, wherein a sealant is applied to the injection port and the air release port. 10. The magnetic resonance apparatus of embodiment 5, wherein each of the plurality of grooves comprises a contoured surface to match the spatial distribution of the resonator control field produced by the resonator. 11. The magnetic resonance apparatus of embodiment 5, wherein the sample holder comprises a cover slip closing the plurality of grooves. 12. The magnetic resonance apparatus of embodiment 11, wherein the coverslip defines ports that provide fluid communication with the plurality of grooves. 13. The magnetic resonance apparatus of embodiment 13, wherein the port is sealed. 14. The magnetic resonance apparatus of embodiment 1, wherein the sample transfer arm is operable to linearly transfer the sample holder in a first direction, and the sample containers are spaced apart from one another in the first direction. 15. The magnetic resonance apparatus of embodiment 1, wherein the sample holder comprises an elongated prismatic body defining a plurality of flat outer surfaces, and the sample container comprises a groove defined in one of the plurality of flat outer surfaces. 16. The magnetic resonance apparatus of embodiment 1, wherein the sample holder comprises an elongated cylindrical body defining a side surface, and the sample vessel comprises a groove defined in the side surface. 17. The magnetic resonance apparatus of embodiment 1, wherein the plurality of sample vessels comprises a plurality of capillaries within the sample holder. 18. The magnetic resonance apparatus of embodiment 1, comprising a resonator package including a resonator, a sample holder at least partially disposed within the resonator package, and the resonator package comprising positioning guides that facilitate alignment of the sample holder with the resonator. 19. The magnetic resonance apparatus of embodiment 1, wherein the sample transfer arm comprises a first end exposed to room temperature and a second end exposed to cryogenic temperatures during operation. 20. The magnetic resonance apparatus of embodiment 19, wherein the second end of the sample transfer arm contacts the sample holder and the first end of the sample transfer arm is mechanically coupled to an actuator that moves the sample transfer arm. 21. The magnetic resonance apparatus of embodiment 1, wherein the resonator is a planar resonator. 22. The magnetic resonance apparatus of embodiment 21, comprising a resonator chip, the resonator being a microstrip resonator defined on a surface of the resonator chip. 23. The magnetic resonance apparatus of embodiment 1, wherein the resonator is a three-dimensional cavity. 24. The magnetic resonance apparatus of embodiment 1, wherein the resonator is configured to operate in the primary magnetic field of a probeless magnetic resonance system. 25. The magnetic resonance apparatus of embodiment 1, wherein the resonator is configured to operate on the probe within a primary magnetic field of the magnetic resonance system. 26. The magnetic resonance apparatus of embodiment 1, wherein the movement of the sample holder relative to the resonator includes movement of the sample holder along multiple axes. 27. A primary magnet system configured to generate a primary magnetic field; a resonator configured to interact with the sample in the sample region; a sample holder comprising a plurality of sample vessels; a sample transfer device for transferring the sample holder relative to the resonator to position one of the sample vessels within the sample region; A magnetic resonance system comprising: 28. The magnetic resonance system of embodiment 27, wherein the sample transfer device comprises a sample transfer rod. 29. The magnetic resonance system of embodiment 27, comprising a probe including the resonator. 30. The magnetic resonance system of embodiment 29, comprising a cryogenic system for controlling the cryogenic temperature environment of the resonator, wherein the sample transfer rod extends from outside the cryogenic temperature environment to inside the cryogenic temperature environment. 31. The magnetic resonance system of embodiment 30, wherein the plurality of sample containers are present in a cryogenic temperature environment. 32. The magnetic resonance system of embodiment 27, wherein the sample transport device is operable to transport the sample holder relative to the resonator to maximize the filling factor of one of the sample vessels relative to the other sample vessel. 33. The magnetic resonance system of embodiment 27, wherein at least one sample vessel of the plurality of sample vessels contains a calibration sample. 34. The magnetic resonance system of embodiment 27, wherein the plurality of sample vessels comprises a plurality of grooves defined in the sample holder. 35. The magnetic resonance apparatus of embodiment 27, wherein each sample vessel comprises a sample cavity and an injection port offset from the sample cavity by a sample groove and fluidly coupled to the sample cavity by the sample groove. 36. The magnetic resonance apparatus of embodiment 35, wherein each sample vessel comprises an air release port offset from the sample cavity opposite the injection port and fluidly coupled to the sample cavity by an air release groove. 37. The magnetic resonance apparatus of embodiment 36, wherein the injection port is sized to receive a pipette tip. 38. The magnetic resonance apparatus of embodiment 36, wherein a sealant is applied to the injection port and the air release port. 39. The magnetic resonance system of embodiment 27, wherein each of the plurality of sample vessels comprises a contoured surface to match the spatial distribution of the resonator control field produced by the resonator. 40. The magnetic resonance system of embodiment 27, wherein the sample transport device is operable to transport the sample holder linearly in a first direction, and the sample containers are spaced apart from one another in the first direction. 41. The magnetic resonance system of embodiment 27, wherein the sample transfer device has a first end exposed to room temperature and a second end exposed to cryogenic temperatures during operation. 42. The magnetic resonance system of embodiment 27, wherein the sample transport device is configured to transport the sample holder along multiple axes. 43. A magnetic resonance sample exchange system comprising a sample holder containing a plurality of sample vessels, at least one of the sample vessels containing a calibration sample, the sample holder configured to move relative to a resonator within a primary magnetic field of a magnetic resonance system; A magnetic resonance sample exchange system, wherein the sample holder is configured to mechanically couple to an actuator that positions the sample holder relative to a reference position determined by magnetic resonance measurements of a calibration sample. 44. The magnetic resonance sample exchange system of embodiment 43, comprising an actuator. 45. The magnetic resonance sample exchange system of embodiment 44, comprising a sample transfer arm that mechanically couples the sample holder to the actuator. 46. The magnetic resonance sample exchange system of embodiment 44, wherein the actuator comprises at least one of a servo, a caliper, or a micrometer. 47. The magnetic resonance sample exchange system of embodiment 44, comprising a position control system that controls the actuator. 48. The magnetic resonance sample exchange system of embodiment 43, wherein the plurality of sample containers comprises a plurality of grooves defined in the sample holder. 49. The magnetic resonance apparatus of embodiment 48, wherein each sample vessel comprises a sample cavity and an injection port offset from the sample cavity by a sample groove and fluidly coupled to the sample cavity by the sample groove. 50. The magnetic resonance apparatus of embodiment 49, wherein each sample vessel comprises an air release port offset from the sample cavity opposite the injection port and fluidly coupled to the sample cavity by an air release groove. 51. The magnetic resonance apparatus of embodiment 50, wherein the injection port is sized to receive a pipette tip. 52. The magnetic resonance apparatus of embodiment 50, wherein a sealant is applied to the injection port and the air release port. 53. The magnetic resonance sample exchange system of embodiment 43, wherein each of the plurality of sample containers comprises a contoured surface to match the spatial distribution of the resonator control field produced by the resonator. 54. The magnetic resonance sample exchange system of embodiment 43, wherein the sample holder comprises a cover slip closing the plurality of grooves. 55. The magnetic resonance sample exchange system of embodiment 43, wherein the coverslip defines ports that provide fluid communication with the plurality of grooves. 56. The magnetic resonance sample exchange system of embodiment 43, wherein the port comprises a stopcock. 57. The magnetic resonance sample exchange system of embodiment 43, wherein the sample containers are spaced apart from one another in the first direction. 58. The magnetic resonance sample exchange system of embodiment 43, wherein the sample holder comprises an elongated prismatic body defining a plurality of flat outer surfaces, and the sample container comprises a groove defined in one of the plurality of flat outer surfaces. 59. The magnetic resonance sample exchange system of embodiment 43, wherein the sample holder comprises an elongated cylindrical body defining a side surface, and the sample container comprises a groove defined in the side surface. 44. The magnetic resonance sample exchange system of embodiment 43, wherein the plurality of sample vessels comprises a plurality of capillaries within the sample holder. 60. Receiving a sample holder into a resonator package, the resonator package disposed within a primary magnetic field of a magnetic resonance system, the resonator package comprising a resonator configured to interact with a sample in a sample volume, the sample holder comprising a first sample and a calibration sample; transferring a sample holder to position a calibration sample within a sample region; calibrating a position of the sample holder relative to the resonator based on a first magnetic resonance signal generated by an interaction between the resonator and the calibration sample; After calibrating the position of the sample holder, transferring the sample holder to position the first sample within the sample region; acquiring magnetic resonance data based on a second magnetic resonance signal generated by an interaction between the resonator and the first sample; A magnetic resonance method comprising: 61. The sample holder comprises a plurality of additional samples, and the method repeats: transferring the sample holder to position one of the plurality of additional samples within the sample region; acquiring magnetic resonance data based on magnetic resonance signals generated by interactions between the resonator and a sample currently positioned within the sample volume; 61. The magnetic resonance method of embodiment 60, comprising: 62. The magnetic resonance method of embodiment 60, comprising cooling the sample holder to a cryogenic temperature before calibrating the position of the sample holder. 63. The magnetic resonance method of embodiment 60, wherein transporting the sample holder comprises linearly transporting the sample holder. 64. The magnetic resonance method of embodiment 60, wherein transporting the sample holder includes transporting the sample holder along multiple axes. 65. The magnetic resonance method of embodiment 60, wherein the magnetic resonance system is the magnetic resonance system of any one of embodiments 23 to 34. 66. A primary magnet system configured to generate a primary magnetic field; a resonator configured to interact with the sample in the sample region; a sample holder containing a plurality of sample vessels; a sample transfer device for transferring the sample holder relative to the resonator to position one of the sample vessels within the sample region; A magnetic resonance system comprising: 67. The magnetic resonance system of embodiment 66, wherein the sample transfer device comprises a sample transfer rod. 68. The magnetic resonance system of embodiment 67, comprising a cryogenic system for controlling the cryogenic temperature environment of the resonator, wherein the sample transfer rod extends from outside the cryogenic temperature environment to inside the cryogenic temperature environment. 69. The magnetic resonance system of embodiment 68, wherein the plurality of sample containers are present in a cryogenic temperature environment. 70. The magnetic resonance system of any of embodiments 66-69, wherein the sample transport device is operable to transport the sample holder relative to the resonator to maximize the fill factor of one of the sample vessels relative to the other sample vessel. 71. The magnetic resonance system of any one of embodiments 66-69, wherein at least one sample vessel of the plurality of sample vessels contains a calibration sample. 72. Introduction of the sample holder into the field of the resonator induces a shift in the resonant frequency of the resonator; 70. The magnetic resonance system of any one of embodiments 66 to 69, wherein a shift in the resonant frequency indicates the position of the sample holder relative to the resonator. 73. Each sample container is a sample cavity and an injection port fluidly coupled to the sample cavity; An air release port that is fluidly coupled to the sample cavity 70. The magnetic resonance system of any one of embodiments 66 to 69, comprising: 74. The sample holder is a first layer having a first plurality of etches formed on a planar surface of the first layer; a second layer having a second plurality of etchings formed on the planar surface of the second layer; 74. The magnetic resonance system of embodiment 73, comprising: a first plurality of etches and a second plurality of etches aligned to form a sample vessel. 75. A first layer having a first plurality of etches formed through the entire thickness of the first layer; a second layer having a second plurality of etches formed through the entire thickness of the second layer; The third layer and Equipped with 74. The magnetic resonance system of embodiment 73, wherein when the first layer, the second layer, and the third layer are disposed, the first plurality of etches and the second plurality of etches align to form a sample vessel. 76. An injection port is offset from the sample cavity and fluidly coupled to the sample cavity by a sample groove; 74. The magnetic resonance system of embodiment 73, wherein the air relief port is offset from the sample cavity opposite the injection port and is fluidly coupled to the sample cavity by an air relief groove. 77. An adhesive port formed in one of the first layer or the second layer; an adhesive vent formed in one of the first layer or the second layer; an adhesive groove fluidly coupling the adhesive port to the adhesive vent and defining a fluid path surrounding each of the sample cavities; 77. The magnetic resonance system of embodiment 76, comprising: 78. The magnetic resonance system of any of embodiments 66-69, wherein the sample holder comprises an elongated prismatic body defining a plurality of flat outer surfaces, and the sample container comprises a groove defined in one of the plurality of flat outer surfaces. 79. The magnetic resonance system of any one of embodiments 66-69, wherein the sample holder comprises an elongated cylindrical body defining a side surface, and the sample vessel comprises a groove defined in the side surface. 80. The magnetic resonance system of any one of embodiments 66-69, wherein the plurality of sample vessels comprises a plurality of capillaries within the sample holder. 81. A magnetic resonance system of any of embodiments 66-69, comprising a resonator package including a resonator, a sample holder at least partially disposed within the resonator package, and the resonator package comprising positioning guides that facilitate alignment of the sample holder with the resonator. 82. The magnetic resonance system of any one of embodiments 66-69, comprising a resonator chip, wherein the resonator is a planar microstrip resonator defined on a surface of the resonator chip. 83. Receiving a sample holder containing a plurality of samples into a resonator package, the resonator package being disposed within a primary magnetic field of a magnetic resonance system, the resonator package including a resonator configured to interact with the samples within a sample volume; calibrating the position of the sample holder relative to the resonator based on the signal received from the resonator; transferring the sample holder to position a selected sample of the plurality of samples within the sample region based on the calibration; acquiring magnetic resonance data based on magnetic resonance signals generated by interactions between the resonator and the selected sample; A magnetic resonance method comprising: 84. Transporting a sample holder to position a calibration sample contained in the sample holder within the sample region; calibrating the position of the sample holder relative to the resonator based on magnetic resonance signals generated by interaction between the resonator and the calibration sample; 84. The magnetic resonance method of embodiment 83, comprising: 85. The sample holder comprises a plurality of additional samples, and the method repeats: transferring the sample holder to position one of the plurality of additional samples within the sample region; acquiring magnetic resonance data based on magnetic resonance signals generated by interactions between the resonator and a sample currently positioned within the sample volume; 85. The magnetic resonance method of embodiment 84, comprising: 86. Calibrating the position of the sample holder detecting a shift in the resonant frequency of the resonator, the shift in the resonant frequency being due to an interaction between the sample holder and the field of the resonator; determining a position of the sample holder relative to the resonator based on the detected shift in the resonant frequency; 84. The magnetic resonance method of embodiment 83, comprising: 87. The magnetic resonance method of embodiment 83, comprising cooling the sample holder to a cryogenic temperature before calibrating the position of the sample holder. 88. Resonator and a sample holder containing a plurality of sample vessels; a sample transfer device operable to transfer the sample holder relative to the resonator to position one of the sample vessels within the sample region of the resonator; A magnetic resonance apparatus comprising: 89. The magnetic resonance apparatus of embodiment 88, wherein the sample transfer device comprises a sample transfer rod. 90. The magnetic resonance apparatus of embodiment 89, comprising a cryogenic system for controlling the cryogenic temperature environment of the resonator, wherein the sample transfer rod extends from outside the cryogenic temperature environment to inside the cryogenic temperature environment. 91. The magnetic resonance apparatus of embodiment 90, wherein a plurality of sample containers are present in a cryogenic temperature environment. 92. The magnetic resonance apparatus of any of embodiments 88-91, wherein the sample transport device is operable to transport the sample holder relative to the resonator to maximize the fill factor of one of the sample vessels relative to the other sample vessel. 93. The magnetic resonance apparatus of any of embodiments 88-91, wherein at least one sample vessel of the plurality of sample vessels contains a calibration sample. 94. The introduction of the sample holder into the field of the resonator induces a shift in the resonant frequency of the resonator; The magnetic resonance apparatus of any of embodiments 88 to 91, wherein a shift in the resonant frequency indicates the position of the sample holder relative to the resonator.

Claims

1. A resonator; a sample holder containing a plurality of sample vessels; a sample transfer arm operable to transfer the sample holder relative to the resonator to position one of the sample vessels within a sample volume of the resonator; and A magnetic resonance apparatus comprising:

2. 2. The magnetic resonance apparatus of claim 1, wherein the sample transfer arm is operable to transfer the sample holder relative to the resonator to maximize the fill factor of one of the sample vessels relative to another sample vessel.

3. 2. The magnetic resonance apparatus of claim 1, wherein the resonator is configured to generate a control field within the sample volume, and the sample transfer arm is operable to selectively position one of the sample vessels within the sample volume.

4. 10. The magnetic resonance apparatus of claim 1, wherein at least one sample vessel of the plurality of sample vessels contains a calibration sample.

5. 2. The magnetic resonance apparatus of claim 1, wherein the plurality of sample vessels comprises a plurality of grooves defined in the sample holder.

6. 2. The magnetic resonance apparatus of claim 1, wherein each sample vessel comprises a sample cavity and an injection port offset from and fluidly coupled to the sample cavity by a sample groove.

7. 7. The magnetic resonance apparatus of claim 6, wherein each sample vessel comprises an air release port offset from the sample cavity opposite the injection port and fluidly coupled to the sample cavity by an air release groove.

8. The magnetic resonance apparatus of claim 7 , wherein the injection port is sized to receive a pipette tip.

9. 8. The magnetic resonance apparatus of claim 7, wherein a sealant is applied to the injection port and the air release port.

10. 6. The magnetic resonance apparatus of claim 5, wherein each of the plurality of grooves comprises a contoured surface to match the spatial distribution of a resonator control field produced by the resonator.

11. 6. The magnetic resonance apparatus of claim 5, wherein the sample holder comprises a cover slip closing the plurality of grooves.

12. The magnetic resonance apparatus of claim 11 , wherein the coverslip defines ports that provide fluid communication with the plurality of grooves.

13. The magnetic resonance apparatus of claim 13 , wherein the port is sealed.

14. 2. The magnetic resonance apparatus of claim 1, wherein the sample transfer arm is operable to linearly transfer the sample holder in a first direction, and the sample vessels are spaced apart from one another in the first direction.

15. 2. The magnetic resonance apparatus of claim 1, wherein the sample holder comprises an elongated prismatic body defining a plurality of flat outer surfaces, and the sample vessel comprises a groove defined in one of the plurality of flat outer surfaces.

16. 2. The magnetic resonance apparatus of claim 1, wherein the sample holder comprises an elongated cylindrical body defining a side surface, and the sample vessel comprises a groove defined in the side surface.

17. 2. The magnetic resonance apparatus of claim 1, wherein the plurality of sample vessels comprises a plurality of capillaries within the sample holder.

18. 2. The magnetic resonance apparatus of claim 1, further comprising a resonator package including the resonator, the sample holder being at least partially disposed within the resonator package, and the resonator package comprising positioning guides that facilitate alignment of the sample holder with the resonator.

19. 10. The magnetic resonance apparatus of claim 1, wherein the sample transfer arm comprises a first end exposed to room temperature and a second end exposed to cryogenic temperatures during operation.

20. 20. The magnetic resonance apparatus of claim 19, wherein the second end of the sample transfer arm contacts the sample holder and the first end of the sample transfer arm is mechanically coupled to an actuator that moves the sample transfer arm.

21. 2. The magnetic resonance apparatus of claim 1, wherein the resonator is a planar resonator.

22. 22. The magnetic resonance apparatus of claim 21, comprising a resonator chip, the resonator being a microstrip resonator defined on a surface of the resonator chip.

23. 10. The magnetic resonance apparatus of claim 1, wherein the resonator is a three-dimensional cavity.

24. The magnetic resonance apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the resonator is configured to operate in a primary magnetic field of a probeless magnetic resonance system.

25. 10. The magnetic resonance apparatus of claim 1, wherein the resonator is configured to operate on a probe within a primary magnetic field of a magnetic resonance system.

26. 10. The magnetic resonance apparatus of claim 1, wherein the movement of the sample holder relative to the resonator comprises movement of the sample holder along multiple axes.

27. a primary magnet system configured to generate a primary magnetic field; a resonator configured to interact with the sample in the sample region; a sample holder comprising a plurality of sample vessels; a sample transfer device for transferring the sample holder relative to the resonator to position one of the sample vessels within the sample volume; and A magnetic resonance system comprising:

28. 28. The magnetic resonance system of claim 27, wherein the sample transfer device comprises a sample transfer rod.

29. 28. The magnetic resonance system of claim 27, comprising a probe including the resonator.

30. 30. The magnetic resonance system of claim 29, further comprising a cryogenic system for controlling a cryogenic temperature environment of the resonator, the sample transfer rod extending from outside the cryogenic temperature environment to inside the cryogenic temperature environment.

31. 31. The magnetic resonance system of claim 30, wherein the plurality of sample vessels reside within the cryogenic temperature environment.

32. 28. The magnetic resonance system of claim 27, wherein the sample transfer device is operable to transfer the sample holder relative to the resonator to maximize the fill factor of one of the sample vessels relative to another sample vessel.

33. 28. The magnetic resonance system of claim 27, wherein at least one sample vessel of the plurality of sample vessels contains a calibration sample.

34. 28. The magnetic resonance system of claim 27, wherein the plurality of sample vessels comprises a plurality of grooves defined in the sample holder.

35. 28. The magnetic resonance apparatus of claim 27, wherein each sample vessel comprises a sample cavity and an injection port offset from and fluidly coupled to the sample cavity by a sample groove.

36. 36. The magnetic resonance apparatus of claim 35, wherein each sample vessel comprises an air release port offset from the sample cavity opposite the injection port and fluidly coupled to the sample cavity by an air release groove.

37. 37. The magnetic resonance apparatus of claim 36, wherein the injection port is sized to receive a pipette tip.

38. 37. The magnetic resonance apparatus of claim 36, wherein a sealant is applied to the injection port and the air release port.

39. 28. The magnetic resonance system of claim 27, wherein each of the plurality of sample vessels comprises a contoured surface to match the spatial distribution of a resonator control field produced by the resonator.

40. 28. The magnetic resonance system of claim 27, wherein the sample transport device is operable to transport the sample holder linearly in a first direction, and the sample vessels are spaced apart from one another in the first direction.

41. 28. The magnetic resonance system of claim 27, wherein the sample transfer device comprises a first end exposed to room temperature and a second end exposed to cryogenic temperatures during operation.

42. 28. The magnetic resonance system of claim 27, wherein the sample transport device is configured to transport the sample holder along multiple axes.

43. 1. A magnetic resonance sample exchange system comprising: a sample holder including a plurality of sample vessels, at least one of the sample vessels including a calibration sample, the sample holder configured to move relative to a resonator within a primary magnetic field of a magnetic resonance system; A magnetic resonance sample exchange system, wherein the sample holder is configured to be mechanically coupled to an actuator that positions the sample holder relative to a reference position determined by magnetic resonance measurements of the calibration sample.

44. 44. A magnetic resonance sample exchange system according to claim 43, comprising the actuator.

45. 45. The magnetic resonance sample exchange system of claim 44, comprising a sample transfer arm that mechanically couples the sample holder to the actuator.

46. 45. The magnetic resonance sample exchange system of claim 44, wherein the actuator comprises at least one of a servo, a caliper, or a micrometer.

47. 45. The magnetic resonance sample exchange system of claim 44, comprising a position control system that controls the actuator.

48. 44. The magnetic resonance sample exchange system of claim 43, wherein the plurality of sample vessels comprises a plurality of grooves defined in the sample holder.

49. 49. The magnetic resonance apparatus of claim 48, wherein each sample vessel comprises a sample cavity and an injection port offset from and fluidly coupled to the sample cavity by a sample groove.

50. 50. The magnetic resonance apparatus of claim 49, wherein each sample vessel comprises an air release port offset from the sample cavity opposite the injection port and fluidly coupled to the sample cavity by an air release groove.

51. 51. The magnetic resonance apparatus of claim 50, wherein the injection port is sized to receive a pipette tip.

52. 51. The magnetic resonance apparatus of claim 50, wherein a sealant is applied to the injection port and the air release port.

53. 44. The magnetic resonance sample exchange system of claim 43, wherein each of the plurality of sample vessels comprises a contoured surface to match the spatial distribution of a resonator control field produced by the resonator.

54. 44. The magnetic resonance sample exchange system of claim 43, wherein the sample holder comprises a cover slip closing a plurality of grooves.

55. 44. The magnetic resonance sample exchange system of claim 43, wherein the coverslip defines ports that provide fluid communication with the plurality of grooves.

56. 44. The magnetic resonance sample exchange system of claim 43, wherein the port comprises a stopcock.

57. 44. The magnetic resonance sample exchange system of claim 43, wherein the sample vessels are spaced apart from one another in a first direction.

58. 44. The magnetic resonance sample exchange system of claim 43, wherein the sample holder comprises an elongated prismatic body defining a plurality of flat outer surfaces, and the sample container comprises a groove defined in one of the plurality of flat outer surfaces.

59. 44. The magnetic resonance sample exchange system of claim 43, wherein the sample holder comprises an elongated cylindrical body defining a side surface, and the sample vessel comprises a groove defined in the side surface.

44. The magnetic resonance sample exchange system of claim 43, wherein the plurality of sample vessels comprises a plurality of capillaries within the sample holder.

60. receiving a sample holder into a resonator package, the resonator package being disposed within a primary magnetic field of a magnetic resonance system, the resonator package comprising a resonator configured to interact with a sample in a sample volume, the sample holder comprising a first sample and a calibration sample; transferring the sample holder to position the calibration sample within the sample region; calibrating the position of the sample holder relative to the resonator based on a first magnetic resonance signal generated by an interaction between the resonator and the calibration sample; After calibrating the position of the sample holder, transporting the sample holder to position the first sample within the sample region; acquiring magnetic resonance data based on a second magnetic resonance signal generated by an interaction between the resonator and the first sample; A magnetic resonance method comprising:

61. The sample holder comprises a plurality of additional samples, and the method is repeated: transferring the sample holder to position one of the plurality of additional samples within the sample region; acquiring magnetic resonance data based on magnetic resonance signals generated by an interaction between the resonator and the sample currently positioned within the sample volume; 61. The magnetic resonance method of claim 60, comprising:

62. 61. The magnetic resonance method of claim 60, comprising cooling the sample holder to a cryogenic temperature before calibrating the position of the sample holder.

63. 61. The magnetic resonance method of claim 60, wherein transporting the sample holder comprises transporting the sample holder linearly.

64. 61. The magnetic resonance method of claim 60, wherein transporting the sample holder comprises transporting the sample holder along multiple axes.

65. 61. A magnetic resonance method according to claim 60, wherein the magnetic resonance system is a magnetic resonance system according to any one of claims 23 to 34.

66. a primary magnet system configured to generate a primary magnetic field; a resonator configured to interact with the sample in the sample region; a sample holder containing a plurality of sample vessels; a sample transfer device for transferring the sample holder relative to the resonator to position one of the sample vessels within the sample volume; and A magnetic resonance system comprising:

67. 67. The magnetic resonance system of claim 66, wherein the sample transfer device comprises a sample transfer rod.

68. 68. The magnetic resonance system of claim 67, further comprising a cryogenic system for controlling a cryogenic temperature environment of the resonator, wherein the sample transfer rod extends from outside the cryogenic temperature environment to inside the cryogenic temperature environment.

69. 69. The magnetic resonance system of claim 68, wherein the plurality of sample vessels reside within the cryogenic temperature environment.

70. 70. A magnetic resonance system according to any one of claims 66 to 69, wherein the sample transport device is operable to transport the sample holder relative to the resonator to maximize the filling factor of one of the sample vessels relative to another sample vessel.

71. A magnetic resonance system according to any one of claims 66 to 69, wherein at least one sample vessel of the plurality of sample vessels contains a calibration sample.

72. introducing the sample holder into the field of the resonator induces a shift in the resonant frequency of the resonator; A magnetic resonance system according to any one of claims 66 to 69, wherein the shift in the resonant frequency is indicative of the position of the sample holder relative to the resonator.

73. Each sample container is a sample cavity and an injection port fluidly coupled to the sample cavity; an air release port fluidly coupled to the sample cavity; 70. A magnetic resonance system according to any one of claims 66 to 69, comprising:

74. The sample holder is a first layer having a first plurality of etches formed on a planar surface of the first layer; a second layer having a second plurality of etches formed on the planar surface of the second layer; 74. The magnetic resonance system of claim 73, comprising: the first plurality of etches and the second plurality of etches aligned to form the sample vessel.

75. a first layer having a first plurality of etches formed through the entire thickness of the first layer; a second layer having a second plurality of etches formed through the entire thickness of the second layer; The third layer and Equipped with 74. The magnetic resonance system of claim 73, wherein when the first layer, the second layer, and the third layer are disposed, the first plurality of etches and the second plurality of etches align to form the sample vessel.

76. the injection port is offset from the sample cavity and fluidly coupled to the sample cavity by a sample groove; 74. The magnetic resonance system of claim 73, wherein the air release port is offset from the sample cavity opposite the injection port and is fluidly coupled to the sample cavity by an air release groove.

77. an adhesive port formed in one of the first layer or the second layer; an adhesive vent hole formed in one of the first layer or the second layer; an adhesive channel fluidly coupling the adhesive port to the adhesive vent and defining a fluid path surrounding each of the sample cavities; 77. The magnetic resonance system of claim 76, comprising:

78. 70. The magnetic resonance system of claim 66, wherein the sample holder comprises an elongated prismatic body defining a plurality of flat outer surfaces, and the sample container comprises a groove defined in one of the plurality of flat outer surfaces.

79. 70. A magnetic resonance system according to any one of claims 66 to 69, wherein the sample holder comprises an elongated cylindrical body defining a side surface, and the sample vessel comprises a groove defined in the side surface.

80. 70. A magnetic resonance system according to any one of claims 66 to 69, wherein the plurality of sample vessels comprises a plurality of capillaries within the sample holder.

81. 70. The magnetic resonance system of claim 66, further comprising a resonator package including the resonator, the sample holder being at least partially disposed within the resonator package, and the resonator package comprising positioning guides that facilitate alignment of the sample holder with the resonator.

82. 70. A magnetic resonance system according to any one of claims 66 to 69, comprising a resonator chip, the resonator being a planar microstrip resonator defined on a surface of the resonator chip.

83. receiving a sample holder containing a plurality of samples into a resonator package, the resonator package being disposed within a primary magnetic field of a magnetic resonance system, the resonator package including resonators configured to interact with samples within a sample volume; calibrating the position of the sample holder relative to the resonator based on the signal received from the resonator; transferring the sample holder to position a selected sample of the plurality of samples within the sample region based on the calibration; acquiring magnetic resonance data based on magnetic resonance signals generated by interactions between the resonator and the selected sample; A magnetic resonance method comprising:

84. transporting the sample holder to position a calibration sample contained in the sample holder within the sample region; calibrating the position of the sample holder relative to the resonator based on magnetic resonance signals generated by interaction between the resonator and the calibration sample; 84. The magnetic resonance method of claim 83, comprising:

85. The sample holder comprises a plurality of additional samples, and the method is repeated: transferring the sample holder to position one of the plurality of additional samples within the sample region; acquiring magnetic resonance data based on magnetic resonance signals generated by an interaction between the resonator and the sample currently positioned within the sample volume; 85. The magnetic resonance method of claim 84, comprising:

86. calibrating the position of the sample holder; detecting a shift in a resonant frequency of the resonator, the shift in the resonant frequency being due to an interaction between the sample holder and a field of the resonator; determining a position of the sample holder relative to the resonator based on the detected shift in the resonant frequency; 84. The magnetic resonance method of claim 83, comprising:

87. 84. The magnetic resonance method of claim 83, comprising cooling the sample holder to a cryogenic temperature before calibrating the position of the sample holder.

88. A resonator; a sample holder containing a plurality of sample vessels; a sample transfer device operable to transfer the sample holder relative to the resonator to position one of the sample vessels within a sample volume of the resonator; and A magnetic resonance apparatus comprising:

89. 89. The magnetic resonance apparatus of claim 88, wherein the sample transfer device comprises a sample transfer rod.

90. 90. The magnetic resonance apparatus of claim 89, further comprising a cryogenic system for controlling a cryogenic temperature environment of the resonator, the sample transfer rod extending from outside the cryogenic temperature environment to inside the cryogenic temperature environment.

91. 91. The magnetic resonance apparatus of claim 90, wherein the plurality of sample vessels reside within the cryogenic temperature environment.

92. 92. A magnetic resonance apparatus according to any one of claims 88 to 91, wherein the sample transport device is operable to transport the sample holder relative to the resonator in order to maximize the filling factor of one of the sample vessels relative to another sample vessel.

93. A magnetic resonance apparatus according to any one of claims 88 to 91, wherein at least one sample vessel of the plurality of sample vessels contains a calibration sample.

94. introducing the sample holder into the field of the resonator induces a shift in the resonant frequency of the resonator; A magnetic resonance apparatus according to any one of claims 88 to 91, wherein the shift in the resonant frequency is indicative of the position of the sample holder relative to the resonator.

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