Use of brine in the method of making and using a cementitious composition

Abstract

Provided herein are compositions, methods for preparing, and uses of cementitious products that use recycled materials, including, inter alia, desalination waste and seawater.

Description

[Background technology]

[0001] In 2015, global Portland cement manufacturers were responsible for approximately 2.8 billion metric tons of carbon dioxide, or CO2, emissions. These emissions represent approximately 8% of the world's total CO2 emissions. The production of Portland clinker, which acts as a binder, is a key step in making ordinary Portland cement (OPC). Limestone (CaCO3) is burned at high temperatures in cement kilns to produce lime (CaO), leading to the release of waste CO2.

[0002] This decarbonization reaction accounts for approximately 50% of the CO2 emissions produced, with 40% of the emissions coming from burning fossil fuels to heat the kilns to the high temperatures required for this firing process, and 10% of the emissions coming from the fuels needed to mine and transport the raw materials. Each tonne of Portland cement produced contributes about 1 tonne of CO2 directly through the heat of decomposition of calcium carbonate to produce lime and CO2, and indirectly through the burning of fossil fuels to heat the calcium carbonate in the kilns.

[0003] The cement industry has attempted to reduce emissions over the past few decades. The industry has implemented energy-efficient kilns, low-emission fuels, and increased clinker substitution. However, these levers will not achieve the 24% reduction in cement emissions needed to limit global temperature rise to below 2°C (3.8°F), as defined by the Paris Agreement. To achieve this goal, technologies such as carbon capture and storage (CSS) and "new" cements are being investigated. CSS has not yet reached commercial-scale development due to its cost and energy consumption, and will be difficult to achieve. Therefore, alternative cement technologies offer the most logical path to reducing emissions in the industry. The present embodiment meets this and other needs. Summary of the Invention

[0004] This application generally relates to alternative "cement" (e.g., a material that sets, hardens, and / or adheres to other materials to bind them together to make materials such as concrete) technology that includes Mg(OH)2, which has improved physical properties, including greenhouse gas offsets, and uses brine sourced from either seawater or desalinated water waste to reduce energy requirements, cost requirements, and environmental impact.

[0005] In one aspect, provided herein is an artificial stone-like material that is consolidated by pouring a concrete mixture, the poured concrete mixture comprising: (a) a brine slurry comprising water and Mg(OH)2; and (b) slag.

[0006] In one aspect, provided herein is an artificial stone-like material consolidated by pouring a concrete mixture, the poured concrete mixture including: (a) a brine slurry including water, Mg(OH), nitrates, sulfates, sodium, chlorides, and potassium; (b) slag; and (c) at least one aggregate.

[0007] In one aspect, provided herein is an artificial stone-like material configured to absorb and retain carbon dioxide formed from a poured concrete mix, the poured concrete mix including: (a) a brine slurry including water, Mg(OH)2, and one or more of nitrates, sulfates, sodium, chlorides, and potassium; (b) slag; and (c) optionally, at least one aggregate.

[0008] In one aspect, provided herein is a process for producing a negative carbon dioxide emitting artificial stone-like material, comprising: (a) mixing a brine slurry comprising water, Mg(OH)2, and one or more of nitrates, sulfates, sodium, chlorides, and potassium with slag to form a concrete mix; (b) pouring the concrete mix into a structural mold to form a poured concrete mix; and (c) hardening the poured concrete mix from step (b) in the structural mold to form the negative carbon dioxide emitting artificial stone-like material.

[0009] In one aspect, provided herein is an artificial stone-like material comprising: (a) a brine slurry comprising water and Mg(OH)2; and (b) slag, wherein the concrete mix has a pH of at least 12.

[0010] In one aspect, provided herein is a material that includes: (a) a brine material that includes water, Mg(OH), and one or more of nitrate, sulfate, sodium, chloride, and potassium; and (b) a cementitious material. [Brief explanation of the drawings]

[0011] [Figure 1] Take Portland cement production as an example, which currently accounts for approximately 8% of global carbon dioxide emissions. Approximately 50% of these emissions are released as a chemical by-product of the decarbonization of limestone (CaCO3), 40% from the combustion of fossil fuels, and 10% from the mining and transportation of raw materials. [Figure 2] Illustrates a comparison of the carbon dioxide emissions of different starting materials, including Portland cement, mined MgO, and Mg(OH)2 from brine. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0012] The present embodiment provides an artificial stone-like material that is hardened by pouring a concrete mixture, the poured concrete mixture including: (a) a brine slurry including water, Mg(OH)2, nitrates, sulfates, sodium, chlorides, and potassium; (b) slag; and (c) at least one aggregate.

[0013] Traditionally, concrete is a mixture of paste and aggregate, or rock. The paste, composed of cementitious materials and water, coats the surfaces of fine and coarse aggregates. Through a chemical reaction called hydration, the paste hardens and gains strength, forming a rock-like mass known as concrete. Concrete can be suitable for the construction of skyscrapers, bridges, sidewalks, highways, homes, and dams.

[0014] The cementitious material in the traditional form of concrete includes Portland cement. Portland cement is a fine powder produced by heating limestone (CaO) and clay minerals in a kiln to form clinker, grinding the clinker, and adding 2% to 3% gypsum. Several types of Portland cement are available, including gray ordinary Portland cement (OPC) and white Portland cement. The limestone, shale, and other natural materials used in Portland cement are low-cost and widely available, making it one of the lowest-cost materials widely used over the last century. However, it is one of the construction industry's largest contributors to carbon dioxide emissions due to climate change.

[0015] The production of Portland cement can have environmental impacts at all stages of the process: these include the emission of air pollution in the form of dust and gases, the release of carbon dioxide from raw materials during production, and damage to the countryside from quarrying operations.

[0016] One of the most promising categories of alternative cement technologies is magnesium oxide cement (MOC), which has already proven itself as a commercially viable material. MOC has been produced for 150 years and can be used as an alternative binder to CO2-intensive Portland cement. By definition, MOC uses MgO rather than CaO, which constitutes over 60% of Portland cement's elemental composition. Some of the advantages of MgO are: (1) it does not require wet curing, (2) it has high fire resistance, (3) low thermal conductivity, (4) excellent abrasion resistance, and (5) it can reach high compressive strengths of up to 85 MPa.

[0017] In addition to their potential performance benefits, magnesium oxide-based cements are often described in the literature as eco- or low-carbon-emission cements for several reasons. First, the temperatures required to produce MgO cement are lower than those required to convert CaCO3 to Portland cement. Therefore, less fuel is required and, therefore, less CO2 emissions are produced from its combustion.

[0018] While the production of MOC itself does not generate CO2, the pathway to MgO sometimes does. Therefore, when considering the life cycle of MOC, the net carbon footprint depends on the source of MgO and the carbon footprint it poses. Currently, the most common source of MgO for cement product production is the dry route of calcining magnesite (MgCO3) or brucite, both of which are found in natural deposits. When producing MgO from magnesite, the latter undergoes a calcination reaction similar to the calcination of limestone used in Portland cement, releasing CO2 as a by-product. This release of CO2 offsets the net carbon gain gained later in hardening. MgCO3 → MgO + CO2

[0019] Although magnesite utilizes lower processing temperatures (700-1,000°C) compared to regular Portland cement (1,450°C), the complete decomposition of magnesite produces roughly the same amount of CO2 as OPC on a molar basis. On a mass basis, magnesite calcination exhibits higher process-based CO2 emissions than calcite calcination due to the higher atomic weight of calcium compared to magnesium.

[0020] This application is directed to the unexpected benefits of using Mg(OH)2 as a replacement for other cement technologies, including MgO. For example, Mg(OH)2 avoids the problems associated with the depletion of high-grade ores in land-based mining and instead is sourced from one of several existing natural resources, such as "recycled" water from waste brines, which are readily available in increasing quantities. Natural resources, such as seawater and recycled waste brines, also contain sodium, chlorides, nitrates, sulfates, and potassium in amounts at or near the levels required to produce the envisioned cement product. Thus, using Mg(OH)2 from natural sources avoids the problem of sourcing the large quantities of compounds required to produce the cement product, thereby further offsetting carbon dioxide and energy requirements.

[0021] I. Definition Before the present invention is further described, it is to be understood that this invention is not limited to precise embodiments described, as such may, of course, vary. It is also to be understood that the terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only, and is not intended to be limiting, since the scope of the present invention will be limited only by the claims.

[0022] It should be noted that, as used herein and in the appended claims, the singular forms "a," "an," and "the" include plural references unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. As used herein, the terms "a" or "an" entity should be further understood to refer to one or more of that entity. For example, a nucleic acid molecule refers to one or more nucleic acid molecules. As such, the terms "a," "an," "one or more," and "at least one" can be used interchangeably. Similarly, the terms "comprising," "including," and "having" can be used interchangeably.

[0023] Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. Although any methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein can be used in the practice or testing of the present invention, the preferred methods and materials are described below. All publications mentioned herein are incorporated by reference to disclose and describe the methods and / or materials for which the publications are cited. The publications discussed herein are provided solely for their disclosure prior to the filing date of the present application. Nothing herein should be construed as an admission that the present invention is not entitled to antedate such publication by virtue of prior invention. Further, the dates of publication provided may be different from the actual publication dates, which may need to be independently confirmed.

[0024] It will be understood that certain features of the invention that are described in the context of separate embodiments may, for clarity, also be provided in combination in a single embodiment. Conversely, various features of the invention that are, for brevity, described in the context of a single embodiment, may also be provided separately or in any suitable subcombination. All combinations of embodiments are specifically embraced by the present invention and each and every combination is disclosed herein just as if it were individually and explicitly disclosed herein. In addition, all subcombinations are also specifically embraced by the present invention and each and every such subcombination is disclosed herein just as if it were individually and explicitly disclosed herein.

[0025] It is further noted that the claims may be drafted to exclude any optional element. Accordingly, this statement is intended to serve as a guidepost for use of exclusive terminology such as "solely," "only," or "negative" limitations in connection with the recitation of claim elements.

[0026] As used herein, the term "about" refers to a range of values ​​that includes a particular value and that one of ordinary skill in the art would consider reasonably similar to the particular value. In embodiments, about refers to within a standard deviation using measurements generally accepted in the art. In embodiments, about refers to a range that covers + / - 10% of the particular value. In embodiments, about refers to the particular value.

[0027] As used herein, the term "accelerator" is used according to its plain and ordinary meaning to refer to a substance that improves a chemical reaction and provides a stronger material. In embodiments, accelerators contemplated in this application are potassium and chloride.

[0028] As used herein, the term "aggregates" or "aggregate" is used according to its plain and ordinary meaning and refers to inert granular materials, such as sand, gravel, or crushed stone, used in concrete with cementitious materials and other optional raw materials, such as pigments and / or admixtures, whether normal weight and / or lightweight. Furthermore, as used herein, the term "aggregate" can include ASTM International C33 fine aggregate, ASTM International C33 coarse aggregate, and other particulate materials mixed into the concrete mix. Aggregates may be processed by crushing, screening, and washing to obtain the appropriate cleanliness and gradation. In some cases, beneficiation processes, such as jigging or heavy media separation, can be used to improve quality. Once processed, aggregates can be handled and stored to minimize segregation and deterioration, prevent contamination, protect from weather, and allow moisture to drain and / or evaporate. Aggregates from different sources or produced by different methods can vary significantly in particle shape, size, and texture. The shape of the aggregates of the present disclosure can be cubic, reasonably regular, essentially rounded, angular, or irregular. Surface texture can range from relatively smooth with small exposed pores to irregular with small to large exposed pores. The particle shape and surface texture of both fine and coarse aggregate can affect mix proportions with factors such as workability, pumpability, fine to coarse aggregate ratio, and water requirements.

[0029] As used herein, the term "brine" is used according to its plain and ordinary meaning to refer to a high concentration of salt in water. In embodiments, the concentration ranges from about 3 grams of salt per liter of water to 26 grams of salt per liter of water. In embodiments, the salt concentration of brine exceeds the salt concentration of natural seawater. In embodiments, the salt concentration of brine is at least 101% greater than the salt concentration of natural seawater. In embodiments, the salt concentration of brine ranges from about 101% greater than the salt concentration of natural seawater to about 1000% greater than the salt concentration of natural seawater.

[0030] As used herein, the term "cement" is used according to its plain and ordinary meaning and refers to a powdered substance prepared for use in making mortar or concrete. For example, cement can be a material that sets, hardens, and / or adheres to other materials to bind them together, e.g., to make concrete. In embodiments, concrete is a mineral binder that does not contain any organic compounds. In embodiments, the present application contemplates products that do not contain Portland cement. Some embodiments contemplate Portland cement-containing materials that are reduced to less than 90%, less than 80%, less than 70%, less than 60%, less than 50%, less than 40%, less than 30%, less than 25%, less than 20%, less than 15%, less than 10%, or less than 5% Portland cement, or any partial value or partial range between 0% and 90%. In embodiments, Portland cement includes calcium, silicon, aluminum, and iron. In embodiments, Portland cement comprises CaO, SiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3, and CaSO4·H2O. In embodiments, cement may be characterized as non-hydraulic or hydraulic cement. It should be further understood that "cementitious" can refer to a material having one or more properties or characteristics of cement, including materials according to embodiments described herein.

[0031] As used herein, the term "concrete" is used according to its plain and ordinary meaning to refer to a man-made stone-look material used for a variety of structural purposes, made by mixing cement and various aggregates, such as sand, pebbles, gravel, or shale, with water and allowing the mixture to harden. In embodiments, the term "stone-look" refers to a material that visually, functionally, and / or characteristically resembles stone, including in its hardened state. In embodiments, "concrete replacement material" is used synonymously throughout with "man-made stone-look material."

[0032] As used herein, the term "desalination" is used according to its plain and ordinary meaning to refer to the process of removing salt or other minerals and contaminants from seawater, brackish water, and wastewater effluent, and is an increasingly common solution for obtaining fresh water for human consumption and domestic / industrial use.

[0033] As used herein, the phrase "desalinated wastewater" refers to reject brine from desalination. In embodiments, the process of removing salt from seawater to obtain freshwater produces highly concentrated brine as a by-product. The by-product is often disposed of by discharging into the ocean, which requires expensive pumping systems and must be carefully managed to prevent damage to the marine ecosystem. If not properly managed, this process disturbs local waters and sediments by ingesting multi-component waste and increasing temperatures, and also endangers marine life due to residual chemicals mixed into the brine from prior treatment processes.

[0034] As used herein, the term "freshwater" refers to water having a low concentration of dissolved salts. In embodiments, freshwater excludes seawater and brackish water. In embodiments, freshwater may include, but is not limited to, frozen water and meltwater in ice sheets, ice caps, glaciers, snow fields and icebergs, natural precipitation (e.g., rain, snow, hail, sleet). In embodiments, the salt concentration is less than 5%, less than 4%, less than 3%, less than 2%, and less than 1%, including partial values ​​therebetween.

[0035] As used herein, the term "non-hydraulic cement" is used according to its plain and ordinary meaning to refer to a cement that does not set under wet conditions or under water. In embodiments, non-hydraulic cement sets when it dries and reacts with CO2 in the air. In embodiments, non-hydraulic cement is resistant to degradation by chemicals after it sets.

[0036] As used herein, the term "hydraulic cement" is used according to its plain and ordinary meaning to refer to a cement that sets in wet conditions by a chemical reaction between dry ingredients and water. In embodiments, the chemical reaction results in mineral hydrates that are completely or nearly insoluble in water. In embodiments, hydraulic cement also refers to Portland cement.

[0037] As used herein, the term "mixing" is used according to its plain and ordinary meaning and refers to any form of mixing, which may include crushing or grinding of materials in solid form.

[0038] As used herein, the term "mortar" is used according to its plain and ordinary meaning to refer to a material comprised of a binder or binders.

[0039] As used herein, the term "carbon dioxide negative emitting concrete replacement material" refers to a material that reduces its carbon footprint, as opposed to having a lower carbon footprint. In embodiments, the present application contemplates a material that generates carbon credits. In embodiments, the concrete replacement material absorbs more carbon dioxide than it emits.

[0040] As used herein, the term "seawater" is used according to its plain and ordinary meaning to refer to water from a sea or ocean. In embodiments, seawater contains various salts, dissolved inorganic (e.g., minerals) and organic compounds, and other particulates.

[0041] As used herein, the term "slag" is used according to its plain and ordinary meaning and is used synonymously with "ground blast furnace slag." Ground blast furnace slag refers to a composition obtained by quenching molten iron slag (a by-product of iron and steel production) from a blast furnace with water or steam to produce a glassy granular product, which is then dried and ground to a fine powder. As contemplated herein, the use of slag reduces iron waste disposal in landfills.

[0042] As used herein, the term "slurry" is used according to its plain and ordinary meaning to refer to a mixture of denser solids suspended in a liquid. In embodiments, as contemplated herein, the slurry, also referred to as brine slurry, is demineralized water waste.

[0043] As used herein, the term "structural component" refers to any vertical or horizontal load-bearing member of a structure that supports its own weight as well as a dead or live load, including, but not limited to, foundations, exterior or interior load-bearing walls, columns, beams, floors, and roof structures.

[0044] II. Composition In one aspect, the present embodiments provide a material for use, for example, as a cement and / or concrete material, the material comprising one or more of water, brine containing Mg(OH)2, and slag. The material can further include an accelerator, such as sodium and / or potassium. The material can include the brine and the brine in a slurry having Mg(OH)2. The material can further include at least one filler. The material can include at least one aggregate, such as sand, gravel, crushed stone, and combinations thereof. The material or slurry can include one or more of nitrates, sulfates, sodium, chlorides, and potassium. In some embodiments, the relative ratio of Mg(OH)2 to slag is about 75:25% to 25:75% by weight, or any subvalue or subrange therebetween, including but not limited to those specifically set forth herein, and the material can be solidified upon mixing of the components. Solidification can be achieved by mixing and then pouring the mixture.

[0045] The materials described herein, including any of those described herein, can be used in any suitable and desired manner. For example, the materials can be used or formed into building materials (including those described herein) such as structural foundations and slabs (e.g., by pouring into shapes, with or without reinforcing materials or supports such as rebar, etc.), porches, tiles (e.g., roofs, floors, walls, etc.), driveways and sidewalks, blocks, preformed walls or wall components, rooms, etc., bricks, pavers, articles such as lamp bases, furniture, frames, etc. In short, the materials can be utilized for any end use, as described anywhere herein.

[0046] In one aspect, the present embodiments provide a material, such as, for example, a cement and / or concrete replacement material, that is hardened by pouring a concrete mixture, the poured concrete mixture comprising: (a) a brine slurry comprising water and Mg(OH)2; and (b) slag.

[0047] In one aspect, the present embodiments provide an artificial stone-like material that is hardened by pouring a concrete mixture, the poured concrete mixture including: (a) a brine slurry including water and Mg(OH)2; and (b) slag.

[0048] In an embodiment, the brine slurry further comprises one or more of nitrates, sulfates, sodium, chlorides, and potassium.

[0049] In embodiments, sodium and potassium are promoters.

[0050] In an embodiment, the poured concrete further comprises at least one aggregate, hi an embodiment, the at least one aggregate is selected from sand, gravel, crushed stone, and combinations thereof.

[0051] In one aspect, the present embodiments provide a concrete replacement material that is hardened by pouring a concrete mixture, the poured concrete mixture including: (a) a brine slurry including water, Mg(OH), nitrates, sulfates, sodium, chlorides, and potassium; (b) slag; and (c) at least one aggregate.

[0052] In one aspect, the present embodiments provide an artificial stone-like material that is hardened by pouring a concrete mixture, the poured concrete mixture including: (a) a brine slurry including water, Mg(OH), nitrates, sulfates, sodium, chlorides, and potassium; (b) slag; and (c) at least one aggregate.

[0053] In an embodiment, the concrete replacement material is hardened by pouring a concrete mixture and then applying a curing technique to the poured concrete mixture.

[0054] In an embodiment, the artificial stone-like material is hardened by pouring a concrete mixture and then applying a curing technique to the poured concrete mixture.

[0055] In an embodiment, at least a portion of the Mg(OH)2 of the brine slurry is not (or has not been) calcined. In an embodiment, the Mg(OH)2 of the brine slurry is not (or has not been) calcined. In an embodiment, the brine slurry contains Mg 2+ It is not concentrated seawater.

[0056] In embodiments, the ratio of Mg(OH)2 to slag is between 75:25% and 25:75% by weight, or any subvalue or subrange therebetween, including but not limited to those specifically set forth herein. In embodiments, the ratio of Mg(OH)2 to slag is between 70:30% and 30:70% by weight. In other embodiments, the ratio of Mg(OH)2 to slag is between 65:35% and 35:65% by weight. In embodiments, the ratio of Mg(OH)2 to slag is between 60:40% and 40:60% by weight. In embodiments, the ratio of Mg(OH)2 to slag is between 55:45% and 45:55% by weight. In another embodiment, the ratio of Mg(OH)2 to slag is about 50:50% by weight.

[0057] In an embodiment, the at least one aggregate is selected from sand, gravel, crushed stone, and combinations thereof.

[0058] In some embodiments, the concrete mix does not include, and can specifically exclude, MgO obtained from the firing reaction. In some embodiments, the concrete mix includes less than 90%, less than 80%, less than 70%, less than 60%, less than 50%, less than 40%, less than 30%, less than 25%, less than 20%, less than 15%, less than 10%, or less than 5% MgO obtained from the firing reaction, or any partial value or partial range between 0% and 90%.

[0059] In embodiments, the amount of Mg(OH)2 present in the brine slurry is in the range of about 2% by weight to about 25% by weight, or any subvalue or subrange therebetween, including, but not limited to, those specifically set forth herein. In embodiments, the amount of Mg(OH)2 present in the brine slurry is in the range of about 5% by weight to about 20% by weight. In embodiments, the amount of Mg(OH)2 present in the brine slurry is in the range of about 10% by weight to about 15% by weight. In embodiments, the amount of Mg(OH)2 present in the brine slurry is about 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%, 19%, 20%, 21%, 22%, 23%, 24%, 25%, or less than an integer therein. For example, in embodiments, the amount of Mg(OH)2 present in the brine slurry is 12.5% ​​by weight.

[0060] In embodiments, the amount of sulfate present in the brine slurry is from about 1% to about 10% by weight, or any subvalue or subrange therebetween, including, but not limited to, those specifically set forth herein. In embodiments, the amount of sulfate present in the brine slurry is in the range of from about 2% to about 8% by weight. In embodiments, the amount of sulfate present in the brine slurry is about 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10% by weight, or less than any integer therein. For example, in embodiments, the amount of sulfate present in the brine slurry is 4.5% by weight.

[0061] In embodiments, the amount of chloride present in the brine slurry is about 0.1 wt.% to about 5 wt.%, or any subvalue or subrange therebetween, including, but not limited to, those specifically set forth herein. In embodiments, the amount of chloride present in the brine slurry is about 0.1 wt.%, 0.2 wt.%, 0.3 wt.%, 0.4 wt.%, 0.5 wt.%, 0.6 wt.%, 0.7 wt.%, 0.8 wt.%, 0.9 wt.%, 1.0 wt.%, 1.1 wt.%, 1.2 wt.%, 1.3 wt.%, 1.4 wt.%, 1.5 wt.%, 1.6 wt.%, 1.7 wt.%, 1.8 wt.%, 1.9 wt.%, 2 wt.%, 3 wt.%, 4 wt.%, 5 wt.%, 6 wt.%, 7 wt.%, 8 wt.%, 9 wt.%, 10 wt.%, or any less than an integer value thereof. For example, in embodiments, the amount of chloride present in the brine slurry is 4.5 wt.%.

[0062] In embodiments, the amount of potassium present in the brine slurry is about 0.1% by weight to about 5% by weight, or any subvalue or subrange therebetween, including, but not limited to, those specifically set forth herein. In embodiments, the amount of potassium present in the brine slurry is about 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3%, 0.4%, 0.5%, 0.6%, 0.7%, 0.8%, 0.9%, 1.0%, 1.1%, 1.2%, 1.3%, 1.4%, 1.5%, 1.6%, 1.7%, 1.8%, 1.9%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, or any integer less than these. For example, in embodiments, the amount of potassium present in the brine slurry is 4.5% by weight.

[0063] In an embodiment, the concrete replacement material absorbs and retains at least 0.04 kg of CO2 per kg of concrete replacement material.

[0064] In an embodiment, the artificial stone-like material absorbs and retains at least 0.04 kg of CO2 per kg of concrete replacement material.

[0065] In embodiments, the concrete replacement material absorbs and retains at least 5-16 weight percent of the cement product over a 15-year period.

[0066] In an embodiment, the artificial stone-like material absorbs and retains at least 5-16 weight percent of the cement product over a 15-year period.

[0067] In another aspect, the present embodiments provide a concrete replacement material configured to absorb and retain carbon dioxide formed from a poured concrete mix, the poured concrete mix including: (a) a brine slurry including water, Mg(OH)2, and one or more of nitrates, sulfates, sodium, chlorides, and potassium; (b) slag; and (c) optionally, at least one aggregate.

[0068] In another aspect, the present embodiments provide an artificial stone-like material configured to absorb and retain carbon dioxide formed from a poured concrete mix, the poured concrete mix including: (a) a brine slurry including water, Mg(OH)2, and one or more of nitrates, sulfates, sodium, chlorides, and potassium; (b) slag; and (c) optionally at least one aggregate.

[0069] In an embodiment, the Mg(OH)2 of the brine slurry is not (or has not been) calcined.

[0070] In an embodiment, the poured concrete mix absorbs and retains carbon dioxide over a period of time as it cures and hardens.

[0071] In an embodiment, the poured concrete mix absorbs and retains at least 5-16 weight percent of the cementitious product for 15 years.

[0072] In an embodiment, the at least one aggregate is selected from sand, gravel, crushed stone, and combinations thereof.

[0073] In embodiments, the ratio of Mg(OH)2 to slag is between 75:25% and 25:75% by weight, or any subvalue or subrange therebetween, including but not limited to those specifically set forth herein. In embodiments, the ratio of Mg(OH)2 to slag is between 70:30% and 30:70% by weight. In other embodiments, the ratio of Mg(OH)2 to slag is between 65:35% and 35:65% by weight. In embodiments, the ratio of Mg(OH)2 to slag is between 60:40% and 40:60% by weight. In embodiments, the ratio of Mg(OH)2 to slag is between 55:45% and 45:55% by weight. In another embodiment, the ratio of Mg(OH)2 to slag is about 50:50% by weight.

[0074] In an embodiment, the at least one aggregate is selected from sand, gravel, crushed stone, and combinations thereof.

[0075] In some embodiments, the concrete mix does not include, and can specifically exclude, MgO obtained from the firing reaction. In some embodiments, the concrete mix contains less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, or 5% MgO obtained from the firing reaction, or any subvalue or subrange from 0% to 90%, or any subvalue or subrange therebetween, including, but not limited to, those specifically set forth herein.

[0076] In embodiments, the amount of Mg(OH)2 present in the brine slurry is in the range of about 2% by weight to about 25% by weight, or any subvalue or subrange therebetween, including, but not limited to, those specifically set forth herein. In embodiments, the amount of Mg(OH)2 present in the brine slurry is in the range of about 5% by weight to about 20% by weight. In embodiments, the amount of Mg(OH)2 present in the brine slurry is in the range of about 10% by weight to about 15% by weight. In embodiments, the amount of Mg(OH)2 present in the brine slurry is about 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%, 19%, 20%, 21%, 22%, 23%, 24%, 25%, or less than an integer therein. For example, in embodiments, the amount of Mg(OH)2 present in the brine slurry is 12.5% ​​by weight.

[0077] In embodiments, the amount of sulfate present in the brine slurry is from about 1% to about 10% by weight, or any subvalue or subrange therebetween, including, but not limited to, those specifically set forth herein. In embodiments, the amount of sulfate present in the brine slurry is in the range of from about 2% to about 8% by weight. In embodiments, the amount of sulfate present in the brine slurry is about 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10% by weight, or less than any integer therein. For example, in embodiments, the amount of sulfate present in the brine slurry is 4.5% by weight.

[0078] In embodiments, the amount of chloride present in the brine slurry is about 0.1 wt.% to about 5 wt.%, or any subvalue or subrange therebetween, including, but not limited to, those specifically set forth herein. In embodiments, the amount of chloride present in the brine slurry is about 0.1 wt.%, 0.2 wt.%, 0.3 wt.%, 0.4 wt.%, 0.5 wt.%, 0.6 wt.%, 0.7 wt.%, 0.8 wt.%, 0.9 wt.%, 1.0 wt.%, 1.1 wt.%, 1.2 wt.%, 1.3 wt.%, 1.4 wt.%, 1.5 wt.%, 1.6 wt.%, 1.7 wt.%, 1.8 wt.%, 1.9 wt.%, 2 wt.%, 3 wt.%, 4 wt.%, 5 wt.%, 6 wt.%, 7 wt.%, 8 wt.%, 9 wt.%, 10 wt.%, or any less than an integer value thereof. For example, in embodiments, the amount of chloride present in the brine slurry is 4.5 wt.%.

[0079] In embodiments, the amount of potassium present in the brine slurry is about 0.1% by weight to about 5% by weight, or any subvalue or subrange therebetween, including, but not limited to, those specifically set forth herein. In embodiments, the amount of potassium present in the brine slurry is about 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3%, 0.4%, 0.5%, 0.6%, 0.7%, 0.8%, 0.9%, 1.0%, 1.1%, 1.2%, 1.3%, 1.4%, 1.5%, 1.6%, 1.7%, 1.8%, 1.9%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, or any integer less than these. For example, in embodiments, the amount of potassium present in the brine slurry is 4.5% by weight.

[0080] In one aspect, the present embodiments provide a concrete mixture comprising: (a) a brine slurry comprising water and Mg(OH)2; and (b) slag, wherein the concrete mixture has a pH of at least 8.

[0081] In embodiments, the concrete mix has a pH of at least 8, at least 9, at least 10, at least 11, at least 12, or at least 13. In embodiments, the concrete mix has a pH of 8-14, 8-13, 8-12, 8-11, 8-10, or 8-9. In embodiments, the concrete mix has a pH of 9-14, 9-13, 9-12, 9-11, or 9-10. In embodiments, the concrete mix has a pH of 10-14, 10-13, 10-12, or 10-11. In embodiments, the concrete mix has a pH of 11-14, 11-13, or 11-12. In embodiments, the concrete mix has a pH of 12-14 or 12-13. In embodiments, the concrete mix has a pH of 13-14.

[0082] In embodiments, the ratio of Mg(OH)2 to slag is from 75:25 wt% to 25:75 wt%, or any subvalue or subrange therebetween, including, but not limited to, those specifically set forth herein. In embodiments, the ratio of Mg(OH)2 to slag is from 70:30 wt% to 30:70 wt%. In other embodiments, the ratio of Mg(OH)2 to slag is from 65:35 wt% to 35:65 wt%. In embodiments, the ratio of Mg(OH)2 to slag is from 60:40 wt% to 40:60 wt%. In embodiments, the ratio of Mg(OH)2 to slag is from 55:45 wt% to 45:55 wt%. In other embodiments, the ratio of Mg(OH)2 to slag is about 50:50 wt%.

[0083] In an embodiment, the at least one aggregate is selected from sand, gravel, crushed stone, and combinations thereof.

[0084] In some embodiments, the concrete mix does not include, and can specifically exclude, MgO obtained from the firing reaction. In some embodiments, the concrete mix contains less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, or 5% MgO obtained from the firing reaction, or any subvalue or subrange from 0% to 90%, or any subvalue or subrange therebetween, including, but not limited to, those specifically set forth herein.

[0085] In embodiments, the amount of Mg(OH)2 present in the brine slurry is in the range of about 2% by weight to about 25% by weight, or any subvalue or subrange therebetween, including, but not limited to, those specifically set forth herein. In embodiments, the amount of Mg(OH)2 present in the brine slurry is in the range of about 5% by weight to about 20% by weight. In embodiments, the amount of Mg(OH)2 present in the brine slurry is in the range of about 10% by weight to about 15% by weight. In embodiments, the amount of Mg(OH)2 present in the brine slurry is about 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%, 19%, 20%, 21%, 22%, 23%, 24%, 25%, or less than an integer therein. For example, in embodiments, the amount of Mg(OH)2 present in the brine slurry is 12.5% ​​by weight.

[0086] In embodiments, the amount of sulfate present in the brine slurry is from about 1% to about 10% by weight, or any subvalue or subrange therebetween, including, but not limited to, those specifically set forth herein. In embodiments, the amount of sulfate present in the brine slurry is in the range of from about 2% to about 8% by weight. In embodiments, the amount of sulfate present in the brine slurry is about 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10% by weight, or less than any integer therein. For example, in embodiments, the amount of sulfate present in the brine slurry is 4.5% by weight.

[0087] In embodiments, the amount of chloride present in the brine slurry is about 0.1 wt.% to about 5 wt.%, or any subvalue or subrange therebetween, including, but not limited to, those specifically set forth herein. In embodiments, the amount of chloride present in the brine slurry is about 0.1 wt.%, 0.2 wt.%, 0.3 wt.%, 0.4 wt.%, 0.5 wt.%, 0.6 wt.%, 0.7 wt.%, 0.8 wt.%, 0.9 wt.%, 1.0 wt.%, 1.1 wt.%, 1.2 wt.%, 1.3 wt.%, 1.4 wt.%, 1.5 wt.%, 1.6 wt.%, 1.7 wt.%, 1.8 wt.%, 1.9 wt.%, 2 wt.%, 3 wt.%, 4 wt.%, 5 wt.%, 6 wt.%, 7 wt.%, 8 wt.%, 9 wt.%, 10 wt.%, or any less than an integer value thereof. For example, in embodiments, the amount of chloride present in the brine slurry is 4.5 wt.%.

[0088] In embodiments, the amount of potassium present in the brine slurry is about 0.1% by weight to about 5% by weight, or any subvalue or subrange therebetween, including, but not limited to, those specifically set forth herein. In embodiments, the amount of potassium present in the brine slurry is about 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3%, 0.4%, 0.5%, 0.6%, 0.7%, 0.8%, 0.9%, 1.0%, 1.1%, 1.2%, 1.3%, 1.4%, 1.5%, 1.6%, 1.7%, 1.8%, 1.9%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, or any integer less than these. For example, in embodiments, the amount of potassium present in the brine slurry is 4.5% by weight.

[0089] In one aspect, the present embodiments provide a material that includes: (a) a brine material that includes water, Mg(OH), and one or more of nitrate, sulfate, sodium, chloride, and potassium; and (b) a cementitious material.

[0090] In an embodiment, the saltwater material comprises brine.

[0091] In an embodiment, the cementitious material comprises slag.

[0092] In embodiments, the salinity of the saltwater material ranges from greater than 101% of the salinity of seawater to greater than 1000% of the salinity of seawater, or any subvalue or subrange therebetween, including, but not limited to, those specifically set forth herein. In embodiments, the salinity of the saltwater material is 101%, 110%, 120%, 130%, 140%, 150%, 160%, 170%, 180%, 190%, 200%, 210%, 220%, 230%, 240%, 250%, 260%, 270%, 280%, 290%, 300%, 310%, 320%, 330%, 340%, 350%, 360%, 370%, 380%, 390%, 400%, 410%, 420%, 430%, 440%, 450%, 460%, 470%, 480%, 490%, 500%, 510%, 520%, 530% of the salinity of seawater. , 540%, 550%, 560%, 570%, 580%, 590%, 600%, 610%, 620%, 630%, 640%, 650%, 660%, 670%, 680%, 690%, 700%, 710%, 720%, 730%, 740%, 750%, 760%, 770%, 780%, 790%, 800%, 810%, 820%, 830%, 840%, 850%, 860%, 870%, 880%, 890%, 900%, 910%, 920%, 930%, 940%, 950%, 960%, 970%, 980%, 990%, or greater than 1000%.

[0093] In an embodiment, the material does not include MgO produced by firing.

[0094] In embodiments, any one of the materials or compositions described herein does not include fresh water. In some embodiments, the material includes 50% or less fresh water, or any partial value or partial range between 0% and 50%, including, but not limited to, those specifically set forth herein.

[0095] In embodiments, the ratio of Mg(OH)2 to slag is from 75:25 wt% to 25:75 wt%, or any subvalue or subrange therebetween, including, but not limited to, those specifically set forth herein. In embodiments, the ratio of Mg(OH)2 to slag is from 70:30 wt% to 30:70 wt%. In other embodiments, the ratio of Mg(OH)2 to slag is from 65:35 wt% to 35:65 wt%. In embodiments, the ratio of Mg(OH)2 to slag is from 60:40 wt% to 40:60 wt%. In embodiments, the ratio of Mg(OH)2 to slag is from 55:45 wt% to 45:55 wt%. In other embodiments, the ratio of Mg(OH)2 to slag is about 50:50 wt%.

[0096] In embodiments, the amount of Mg(OH)2 present in the brine slurry is in the range of about 2% by weight to about 25% by weight, or any subvalue or subrange therebetween, including, but not limited to, those specifically set forth herein. In embodiments, the amount of Mg(OH)2 present in the brine slurry is in the range of about 5% by weight to about 20% by weight. In embodiments, the amount of Mg(OH)2 present in the brine slurry is in the range of about 10% by weight to about 15% by weight. In embodiments, the amount of Mg(OH)2 present in the brine slurry is about 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%, 19%, 20%, 21%, 22%, 23%, 24%, 25%, or less than an integer therein. For example, in embodiments, the amount of Mg(OH)2 present in the brine slurry is 12.5% ​​by weight.

[0097] In embodiments, the amount of sulfate present in the brine slurry is from about 1% to about 10% by weight, or any subvalue or subrange therebetween, including, but not limited to, those specifically set forth herein. In embodiments, the amount of sulfate present in the brine slurry is in the range of from about 2% to about 8% by weight. In embodiments, the amount of sulfate present in the brine slurry is about 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10% by weight, or less than any integer therein. For example, in embodiments, the amount of sulfate present in the brine slurry is 4.5% by weight.

[0098] In embodiments, the amount of chloride present in the brine slurry is about 0.1 wt.% to about 5 wt.%, or any subvalue or subrange therebetween, including, but not limited to, those specifically set forth herein. In embodiments, the amount of chloride present in the brine slurry is about 0.1 wt.%, 0.2 wt.%, 0.3 wt.%, 0.4 wt.%, 0.5 wt.%, 0.6 wt.%, 0.7 wt.%, 0.8 wt.%, 0.9 wt.%, 1.0 wt.%, 1.1 wt.%, 1.2 wt.%, 1.3 wt.%, 1.4 wt.%, 1.5 wt.%, 1.6 wt.%, 1.7 wt.%, 1.8 wt.%, 1.9 wt.%, 2 wt.%, 3 wt.%, 4 wt.%, 5 wt.%, 6 wt.%, 7 wt.%, 8 wt.%, 9 wt.%, 10 wt.%, or any less than an integer value thereof. For example, in embodiments, the amount of chloride present in the brine slurry is 4.5 wt.%.

[0099] In embodiments, the amount of potassium present in the brine slurry is about 0.1% by weight to about 5% by weight, or any subvalue or subrange therebetween, including, but not limited to, those specifically set forth herein. In embodiments, the amount of potassium present in the brine slurry is about 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3%, 0.4%, 0.5%, 0.6%, 0.7%, 0.8%, 0.9%, 1.0%, 1.1%, 1.2%, 1.3%, 1.4%, 1.5%, 1.6%, 1.7%, 1.8%, 1.9%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, or any integer less than these. For example, in embodiments, the amount of potassium present in the brine slurry is 4.5% by weight.

[0100] In embodiments, the process effectively operates at ambient pressure and / or gas temperature. For example, in some embodiments, the curing step is carried out at ambient pressure. In some embodiments, the pressure is about 0.5 to about 10 atm (or any subvalue or subrange therebetween, including, but not limited to, those specifically set forth herein), e.g., about 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7, 1.8, 1.9, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 atm. In some embodiments, step (3) is carried out at ambient temperature. In some embodiments, the temperature is about 15°C to about 80°C, e.g., about 15°C, 20°C, 25°C, 30°C, 35°C, 40°C, 45°C, 50°C, 55°C, 60°C, 65°C, 70°C, 75°C, or 80°C.

[0101] In embodiments, the poured concrete mix includes at least one accelerator, the at least one accelerator including at least one of the following: magnesium chloride, magnesium nitrate, and magnesium sulfate. In embodiments, the at least one accelerator is present in an amount of about 15% to about 50% by weight, or any subvalue or subrange therebetween, including, but not limited to, those specifically set forth herein. In embodiments, the enhancer is present in an amount of about 15%, about 16%, about 17%, about 18%, about 19%, about 20%, about 21%, about 22%, about 23%, about 24%, about 25%, about 26%, about 27%, about 28%, about 29%, about 30%, about 31%, about 31%, about 32%, about 33%, about 34%, about 35%, about 36%, about 37%, about 38%, about 39%, about 40%, about 41%, about 42%, about 43%, about 44%, about 45%, about 46%, about 47%, about 48%, about 49%, or about 50% by weight. In embodiments, the at least one accelerator is present in an amount of about 15% to 50% by weight, 15% to 45% by weight, 15% to 40% by weight, 15% to 35% by weight, 20% to 50% by weight, 20% to 45% by weight, 20% to 40% by weight, 20% to 35% by weight, 25% to 50% by weight, 25% to 45% by weight, 25% to 40% by weight, 25% to 35% by weight, 25% to 30% by weight, 30% to 35% by weight, or any value between the aforementioned ranges.

[0102] In embodiments, at least one accelerator does not include a phosphate-based material. In some embodiments, at least one accelerator includes a phosphate-based accelerator, and the phosphate-based accelerator is present in an amount of about 0.1% to about 5% Mg(OH)2 by weight of the total mixture, or any subvalue or subrange therebetween, including but not limited to those specifically set forth herein. In embodiments, the amount of phosphate-based accelerator present is 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3%, 0.4%, 0.5%, 0.6%, 0.7%, 0.8%, 0.9%, 1.0%, 1.1%, 1.2%, 1.3%, 1.4%, 1.5%, 1.6%, 1.7%, 1.8%, 1.9%, 2.0%, 2.1%, 2.2%, 2.3%, 2.4%, 2.5%, 2.6%, 2.7%, 2.8%, 2.9%, 2.10%, 2.11%, 2.12%, 2.13%, 2.14%, 2.15%, 2.16%, 2.17%, 2.18%, 2.19%, 2.22%, 2.23%, 2.24%, 2.25%, 2.26%, 2.27%, 2.28%, 2.29%, 2.29%, 2.30%, 2.31%, 2.32%, 2.33%, 2.34%, 2.35%, 2.36%, 2.37%, 2.38%, 2.39 ... 4% by weight, 2.5% by weight, 2.6% by weight, 2.7% by weight, 2.8% by weight, 2.9% by weight, 3.0% by weight, 3.1% by weight, 3.2% by weight, 3.3% by weight, 3.4% by weight, 3.5% by weight, 3.6% by weight, 3.7% by weight, 3.8% by weight, 3.9% by weight, 4.0% by weight, 4.1% by weight, 4.2% by weight, 4.3% by weight, 4.4% by weight, 4.5% by weight, 4.6% by weight, 4.7% by weight, 4.8% by weight, 4.9% by weight, or 5.0% by weight.

[0103] In embodiments, the concrete replacement material obtained by combining the mixture with water is suitable for long-term contact with reinforcing bars, mesh, steel, and other materials prone to corrosion.

[0104] In embodiments, the artificial stone-like material obtained by combining the mixture with water is suitable for long-term contact with reinforcing bars, mesh, steel, and other materials prone to corrosion.

[0105] In embodiments, the artificial stone-like material obtained by combining the mixture with water is suitable for long-term contact with reinforcing bars, mesh, steel, and other materials prone to corrosion.

[0106] In embodiments, the mixture further comprises at least one filler material or other additive selected from the following: pumice or other volcanic rock or material, sand, aggregate (e.g., fine aggregate, coarse aggregate, medium aggregate, other types of aggregate, etc.), talc, other clay materials, fibers (e.g., steel and / or other metal fibers, polypropylene and / or other polymeric fibers, glass fiber, asbestos fiber, carbon fiber, organic fibers, etc.), glass fiber reinforced plastic (GFRP), other reinforcing polymers, admixtures or other additives that promote fire protection, corrosion resistance / inhibition, workability, and / or one or more other properties of the final hardened product (e.g., MasterPel, RheoCell, MasterCell, etc.), sodium naphthalene sulfonate formaldehyde (SNF) and / or other surfactants, plasticizers, pigments, dyes and other color additives, titanium dioxide, other minerals, other natural or synthetic materials, other filler materials, and / or the like.

[0107] In embodiments relating to concrete mixtures, the amounts (by weight) of Mg(OH)2 and slag in the mix can be relatively equal to one another. For example, the amount of Mg(OH)2 to slag can range from a ratio of about 75:25 to about 25:75. In embodiments, the ratio of Mg(OH)2 to slag is 75:25, 70:30, 65:35, 60:40, 59:41, 58:42, 57:43, 56:44, 55:45, 54:46, 53:47, 52:48, 51:49, 50:50, 49:51, 48:52, 47:53, 46:54, 45:55, 44:56, 43:57, 42:58, 41:59, 40:60, 35:65, 30:70, or 25:75.

[0108] In embodiments, the amount of Mg(OH)2 present in the brine slurry is in the range of about 2% by weight to about 25% by weight, or any subvalue or subrange therebetween, including, but not limited to, those specifically set forth herein. In embodiments, the amount of Mg(OH)2 present in the brine slurry is in the range of about 5% by weight to about 20% by weight. In embodiments, the amount of Mg(OH)2 present in the brine slurry is in the range of about 10% by weight to about 15% by weight. In embodiments, the amount of Mg(OH)2 present in the brine slurry is about 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%, 19%, 20%, 21%, 22%, 23%, 24%, 25%, or less than an integer therein. For example, in embodiments, the amount of Mg(OH)2 present in the brine slurry is 12.5% ​​by weight.

[0109] In embodiments, the amount of sulfate present in the brine slurry is from about 1% to about 10% by weight, or any subvalue or subrange therebetween, including, but not limited to, those specifically set forth herein. In embodiments, the amount of sulfate present in the brine slurry is in the range of from about 2% to about 8% by weight. In embodiments, the amount of sulfate present in the brine slurry is about 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10% by weight, or less than any integer therein. For example, in embodiments, the amount of sulfate present in the brine slurry is 4.5% by weight.

[0110] In embodiments, the amount of chloride present in the brine slurry is about 0.1 wt.% to about 5 wt.%, or any subvalue or subrange therebetween, including, but not limited to, those specifically set forth herein. In embodiments, the amount of chloride present in the brine slurry is about 0.1 wt.%, 0.2 wt.%, 0.3 wt.%, 0.4 wt.%, 0.5 wt.%, 0.6 wt.%, 0.7 wt.%, 0.8 wt.%, 0.9 wt.%, 1.0 wt.%, 1.1 wt.%, 1.2 wt.%, 1.3 wt.%, 1.4 wt.%, 1.5 wt.%, 1.6 wt.%, 1.7 wt.%, 1.8 wt.%, 1.9 wt.%, 2 wt.%, 3 wt.%, 4 wt.%, 5 wt.%, 6 wt.%, 7 wt.%, 8 wt.%, 9 wt.%, 10 wt.%, or any less than an integer value thereof. For example, in embodiments, the amount of chloride present in the brine slurry is 4.5 wt.%.

[0111] In embodiments, the amount of potassium present in the brine slurry is about 0.1% by weight to about 5% by weight, or any subvalue or subrange therebetween, including, but not limited to, those specifically set forth herein. In embodiments, the amount of potassium present in the brine slurry is about 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3%, 0.4%, 0.5%, 0.6%, 0.7%, 0.8%, 0.9%, 1.0%, 1.1%, 1.2%, 1.3%, 1.4%, 1.5%, 1.6%, 1.7%, 1.8%, 1.9%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, or any integer less than these. For example, in embodiments, the amount of potassium present in the brine slurry is 4.5% by weight.

[0112] In embodiments, the present application contemplates multiple end uses for concrete replacement materials. These uses include, but are not limited to, both residential and commercial building construction (e.g., used in columns, beams, and other load-bearing members), walls and other construction panels (e.g., including non-load-bearing members), airports, dams, levees, bridges, tunnels, ports, refineries, and other industrial sites, parking structures, roads, tile and other floors, sidewalks, pipes, channels, countertops, and / or the like. Depending on the ability of the final cured product to withstand damage to steel or other metals, one or more of the formulations or mixtures may be suitable for use in applications where tensile reinforcement is desired or required (e.g., to prevent or reduce the likelihood of cracking, breaking, and / or other damage to the cured product). The present application also contemplates precast materials such as pavers, concrete masonry unit (CMU) blocks, and building panels. Other non-structural uses of the present application provided herein can be kitchen islands, decorative garden structures (e.g., bird baths, benches, planters, pots, etc.), tiles, decorative floors, furniture, bathroom tubs, sinks, tables, fire pits, washbasins, pool decks, or any architectural or decorative application where concrete materials can be used.

[0113] III. Method In one aspect, provided herein is a process for producing a negative carbon dioxide emitting concrete replacement material and / or a process for manufacturing a product, comprising: (a) mixing a brine slurry comprising water, Mg(OH), nitrates, sulfates, sodium, chlorides, and potassium with slag to form a concrete mix; (b) pouring the concrete mix into a structural mold to form a poured concrete mix; and (c) hardening the poured concrete mix from step (b) in the structural mold to form a negative carbon dioxide emitting artificial stone-like material.

[0114] In one aspect, provided herein is a process for producing a carbon dioxide negative emitting artificial stone-like material and / or a process for manufacturing a product, comprising: (a) mixing a brine slurry comprising water, Mg(OH), nitrates, sulfates, sodium, chlorides, and potassium with slag to form a concrete mix; (b) pouring the concrete mix into a structural mold to form a poured concrete mix; and (c) hardening the poured concrete mix from step (b) in the structural mold to form the carbon dioxide negative emitting artificial stone-like material.

[0115] In another aspect, contemplated herein is a process for manufacturing artificial stone-like material tiles with negative carbon dioxide emissions. In embodiments, the process may include, but is not limited to, (1) extruding a clay extruder through a die into the final shape of a roof tile; (2) extruding a clay extruder through a die into a sheet of a thickness equal to or greater than the final thickness of the tile and a width that allows for one or more tile widths. The sheet is formed into the final tile shape either by placing the sheet over half of a lower mold in a vertical press or running the sheet through a forming calendar; (3) extruding a cylindrical material that is then formed into the final tile shape between a lower mold and an upper mold in a vertical press or similar method; or (4) mixing a rheologically modified material and then placing a finite, metered portion of the material that is then formed into the final tile shape between a lower mold and an upper mold in a vertical press or similar method.

[0116] In an embodiment, following any one of the preceding methods, the roof tiles may be hardened within a few hours. In an embodiment, the roof tiles are dried in an oven.

[0117] In embodiments, the mechanical properties are modified to generate a ductile (non-brittle) material by adding fiber reinforcement such as cellulose fibers, glass fibers, plastic fibers, polypropylene fibers, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) fibers, homopolymer acrylic or alkali-resistant fibers, or combinations thereof.

[0118] In embodiments, the artificial stone tiles can be made water resistant by treating the surface of the product with water repellent silanes or water resistant surface coatings known in the state of the art. Freeze-thaw resistance can be achieved by incorporating microballoons into the composite composition. [Example]

[0119] Examples provided herein include compositions of cementitious materials including Mg(OH)2 and a feed brine sourced from either seawater or desalinated water waste. It should be understood by those skilled in the art that the exemplary compositions are non-limiting and may be adjusted based on factors such as heat and humidity to achieve properties such as compressive strength, flexural strength, elastic modulus, low deterioration, and CO2 absorption contemplated by the present application. The applications and examples illustrate that result-effective variables for achieving these properties include sulfate, nitrate, chloride, and Mg(OH)2.

[0120] Materials and Methods. Concentrated brine in the form of a slurry is kept under stirring. Ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) is added to the stirred slurry. Depending on the concentration, an additional amount of Mg(OH)2 is optionally added. Aggregate is mixed into the stirred slurry until the mixture holds its shape and has an oatmeal-like consistency. The mixture is poured into a mold or die and allowed to harden. [Table 1] [Table 2] [Table 3] [Table 4] [Table 5] [Table 6] [Table 7] [Table 8] [Table 9] [Table 10]

[0121] Compressive Strength. The compressive strength of concrete is measured after 3, 7, 14, 28, 56, 90, and 180 days of curing on 50-mm cube specimens according to ASTM C109 [ASTM C109-10, Standard Test Method for Compressive Strength of Hydraulic Cement Mortars (Using 2-in. or [50-mm] Cube Specimens), ASTM International, West Conshohocken, Pa., 2010] using a digital compactor. Specimens are removed from the oven after each curing period and allowed to cool before testing. Triplicate specimens for each curing period are prepared and tested under compression. The average of the three readings is reported.

[0122] Flexural Strength. Prismatic specimens measuring 50 x 50 x 200 mm were prepared to determine the flexural strength of concrete using third-point loading in accordance with ASTM C78 [ASTM C1437-10, Standard Specification for Coal Fly Ash and Raw or Calcinated Natural Pozzolan for Use in Concrete, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, Pa., 2010; ASTM C78-10, Standard Test Method for Flexural Strength of Concrete (Using Simple Beam with Third-Point Loading), ASTM International, West Conshohocken, Pa., 2010]. Flexural strength of concrete was determined at 28 and 90 days of curing. Triplicate specimens of each mixture for a given curing period were prepared and tested. The average of the three readings is reported.

[0123] Elastic modulus. The elastic modulus of concrete is measured on cylindrical concrete specimens with a diameter of 75 mm and a height of 150 mm. The experiment is performed according to ASTM C 469 [ASTM C496-10, Standard Test Method for Splitting Tensile Strength of Cylindrical Concrete Specimens, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, Pa., 2010]. The elastic modulus is measured after 28 and 90 days of curing.

[0124] Life cycle carbon dioxide emissions

[0125] The carbon dioxide emissions calculations for Figure 2 are summarized in Table 2. The raw emission factors on which they are based are listed in Table 4. [Table 11-1] [Table 11-2] [Table 12]

[0126] Environmental impact The present application contemplates producing housing structures made of housing materials that meet current housing shortfalls while generating carbon credits. In embodiments, the housing structures are made of carbon dioxide negative emitting cementitious materials. In further embodiments, the carbon dioxide negative emitting cementitious materials are cementitious masonry units produced by the processes described herein. The production of cementitious masonry units (blocks) provided herein absorbs carbon dioxide, reduces carbon dioxide production based on the production method, and does not require fresh water.

[0127] Each masonry unit is 0.0076m 3 volume of cementitious material, weighing 38.5 lb (17.5 kg). When tested, the carbon dioxide negative emitting cementitious material absorbs 32 kg CO2 / mt / year (mt refers to metric ton). Thus, for each block over a 20-year period: 17.5kg x 0.001m.t. / kg x 32kgCO2 / mt / year x 20 years = 11.2kgCO2 / block over 20 years.

[0128] Each block also produces less carbon dioxide than traditional concrete and other cement products: 0.0076m 3 x405kgCO2 / m 3 = 3.08kg CO2 avoided per block.

[0129] Therefore, the total carbon credits (avoidance 11.2 kg CO2 / block + removal 3.1 kg CO2 / block) is 14.3 kg (31.5 lb) CO2 / block. Note: 405 kg CO2 / m 3Based on DuPont EPD High Test CMU 900003403 (https: / / www.basalite-cmu.com / _files / ugd / 31fd52_c399e811721a4fa4b9fe9cf4bd91c2e6.pdf), issued August 31, 2021, valid through August 31, 2026.

[0130] The above calculations are then converted into application calculations when cementitious masonry blocks are combined with mortar (or filler). Carbon removal, 22.6 kg (49.8 lb): 11.2 kg CO2 / block (calculated above) + 11.4 kg (mortar / filler) 11.2 kg CO2 / block + [mortar / filling] 11.2 kg CO2 / block x 1.02 kg mortar / kg block = 22.6 kg CO2 Carbon avoidance: 6.22 kg (13.7 lb): 3.08 kg (calculated above) + 3.14 kg (mortar) 3.08 kg (block) + 3.08 kg CO2 / block x 1.02 kg mortar / kg block = 6.22 kg CO2

[0131] Total carbon credits (removal 22.6 kg CO2 + avoidance 6.22 kg CO2) is 28.8 kg CO2 (63.5 lb) per block.

[0132] The environmental impact of the materials contemplated herein extends to freshwater consumption, and the compositions of the present application do not utilize freshwater in the manufacturing process. According to the USEPA (https: / / www.epa.gov / indoor-air-quality-iaq / introduction-indoor-air-quality), the carbon dioxide absorption equivalent of a medium-growth coniferous tree that can be grown for 10 years is 23.2 lb of CO2 (10.5 kg). Therefore, referring to the above calculation, each cementitious masonry unit removes 11.2 kg of CO2, which is approximately equivalent to one tree. For each cementitious masonry unit applied, referring to the above calculation, 20.4 kg of CO2 is removed, which is equivalent to two trees.

[0133] In embodiments of the compositions provided herein, the cementitious masonry units are used in the construction of residential homes. In embodiments, the size of the homes is 1,250 ft 2 Each home uses 3,000 applied cementitious masonry units. In addition to the applied block mortar and fill materials, each home also includes 62.9 m of foundation, slab, porch, roof tiles, driveway, and sidewalk. 3 The cementitious material contains 1,505 kg / m 3 (or 94 lb / ft 3 ) is used to absorb 32 kg of CO2 / metric ton / year. In embodiments, the present application avoids the need for additional materials such as drywall, insulation, bitumen roofing, and paint. 1 residential building (1,250 ft 2 )(116.1m 2 ) carbon removal Blocks applied: 22.6 kg CO2 x 3,000 blocks / houses = 67,800 kg CO2 or 67.8 mtCO2 (credits) Foundation, slab, porch, roof tiles, driveway, sidewalk: 62.9m 3 x1,505kg / m 3 x 0.001 m.t. / kg x 32 kg CO2 / mt / year x 20 years = 60,585 kg CO2 or 60.6 mt CO2 (credits) 67.8mtCO2 (credit) + 60.6mtCO2 (credit) = 128.4mtCO2 (credit) Carbon avoidance for a home (1,250 ft²) 2 )(116.1m 2 ) Blocks applied: 6.24 kg CO2 x 3,000 blocks / house = 18,720 kg CO2 or 18.7 mt CO2 (credits) Foundation, slab, porch, roof tiles, driveway, sidewalk: 62.9m 3 x405kgCO2 / m 3 = 25,475 kg CO2 or 25.5 mt CO2 (credits) 18.7mtCO2 (credit) + 25.5mtCO2 (credit) = 44.2mtCO2 (credit) Additional avoidance from the construction process = 10 credits Total carbon credits (removals + avoidance) 128.4 mtCO2 + 44.2 mtCO2 + 10 mtCO2 =182.6mt or credit per house

[0134] In embodiments of the compositions provided herein, the carbon dioxide negative emitting cementitious material is paving stones. In embodiments, the plurality of paving stones is 100,000 m 2 In an embodiment, the pavers are 3 inches thick (0.2286 m). Therefore, the surface area is 100,000 m. 2 In this case, the paving stones are 22,860 m 3 The density of the above carbon dioxide negative emitting cementitious material is 1,505 kg / m 3 , 22,860m 3 (volume of paving stone) x 1,505 kg / m 3 (density) x 0.001 m.t. / kg gives 34,404 metric tonnes of material used for paving stones. 100,000m 2 Carbon removal on paving stones 34,404mt x 32kgCO2 / mt / year x 20 years x 0.001m.t. / kg = 22,018mt of CO2 (credits) 100,000m 2 Carbon avoidance for paving stones 22,860m 3 x405kgCO2 / m 3 = 9,258,300 kg or 9,258 mt of CO2 credits Total carbon credits (avoided + removed) = 22,018 mt + 9,258 mt = 100,000 m of paving 2 31,276 credits per prize

[0135] Although the foregoing embodiments have been described in some detail by way of illustration and example for purposes of clarity of understanding, those skilled in the art will understand that certain changes and modifications may be practiced within the scope of the appended claims. Additionally, each reference provided herein is incorporated by reference in its entirety to the same extent as if each reference were individually incorporated by reference. In the event of a conflict between the present application and a reference provided herein, the present application shall control.

Claims

1. An artificial stone-like material that is hardened by pouring a concrete mixture, wherein the poured concrete mixture is: (a) Water and Mg(OH) ２ a brine slurry comprising: (b) slag.

2. 10. The artificial stone-like material of claim 1, wherein the brine slurry further comprises one or more of nitrates, sulfates, sodium, chlorides, and potassium.

3. 3. The artificial stone-like material according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the poured concrete further comprises at least one aggregate.

4. An artificial stone-like material that is hardened by pouring a concrete mixture, wherein the poured concrete mixture is: (a) Water, Mg(OH) ２ a brine slurry containing nitrates, sulfates, sodium, chlorides, and potassium; (b) slag; (c) at least one aggregate.

5. The artificial stone-like material according to any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the artificial stone-like material is hardened by pouring the concrete mixture and then applying a hardening technique to the poured concrete mixture.

6. The Mg(OH) of the brine slurry ２ The artificial stone-like material according to any one of claims 1 to 5, which is not fired.

7. Mg(OH) ２ 7. The artificial stone-like material according to claim 1, wherein the ratio of the slag to the slag is 75:25% by weight to 25:75% by weight.

8. Mg(OH) ２ 7. The artificial stone-like material according to claim 1, wherein the ratio of the slag to the slag is 70:30% by weight to 30:70% by weight.

9. Mg(OH) ２ 7. The artificial stone-like material according to claim 1, wherein the ratio of the slag to the slag is 65:35% by weight to 35:65% by weight.

10. Mg(OH) ２ 7. The artificial stone-like material according to claim 1, wherein the ratio of the slag to the slag is 60:40% by weight to 40:60% by weight.

11. Mg(OH) ２ 7. The artificial stone-like material according to claim 1, wherein the ratio of the slag to the slag is 55:45% by weight to 45:55% by weight.

12. Mg(OH) ２ 7. The artificial stone-like material according to claim 1, wherein the ratio of the granite to the slag is about 50:50% by weight.

13. The artificial stone-like material according to any one of claims 1 to 12, wherein the at least one aggregate is selected from sand, gravel, crushed stone, and combinations thereof.

14. Mg(OH) present in the brine slurry ２ The artificial stone-like material according to any one of claims 1 to 13, wherein the amount of is in the range of about 2% by weight to about 25% by weight.

15. Mg(OH) present in the brine slurry ２ The artificial stone-like material according to any one of claims 1 to 14, wherein the amount of is in the range of about 5% by weight to about 20% by weight.

16. 16. The artificial stone-like material according to any one of claims 1 to 15, wherein the amount of sulfate present in the brine slurry ranges from about 1% to about 10% by weight.

17. 17. The artificial stone-like material according to any one of claims 1 to 16, wherein the amount of sulfate present in the brine slurry ranges from about 2% to about 8% by weight.

18. 18. The artificial stone-like material according to any one of claims 1 to 17, wherein the amount of chloride present in the brine slurry ranges from about 0.1% to about 5% by weight.

19. 19. The artificial stone-like material according to any one of claims 1 to 18, wherein the amount of potassium present in the brine slurry ranges from about 0.1% to about 5% by weight.

20. 20. The artificial stone-like material according to any one of claims 1 to 19, wherein the artificial stone-like material absorbs and retains at least 5% by weight of carbon dioxide for 15 years.

21. The artificial stone-like material according to any one of claims 1 to 20, wherein the artificial stone-like material absorbs and retains carbon dioxide at approximately 5 to 16 percent by weight of the artificial stone-like material over a period of 15 years.

22. 1. An artificial stone-like material formed from a poured concrete mix and configured to absorb and retain carbon dioxide, the poured concrete mix comprising: (a) Water, Mg(OH) ２ and one or more of nitrates, sulfates, sodium, chlorides, and potassium; (b) slag; (c) optionally, at least one aggregate.

23. The Mg(OH) of the brine slurry ２ The artificial stone-like material according to claim 22, which is not fired.

24. 24. The artificial stone-like material of claim 22 or 23, wherein the poured concrete mix absorbs and retains carbon dioxide over a period of time as it cures and hardens.

25. Mg(OH) ２ The artificial stone-like material according to any one of claims 22 to 24, wherein the ratio of the slag to the slag is 75:25% by weight to 25:75% by weight.

26. Mg(OH) ２ The artificial stone-like material according to any one of claims 22 to 24, wherein the ratio of the slag to the slag is 70:30% by weight to 30:70% by weight.

27. Mg(OH) ２ The artificial stone-like material according to any one of claims 22 to 24, wherein the ratio of the slag to the slag is 65:35% by weight to 35:65% by weight.

28. Mg(OH) ２ The artificial stone-like material according to any one of claims 22 to 24, wherein the ratio of the slag to the slag is 60:40% by weight to 40:60% by weight.

29. Mg(OH) ２ The artificial stone-like material according to any one of claims 22 to 24, wherein the ratio of the slag to the slag is 55:45% by weight to 45:55% by weight.

30. Mg(OH) ２ The artificial stone-like material according to any one of claims 22 to 24, wherein the ratio of the slag to the slag is about 50:50% by weight.

31. The artificial stone-like material according to any one of claims 22 to 30, wherein the at least one aggregate is selected from sand, gravel, crushed stone, and combinations thereof.

32. Mg(OH) present in the brine slurry ２ The artificial stone-like material according to any one of claims 22 to 31, wherein the amount of is in the range of about 2% by weight to about 25% by weight.

33. Mg(OH) present in the brine slurry ２ The artificial stone-like material according to any one of claims 22 to 32, wherein the amount of is in the range of about 5% by weight to about 20% by weight.

34. 34. The artificial stone-like material according to any one of claims 22 to 33, wherein the amount of sulfate present in the brine slurry ranges from about 1% to about 10% by weight.

35. 35. The artificial stone-like material according to any one of claims 22 to 34, wherein the amount of sulfate present in the brine slurry ranges from about 2% to about 8% by weight.

36. 36. The artificial stone-like material according to any one of claims 22 to 35, wherein the amount of chloride present in the brine slurry ranges from about 0.1% to about 5% by weight.

37. 37. The artificial stone-like material according to any one of claims 22 to 36, wherein the amount of potassium present in the brine slurry ranges from about 0.1% to about 5% by weight.

38. The artificial stone-like material of any one of claims 22 to 37, wherein the poured concrete mix absorbs and retains at least 5 percent carbon dioxide by weight of the artificial stone-like material for 15 years.

39. The poured concrete mix generates carbon credits, with one carbon credit representing one metric ton of CO ２ The artificial stone-like material according to any one of claims 22 to 38,

40. A manufacturing process for artificial stone-like materials with negative carbon dioxide emissions, (a) Water, Mg(OH) ２ and mixing a brine slurry containing one or more of nitrates, sulfates, sodium, chlorides, and potassium with the slag to form a concrete mix; (b) pouring the concrete mixture into a structural component mold to form a poured concrete mixture; and (c) allowing the poured concrete mixture from step (b) to harden in the structural mold to form an artificial stone-like material that negatively emits carbon dioxide.

41. The Mg(OH) of the brine slurry ２ 41. The manufacturing process of claim 40, wherein the is not calcined.

42. Mg(OH) ２ 42. The process of claim 40 or 41, wherein the ratio of slag to slag is between 75:25% and 25:75% by weight.

43. Mg(OH) ２ 43. The process of any one of claims 40 to 42, wherein the ratio of slag to slag is from 70:30% to 30:70% by weight.

44. Mg(OH) ２ 43. The process of any one of claims 40 to 42, wherein the ratio of slag to slag is between 65:35% and 35:65% by weight.

45. Mg(OH) ２ 43. The process of any one of claims 40 to 42, wherein the ratio of slag to slag is from 60:40% to 40:60% by weight.

46. Mg(OH) ２ 43. The process of any one of claims 40 to 42, wherein the ratio of slag to slag is from 55:45% to 45:55% by weight.

47. Mg(OH) ２ 43. The process of any one of claims 40 to 42, wherein the ratio of slag to molten metal is about 50:50% by weight.

48. Mg(OH) present in the brine slurry ２ 48. The manufacturing process according to any one of claims 40 to 47, wherein the amount of is in the range of about 2% to about 25% by weight.

49. Mg(OH) present in the brine slurry ２ 49. The manufacturing process of any one of claims 40 to 48, wherein the amount of is in the range of about 5% to about 20% by weight.

50. 50. The process of any one of claims 40 to 49, wherein the amount of sulfate present in the brine slurry ranges from about 1% to about 10% by weight.

51. 51. The process of any one of claims 40 to 50, wherein the amount of sulfate present in the brine slurry ranges from about 2% to about 8% by weight.

52. 52. The process of any one of claims 40 to 51, wherein the amount of chloride present in the brine slurry ranges from about 0.1% to about 5% by weight.

53. 53. The process of any one of claims 40 to 52, wherein the amount of potassium present in the brine slurry ranges from about 0.1% to about 5% by weight.

54. 1. A concrete mix comprising: (a) Water and Mg(OH) ２ a brine slurry comprising: (b) slag; The concrete mixture having a pH of at least 12.

55. 55. The concrete mixture of claim 54, wherein the concrete mixture has a pH of at least 13.

56. 55. The concrete mixture of claim 54, wherein the concrete mixture has a pH of 13 to 14.

57. Mg(OH) ２ 57. A concrete mixture according to any one of claims 54 to 56, wherein the ratio of cement to slag is between 75:25% by weight and 25:75% by weight.

58. Mg(OH) ２ 57. A concrete mixture according to any one of claims 40 to 56, wherein the ratio of cement to slag is between 70:30% by weight and 30:70% by weight.

59. Mg(OH) ２ 57. A concrete mixture according to any one of claims 40 to 56, wherein the ratio of cement to slag is between 65:35% by weight and 35:65% by weight.

60. Mg(OH) ２ 57. A concrete mixture according to any one of claims 40 to 56, wherein the ratio of cement to slag is between 60:40% by weight and 40:60% by weight.

61. Mg(OH) ２ 57. A concrete mixture according to any one of claims 40 to 56, wherein the ratio of cement to slag is between 55:45% by weight and 45:55% by weight.

62. Mg(OH) ２ 57. The concrete mixture of any one of claims 40 to 56, wherein the ratio of slag to concrete is about 50:50% by weight.

63. Mg(OH) present in the brine slurry ２ 63. The concrete mixture of any one of claims 40 to 62, wherein the amount of is in the range of about 2% to about 25% by weight.

64. Mg(OH) present in the brine slurry ２ 64. The concrete mixture of any one of claims 40 to 63, wherein the amount of is in the range of about 5% to about 20% by weight.

65. 65. The concrete mixture of any one of claims 40 to 64, wherein the amount of sulfate present in the brine slurry ranges from about 1% to about 10% by weight.

66. 66. The concrete mixture of any one of claims 40 to 65, wherein the amount of sulfate present in the brine slurry ranges from about 2% to about 8% by weight.

67. 67. The concrete mixture of any one of claims 40 to 66, wherein the amount of chloride present in the brine slurry ranges from about 0.1% to about 5% by weight.

68. 68. The concrete mixture of any one of claims 40 to 67, wherein the amount of potassium present in the brine slurry ranges from about 0.1% to about 5% by weight.

69. A material comprising: (a) Water, Mg(OH) ２ and a brine material comprising one or more of nitrates, sulfates, sodium, chlorides, and potassium; (b) a cementitious material.

70. 70. The material of claim 69, wherein the saltwater material comprises brine.

71. 71. The material of claim 69 or 70, wherein the cementitious material comprises slag.

72. 72. The material of any one of claims 69 to 71, wherein the salinity of the saltwater material ranges from greater than 101% of the salinity of seawater to greater than 1000% of the salinity of seawater.

73. 73. The material of any one of claims 69 to 72, wherein the material does not contain MgO produced by firing.

74. Mg(OH) ２ 74. The material of any one of claims 69 to 73, wherein the ratio of slag to slag is from 75:25% to 25:75% by weight.

75. Mg(OH) ２ 74. The material of any one of claims 69 to 73, wherein the ratio of slag to slag is from 70:30% to 30:70% by weight.

76. Mg(OH) ２ 74. The material of any one of claims 69 to 73, wherein the ratio of slag to slag is from 65:35% by weight to 35:65% by weight.

77. Mg(OH) ２ 74. The material of any one of claims 69 to 73, wherein the ratio of slag to slag is from 60:40% to 40:60% by weight.

78. Mg(OH) ２ 74. The material of any one of claims 69 to 73, wherein the ratio of slag to slag is from 55:45% to 45:55% by weight.

79. Mg(OH) ２ 74. The material of any one of claims 69 to 73, wherein the ratio of slag to slag is about 50:50 wt%.

80. Mg(OH) present in the brine material ２ 80. The material of any one of claims 69 to 79, wherein the amount of is in the range of about 2% to about 25% by weight.

81. Mg(OH) present in the brine material ２ 81. The material of any one of claims 69 to 80, wherein the amount of is in the range of about 5% to about 20% by weight.

82. 82. The material of any one of claims 69 to 81, wherein the amount of sulfate present in the brine material ranges from about 1% to about 10% by weight.

83. 83. The material of any one of claims 69 to 82, wherein the amount of sulfate present in the brine material ranges from about 2% to about 8% by weight.

84. 84. The material of any one of claims 69 to 83, wherein the amount of chloride present in the brine material ranges from about 0.1% to about 5% by weight.

85. 85. The material of any one of claims 69 to 84, wherein the amount of potassium present in the brine material ranges from about 0.1% to about 5% by weight.

86. 1. A method for reducing carbon emissions, comprising: (a) Water and Mg(OH) ２ mixing the brine slurry comprising the slag and, optionally, at least one aggregate to form a cementitious mixture; (b) injecting the cementitious mixture into a structural component mold to form an injected cementitious mixture; (c) hardening the injected cementitious mixture from step (b) in the structural mold to form a cementitious material that negatively evacuates carbon dioxide; thereby forming a carbon dioxide negative scavenging cementitious material that absorbs carbon dioxide and prevents carbon dioxide scavenging.

87. 87. The method of claim 86, wherein the reduction in carbon emissions consists of the amount of carbon dioxide absorbed and the amount of carbon dioxide emissions prevented.

88. 87. The method of claim 86, wherein the carbon dioxide negative venting cementitious material is a cementitious masonry unit.

89. The cementitious masonry unit emits 11.2 kg of CO over a 20-year period. ２ and absorbs 3.08 kg of CO per cementitious masonry unit. ２ 89. The method of claim 88, wherein the

90. A plurality of cementitious masonry units are combined with filler or mortar material to form a masonry structure of at least 1,250 ft. ２ 90. The method of claim 89, forming a residential structure having a square foot area of

91. The residential structure reduces CO emissions by at least 120 metric tons. ２ and absorb at least 40 metric tons of CO ２ 91. The method of claim 90, wherein the discharge of

92. 87. The method of claim 86, wherein the carbon dioxide negative emitting cementitious material is paving stone.

93. Multiple paving stones, 100,000m ２ 93. The method of claim 92, having a surface area of

94. The plurality of paving stones are at least 20,000 m.t. ２ and absorbs at least 9,000 m.t. of CO ２ 94. The method of claim 93, wherein the discharge of

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