Radio Frequency Signal Integrity Verification

Abstract

One or more systems, devices, and / or methods provided herein relate to a process for in-process radio frequency (RF) signal quality analysis and amplitude adjustment of one or more RF devices. In one or more embodiments, the RF device may comprise a portion of a quantum computing system, e.g., a portion of its readout electronics, such that amplitude adjustment is possible in a waveform generator that generates pulses that affect one or more qubits of a quantum logic circuit of the quantum computing system. Generally, the electronic device may include an RF tap connected to an RF signal component of a first RF signal chain, and an analysis component connected to the RF tap, the analysis component configured to transform the RF signal from the RF signal component and compare the transformation result to an expected power output based on historical data for a second RF signal chain.

Description

[Technical Field]

[0001] The present disclosure relates to radio frequency signal integrity verification, and more particularly to dynamic RF signal integrity verification, for example, during use of an RF signal chain that outputs an RF signal. [Background technology]

[0002] Diagnosing manufacturing, assembly, and / or component failure problems in radio frequency electronic systems can be difficult due to the downtime associated with such diagnosis. Summary of the Invention

[0003] The following presents a summary to provide a basic understanding of one or more embodiments described herein. This summary is not intended to identify key or critical elements of particular embodiments or claims, nor to delineate the scope of particular embodiments or claims. Its sole purpose is to present concepts in a simplified form as a prelude to the more detailed description that is presented later. In one or more embodiments described herein, a system, computer-implemented method, apparatus, and / or computer program product may provide a process for dynamically calibrating one or more components of a radio frequency (RF) signal chain based on dynamic diagnostics of the RF signal chain while the RF signal chain is in use.

[0004] According to one embodiment, the electronic device may include an RF tap connected to an RF signal component of a first RF signal chain, and an analysis component connected to the RF tap, the analysis component configured to transform an RF signal from the RF signal component and compare the transformation result to an expected power output based on historical data for a second RF signal chain.

[0005] Generally, an advantage of the aforementioned electronic devices may be the ability to perform real-time diagnostics of the RF electronics of the system.

[0006] According to another embodiment, a method of radio frequency diagnostics may include acquiring a radio frequency (RF) signal of a first RF signal chain by a system operably coupled to a processor, converting the RF signal into a conversion result by the system, and comparing the conversion result to an expected power output based on historical data for a second RF signal chain by the system.

[0007] Generally, an advantage of the above method may be the ability to perform real-time diagnostics of the RF electronics of the system.

[0008] According to yet another embodiment, a computer program product facilitating a process for diagnosing one or more radio frequency components, the computer program product comprising a computer-readable storage medium having program instructions embodied therein, the program instructions being executable by a processor to cause the processor to acquire, by the processor, a radio frequency (RF) signal of a first RF signal chain, convert, by the processor, the RF signal into a conversion result, and compare, by the processor, the conversion result to an expected power output based on historical data for a second RF signal chain.

[0009] Generally, an advantage of the aforementioned computer program product may be the ability to perform real-time diagnostics of the RF electronics of a system.

[0010] Another advantage of one or more embodiments described herein may be the employment of one or more embodiments described herein in or coupled with a quantum computing system having one or more qubits of a quantum logic circuit coupled to RF electronics being diagnosed by one or more embodiments described herein.

[0011] Generally, another advantage of the aforementioned devices, systems, computer program products, and / or methods may be time and cost savings for analysis, detection, and / or amplitude adjustment of the RF electronics of the system. That is, system reliability may be increased by quickly and efficiently identifying and correcting manufacturing and / or assembly defects in such RF electronics. Downtime may be reduced using one or more embodiments described herein, which may be employed in-process, e.g., in real time, to provide diagnostics, including analysis, detection, and / or amplitude adjustment, during functioning of the RF electronics. Indeed, by at least partially automating diagnostics, improvements may be realized across various geographic and / or language barriers.

[0012] Another advantage of one or more embodiments described herein may be the use of existing electronics such as power detectors and analog-to-digital converters. Local oscillators and / or embedded sensors in RF electronics are not employed by one or more embodiments described herein.

[0013] One or more of the innovations, frameworks, systems, devices, computer program products and / or methods described herein may be further and / or alternatively described as follows.

[0014] The electronic device may include a radio frequency (RF) tap connected to an RF signal component of a first RF signal chain, and an analysis component connected to the RF tap, where the analysis component is configured to transform an RF signal from the RF signal component and compare a transformation result of the transformation against an expected power output based on historical data for a second RF signal chain.

[0015] According to the electronic device, the analysis component may include a power detector and an analog-to-digital converter, optionally the power detector may be configured to output a DC voltage based on the RF signal, and optionally the analog-to-digital converter may be configured to convert the DC voltage into power represented by a binary signal.

[0016] The electronic device of any previous paragraph of this section may further comprise a determination component configured to identify a variation in the conversion result as compared against the historical data or to identify a failing component in the first RF signal chain based on the historical data.

[0017] The electronic device of any previous paragraph of this section may further comprise a determination component configured to generate an alert upon determining that the conversion result meets or crosses a specified power threshold.

[0018] The electronic device of any previous paragraph of this section may further comprise an amplitude calibration component that calibrates the amplitude of a signal input to a quantum logic circuit including one or more qubits based on the comparison between the history data and the transformation result.

[0019] The electronic device of any previous paragraph of this section may further comprise a plurality of RF taps including the RF tap, connected to the analysis component, where optionally the RF taps of the plurality of RF taps may be separately connected to different respective loads.

[0020] The electronic device of any previous paragraph of this section may further be assembled without a local oscillator within the electronic device between and including the RF tap and the analysis component.

[0021] According to the electronic device of any previous paragraph of this section, the analysis component may be configured to generate a power map based on the historical data, and optionally, the power map may include a range of additional transformation results defining non-failed component outputs that include the predicted power output.

[0022] A method of radio frequency diagnostics may include acquiring a radio frequency (RF) signal of a first RF signal chain by a system operably coupled to a processor, converting the RF signal into a conversion result by the system, and comparing the conversion result to an expected power output based on historical data for a second RF signal chain by the system.

[0023] The method may further comprise outputting, by the system, a DC voltage based on the RF signal, and optionally converting, by the system, the DC voltage into power represented by a binary number.

[0024] The method of any previous paragraph of this section may further comprise identifying, by the system, a variation in the conversion result as compared against the historical data, or alternatively, identifying, by the system, a failing component in the first RF signal chain based on the historical data.

[0025] The method of any previous paragraph of this section may further comprise generating, by the system, an alert upon determining that the conversion result meets or crosses a specified power threshold.

[0026] The method of any previous paragraph of this section may further comprise calibrating, by the system and based on the comparison between the historical data and the transformation result, an amplitude of a signal input to a quantum logic circuit including one or more qubits.

[0027] The method of any previous paragraph of this section may further comprise generating, by the system, a power map based on the historical data, wherein optionally, the power map may include a range of additional conversion results defining non-failed component outputs that includes the predicted power output.

[0028] A computer program product for facilitating a process for diagnosing one or more radio frequency components may comprise a computer-readable storage medium having program instructions embodied therein, the program instructions may be executable by a processor to cause the processor to acquire, by the processor, a radio frequency (RF) signal of a first RF signal chain, convert, by the processor, the RF signal into a conversion result, and compare, by the processor, the conversion result to an expected power output based on historical data for a second RF signal chain.

[0029] According to the computer program product, the program instructions may be executable by the processor to cause the processor to output a DC voltage based on the RF signal, and optionally convert the DC voltage into power represented by a binary number.

[0030] According to the computer program product of any previous paragraph of this section, the program instructions may be executable by the processor to cause the processor to identify, by the processor, a variation in the conversion result as compared against the historical data, or alternatively, to cause the processor to identify, by the processor, a failing component in the first RF signal chain based on the historical data.

[0031] According to the computer program product of any previous paragraph of this section, the program instructions may be executable by the processor to cause the processor to generate an alert when the processor determines that the conversion result meets or crosses a specified power threshold.

[0032] According to the computer program product of any previous paragraph of this section, the program instructions may be executable by the processor to cause the processor to calibrate, by the processor, an amplitude of a signal input to a quantum logic circuit including one or more qubits based on the comparison between the history data and the transformation result.

[0033] According to the computer program product of any previous paragraph of this section, the program instructions may be executable by the processor to cause the processor to generate a power map based on the historical data, wherein optionally the power map may include a range of additional conversion results defining a non-failed component output that includes the predicted power output. [Brief explanation of the drawings]

[0034] The patent or application file contains at least one drawing executed in color. Copies of this patent or patent application publication with color drawing(s) will be provided by the Office upon request and payment of the necessary fee.

[0035] [Figure 1] 1 is a schematic diagram of a system and corresponding graphs according to one or more embodiments described herein.

[0036] [Figure 2] FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of another system according to one or more embodiments described herein.

[0037] [Figure 3]FIG. 10 is a diagram of yet another system according to one or more embodiments described herein.

[0038] [Figure 4] FIG. 1 is a diagram of yet another system according to one or more embodiments described herein.

[0039] [Figure 5] FIG. 1 is a block diagram of one or more processes that may be performed by the systems / electronic devices described herein.

[0040] [Figure 6] 1 is a process flow for a method of manufacturing a device / system according to one or more embodiments described herein.

[0041] [Figure 7] 1 is a process flow relating to a method of use of a device / system according to one or more embodiments described herein.

[0042] [Figure 8] FIG. 1 is a block diagram of an example non-limiting operating environment in which one or more embodiments described herein may be provided.

[0043] [Figure 9] FIG. 1 is a block diagram of an example non-limiting cloud computing environment according to one or more embodiments described herein.

[0044] [Figure 10] FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a non-limiting example of abstraction model layers according to one or more embodiments described herein. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0045] The following detailed description is merely exemplary and is not intended to limit the embodiments and / or the application or uses of the embodiments. Furthermore, there is no intention to be bound by any express or implied information presented in the foregoing Summary section or the Detailed Description section. One or more embodiments will now be described with reference to the drawings, in which like reference numerals are used to refer to like elements throughout. In the following description, for purposes of explanation, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a more thorough understanding of one or more embodiments. It will be apparent, however, that in various instances, one or more embodiments may be practiced without these specific details.

[0046] In traditional RF signal chain diagnostics, a test signal may be compared to a device under test using, for example, fast Fourier transform calculations and local oscillators. To accomplish these diagnostics, the RF signal chain is taken offline. Embedded sensors and / or other specialized equipment may be employed. Real-time or dynamic diagnostics cannot be facilitated.

[0047] To address one or more of these deficiencies, one or more embodiments will now be described with reference to the drawings, wherein like reference numerals are used to refer to like elements throughout.

[0048] As used herein, the terms "entity," "requesting entity," and "user entity" may refer to a machine, device, component, hardware, software, smart device, and / or human being.

[0049] As used herein, "combiner," "combiner element," and "combining element" may be interchangeable.

[0050] As used herein, the term "cost" may refer to money, power, memory, bandwidth, time, manpower, and / or the like.

[0051] In the following description, for purposes of explanation, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a more thorough understanding of one or more embodiments. However, it will be apparent that, in various instances, one or more embodiments may be practiced without these specific details.

[0052] Additionally, the embodiments depicted in one or more figures described herein are for illustrative purposes only, and thus the architecture of the embodiments depicted therein is not limited to the systems, devices, and / or components, or any particular order, connection, and / or coupling of the systems, devices, and / or components depicted therein. For example, in one or more embodiments, a non-limiting system described herein, such as the non-limiting system of FIGS. 1-4, may further comprise, be associated with, and / or be coupled to, one or more computers and / or computing-based elements described herein with reference to an operating environment, such as operating environment 900 illustrated in FIG. 9. In one or more described embodiments, the computers and / or computing-based elements may be used in connection with implementing one or more of the systems, devices, components, and / or computer-implemented operations shown and / or described in connection with FIGS. 1-4 and / or other figures described herein.

[0053] Referring first generally to Figure 1, one or more embodiments described herein may include one or more devices, systems, and / or apparatuses that may provide a process for performing one or more radio frequency (RF) diagnostics on one or more loads of one or more RF devices. Illustrated in Figure 1 is a block diagram of an example, non-limiting system 100 that may provide such a diagnostics process according to one or more embodiments described herein.

[0054] In general, the non-limiting system 100 can be used as a runtime diagnostic and / or production test. In one example, a transmit RF card can have an RF tap that feeds a power detector. The power detector can output a direct current (DC) voltage corresponding to the power level the power detector sees at the input. The output from the power detector can be connected to a low-speed analog-to-digital converter (ADC), which can convert the input voltage to a binary number that can be read, for example, via a data bus. The data bus can include a serial interface, such as a serial peripheral interface. The input voltage to the ADC can then be converted to power using a matrix of equations and compared to an ideal RF output. An envelope for the pass / fail distribution can be created to characterize problematic or failing hardware. The output distribution can be used to calibrate the amplitude.

[0055] That is, non-limiting system 100 may include a radio frequency (RF) diagnostic system 104 that may include a radio frequency (RF) tap 132 connected to an RF signal component of a first RF signal chain. RF diagnostic system 104 may further include an analysis component 112 that may be configured to transform an RF signal 106 from the RF signal component and compare a transformation result 108 of the transformation to a predicted power output. The predicted power output may be based on historical data for the RF signal chain, such as historical data for a second RF signal chain different from the first RF signal chain.

[0056] In one or more embodiments, the analysis component 112 may include a power detector 114 and an analog-to-digital converter (ADC) 116, such as a low-speed ADC. The power detector 114 may be configured to output a DC voltage based on the RF signal 106. The power detector 114 may have an inverse proportional relationship associated with it, such that a stronger power at the input of the power detector 114 may create a weaker voltage at the output of the power detector 114.

[0057] The ADC 116 may be configured to convert a DC voltage into a power represented by, for example, a binary signal. In one or more embodiments, the ADC 116 converts V in A differential input such as =INP-INN may be used, where INP is the non-inverting input and INN is the inverting input.

[0058] No local oscillator (LO) is employed within RF diagnostic system 104, within analysis component 112, and / or between RF tap 132 and analysis component 112. Similarly, no embedded sensors are employed in the RF device / RF signal component / RF signal chain where RF signal 106 is acquired.

[0059] In one or more embodiments, entity 180 may perform one or more operations to manufacture an electronic device and / or system according to one or more embodiments described herein. For example, entity 180, such as a manufacturing system, may include a controller and / or processor 182. Processor 182 may issue one or more instructions that cause the manufacturing of the electronic device and / or system. For example, entity 180 may further include one or more nodes 184, such as manufacturing devices, which may be controlled by controller 182 to manufacture the electronic device and / or system. In one example, node 184 may be controlled to bond components together and / or the like.

[0060] In one or more embodiments, entity 180 and / or another manufacturing entity may perform one or more operations (e.g., manufacturing operations) corresponding to one or more other electronic devices and / or systems described herein.

[0061] Still referring to FIG. 1 , illustrated is graph 150 demonstrating the diagnostic process of non-limiting system 100, whether or not associated with the quantum system and / or readout electronics. In particular, graph 150 illustrates the inverse relationship between power and voltage induced by a power detector, such as power detector 114. The power plotted on line 152 is the RF output power of the first (primary) RF signal chain. There is a center dotted line 154 illustrating the “ideal” output power, and upper and lower dotted lines 156 and 158 providing pass / fail boundaries. The voltage plotted on line 162 is the voltage output of a power detector (e.g., power detector 114), which is subsequently input to a respective ADC (e.g., ADC 116). Dotted line 164 illustrates the “ideal” voltage output. Referring now generally to FIG. 2 , one or more embodiments of devices / systems for RF diagnostics described herein may be employed in a quantum system. It may be included as at least a part of and / or coupled to a quantum processor or room temperature controlled electronics. In one or more embodiments, such electronic devices described herein may be comprised by the readout electronics of a quantum system. In one example, signals generated from the room temperature electronics of a quantum system are accurate for manipulating qubit states. Addressing one or more deficiencies of conventional RF diagnostic frameworks, the electronic devices described herein may enable real-time, dynamic, and / or in-process diagnostics of RF components of a quantum system, which in turn may enable tuning of generated signals.

[0062] Referring still to Figure 2, one or more embodiments described herein may include one or more devices, systems, and / or apparatuses that may provide a process for performing one or more quantum operations, such as executing one or more quantum gates. Illustrated in Figure 2 is a block diagram of an exemplary, non-limiting system 200 that may provide such a probing process according to one or more embodiments described herein. While referring now to one or more processes, facilitation, and / or use of non-limiting system 200, the descriptions provided herein, both above and below, may also relate to one or more other, non-limiting systems described herein, such as the devices / systems of Figures 1, 3, and / or 4, which are described in detail below.

[0063] The description below / above relates to the operation of a single quantum program from a single quantum job request, which may include one or more readouts from the cryogenic environment electronics within the cryogenic chamber 216 by room temperature control / readout electronics 212 outside the cryogenic chamber 216. That is, one or more of the processes described herein may be scalable, such as to include, for example, also and / or alternatively, executing one or more quantum programs and / or quantum job requests in parallel with each other.

[0064] In one or more embodiments, non-limiting system 200 may be a hybrid system, and thus may include both one or more classical systems, such as a quantum program-implemented system, and one or more quantum systems, such as quantum system 201. In one or more other embodiments, quantum system 201 may be separate from, but function in conjunction with, a classical system.

[0065] In such cases, one or more communications between one or more components of non-limiting system 200 and the classical system may be facilitated by wired and / or wireless means, including, but not limited to, employing a cellular network, a wide area network (WAN) (e.g., the Internet), and / or a local area network (LAN).Suitable wired or wireless technologies for facilitating communication include, but are not limited to, wireless fidelity (Wi-Fi), global system for mobile communications (GSM), universal mobile telecommunications system (UMTS), worldwide interoperability for microwave access (WiMAX), enhanced general packet radio service (enhanced GPRS), third generation partnership project (3GPP), long term evolution (LTE), third generation partnership project 2 (3GPP2), ultra-mobile broadband (UMB), high speed packet access (HSPA), Zigbee and other 802.XX wireless technologies and / or legacy telecommunications technologies, BLUETOOTH, Session Initiation Protocol (SIP), and the like. Protocol (SIP), ZIGBEE®, RF4CE protocol, WirelessHART protocol, 6LoWPAN (IPv6 over Low power Wireless Area Networks), Z-wave, advanced and adaptive network technology (ANT), ultra-wideband (UWB) standard protocols and / or other proprietary and / or non-proprietary communication protocols.

[0066] In one or more other embodiments, a classical system may provide quantum job requests 204, qubit mappings, quantum circuits for execution and / or the like. Such a classical system may analyze one or more quantum measurement readouts 220. Furthermore, such a classical system may manage the queuing of quantum circuits to be operated on one or more qubits of the quantum logic circuit of each quantum system 201.

[0067] For example, in one or more embodiments, the non-limiting systems and / or systems described herein, such as the non-limiting system 200 illustrated in Figure 2, may further comprise, be associated with, and / or be coupled with one or more computers and / or computing-based elements described herein with reference to an operating environment, such as the operating environment 800 illustrated in Figure 8. In one or more described embodiments, the computers and / or computing-based elements may be used in connection with implementing one or more of the systems, devices, components and / or computer-implemented operations shown and / or described in connection with Figure 2 and / or other figures described herein.

[0068] A quantum system 201 (e.g., a quantum computer system, a superconducting quantum computer system, and / or the like) may employ quantum circuits including quantum algorithms and / or computing components and / or devices that perform quantum operations and / or functions on input data to produce results that may be output to an entity. A quantum circuit may comprise quantum bits (qubits), such as multi-bit qubits, physical circuit-level components, higher-level components, and / or functions. A quantum circuit may comprise physical pulses, which may be structured (e.g., arranged and / or designed) to perform a desired quantum function and / or calculation on data (e.g., input data and / or intermediate data derived from the input data) and produce one or more quantum results as output. A quantum result, e.g., a quantum measurement 220, may be responsive to a quantum job request 204 and associated input data and may be based, at least in part, on the input data, the quantum function, and / or the quantum calculation.

[0069] In one or more embodiments, quantum system 201 may include one or more quantum components, such as quantum operation component 203, quantum processor 206, quantum readout / control electronics 212, waveform generator 210, additional room temperature electronics 240, and / or quantum logic circuit 208 including one or more qubits (e.g., qubits 207A, 207B and / or 207C), also referred to herein as qubit devices 207A, 207B and 207C.

[0070] Quantum processor 206 may be any suitable processor. Quantum processor 206 may generate one or more instructions to control one or more processes in quantum logic circuit 208 and / or waveform generator 210.

[0071] Quantum operations component 203 may obtain (e.g., download, receive, look up, and / or the like) quantum job requests 204 requesting the execution of one or more quantum programs. Quantum operations component 203 may determine one or more quantum logic circuits, such as quantum logic circuit 208, for executing the quantum programs. Request 204 may be provided in any suitable format, such as text format, binary format, and / or another suitable format. In one or more embodiments, request 204 may be received by a component other than a component of quantum system 201, for example, by a component of a classical system coupled to and / or in communication with quantum system 201.

[0072] Waveform generator 210 may perform one or more waveform operations to operate and / or affect one or more quantum circuits on one or more qubits 207A, 207B, and / or 207C. For example, waveform generator 210 may operate one or more qubit effectors, such as qubit oscillators, harmonic oscillators, pulse generators, and / or the like, to produce one or more pulses to stimulate and / or manipulate the state of one or more qubits 207A, 207B, and / or 207C comprised by quantum system 201.

[0073] Waveform generator 210 may, for example, in combination with quantum processor 206, perform operations of a quantum logic circuit on one or more qubits of the circuit (e.g., qubits 207A, 207B, and / or 207C). ​​In response, quantum operations component 203 may output one or more quantum job results, such as one or more quantum measurements 220 in response to quantum job request 204.

[0074] Portions or all of quantum logic circuit 208 and waveform generator 210 and / or quantum processor 206 may be contained within a cryogenic environment, for example, as generated by a cryogenic chamber 216, such as a dilution refrigerator. Indeed, signals may be generated by waveform generator 210 to affect one or more qubits 207A-C. If qubits 207A, 207B, and 207C are superconducting qubits, cryogenic temperatures, such as about 4 Kelvin (K) or less, may be employed to facilitate the function of these physical qubits. Accordingly, elements of waveform generator 210 would also be constructed to perform at such cryogenic temperatures.

[0075] 3 and 4, various embodiments of devices / systems that may be employed with quantum system 201 are described herein.

[0076] 3 illustrates an RF diagnostic system 304 that is at least partially comprised by a classical system 302 that may function in cooperation with quantum system 201. RF diagnostic system 304 may be coupled to one or more RF taps, such as room temperature readout electronics 212 of quantum system 201, also referred to herein as quantum computing system 201. Note that non-limiting system 300 may be self-sustaining, separate from any connection, suggested, direct, or otherwise, to the embodiment of FIG.

[0077] 3, illustrated is a schematic diagram of a non-limiting system 300 that includes both quantum system 201 and classical system 302 of FIG. 2. RF diagnostic system 304 may be at least partially comprised by classical system 302 and may function in conjunction with processor 306 / memory 307 of classical system 302. RF diagnostic system 304, like analysis component 312, may obtain RF signals from one or more RF taps (e.g., 332 and / or 334) that are coupled to one or more RF components of one or more RF signal chains of quantum system 201. RF taps 332 and / or 334 may be disposed in a room temperature environment and / or in a cryogenic environment, such as provided by cryogenic chamber 216.

[0078] One or more communications between one or more components of the non-limiting system 300, and / or between external systems and the non-limiting system 300, may be facilitated by wired and / or wireless means, including, but not limited to, employing a cellular network, a wide area network (WAN) (e.g., the Internet), and / or a local area network (LAN). Suitable wired or wireless technologies for facilitating communication include, but are not limited to, Wireless Fidelity (Wi-Fi), Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM), Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS), Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX), Enhanced General Packet Radio Service (enhanced GPRS), Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP), Long Term Evolution (LTE), Third Generation Partnership Project 2 (3GPP2), Ultra-Mobile Broadband (UMB), High Speed ​​Packet Access (HSPA), Zigbee and other 802.XX wireless technologies and / or legacy telecommunications technologies, BLUETOOTH, Session Initiation Protocol (SIP), ZIGBEE, RF4CE protocol, WirelessHART protocol, 6LoWPAN (IPv6 over Low Power Wireless Area Network), Z-wave, advanced network technologies, and the like. technology (ANT), Ultra Wideband (UWB) standard protocols and / or other proprietary and / or non-proprietary communication protocols.

[0079] The description of quantum system 201 will not be repeated here for the sake of brevity.

[0080] With reference to classical system 302, what is comprised by classical system 302 may comprise any suitable type of component, machine, device, facility, apparatus, and / or equipment having a processor and / or capable of effective and / or operative communication using wired and / or wireless networks. All such embodiments are contemplated. For example, classical system 302 may comprise a server device, a computing device, a general-purpose computer, a special-purpose computer, a quantum computing device (e.g., a quantum computer), a tablet computing device, a handheld device, a server-class computing machine and / or database, a laptop computer, a notebook computer, a desktop computer, a mobile phone, a smartphone, a consumer electronic appliance and / or equipment, an industrial and / or commercial device, a digital assistant, a multimedia Internet-enabled telephone, a multimedia player, and / or another type of device and / or computing device. Similarly, the classical system 302 may be disposed in and / or executed on any suitable device, such as, but not limited to, a server device, a computing device, a general-purpose computer, a special-purpose computer, a quantum computing device (e.g., a quantum computer), a tablet computing device, a handheld device, a server-class computing machine and / or database, a laptop computer, a notebook computer, a desktop computer, a mobile phone, a smartphone, consumer electronic appliances and / or equipment, industrial and / or commercial devices, a digital assistant, a multimedia Internet-enabled telephone, a multimedia player, and / or another type of device and / or computing device.

[0081] Classical system 302 may be associated with, e.g., accessible via, a cloud computing environment. For example, classical system 302 may be associated with cloud computing environment 950, described below with reference to Figure 9, and / or one or more functional abstraction layers (e.g., hardware and software layer 1060, virtualization layer 1070, management layer 1080, and / or workload layer 1090), described below with reference to Figure 10.

[0082] Classical system 302 may include multiple components. The components may include memory 307, processor 306, bus 305, and RF diagnostic system 304. In one or more embodiments, RF diagnostic system 304 may include processor 306 and / or memory 307, and / or a different processor and / or memory. RF diagnostic system 304 may include analysis component 312, amplitude calibration component 320, and / or determination component 318. Analysis component 312 may include analog-to-digital converter (ADC) 316 and power detector 314. In one or more embodiments, RF diagnostic system 304 may include analytical model 330 and / or training component 336.

[0083] The discussion will now refer to the processor 306 , memory 307 , and bus 305 of the code encryption and decryption system 202 .

[0084] For example, in one or more embodiments, classical system 302 may comprise a processor 306 (e.g., a computer processing unit, microprocessor, classical processor, quantum processor, and / or the like). In one or more embodiments, components associated with classical system 302 described herein, with or without reference to one or more figures of one or more embodiments, may comprise one or more computer- and / or machine-readable, writable, and / or executable components and / or instructions that may be executed by processor 306 to facilitate performance of one or more processes defined by such components and / or instructions. In one or more embodiments, processor 306 may comprise one or more of analysis component 312, amplitude calibration component 320, determination component 318, analytical model 330, and / or training component 336.

[0085] In one or more embodiments, classical system 302 may comprise computer-readable memory 307, which may be operatively coupled to processor 306. Memory 307 may store computer-executable instructions that, when executed by processor 306, may cause processor 306 and / or one or more other components (e.g., one or more of analysis component 312, amplitude calibration component 320, decision component 318, analytical model 330, and / or training component 336) of classical system 302 to perform one or more actions. In one or more embodiments, memory 307 may store computer-executable components (e.g., one or more of analysis component 312, amplitude calibration component 320, decision component 318, analytical model 330, and / or training component 336).

[0086] Classical system 302 and / or its components described herein may be communicatively, electrically, operatively, optically, and / or otherwise coupled to one another via bus 305 to perform the functions of non-limiting system 300, classical system 302, and / or one or more of its and / or its coupled components. Bus 305 may include one or more of a memory bus, a memory controller, a peripheral bus, an external bus, a local bus, a quantum bus, and / or another type of bus that may employ one or more bus architectures. One or more of these examples of bus 305 may be employed to implement one or more embodiments described herein.

[0087] In one or more embodiments, classical system 302 may be coupled (e.g., communicatively, electrically, operatively, optically, and / or similarly functional) to one or more external systems (e.g., an electrical output generating system, not shown, one or more output targets, an output target controller, and / or the like), sources, and / or devices (e.g., classical and / or quantum computing devices, communication devices, and / or the like), e.g., via a network. In one or more embodiments, one or more of the components of non-limiting system 300 may reside in the cloud and / or may reside locally in a local computing environment (e.g., at a designated location).

[0088] In addition to the processor 306 and / or memory 307 described above, the classical system 302 may include one or more computer- and / or machine-readable, writable, and / or executable components and / or instructions that, when executed by the processor 306, may facilitate the performance of one or more operations defined by such components and / or instructions.

[0089] Referring now to RF diagnostic system 304, analysis component 312 and / or its components can be coupled to an RF tap, where analysis component 312 can be configured to transform an RF signal from an RF signal component and compare the transformation result to a predicted power output. The predicted power output can be based on historical data for the RF signal chain from which the RF signal was output or from a second RF signal chain.

[0090] For example, the analysis component may include a power detector 314 and an analog-to-digital converter 316. The power detector 314 may be configured to output a DC voltage based on the acquired RF signal. The analog-to-digital converter (ADC) 316 may be configured to convert the DC voltage into power represented by, for example, a binary signal. For example, the ADC 316 may convert the output voltage from the power detector into a binary signal representing the voltage. The voltage may be interpreted as power based on the power seen at the power detector 314.

[0091] Once the voltage is digitized, a power map and / or other post-processing may be employed to convert the converted voltage raw data to power.

[0092] The power map may be generated, for example, by the analysis component 312, using experimental lab data and / or actual historical data. For example, the power map may be generated by sweeping a primary RF signal chain through a known frequency range and capturing the output using a secondary RF tap including a power detector and an ADC. Post-processing may be used to create a power map plot based on the raw data from the ADC. Post-processing may take experimental and / or historical data and map voltage to power based on frequency. Different frequencies may provide power levels.

[0093] The power map may comprise a range of additional conversion results that define non-failed component outputs, including predicted power outputs. In one or more embodiments, the power map may be employed to visually identify the primary RF signal chain output power at different frequencies.

[0094] The determination component 318 may be configured to identify variations in the conversion results as compared against the historical data or to identify failing components in the first RF signal chain based on historical data. For example, variations in the conversion results from historical data may indicate a component failure. Particular variations may indicate different components in the RF signal chain. For example, a particular fault signature may be associated with a particular component, e.g., through experimentation and / or based on comparison against historical data.

[0095] In one or more embodiments, the determination component 318 can employ the power map to identify the variations. For example, the determination component 318 can identify one or more contexts of experimental / historical data in the power map that have been identified as triggers and / or contributing to such variations.

[0096] The determination component 318 may be configured to compare the conversion result against a specified power threshold and generate an alert upon subsequently determining that the conversion result meets or crosses the specified power threshold.

[0097] In one or more embodiments, the power thresholds, the particular historical data employed, and / or the predicted power output may be determined at least in part by the analytical model 330 .

[0098] The analytical model 330 may be, comprise, and / or be comprised by a classical model, such as a predictive model, a neural network, and / or an artificial intelligence model. The artificial intelligence model and / or neural network (e.g., a convolutional network and / or a deep neural network) may comprise and / or employ artificial intelligence (AI), machine learning (ML), and / or deep learning (DL), where learning may be supervised, semi-supervised, and / or unsupervised.

[0099] For example, analytical model 330 may comprise an ML model trained on previous and / or predicted RF diagnostics data of one or more RF signal chains. With respect to comparing the transformed results to historical data, analytical model 330 may determine historical data from / representing an RF signal chain that has similar aspects to the RF signal chain from which the diagnosed RF signal was obtained. Such aspects may include, but are not limited to, one or more of frequency response, roll-off, output power, ripple, hardware design, and / or hardware vendor.

[0100] With respect to comparing the conversion results against specified power thresholds, the analytical model 330 may determine power thresholds previously employed with RF signal chains having similar aspects to the RF signal chain from which the diagnosed RF signal was obtained. With respect to determining a predicted power output for comparison against the conversion results, the analytical model 330 may employ one or more knowledge bases and / or other information databases with default or predicted values.

[0101] Overall, analytical model 330 may be trained, for example, by training component 336, against a set of training data that may represent the type of data the system will be used against. Checks of analytical model 330 may be performed periodically, for example, with respect to variability determinations, and / or at any other time period with respect to degradation. Retraining of analytical model 330 may be performed employing the most recent data collected from RF diagnostic measurements over a specified time window. For example, training component 336 may train analytical model 330 in response to variability or failed component determinations, or new variability determinations not yet trained by analytical model 330.

[0102] Amplitude calibration component 320 may then calibrate and / or request calibration of the amplitude of the signal input to the quantum logic circuit comprising one or more qubits based on the comparison between the historical data and the conversion result. For example, amplitude calibration component 320 may determine whether the primary RF signal chain requires more or less power to provide an appropriate amplitude for calibration.

[0103] In one or more embodiments, multiple RF taps, including the RF tap described above, may each be connected to an analysis component, where each RF tap of the multiple RF taps is separately connected to a different respective load.

[0104] Furthermore, the non-limiting system 300 may be employed without a local oscillator between and within the electronic device that contains the RF tap and analysis component 312.

[0105] For another example, Figure 4 illustrates an RF diagnostic system 304 that is at least partially contained within the room temperature electronics of the readout electronics 212 of quantum system 201. In another example, with reference to non-limiting system 400 of Figure 4, RF diagnostic system 304 may be at least partially provided by the readout electronics 212 of a quantum system such as quantum system 201.

[0106] Referring now to FIG. 5, and still referring to FIG. 4, illustrated is a process flow of one or more operations that may be performed by RF diagnostic system 304, whether or not associated with the quantum system and / or readout electronics.

[0107] As shown, RF signal 502 may be obtained, for example, via RF tap 332 via analysis component 312. Using RF signal 502, conversion result 504 may be output, for example, via analysis component 312, comprising a conversion of RF signal 502. As described above, the conversion result may comprise a DC voltage converted to power represented by a binary number. A comparison 506 may be performed, for example, by determination component 318, of conversion result 504 against a predicted power output 507. In one or more embodiments, predicted power output 507 may be based on historical data 509 for RF signal chains other than the RF signal chain from which RF signal 502 was obtained.

[0108] The variations 508 may be determined based on historical data 509. The variations 508 may comprise variations in the conversion result 504 and / or failed components in the RF signal chain from which the RF signal 502 was obtained.

[0109] The alert 510 may be generated, for example, when the determination component 318 determines that the transformation result 504 meets or crosses a specified power threshold 511. In one or more embodiments, the power threshold 511 may be determined based on historical data 509.

[0110] In response to the alert 510 and / or the identified fluctuation 508, a calibration 512 may be performed on the amplitude of a signal employed with the RF signal chain, such as, for example, an input to a quantum logic circuit comprising one or more qubits in the case of a quantum computer or system comprising the RF signal chain.

[0111] In one or more embodiments, the power map 514 may be generated, for example, by the analysis component 312 based on, for example, the historical data 509 .

[0112] 6 next illustrates a flow diagram of an exemplary, non-limiting method 600, which may provide a process for at least partially constructing an electronic device according to one or more embodiments described herein, such as the non-limiting devices of FIGS. 1-4. Repetitive descriptions of similar elements and / or processes employed in each embodiment are omitted for the sake of brevity.

[0113] At 602, non-limiting method 600 may include coupling (eg, by entity 180) an analysis component comprising a power detector and an analog-to-digital converter to an RF tap of an RF device.

[0114] At 604, non-limiting method 600 may include coupling (e.g., by entity 180) an analysis component including a power detector and an analog-to-digital converter to a second RF tap of the RF device or of another RF device.

[0115] At 606, non-limiting method 600 may include performing the above-described step of coupling (e.g., by entity 180) without a local oscillator in the analysis component or between the RF tap / second RF tap and the analysis component.

[0116] At 608, non-limiting method 600 may include performing the above steps of combining (eg, by entity 180) without the use of sensors embedded in the RF device.

[0117] At 610, the non-limiting method 600 may include coupling the transformation result determination component to the analysis component (eg, via entity 180).

[0118] At 612, non-limiting method 600 may include coupling (eg, by entity 180) an amplitude calibration component to an analysis component.

[0119] At 614, non-limiting method 600 may include coupling (e.g., by entity 180) an amplitude calibration component to or including an amplitude calibration component within a waveform generator of a quantum system that includes a quantum logic circuit that receives pulses from the waveform generator to affect one or more qubits of the quantum logic circuit.

[0120] 7 next illustrates a flow diagram of an exemplary, non-limiting method 700, which may provide a process for at least partially using an electronic device according to one or more embodiments described herein, such as the non-limiting devices of FIGS. 1-4. Repetitive descriptions of similar elements and / or processes employed in each embodiment are omitted for the sake of brevity.

[0121] At 702, the non-limiting method 700 may comprise acquiring a radio frequency (RF) signal of a first RF signal chain by a system (eg, analysis component 312) operably coupled to a processor.

[0122] At 704, the non-limiting method 700 may include converting the RF signal into a transformation result by a system (eg, analysis component 312).

[0123] At 706, the non-limiting method 700 may include performing the converting step, which includes outputting a DC voltage based on the RF signal by a system (e.g., power detector 114) and converting the DC voltage to a power represented by a binary number by a system (e.g., ADC 316).

[0124] At 708, the non-limiting method 700 may include comparing, by the system (eg, determining component 318), the conversion result to an expected power output based on historical data for the second RF signal chain.

[0125] At 710, non-limiting method 700 may include identifying, by a system (e.g., determination component 318), a variation in the conversion result as compared against the historical data, or identifying, by a system, a failing component in the first RF signal chain based on the historical data.

[0126] At 712, non-limiting method 700 may include generating, by a system (e.g., analysis component 312), a power map based on historical data, where the power map has a range of additional conversion results defining the output of non-failed components, including predicted power output.

[0127] At 714, the non-limiting method 700 may include generating an alert by the system (e.g., determination component 318) upon determining that the conversion result meets or crosses a specified power threshold.

[0128] At 716, non-limiting method 700 may include calibrating the amplitude of a signal input to a quantum logic circuit comprising one or more qubits by a system (e.g., amplitude calibration component 320) and based on a comparison between historical data and the conversion result.

[0129] At 718, non-limiting method 700 may include employing an analytical model (e.g., analytical model 330) by a system (e.g., determination component 318) to perform the comparing or identifying steps.

[0130] At 720, non-limiting method 700 may include training an analytical model (e.g., analytical model 330) by a system (e.g., training component 336) based on empirical and / or historical data of one or more RF signal chains.

[0131] For ease of explanation, computer-implemented and non-computer-implemented methods provided herein are depicted and / or described as a series of acts. The subject innovation is not limited by the acts depicted and / or by the order of acts; for example, acts may occur in one or more orders and / or simultaneously, with other acts not presented and described herein. Moreover, not all acts depicted may be utilized to implement computer-implemented and non-computer-implemented methods in accordance with the described subject matter. Furthermore, computer-implemented and non-computer-implemented methods may alternatively be represented as a series of interrelated states via state diagrams or events. Furthermore, the computer-implemented methods described hereinafter and throughout this specification may be stored on an article of manufacture that facilitates transporting and transferring the computer-implemented methods to a computer. The term article of manufacture, as used herein, is intended to encompass a computer program accessible from any computer-readable device or storage medium.

[0132] In summary, one or more systems, electronic devices, and / or methods provided herein relate to a process for in-process radio frequency (RF) signal quality analysis and amplitude adjustment of one or more RF devices. In one or more embodiments, the RF device may comprise a portion of a quantum computing system, e.g., a portion of its readout electronics, such that amplitude adjustment is possible in a waveform generator that generates pulses that affect one or more qubits of a quantum logic circuit of the quantum computing system. Generally, the electronic device may include an RF tap connected to an RF signal component of a first RF signal chain, and an analysis component connected to the RF tap, the analysis component configured to transform the RF signal from the RF signal component and compare the transformation result to an expected power output based on historical data for a second RF signal chain.

[0133] Generally, an advantage of the aforementioned electronic devices, systems, computer program products, and / or methods may be the ability to perform real-time diagnostics of the RF electronics of the system.

[0134] Another advantage of one or more embodiments described herein may be the employment of one or more embodiments described herein in or coupled with a quantum computing system having one or more qubits of a quantum logic circuit coupled to RF electronics being diagnosed by one or more embodiments described herein.

[0135] Generally, another advantage of the aforementioned electronic devices, systems, computer program products, and / or methods may be time and cost savings for analysis, detection, and / or amplitude adjustment of the RF electronics of the system. That is, system reliability may be increased by quickly and efficiently identifying and correcting manufacturing and / or assembly defects in such RF electronics. Downtime may be reduced using one or more embodiments described herein, which may be employed in-process, e.g., in real time, to provide diagnostics, including analysis, detection, and / or amplitude adjustment, during functioning of the RF electronics. Indeed, by at least partially automating diagnostics, improvements may be realized across various geographic and / or language barriers.

[0136] Another advantage of one or more embodiments described herein may be the use of existing electronics such as power detectors and analog-to-digital converters. Local oscillators and / or embedded sensors in RF electronics are not employed by one or more embodiments described herein.

[0137] In view of one or more embodiments described herein, a practical application of the devices described herein may be the ability to diagnose an RF component while the RF signal chain comprising the RF component is in use, as opposed to first shutting down the RF signal chain before diagnosing the RF component. Such a convenient and practical application of a computer would in turn facilitate faster, automatic, and / or more efficient diagnosis of the RF signal chain. Overall, such a computerized tool may constitute a concrete and tangible technological improvement in the field of RF electronics.

[0138] Another practical application of the devices described herein may be the ability to adjust the generation of signals affecting qubits in response to RF diagnostics, thus facilitating enhanced (e.g., improved and / or optimized) operation of qubits employed, such as in quantum logic circuits having many qubits, e.g., about 1000 qubits or more. Overall, such computerized tools may constitute a concrete and tangible technological improvement in the field of quantum computing.

[0139] Furthermore, one or more embodiments described herein may be employed within real-world systems based on the disclosed teachings. For example, one or more embodiments described herein may function in connection with an RF signal chain or quantum system that may receive a quantum job request as an input and measure the real-world qubit state of one or more qubits, such as superconducting qubits, of the quantum system. For example, with respect to a quantum system, one or more frameworks described herein may obtain an RF signal from one or more RF taps of the quantum system.

[0140] Additionally, the devices and / or methods described herein may be implemented in one or more domains to enable scaled RF diagnostics. Indeed, use of the devices described herein may be scalable, for example, when multiple RF signals from one or more RF signal chains are diagnosed at least partially simultaneously with each other.

[0141] Systems and / or devices are described (and / or will be further described) herein with respect to interactions between one or more components. Such systems and / or components may include components or subcomponents designated therein, one or more of the designated components and / or subcomponents, and / or additional components. Subcomponents may be implemented as components communicatively coupled to other components rather than being included within a parent component. One or more components and / or subcomponents may be combined into a single component that provides aggregate functionality. Components may interact with one or more other components not specifically described herein for brevity, but known to those skilled in the art.

[0142] One or more embodiments described herein may, in one or more embodiments, be inherently and / or inseparably linked to computer technology and cannot be implemented outside of a computing environment. For example, one or more processes performed by one or more embodiments described herein may provide program and / or program instruction execution more efficiently and even more feasibly than with respect to existing systems and / or techniques, e.g., for RF diagnostics. Systems, computer-implemented methods, and / or computer program products that facilitate the performance of these processes would be highly useful in the fields of RF electronics, quantum computing, and / or superconducting quantum systems, and would not be equally practicable to implement in a practical manner outside of a computing environment.

[0143] One or more embodiments described herein may employ hardware and / or software to solve problems that are not highly technical, abstract, and cannot be performed as a set of mental activities by a human. For example, a single human, or even thousands of humans, cannot acquire, analyze, and / or convert RF signals efficiently, accurately, and / or effectively in a manner that one or more embodiments described herein can facilitate. Furthermore, neither the human mind nor a person with pen and paper can perform one or more of these processes as implemented by one or more embodiments described herein.

[0144] In one or more embodiments, one or more of the processes described herein may be executed by one or more specialized computers (e.g., specialized processing units, specialized classical computers, specialized quantum computers, specialized hybrid classical / quantum systems, and / or another type of specialized computer) to perform defined tasks for one or more of the technologies described above. One or more embodiments described herein and / or components thereof may be employed to solve new problems that arise through the adoption of the above-referenced technologies, quantum computing systems, cloud computing systems, computer architectures, and / or other technologies.

[0145] One or more embodiments described herein may be fully operable to perform one or more other functions (e.g., fully powered on, fully running, and / or another function) while also performing one or more operations described herein.

[0146] 8-10, additional context and detailed description of one or more embodiments described herein in FIGS. 1-7 are provided.

[0147] Figure 8 and the following discussion are intended to provide a brief, general description of a suitable operating environment 800 that may be comprised by, associated with, and / or coupled with one or more computers and / or computing-based elements described herein with reference to any one or more of Figures 1-4. For example, such a suitable operating environment 800 may, in one or more embodiments, obtain and / or transmit quantum job requests (e.g., quantum job requests 204) to quantum system 201, manage a quantum job queue, and / or manage one or more classical operations in conjunction with quantum system 201. Additionally, while one or more embodiments are described above in the general context of computer-executable instructions that may be executed on one or more computers, those skilled in the art will recognize that one or more embodiments may also be implemented in combination with other program modules and / or as a combination of hardware and software.

[0148] Generally, program modules include routines, programs, components, data structures, and / or the like that perform particular tasks and / or implement particular abstract data types. Additionally, the methods of the invention may be practiced with other computer system configurations, including single-processor or multi-processor computer systems, minicomputers, mainframe computers, Internet of Things (IoT) devices, distributed computing systems, and personal computers, handheld computing devices, microprocessor-based or programmable consumer electronics, and / or the like, each of which may be operatively coupled with one or more associated devices.

[0149] Computing devices typically include a variety of media, which may include computer-readable storage media, machine-readable storage media, and / or communication media. The two terms are used interchangeably herein as described below. A computer-readable storage medium or machine-readable storage medium may be any available storage medium that can be accessed by a computer and includes both volatile and nonvolatile media, removable and non-removable media. By way of example, and not limitation, a computer-readable storage medium and / or machine-readable storage medium may be implemented in connection with any method or technology for storage of information, such as computer-readable and / or machine-readable instructions, program modules, structured and / or unstructured data.

[0150] A computer-readable storage medium may include, but is not limited to, random access memory (RAM), read only memory (ROM), electrically erasable programmable read only memory (EEPROM), flash memory or other memory technology, compact disk read only memory (CD ROM), digital versatile disk (DVD), Blu-ray disc (BD) and / or other optical disk storage, magnetic cassettes, magnetic tape, magnetic disk storage and / or other magnetic storage devices, solid-state drives or other solid-state storage devices and / or other tangible and / or non-transitory medium that may be used to store specified information. In this regard, it will be understood that the terms "tangible" or "non-transitory" as applied herein to storage, memory and / or computer-readable media, as modifiers, exclude only propagating transitory signals per se, and do not disclaim all rights to all standard storage, memory and / or computer-readable media that are not merely propagating transitory signals per se.

[0151] The computer-readable storage medium may be accessed by one or more local or remote computing devices, for example, via access requests, queries and / or other data retrieval protocols for various operations on the information stored by the medium.

[0152] Communication media typically embodies computer-readable instructions, data structures, program modules, or other structured or unstructured data in a modulated data signal, e.g., a data signal such as a carrier wave or other transport mechanism, and includes any information delivery or transport medium. The term "modulated data signal" or signals refers to a signal that has one or more of its characteristics set and / or changed in such a manner as to encode information in the signal or signals. By way of example, and not limitation, communication media may include wired media, e.g., a wired network, direct-wired connection, and / or wireless media, such as acoustic, RF, infrared and / or other wireless media.

[0153] Referring again to FIG. 8, exemplary operating environment 800 may comprise a computer 802 including a processing unit 806 , a system memory 804 , and / or a system bus 808 .

[0154] Memory 804 may store one or more computer-readable and / or machine-readable, writable and / or executable components and / or instructions that, when executed by processing unit 806 (e.g., a classical, quantum, and / or similar processor), may facilitate performance of operations defined by the executable components and / or instructions. For example, memory 804 may store computer- and / or machine-readable, writable and / or executable components and / or instructions that, when executed by processing unit 806, may facilitate performance of one or more functions described herein with respect to non-limiting systems 100, 200, 300, and / or 400, described herein with or without reference to one or more figures of one or more embodiments.

[0155] The memory 804 may include volatile memory (e.g., random access memory (RAM), static RAM (SRAM), dynamic RAM (DRAM), and / or the like) and / or non-volatile memory (e.g., read-only memory (ROM), programmable ROM (PROM), electrically programmable ROM (EPROM), electrically erasable programmable ROM (EEPROM), and / or the like), which may employ one or more memory architectures.

[0156] Processing unit 806 may include one or more types of processors and / or electronic circuits (e.g., classical processors, quantum processors, and / or the like) that may implement one or more computer-readable and / or machine-readable, writable and / or executable components and / or instructions, which may be stored in memory 804. For example, processing unit 806 may perform one or more operations that may be specified by computer-readable and / or machine-readable, writable and / or executable components and / or instructions, including, but not limited to, logic, control, input / output (I / O), arithmetic, and / or the like. In one or more embodiments, processing unit 806 may be any of one or more commercially available processors. In one or more embodiments, processing unit 806 may include one or more central processing units, multi-core processors, microprocessors, dual microprocessors, microcontrollers, systems-on-chips (SOCs), array processors, vector processors, quantum processors, and / or other types of processors. The example processing unit 806 may be employed to implement one or more embodiments described herein.

[0157] The system bus 808 may couple system components, including but not limited to the system memory 804, to the processing unit 806. The system bus 808 may include one or more types of bus structures that may further interconnect a memory bus, a peripheral bus, and / or a local bus (with or without a memory controller) using one or more of a variety of commercially available bus architectures. The system memory 804 may include ROM 810 and / or RAM 812. The basic input / output system (BIOS) may be stored in non-volatile memory such as ROM, erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM), and / or EEPROM. The BIOS contains the basic routines that help transfer information between elements within the computer 802, such as during start-up. The RAM 812 may include high-speed RAM, such as static RAM for caching data.

[0158] The computer 802 may include an internal hard disk drive (HDD) 814 (e.g., EIDE, SATA), one or more external storage devices 816 (e.g., a magnetic floppy disk drive (FDD), memory stick, or flash drive reader, memory card reader, and / or the like), and / or a drive 820, such as a solid-state drive or optical disk drive, that can read from or write to a disk 822, such as a CD-ROM disk, DVD, BD, and / or the like. Additionally and / or alternatively, with a solid-state drive, the disk 822 may not be included unless it is separate. While the internal HDD 814 is illustrated as being located within the computer 802, the internal HDD 814 may also be configured for external use in a suitable chassis (not shown). Additionally, although not illustrated in the operating environment 800, a solid-state drive (SSD) may be used in addition to or in place of the HDD 814. HDD 814, external storage device 816, and drive 820 may be connected to system bus 808 by HDD interface 824, external storage interface 826, and drive interface 828, respectively. HDD interface 824 for external drive implementations may include Universal Serial Bus (USB) and / or Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 1394 interface technologies. Other external drive connection technologies are within the contemplation of the embodiments described herein.

[0159] The drives and their associated computer-readable storage media provide non-volatile storage of data, data structures, computer-executable instructions, etc. For computer 802, the drives and storage media correspond to the storage of any data in a suitable digital format. Although the above description of computer-readable storage media refers to each type of storage device, other types of storage media that are readable by the computer, whether now existing or developed in the future, may be used in the exemplary operating environment, and / or any such storage media may contain computer-executable instructions for performing the methods described herein.

[0160] A number of program modules may be stored in the drives and RAM 812, including an operating system 830, one or more applications 832, other program modules 834, and / or program data 836. All or portions of the operating system, applications, modules, and / or data may also be cached in RAM 812. The systems and / or methods described herein may be implemented using one or more commercially available operating systems and / or combinations of operating systems.

[0161] Computer 802 may optionally include emulation technology. For example, a hypervisor (not shown) or other intermediary may emulate a hardware environment for operating system 830, and the emulated hardware may optionally differ from the hardware illustrated in FIG. 8. In a related embodiment, operating system 830 may include one of multiple virtual machines (VMs) hosted on computer 802. Additionally, operating system 830 may provide a runtime environment, such as a JAVA runtime environment or the .NET framework, for application 832. A runtime environment is a consistent execution environment that may allow application 832 to run on any operating system that includes the runtime environment. Similarly, operating system 830 may support containers, and application 832 may be in the form of a container, which is a lightweight, standalone, executable package of software that includes, for example, code, runtime, system tools, system libraries, and / or settings for an application.

[0162] Additionally, computer 802 may be enabled with a security module, such as a Trusted Processing Module (TPM). For example, a TPM allows a boot component to hash the next boot component in time and wait for the resulting match against a secure value before loading the next boot component. This process may occur at any layer of computer 802's code execution stack, for example, applied at the application execution level and / or the operating system (OS) kernel level, thereby enabling security at any level of code execution.

[0163] An entity may enter and / or transmit commands and / or information to computer 802 through one or more wired / wireless input devices, such as a keyboard 838, a touchscreen 840, and / or a pointing device such as a mouse 842. Other input devices (not shown) may include a microphone, an infrared (IR) remote control, a radio frequency (RF) remote control and / or other remote controls, a joystick, a virtual reality controller and / or a virtual reality headset, a gamepad, a stylus pen, an image input device such as a camera, a gesture sensor input device, a visual motion sensor input device, an emotion or facial expression detection device, a biometric input device such as a fingerprint scanner and / or an iris scanner, and / or the like. These and other input devices may be connected to processing unit 806 through an input device interface 844, which may be coupled to system bus 808, but may also be connected to other interfaces, such as a parallel port, an IEEE 1394 serial port, a game port, a USB port, an IR interface, a BLUETOOTH interface, and / or the like.

[0164] A monitor 846 or other type of display device may alternatively and / or additionally be connected to the system bus 808 via an interface, such as a video adapter 848. In addition to the monitor 846, computers typically include other peripheral output devices (not shown), such as speakers, printers, and / or the like.

[0165] Computer 802 may operate in a networked environment using logical connections via wired and / or wireless communications to one or more remote computers, such as remote computer 850. Remote computer 850 may be a workstation, server computer, router, personal computer, portable computer, microprocessor-based entertainment equipment, peer device, and / or other common network node, and typically includes many or all of the elements described with respect to computer 802, although for purposes of brevity, only memory / storage device 852 is illustrated. Additionally and / or alternatively, computer 802 may be coupled (e.g., communicatively, electrically, operatively, optically, and / or similarly) to one or more external systems, sources, and / or devices (e.g., classical and / or quantum computing devices, communications devices, and / or similar devices) via a data cable (e.g., a High-Definition Multimedia Interface (HDMI), recommended standard (RS) 232, an Ethernet cable, and / or the like).

[0166] In one or more embodiments, the network may include one or more wired and / or wireless networks, including, but not limited to, a cellular network, a wide area network (WAN) (e.g., the Internet), or a local area network (LAN). For example, one or more embodiments described herein may be configured to support, but are not limited to, wireless networks such as Wireless Fidelity (Wi-Fi), Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM), Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS), Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX), Enhanced General Packet Radio Service (Enhanced GPRS), 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) Long Term Evolution (LTE), 3rd Generation Partnership Project 2 (3GPP2) Ultra Mobile Broadband (UMB), High Speed ​​Packet Access (HSPA), Zigbee, and other 802.XX standards. The device may communicate with one or more external systems, sources, and / or devices, e.g., computing devices (and vice versa), using virtually any specified wired or wireless technology or both, including wireless technologies and / or legacy telecommunications technologies), BLUETOOTH®, Session Initiation Protocol (SIP), ZIGBEE®, RF4CE protocol, WirelessHART protocol, 6LoWPAN (IPv6 over Low Power Wireless Area Network), Z-wave, ANT, Ultra-Wideband (UWB) standard protocols, and / or other proprietary and / or non-proprietary communication protocols.In a related example, one or more embodiments described herein may include hardware (e.g., a central processing unit (CPU), a transceiver, a decoder, quantum hardware, a quantum processor, and / or the like), software (e.g., a set of threads, a set of processes, running software, a quantum pulse schedule, a quantum circuit, a quantum gate, and / or the like), and / or a combination of hardware and / or software that facilitates communication of information between one or more embodiments described herein and external systems, sources, and / or devices (e.g., computing devices, communication devices, and / or the like).

[0167] The logical connections depicted include wired / wireless connectivity to a local area network (LAN) 854 and / or larger networks, such as a wide area network (WAN) 856. LAN and WAN networking environments may be commonplace in offices and companies and may facilitate enterprise-wide computer networks, such as intranets, all of which may be connected to a general communications network, such as the Internet.

[0168] When used in a LAN networking environment, the computer 802 may be connected to the local network 854 through a wired and / or wireless communication network interface or adapter 858. The adapter 858 may facilitate wired and / or wireless communication to the LAN 854, which may also include a wireless access point (AP) disposed thereon for communicating with the adapter 858 in a wireless mode.

[0169] When used in a WAN networking environment, the computer 802 may include a modem 860 and / or may be connected to a communication server on the WAN 856 via other means for establishing communications via the WAN 856, such as, for example, via the Internet. The modem 860, which may be internal and / or external, and wired and / or wireless devices, may be connected to the system bus 808 via the input device interface 844. In a networked environment, program modules depicted relative to the computer 802, or portions thereof, may be stored in the remote memory / storage device 852. The network connections shown are merely exemplary, and one or more other means of establishing a communications link between the computers may be used.

[0170] When used in either a LAN or WAN networking environment, computer 802 may access a cloud storage system or other network-based storage system in addition to and / or instead of the external storage device(s) 816 described above, such as, but not limited to, a networked virtual machine, which provides one or more aspects of information storage and / or processing. Generally, the connection between computer 802 and the cloud storage system may be established via LAN 854 or WAN 856, for example, by adapter 858 or modem 860, respectively. Upon connecting computer 802 to an associated cloud storage system, external storage interface 826 may manage the storage provided by the cloud storage system as it does for other types of external storage, such as with the aid of adapter 858 and / or modem 860. For example, external storage interface 826 may be configured to provide access to cloud storage sources as if the sources were physically connected to computer 802.

[0171] The computer 802 may be operable to communicate with any wireless device and / or entity operatively arranged in wireless communication, such as a printer, a scanner, a desktop and / or portable computer, a portable data assistant, a communications satellite, a telephone, and / or any equipment or location associated with a wirelessly detectable tag (e.g., a kiosk, a newsstand, a store shelf, and / or the like). This may include Wireless Fidelity (Wi-Fi) and BLUETOOTH® wireless technologies. Thus, communication may be in a predefined structure, similar to a traditional network, or may simply be ad-hoc communication between at least two devices.

[0172] The illustrated embodiments described herein may be employed in conjunction with distributed computing environments (e.g., cloud computing environments) where certain tasks are performed by remote processing devices that are linked through a communications network, such as those described below with respect to Figure 9. In a distributed computing environment, program modules may be located in both local and / or remote memory storage devices.

[0173] For example, one or more embodiments described herein and / or one or more components thereof may employ one or more computing resources of a cloud computing environment 950 described below with reference to illustration 900 of FIG. 9 and / or with reference to one or more functional abstraction layers (e.g., quantum software and / or the like) described below with reference to FIG. 10 to perform one or more operations according to one or more embodiments described herein. For example, cloud computing environment 950 and / or one or more of functional abstraction layers 1060, 1070, 1080 and / or 1090 may include one or more classical computing devices (e.g., classical computers, classical processors, virtual machines, servers and / or the like), quantum hardware and / or quantum software (e.g., quantum computing devices, quantum computers, quantum processors, quantum circuit simulation software, superconducting circuits and / or the like) that may be employed by one or more embodiments described herein and / or components thereof to perform one or more operations in accordance with one or more embodiments described herein. For example, one or more embodiments described herein and / or components thereof may employ such one or more classical and / or quantum computing resources to perform one or more classical and / or quantum: mathematical functions, calculations and / or equations; computing and / or processing scripts; algorithms; models (e.g., artificial intelligence (AI) models, machine learning (ML) models and / or similar models); and / or other operations according to one or more embodiments described herein.

[0174] Although one or more embodiments described herein include detailed descriptions of cloud computing, it should be understood that implementation of the teachings referred to herein is not limited to cloud computing environments. Rather, one or more embodiments described herein can be implemented in conjunction with any other type of computing environment now known or developed in the future.

[0175] Cloud computing is a service delivery model for enabling convenient, on-demand network access to a shared pool of configurable computing resources (e.g., networks, network bandwidth, servers, processing, memory, storage, applications, virtual machines, and / or services) that can be rapidly provisioned and released with minimal administrative effort or interaction with a service provider. The cloud model can include at least five characteristics, at least three service models, and at least four deployment models.

[0176] The characteristics are as follows:

[0177] On-Demand Self-Service: Cloud consumers can unilaterally provision computing capacity, such as server time and network storage, automatically as needed without requiring human interaction with the provider of the service.

[0178] Broad Network Access: Capabilities are available over the network and accessed through standard mechanisms that facilitate use by heterogeneous thin or thick client platforms (eg, cell phones, laptops, and PDAs).

[0179] Resource Pooling: A provider's computing resources are pooled to serve multiple consumers using a multi-tenant model, with various physical and virtual resources dynamically allocated and reallocated according to demand. While consumers generally have no control or knowledge of the exact location of the resources provided, there is some location independence in that location can be specified at a higher level of abstraction (e.g., country, state, and / or data center).

[0180] Rapid Elasticity: Capacity can be automatically and rapidly elastically provisioned in one or more cases to rapidly scale out and rapidly released to rapidly scale in. To the consumer, the capacity available for provisioning can appear unlimited and can be purchased in any amount at any time.

[0181] Measured Services: Cloud systems automatically control and optimize resource usage by leveraging metering capabilities at one or more levels of abstraction appropriate to the type of service (e.g., storage, processing, bandwidth, and / or active user accounts). Resource usage can be monitored, controlled, and / or reported, providing transparency to both providers and consumers of utilized services.

[0182] The service model is as follows:

[0183] Software as a Service (SaaS): The consumer is offered the ability to use a provider's applications running on a cloud infrastructure. The applications are accessible from a variety of client devices through a thin-client interface such as a web browser (e.g., web-based email). The consumer does not manage or control the underlying cloud infrastructure, including the network, servers, operating systems, storage, and / or individual application capabilities, with the possible exception of limited user-specific application configuration settings.

[0184] Platform as a Service (PaaS): The ability offered to consumers is to deploy applications they create or acquire, created using programming languages ​​and tools supported by the provider, onto a cloud infrastructure. The consumer does not manage or control the underlying cloud infrastructure, including networks, servers, operating systems, and / or storage, but does have control over the deployed applications and, in some cases, the configuration of the environment that hosts the applications.

[0185] Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS): The ability offered to consumers is to provision processing, storage, network, and / or other basic computing resources onto which the consumer can deploy and run any software, which may include operating systems and applications. The consumer does not manage or control the underlying cloud infrastructure, but does have control over the operating system, storage, deployed applications, and / or possibly limited control of selected networking components (e.g., host firewalls).

[0186] The deployment model is as follows:

[0187] Private Cloud: Cloud infrastructure is operated exclusively for an organization. It can be managed by that organization or a third party and can exist on-premise or off-premise.

[0188] Community Cloud: Cloud infrastructure is shared by multiple organizations to support a specific community with shared interests (e.g., roles, security requirements, policies and / or compliance considerations). It may be managed by those organizations or a third party and may reside on-premises or off-premises.

[0189] Public Cloud: Cloud infrastructure is made available to the general public or large industry organizations and is owned by organizations that sell cloud services.

[0190] Hybrid Cloud: A cloud infrastructure is a composite of two or more clouds (private, community, or public) that remain distinct entities but are bound together by standardized or proprietary technologies (e.g., cloud bursting for load balancing between clouds) that enable data and application portability.

[0191] A cloud computing environment is a service oriented environment that emphasizes statelessness, low coupling, modularity, and / or semantic interoperability. At the core of cloud computing is an infrastructure that includes a network of interconnected nodes.

[0192] Additionally, non-limiting systems 100, 200, 300, and / or 400 and / or exemplary operating environment 800 may be associated with and / or included in data analysis systems, data processing systems, graph analysis systems, graph processing systems, big data systems, social network systems, speech recognition systems, image recognition systems, graphical modeling systems, bioinformatics systems, data compression systems, artificial intelligence systems, authentication systems, syntactic pattern recognition systems, medical systems, health monitoring systems, network systems, computer network systems, communication systems, router systems, server systems, high availability server systems (e.g., Telecom server systems), web server systems, file server systems, data server systems, disk array systems, powered insertion board systems, cloud-based systems, and / or the like. Accordingly, non-limiting system 100 and / or exemplary operating environment 800 may be employed using hardware and / or software to solve problems that are highly technical in nature, not abstract, and / or impossible to perform as a set of mental activities by a human being.

[0193] Referring now to details of one or more aspects illustrated in FIG. 9 , an exemplary cloud computing environment 950 is depicted. As shown, the cloud computing environment 950 includes one or more cloud computing nodes 910 with which local computing devices used by cloud consumers may communicate, such as, for example, a personal digital assistant (PDA) or cellular phone 954A, a desktop computer 954B, a laptop computer 954C, and / or an automobile computer system 954N. Although not shown in FIG. 9 , the cloud computing nodes 910 may further include a quantum platform (e.g., a quantum computer, quantum hardware, quantum software, and / or the like) with which local computing devices used by cloud consumers may communicate. The cloud computing nodes 910 may communicate with each other. They may be physically or virtually grouped (not shown) in one or more networks, such as a private cloud, a community cloud, a public cloud, or a hybrid cloud, or combinations thereof, as described above. This allows the cloud computing environment 950 to provide infrastructure as a service, platform as a service, and / or software as a service without the need for cloud consumers to maintain resources on local computing devices. It should be understood that the types of computing devices 954A-N shown in Figure 9 are intended to be exemplary only, and that the cloud computing node 910 and the cloud computing environment 950 may communicate with any type of computerized device over any type of network and / or network-addressable connection (e.g., using a web browser).

[0194] Referring now to details of one or more aspects illustrated in FIG. 10 , a set of functional abstraction layers 1000, such as those provided by cloud computing environment 950 ( FIG. 9 ), is shown. One or more embodiments described herein may be associated with, e.g., accessible through, one or more functional abstraction layers (e.g., hardware and software layer 1060, virtualization layer 1070, management layer 1080, and / or workload layer 1090) described below with reference to FIG. 10 . It should be understood in advance that the components, layers, and / or functions illustrated in FIG. 10 are intended to be illustrative only, and that the embodiments described herein are not limited thereto. As depicted, the following layers and / or corresponding functions are provided:

[0195] Hardware and software layer 1060 may include hardware and software components. Examples of hardware components include: mainframe 1061; RISC (reduced instruction set computer) architecture-based servers 1062; servers 1063; blade servers 1064; storage devices 1065; and / or networks and / or networking components 1066. In one or more embodiments, software components may include network application server software 1067, quantum platform routing software 1068; and / or quantum software (not shown in FIG. 10 ).

[0196] The virtualization layer 1070 may provide an abstraction layer from which the following examples of virtual entities may be provided: virtual servers 1071; virtual storage 1072; virtual networks including virtual private networks 1073; virtual applications and / or operating systems 1074; and / or virtual clients 1075.

[0197] In one example, management layer 1080 may provide the functions described below. Resource provisioning 1081 may provide dynamic procurement of computing and other resources that can be utilized to execute tasks within the cloud computing environment. Metering and pricing 1082 may provide cost tracking as resources are utilized within the cloud computing environment and / or charging and / or billing for the consumption of these resources. In one example, these resources may include one or more application software licenses. Security may provide identity verification for cloud consumers and / or tasks, and protection for data and / or other resources. User (or entity) portal 1083 may provide access to the cloud computing environment for consumers and system administrators. Service level management 1084 may provide cloud computing resource allocation and / or management so that required service levels are met. Service level agreement (SLA) planning and fulfillment 1085 may provide advance arrangements and procurement for cloud computing resources that anticipate future requirements according to SLAs.

[0198] The workload layer 1090 may provide examples of functionality for which a cloud computing environment may be utilized. Non-limiting examples of workloads and functions that may be provided from this layer include mapping and navigation 1091; software development and lifecycle management 1092; virtual classroom instruction delivery 1093; data analytics processing 1094; transaction processing 1095; and / or application transformation software 1096.

[0199] The embodiments described herein may be directed to one or more of a system, a method, an apparatus, and / or a computer program product at any possible level of technical detail of integration. A computer program product may include a computer-readable storage medium (or media) having computer-readable program instructions for causing a processor to execute aspects of one or more embodiments described herein. A computer-readable storage medium may be a tangible device that can hold and store instructions for use by an instruction-execution device. A computer-readable storage medium may be, for example, but not limited to, an electronic storage device, a magnetic storage device, an optical storage device, an electromagnetic storage device, a superconducting storage device, and / or any suitable combination of the foregoing. A non-exhaustive list of more specific examples of computer-readable storage media may include the following: portable computer diskettes, hard disks, random access memory (RAM), read-only memory (ROM), erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM or flash memory), static random access memory (SRAM), portable compact disk read-only memory (CD-ROM), digital versatile disk (DVD), memory stick, floppy disk, mechanically encoded devices such as punch cards or raised structures in grooves having instructions recorded thereon, and / or any suitable combination of the foregoing. As used herein, computer-readable storage media should not be construed as being transitory signals per se, such as radio waves and / or other freely propagating electromagnetic waves, electromagnetic waves propagating through waveguides and / or other transmission media (e.g., light pulses passing through fiber optic cable), and / or electrical signals transmitted over wires.

[0200] The computer-readable program instructions described herein may be downloaded from a computer-readable storage medium to each computing / processing device and / or to an external computer and / or external storage device via a network, such as the Internet, a local area network, a wide area network, or a wireless network. The network may include copper transmission cables, optical fiber transmissions, wireless transmissions, routers, firewalls, switches, gateway computers, and / or edge servers. A network adapter card or network interface in each computing / processing device receives the computer-readable program instructions from the network and forwards the computer-readable program instructions for storage in a computer-readable storage medium in the respective computing / processing device. The computer-readable program instructions for carrying out the operations of one or more embodiments described herein may be source code and / or object code written in any combination of one or more programming languages, including assembler instructions, instruction set architecture (ISA) instructions, machine instructions, machine-dependent instructions, microcode, firmware instructions, state setting data, configuration data for integrated circuits, and / or object-oriented programming languages, e.g., Smalltalk, C++, or the like, and / or procedural programming languages ​​such as the "C" programming language and / or similar programming languages. The computer-readable program instructions may be executed entirely on the computer, partially on the computer, as a stand-alone software package, partially on the computer and / or partially on a remote computer, or entirely on a remote computer and / or server. In the latter scenario, the remote computer may be connected to the computer through any type of network, including a local area network (LAN) and / or a wide area network (WAN), and / or a connection to an external computer may be made (e.g., through the Internet using an Internet Service Provider).In one or more embodiments, electronic circuitry, including, for example, programmable logic circuitry, field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) and / or programmable logic arrays (PLAs), may execute computer-readable program instructions by utilizing state information of the computer-readable program instructions to personalize the electronic circuitry to perform aspects of one or more embodiments described herein.

[0201] Aspects of one or more embodiments described herein will be described with reference to flowchart illustrations and / or block diagrams of methods, apparatus (systems), and computer program products according to one or more embodiments described herein. It will be understood that each block of the flowchart illustrations and / or block diagrams, and combinations of blocks in the flowchart illustrations and / or block diagrams, can be implemented by computer-readable program instructions. These computer-readable program instructions can be provided to a processor of a general-purpose computer, a special-purpose computer, and / or other programmable data processing apparatus to create a machine, such that the instructions executing on the processor of the computer or other programmable data processing apparatus form means for implementing the function / act specified in the block or blocks of the flowchart illustrations and / or block diagrams. These computer-readable program instructions can also be stored on a computer-readable storage medium that can instruct a computer, programmable data processing apparatus, and / or other device to function in a particular manner, such that a computer-readable storage medium having instructions stored thereon can include an article of manufacture including instructions that can implement aspects of the function / act specified in the block or blocks of the flowchart illustrations and / or block diagrams. Computer-readable program instructions may also be loaded onto a computer, other programmable data processing apparatus, and / or other device to cause a series of operational acts to be performed on the computer, other programmable apparatus, and / or other device to create a computer-implemented process, such that the instructions executing on the computer, other programmable apparatus, and / or other device implement the function / acts specified in the flowchart and / or block diagram block or blocks.

[0202] The flowcharts and block diagrams in the figures illustrate the architecture, functionality, and / or operation of possible implementations of systems, computer-implementable methods, and / or computer program products according to one or more embodiments described herein. In this regard, each block in a flowchart or block diagram may represent a module, segment, and / or portion of instructions, including one or more executable instructions for implementing the specified logical function(s). In one or more alternative implementations, the functions described in the blocks may occur out of the order described in the figures. For example, two blocks shown in succession may be executed substantially simultaneously, depending on the functionality involved, and / or the blocks may be executed in the reverse order in some cases. It should also be noted that each block of the block diagrams and / or flowchart diagrams, and / or combinations of blocks in the block diagrams and / or flowchart diagrams, may be implemented by dedicated hardware-based systems that may perform the specified functions and / or acts and / or execute one or more combinations of computer instructions.

[0203] While the subject matter has been described above in the general context of computer-executable instructions for a computer program product executing on a computer and / or multiple computers, those skilled in the art will recognize that one or more embodiments herein can also be implemented in combination with one or more other program modules. Generally, program modules include routines, programs, components, data structures, and / or the like that perform particular tasks and / or implement particular abstract data types. Additionally, the computer-implemented methods of the invention can be practiced with single-processor and / or multiprocessor computer systems, minicomputing devices, mainframe computers, and other computer system configurations, including computers, handheld computing devices (e.g., PDAs, phones), microprocessor-based or programmable consumer and / or industrial electronics, and / or the like. The illustrated aspects can also be practiced in distributed computing environments where tasks are performed by remote processing devices linked through a communications network. One or more, if not all, aspects of one or more embodiments described herein can be practiced on a stand-alone computer. In a distributed computing environment, program modules can be located in local and / or remote memory storage devices.

[0204] As used herein, the terms “component,” “system,” “platform,” “interface,” and / or similar terms may refer to and / or include a computer-related entity or an entity associated with an operating machine having one or more specific functionalities. The entities described herein may be hardware, a combination of hardware and software, software, or software in execution. For example, a component may be, but is not limited to, a process running on a processor, a processor, an object, an executable, a thread of execution, a program, and / or a computer. By way of illustration, both an application running on a server and the server may be a component. One or more components may reside within a process and / or thread of execution, and a component may be local on one computer and / or distributed between two or more computers. In another example, each component may execute from various computer-readable media having various data structures stored thereon. Components may communicate via local and / or remote processes, such as according to signals comprising one or more data packets (e.g., data from one component interacting with another component in a network, such as the Internet, with local systems, distributed systems, and / or other systems via signals). As another example, a component may be a device having inherent functionality provided by mechanical parts operated by electrical or electronic circuits operated by software and / or firmware applications executed by a processor. In such cases, the processor may be internal and / or external to the device and may execute at least a portion of the software and / or firmware applications.As yet another example, a component may be a device that provides inherent functionality without mechanical parts through electronic components, which may include a processor and / or other means for executing software and / or firmware that provides at least part of the functionality of the electronic component. In some aspects, a component may emulate an electronic component via, for example, a virtual machine in a cloud computing system.

[0205] Furthermore, the term "or" is intended to mean an inclusive "or" rather than an exclusive "or." That is, unless otherwise specified or clear from the context, "X employs A or B" is intended to mean any of the natural inclusive permutations. That is, in any of the foregoing examples, "X employs A or B" is satisfied if X employs A; if X employs B; or if X employs both A and B. Furthermore, the articles "a" and "an," as used in this specification and the accompanying drawings, should generally be construed to mean "one or more" unless otherwise specified or clear from the context to refer to the singular. As used herein, the terms "example" and / or "exemplary" are utilized to mean serving as an example, instance, or illustration. For the avoidance of doubt, the subject matter described herein is not limited to such examples. Furthermore, any aspect or design described herein as "example" and / or "exemplary" is not necessarily to be construed as preferred or advantageous over other aspects or designs, and is not intended to exclude equivalent exemplary structures and / or techniques known to those skilled in the art.

[0206] As used herein, the term "processor" may refer to virtually any computing processing unit and / or device, including, but not limited to, a single-core processor; a single processor with software multithreading execution capabilities; a multi-core processor; a multi-core processor with software multithreading execution capabilities; a multi-core processor with hardware multithreading technology; a parallel platform; and / or a parallel platform with distributed shared memory. Furthermore, a processor may refer to an integrated circuit, an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a digital signal processor (DSP), a field-programmable gate array (FPGA), a programmable logic controller (PLC), a complex programmable logic device (CPLD), discrete gate or transistor logic, discrete hardware components, and / or any combination thereof designed to perform the functions described herein. Furthermore, a processor may utilize nanoscale architectures, such as, but not limited to, molecular and quantum dot-based transistors, switches, and / or gates, to optimize space utilization and / or enhance the performance of associated equipment. A processor may be implemented as a combination of computing processing units.

[0207] As used herein, terms such as “store,” “storage,” “data store,” “data storage,” “database,” and substantially any other information storage component associated with the operation and functionality of a component are used to refer to a “memory” or a “memory component” entity embodied in a component that includes memory. The memory and / or memory components described herein may be either volatile or nonvolatile memory, or may include both volatile and nonvolatile memory. By way of example and not limitation, nonvolatile memory may include read-only memory (ROM), programmable ROM (PROM), electrically programmable ROM (EPROM), electrically erasable ROM (EEPROM), flash memory, and / or nonvolatile random access memory (RAM) (e.g., ferroelectric RAM (FeRAM)). Volatile memory may include RAM, which may act as external cache memory, for example. By way of example, and not limitation, RAM may be available in many forms, such as synchronous RAM (SRAM), dynamic RAM (DRAM), synchronous DRAM (SDRAM), double data rate SDRAM (DDR SDRAM), enhanced SDRAM (ESDRAM), synchlink DRAM (SLDRAM), direct Rambus RAM (DRRAM), direct Rambus dynamic RAM (DRDRAM), and / or Rambus dynamic RAM (RDRAM). Additionally, the memory components described in the systems and / or computer-implemented methods herein are intended to include, but are not limited to, these and / or any other suitable types of memory.

[0208] What has been described above includes only example systems and computer-implemented methods. Of course, it is not possible to describe every conceivable combination of components and / or computer-implemented methods for purposes of describing one or more embodiments, but one of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that many additional combinations and / or permutations of one or more embodiments are possible. Furthermore, when the terms "comprise," "have," "comprises," and similar terms are used in the detailed description, claims, appendices, and / or drawings, such terms are intended to be inclusive in the same manner as the term "comprises" is interpreted when employed as a transitional phrase in a claim. The description of one or more embodiments has been presented for illustrative purposes and is not intended to be exhaustive or to be limiting to the embodiments described herein. Many modifications and variations will be apparent to those skilled in the art without departing from the scope and spirit of the described embodiments. The terminology used herein was selected to best explain the principles, practical applications, and / or technical improvements of the embodiments over technologies found in the marketplace, and / or to enable others skilled in the art to understand the embodiments described herein.

Claims

1. an RF tap connected to an RF signal component of the first radio frequency (RF) signal chain; and an analysis component coupled to the RF tap, the analysis component configured to transform the RF signal from the RF signal component and compare a transformation result of the transformation against an expected power output based on historical data for a second RF signal chain; An electronic device comprising:

2. 10. The electronic device of claim 1, wherein the analysis component comprises a power detector and an analog-to-digital converter, the power detector configured to output a DC voltage based on the RF signal, and the analog-to-digital converter configured to convert the DC voltage to power represented by a binary signal.

3. a determining component configured to identify variations in the conversion results as compared against the historical data or to identify failing components in the first RF signal chain based on the historical data; 10. The electronic device of any one of the preceding claims, further comprising:

4. a determination component configured to generate an alert upon determining that the conversion result meets or crosses a specified power threshold; 10. The electronic device of any one of the preceding claims, further comprising:

5. an amplitude calibration component that calibrates the amplitude of a signal input to a quantum logic circuit including one or more qubits based on the comparison between the historical data and the transformation result.

10. The electronic device of any one of the preceding claims, further comprising:

6. a plurality of RF taps including the RF tap, connected to the analysis component, wherein the RF taps of the plurality of RF taps are separately connected to different respective loads; 10. The electronic device of any one of the preceding claims, further comprising:

7. 10. An electronic device according to any one of the preceding claims, without a local oscillator between and within the electronic device containing the RF tap and the analysis component.

8. 10. The electronic device of claim 1, wherein the analysis component is configured to generate a power map based on the historical data, the power map including a range of additional transformation results defining non-failed component outputs that include the predicted power output.

9. 1. A method of radio frequency diagnostics, said method comprising: acquiring, by a system operatively coupled to a processor, a radio frequency (RF) signal of a first RF signal chain; converting the RF signal into a conversion result by the system; and comparing the conversion result by the system against a predicted power output based on historical data for a second RF signal chain. A method comprising:

10. outputting, by the system, a DC voltage based on the RF signal; and converting said DC voltage into a power represented by a binary number by said system; The method of claim 9 further comprising:

11. Identifying by the system variations in the transformation results as compared against the historical data; or identifying, by the system, a failing component in the first RF signal chain based on the historical data.

11. The method of any one of the preceding claims 9 to 10, further comprising:

12. generating an alert by the system upon determining that the conversion result meets or crosses a specified power threshold.

12. The method of any one of the preceding claims 9 to 11, further comprising:

13. calibrating, by the system and based on the comparison between the historical data and the transformation result, the amplitude of a signal input to a quantum logic circuit including one or more qubits.

13. The method of any one of the preceding claims 9 to 12, further comprising:

14. generating, by the system, a power map based on the historical data, wherein the power map includes a range of additional conversion results defining non-failed component outputs that include the predicted power output; 14. The method of any one of the preceding claims 9 to 13, further comprising:

15. 1. A computer program product that facilitates a process for diagnosing one or more radio frequency components, the computer program product comprising: a computer-readable storage medium having program instructions embodied thereon, the program instructions causing a processor to: acquiring, by the processor, a radio frequency (RF) signal of a first RF signal chain; converting the RF signal into a conversion result by the processor; causing the processor to compare the conversion result to a predicted power output based on historical data for a second RF signal chain. a computer program product executable by said processor to:

16. The program instructions cause the processor to: outputting, by the processor, a DC voltage based on the RF signal; The DC voltage is converted by the processor into a power represented by a binary number.

16. The computer program product of claim 15, executable by the processor to:

17. The program instructions cause the processor to: causing the processor to identify variations in the transformation results as compared against the historical data; or and causing the processor to identify failing components in the first RF signal chain based on the historical data.

17. A computer program product according to any one of the preceding claims 15 to 16, executable by the processor to:

18. The program instructions cause the processor to: generating an alert by the processor upon determining that the conversion result meets or crosses a specified power threshold; 18. A computer program product according to any one of the preceding claims 15 to 17, executable by the processor to:

19. The program instructions cause the processor to: calibrating, by the processor, the amplitude of a signal input to a quantum logic circuit including one or more qubits based on the comparison between the historical data and the transformation result.

19. A computer program product according to any one of the preceding claims 15 to 18, executable by the processor to:

20. The program instructions cause the processor to: generating, by the processor, a power map based on the historical data, wherein the power map includes a range of additional conversion results defining non-failed component outputs that include the predicted power output; 20. A computer program product according to any one of the preceding claims 15 to 19, executable by the processor to:

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