Reaction-free spatial driving by increasing the kinetic energy of directional plasma flows using magnetohydrodynamic flow stoppers

Abstract

A reaction-free drive mechanism involves the conservation of photon energy absorbed by free leptons, such as free electrons. Specifically, the conservation law of a fundamental particle, such as a free electron, absorbing a photon results in an increase in inertial variables, inertial momentum and mass / energy, corresponding to kinetic energy relative to absolute space, without any reaction involving a third body in the exchange of the inertial variable. In one embodiment, electromagnetic radiation, such as microwave radiation, can be absorbed by free electrons, which gain kinetic energy along their preferred axis, dragging positive ions or a plasma flow with them. The electrons or plasma can be incident on a repulsive electrostatic field or rigid piston, converting kinetic energy into propulsive energy. Alternatively, the kinetic energy of the plasma can be converted into propulsive energy by an MHD (magnetohydrodynamic) converter, in which the plasma flow is stopped a short distance in an MHD channel.

Description

[Technical Field]

[0001] Related Applications This application claims priority to U.S. Patent Application No. 63 / 434,870, filed December 22, 2022, entitled SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR INCREASING THE KINETIC ENERGY OF A DIRECTIONAL PLASMA FLOW, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. Summary of the Invention

[0002] Summary of the Invention The present invention relates to a drive system, and more particularly to a system and method for increasing the kinetic energy of a directional plasma flow (hereinafter referred to as a "spatial drive" or "spatial drive system"), which provides at least one of thrust and lift to an object. The system of the present invention includes (i) a source of at least one of a directional plasma gas flow, a molecular beam, and a gas jet, and (ii) a plasma chamber constructed from a plasma generator, such as a surfer-guide plasma generator, a microwave generator, a microwave plasma discharge cavity, a plasma torch, or an ionization source, and a microwave-transparent, refractory material, such as a quartz tube, for maintaining the plasma and the directional plasma flow. The directional plasma flow may include electrons and ions as well as plasma gas, where the plasma and the directional plasma flow are recombined within a typical ion-electron recombination half-life (e.g., 100 times longer than the ... +The system may include electrons and ions with extended recombination half-lives relative to the hydrogen plasma (hydrogen plasma consisting of 3 ions). The system also includes (iii) at least one of a microwave generator, a microwave resonator, a horn antenna, or at least one microwave reflector, applying power to the ionized plasma electrons with microwaves to produce an increase in kinetic energy of at least one of a directional electron stream, a directional plasma stream, and a directional plasma gas stream, and (iv) a directional kinetic energy and power, and a driving force from at least one of (a) electrons that have directionally absorbed the microwaves and have directional, reaction-free kinetic energy, (b) a directional plasma stream consisting of plasma electrons that have directionally absorbed the microwaves and gained directional, reaction-free kinetic energy and transferred a portion of their directional kinetic energy to entrained plasma ions, or (c) a directional plasma gas stream. The plasma electrons can gain reaction-free kinetic energy by absorbing directional microwaves with at least one of (aa) transferring a portion of their directional kinetic energy directly to the plasma gas, (bb) transferring a portion of their directional kinetic energy indirectly to the plasma gas via entrained ions, or (cc) increasing the stored kinetic energy of the plasma gas stream via recombination of electrons and ions with increased kinetic energy. In one embodiment, a converter transfers the power and force of the received lift or thrust to a desired object to be moved. The converter may include (i) a negatively charged repelling electrode that repels electrons of the plasma stream and receives a force from the directional electron stream, (ii) a magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) converter that blocks the received plasma-energetic electrons and ions of the plasma stream, and (iii) a piston that receives pressure from the plasma gas stream and the recombined plasma.

[0003] In another embodiment, the spatial drive provides at least one of propulsion and lift and comprises: (i) a first radio frequency or microwave power source, such as a radio frequency or microwave generator and a matching network; and (ii) a generator of free electrons and H +(iii) a surfer guide, plasma chamber, first microwave cavity, or plasma torch powered by a first source of radio frequency or microwave power to maintain a hydrogen plasma, comprising: (i) a power supply for the radio frequency or microwave, such as a radio frequency or microwave generator, and a microwave cavity consisting of a second source or the first source and a second microwave cavity or the first microwave cavity, or a microwave generator consisting of at least one of a horn antenna, or a microwave generator and at least one microwave horn antenna. The plasma may include at least one of a microwave reflector that applies microwave power to ionized plasma electrons, causing the free electrons to absorb the microwaves in a direction and gain non-reactive kinetic energy, thereby increasing the kinetic energy of at least one of a directional electron flow, a directional plasma flow, and a directional plasma gas flow; and a converter, such as a negatively charged repulsive electrode, that repels the negatively charged electrons that absorb the microwaves in a direction and gain non-reactive kinetic energy, transmitting a corresponding blocking force to the moving object. Alternatively, the plasma may include an MHD converter that captures the high-energy electrons that absorb the microwaves in a direction and gain non-reactive kinetic energy, and ions entrained by the high-energy electrons that transmit a corresponding blocking force to the moving object. The MHD converter may be a linear or circular type generator. In another embodiment, the plasma may be incident on a plasma and gas flow barrier that physically brakes or at least partially restricts the axial flow, and a corresponding flow-braking force on the barrier is transmitted to the moving object. This type of converter is referred to herein as a piston converter. To maintain a directional flow of microwave-absorbing electrons, the plasma cavity may define at least one gas flow passage in a direction at least partially perpendicular to the direction of flow of applied microwave power.

[0004] The spatial drive system may include a diverging gas flow path and at least one vacuum pump to induce at least one of a pressure gradient and recirculation of the plasma gas for the plasma gas and the gas flow formed by the recombination of ions and electrons due to loss of kinetic energy due to (a) electrode repulsion, (b) cessation of the MHD plasma, and (c) braking of the flow in the physical direction by a barrier (piston).

[0005] The spatial drive system may further include at least one structural element attached to a transducer, such as a repelling electrode, an MHD transducer, or a piston, wherein the kinetic energy of the high-energy electrons is transferred to the transducer, generating lift or thrust on the at least one structural element supporting the transducer.

[0006] The spatial drive system may be comprised of multiple spatial drive units oriented along different axes to achieve at least one of propulsion and lift in corresponding selected directions.

[0007] The spatial drive systems may further include a steering means, such as a servo motor, and a mechanical connection to tilt the at least one spatial drive system in a selected direction to achieve at least one of propulsion and lift in that direction. [Brief explanation of the drawings]

[0008] The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in and constitute a part of this specification, illustrate several embodiments of the present disclosure and, together with the description, serve to explain the principles of the disclosure. [Figure 1] 1A-B are schematic diagrams of spatial actuation according to one embodiment of the present disclosure. [Figure 2] 2A and 2B are schematic diagrams of a linear axial MHD converter with permanent magnets and a disk-type MHD converter with racetrack magnet coils, respectively, according to one embodiment of the present disclosure. [Figure 3] FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of free electrons according to one embodiment of the present disclosure. [Figure 4] 4A-F are schematic diagrams of H+ 3 according to embodiments of the present disclosure. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0009] Detailed Description of the Invention In one embodiment of the drive system of the present invention (referred to herein as spatial drive), incident photons are JPEG2025541132000002.jpg3545ω( The electrons' kinetic energy increases by half the photon energy, given by the photon energy (where ω is Planck's constant and ω is the photon angular frequency). This kinetic energy can be harnessed for drive or lift by directing the high-kinetic-energy electrons toward a negatively charged electrode, or, if the electrons are plasma electrons, toward a plasma flow-blocking MHD converter, or a flow-blocking barrier, or a transducer that provides a repulsive field, such as a piston, whereby a repulsive or blocking force is transmitted to a structure supporting the converter, causing the structure or an object attached to the structure to translate or lift. The classical theory of the properties of photons and free electrons that provides the reaction-free force utilized herein as the mechanism for the "spatial drive" of this disclosure is described in R. Mills, The Grand Unified Theory of Classical Physics (4th ed. 2023, ISBN 979-218-17988-5, Library of Congress Control Number 2023905641, Chapter 4).

[0010] In the embodiments shown in Figures 1-4, the spatial drive comprises a directional electron stream, such as a directional beam of electrons or a gas jet, such as a hydrogen gas molecular beam. The molecular beam or stream, gas jet, or gas stream may be axial or linear. The molecular beam may be formed by the expansion of high-pressure gas through a jet nozzle. In the illustrated embodiment, the plasma chamber may include a converging section connected to the plasma stream outlet. The converging section, such as a converging wall, may accelerate the plasma to form a jet along the axis of the axial plasma flow path. The plasma chamber may include at least one of a converging nozzle and a converging-diverging nozzle, such as a Devall nozzle, to form the plasma jet. The molecular beam may comprise a supersonic molecular beam or jet.

[0011] The spatial drive can further include an ionization chamber capable of producing a directional electron stream from a molecular beam source. The ionization chamber comprises a discharge chamber comprising: (i) a microwave plasma system, such as one comprising a microwave generator, a waveguide, a tuning stub, and at least one antenna, such as a surfer-guided plasma system; (ii) an inductively or capacitively coupled radio frequency plasma generator, such as one comprising an antenna coil or electrodes; (iii) a power supply and a glow discharge system or subsystem, such as at least two electrodes biased by the power supply; and (iv) at least one plasma generated by a hydrino reaction, such as one of atomic H catalyzed to a molecule, with H or HOH acting as a catalyst. In one embodiment, the discharge chamber forms a free electron stream or electron beam. The electron beam further comprises a co-propagating positive ion stream or ion beam. In another embodiment, the spatial drive comprises an electron beam emitted from an electron gun. The spatial drive can further include a photon source absorbed by electrons in the electron beam or a photon source absorbed by flowing or propagating electrons, such as electrons in a plasma, such as a hydrogen plasma. The absorption of a photon increases the electron's kinetic energy in the direction of its initial travel.

[0012] The photon source may comprise at least one of a photon generator, a photon transmitter, a photon reflector, a waveguide, and / or a resonator cavity. 4 m to 10 -12 m range. In exemplary embodiments, the photon source can comprise a radio wave or microwave generator and transmitter, including an antenna such as a horn antenna, and can further comprise a reflector that bounces unabsorbed photons between the photon source and the reflector to increase the efficiency of photon absorption by the incident electrons. The antenna can polarize the microwave. In exemplary embodiments, the microwave consists of linearly polarized photons whose electric field is parallel to the plane of the free electrons. In another embodiment, the photon source can comprise a laser of any frequency, such as from infrared to x-ray. The electrons can further drag positive ions of the plasma, such that the kinetic energy retention of the resulting flow is due to the kinetic energy and momentum of the electrons and positive ions. H + 3 consists of ortho and para nuclear spin states, and the spin of the free electron is 1 / 2. Therefore, the photon absorption cross section by this free electron is calculated as follows: + This can be increased by coupling of the free electron spins of the ion pairs with the nuclear spins. Plasmas consisting of hydrogen have a long recombination lifetime of tritium cations, and the loss of plasma energy and power due to recombination radiation is small, resulting in an increased ionization rate, which can increase the electron retention in the plasma.

[0013] The propulsion system or spatial drive system may further include a drift channel or axial plasma channel, and repulsive field or damping means for receiving kinetic energy by damping at least one of the electron and / or plasma flow and flow-induced pressure. The damping means may include a rigid piston, such as a closed chamber, at the end of the electron drift channel or axial plasma channel. The damping means, such as a rigid piston, may be rigidly attached to the object to be driven. In this case, movement of the piston due to work on the piston means movement of an object, such as a vessel rigidly connected to the rigid piston, which may remain stationary or fixed relative to the vessel.

[0014] Alternatively, energetic electrons energized by selective acceleration in their initial direction of motion due to photon absorption can flow into the drift channel and be incident on the repulsive force field means. The repulsive force field means can include a repulsive electric field source. The repulsive force field can apply a repulsive force to the propagating electrons as the electrons lose kinetic energy by transferring energy to the repulsive force field means or braking means. The repulsive force field means can be comprised of at least a negatively charged electrode. The electrons that have been given kinetic energy can be guided toward the repulsive force field means, such as a negatively charged electrode, and transfer their kinetic energy to that electrode. This process is called electron braking. The repulsive force field or braking means can convert at least a portion of the kinetic energy of the electrons and plasma into propulsive energy.

[0015] High energy electrons are H +The electron-ion pair can drag corresponding molecules, such as hydrogen ions. The electron-ion pair can transfer kinetic energy to the collector by at least one of pressure-volume work and electron braking. The electron and hydrogen ion may recombine after the electron acts on the repulsive force field means. The spatial drive may further include a pump for recycling the gas formed by the recombination. In another embodiment comprising an electron beam cam, electron energy can be generated in a direct current manner by transferring kinetic energy to the repulsive force field means, and the electron beam may be collected and recycled.

[0016] In another embodiment, the spatial driver can be a magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) converter. As shown in Figure 2A, the MHD converter can include an axial flow path for the plasma flow, at least one set of magnets for applying a magnetic field across the axial flow path having a component of the magnetic field direction perpendicular to the direction of the plasma flow, flow path electrodes oriented on the flow path wall parallel to the flow velocity of the plasma flow and the plane of the magnetic field, which can further include a capacitor or can be electrically connected to the capacitor, and a power controller and a power conditioner. In yet another embodiment, as shown in FIG. 2B , the magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) converter of the spatial drive can be configured as a disk-shaped generator MHD converter comprising: (i) opposing circular plates separated by a gap or circular flow path and connected perpendicular to the plasma flow path in communication with the plasma flow in the flow path; (ii) at least one set of magnets for applying a magnetic field across the disk-shaped flow path having a component perpendicular to the magnetic field direction; and (iii) optionally, two circular electrodes of opposite polarity separated radially within the disk, wherein the circular electrodes comprise a means for supplying MHD power and at least one of a capacitor and an electrical insulator for storing charge and voltage between the electrodes, and can block plasma flow in at least one of the axial direction along the axial flow path and the radial and azimuthal directions between the disks of the circular flow path. The kinetic energy of the plasma can be converted into propulsive energy by the magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) converter by being at least partially blocked in at least one of the axial flow path and the circular flow path.

[0017] The plasma flow can be axial and azimuthal in the axial and circular channels, respectively. + A plasma, such as one consisting of entrained positive ions, such as ions (e.g., ions), enters a magnetic field having a component perpendicular to the velocity of the plasma flow corresponding to its kinetic energy. The electron and ion velocity vectors intersect with the magnetic field vector, generating a Lorentz force along an axis mutually perpendicular to the velocity and magnetic field vectors separating the ions and electrons, generating a transverse MHD electric field and voltage. This Lorentz force can retard the plasma flow to convert the plasma's kinetic energy and power into propulsive energy and power, and the MHD conversion system can be structurally connected to a structure or object driven by the driving energy and power. In one embodiment, the magnetic field and corresponding Lorentz force can be strong enough or appropriate to stop the plasma within a desired axial length or radius of the MHD flow path. An MHD voltage can be allowed to build up across at least one of a plurality of electrodes and capacitors of opposite polarity to reach a voltage that stops the plasma flow. In one embodiment, the MHD voltage can be utilized, at least in part, for recirculated power to power a drive device, which can be controlled and regulated by an MHD power controller and regulator.

[0018] The magnetic field source may comprise at least one of an electromagnet, a permanent magnet, and / or a superconducting magnet. The magnetic field strength is sufficient to stop the plasma flow within the axial length of the magnetized MHD flow path, and the spatial drive may include multiple MHD flow paths along the plasma flow path. The relationship between the plasma flow velocity, MHD flow path parameters, and the magnetic field strength for stopping the axial plasma flow is given as equation (40) in Mills and Nansteel [R. Mills, M.W. Nansteel, “Oxygen and Silver Nanoparticle Aerosol Megnetodydrodynamic Power Cycle,” Journal of Aeronautics & Aerospace Engineering, vol. 8, Iss2, No. 216 (2019), pp. 1-13], the entirety of which is incorporated herein by reference. In one embodiment, blocking or stopping the plasma flow converts at least a portion of the axial plasma kinetic energy into thrust and propulsion energy.

[0019] The interruption of the plasma flow further causes ions and electrons to recombine to form neutral gases, such as gaseous hydrogen. Gases formed by recombination in one or more stages of the MHD device can be removed by a vacuum pump. In one embodiment, at least one of the axial and circular flow paths may include a pressure drop section, consisting of at least one of an extended length and a diverging section, such that the pressure of the gas formed by recombination is dropped to maintain a pressure flow gradient in the flow path from a plasma source, such as a surface wave source, a microwave cavity source, or a glow discharge source. The gas formed by recombination may be pumped through the pressure drop section by a vacuum pump. In one embodiment, the vacuum pump may recirculate the plasma gas, such as hydrogen, to the plasma source, such as a surface wave source, a microwave cavity source, or a glow discharge source. In one embodiment, the spatial drive may include a means, such as a heat exchanger or a cooler, for removing heat formed by the interruption. The cooler may be comprised of multiple heat exchangers that absorb the MHD device and pressure drop heat and supply it to another heat exchanger, such as a radiative or air-cooled heat exchanger, which releases the heat to the ambient.

[0020] The kinetic energy of the electrons and plasma can be used for propulsion and lift. The repulsive force from the electron brake can be transmitted to the structure supporting the electrode, generating translation and lift for a hull rigidly connected to the supporting structure.

[0021] In an exemplary embodiment, as shown in FIGS. 1A-B, the spatially driven system includes a molecular beam source or jet source, a surfer guide plasma generator, and a plasma chamber (FIG. 3) that maintains a hydrogen plasma flow consisting of free electrons. + The plasma flow detector (Figure 4A-F) consists of a microwave generator, a horn antenna, and at least one electrode capable of electrostatically blocking the plasma flow or an MHD converter capable of stopping the plasma flow.

[0022] Absorption of radio frequency photons by electrons in the plasma flow accelerates the electrons, causing H +3 The ions are dragged by the accelerated electrons, providing kinetic energy to the thrust converters, such as electrostatic braking electrodes, blocking MHD converters, and physical flow-stopping barricades, and hence to the hull rigidly fixed to the thrust converters. The kinetic energy transfer causes the electrons and the H dragged by the accelerated electrons to + The ions recombine and the resulting H 2 gas is recycled to the plasma cavity 60 .

[0023] At least one electrode may comprise a negatively charged repelling electrode to receive and directionally repel high-energy electrons that have absorbed microwave photons. At least one electrode may be negatively charged to repel electrons. At least one electrode may include openings for flow through it. At least one electrode may comprise a metal mesh grid electrode. The electrodes may be parallel. The electrodes may be parallel plates. At least one of the parallel plate electrodes may include perforations for electrons to pass through, such as a parallel plate metal mesh grid electrode. In one embodiment, at least two electrodes form a capacitor, with the gas in the molecular beam acting as the dielectric, or there may be no dielectric. The repulsive force of the electrodes serves to brake the flow of electrons or plasma, converting kinetic energy into propulsive energy.

[0024] In another embodiment, free electrons (FIG. 3) and H + Electrons in a hydrogen plasma consisting of three ions (Figure 4A-F) gain directional kinetic energy by absorbing photons, such as microwave photons, and stopping the resulting energetic electrons in at least one direction along the axial and circular MHD flow paths, converting kinetic energy into propulsive energy.

[0025] The kinetic energy of the electrons and plasma can be transferred to the repelling electrode or MHD converter, generating lift on a structural element supporting the repelling electrode or MHD converter. The spatial drive system can be composed of multiple units oriented along different axes to achieve drive in a corresponding selected direction. Alternatively, the spatial drive system can be composed of at least one system with a direction-changing means, such as a servomotor, and a mechanical connection, such as a screw ring gear and a servomotor pinion gear, or a rack and a servomotor pinion connection, to tilt the corresponding drive system in a selected direction and achieve drive in that direction.

[0026] 1A-B, the spatial drive system can be powered by a SunCell® 55, which can be a magnetohydrodynamic or photovoltaic converter that can remove excess heat via a radiant heat exchanger. An exemplary SunCell® can include a power source that generates electrical and / or thermal energy. a) at least one vessel comprising a substrate capable of maintaining a subatmospheric pressure forming a reaction chamber; b) two electrodes, each in fluid communication with molten metal contained in a corresponding reservoir, configured so that the molten metal flows between the electrodes to form a circuit; c) a power source connected to the two electrodes, comprising a cathode and an anode, for applying an ignition current therebetween when the circuit is closed; and d) optionally, a plasma generation cell (e.g., a glow discharge cell) for inducing the formation of a first plasma from a gas, wherein the flow from the plasma generation cell e) a transparent window cavity that transmits radiation generated from the second plasma, the transparent window cavity being in contact with the bottom plate of the vessel; f) a wet seal between the transparent window cavity and the substrate, the wet seal being made of molten metal; and g) a power adapter configured to receive radiation transmitted through the transparent window cavity and convert and / or transfer energy from the second plasma into mechanical, thermal, and / or electrical energy.

[0027] The SunCell® system may be any of those disclosed herein or any of the following: Hydrogen Catalyst Reactor, PCT / US08 / 61455 (PCT application dated 4 / 24 / 2008); Heterogeneous Hydrogen Catalyst Reactor, PCT / US09 / 052072 (PCT application dated 7 / 29 / 2009); Heterogeneous Hydrogen Catalyst Power System, PCT / US10 / 27828 (PCT application dated 3 / 18 / 2010); Electrochemical Hydrogen Catalyst Power System, PCT / US11 / 28889 (PCT application dated 3 / 17 / 2011); H2O-Based Electrochemical Hydrogen-Catalyst Power System, PCT / US12 / 31369 (PCT application dated 3 / 30 / 2012); CIHT Power System, PCT / US13 / 04198 (PCT application dated 5 / 21 / 2013); Power Generation Systems and Methods Regarding Same, PCT / IB2014 / 058177 (PCT application date 01 / 10 / 2014); Photovoltaic Power Generation System and Method Regarding Same, PCT / US14 / 32584 (PCT application date 4 / 1 / 2014); Electrical Power Generation System and Method Regarding Same, PCT / USA2015 / 033165 (PCT application date 5 / 29 / 2015); Ultraviolet Electrical Generation System Method Regarding Same, PCT / US2015 / 065826 (PCT application date 12 / 15 / 2015); Thermophotovoltanic Electrical Power Generator, PCT / US16 / 12620 (PCT application date 01 / 8 / 2016); Thermophotovoltanic Electrical Power Generator Network, PCT / US2017 / 035025 (PCT filing date 12 / 7 / 2017);Thermophotovoltanic Electrical Power Generator, PCT / US2017 / 013972 (PCT application date 01 / 18 / 2017); Extreme and Deep Ultraviolet Photovoltanic Cell, PCT / US2018 / 012635 (PCT application date 01 / 05 / 2018); Magnetohydrodynamic Electric Power Generator, PCT / US18 / 17765 (PCT application date 02 / 12 / 2018); Magnetohydrodynamic Electric Power Generator, PCT / US2018 / 034842 (PCT application date 5 / 29 / 2018); Magnetohydrodynamic Electric Power Generator, PCT / IB2018 / 059646 (PCT application date 12 / 05 / 2018); Magnetohydrodynamic Electric Power Generator, PCT / IB2020 / 050360 (PCT application date 01 / 16 / 2020); Magnetohydrodynamic Electric Power Generator, PCT / US21 / 17148 (PCT application date 02 / 08 / 2022); Infrared Light Recycling Thermophotovoltanic Hydrogen Electrical Power Generator, PCT / IB2022 / 052016 (PCT application date 3 / 08 / 2022);Mills' U.S. patent applications (hereinafter referred to as the "Mills applications"), such as "Infrared Plasma Light Recycling Thermophotovoltanic Hydrogen Electrical Power Generator," PCT / IB2023 / 053932 (PCT filing date April 18, 2023), the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties. The spatial drive system may include a molecular beam source or plasma gas flow source 50, a plasma cavity 60, a plasma flow path 10, and (i) propagation of a molecular beam, such as a supersonic hydrogen gas beam from the plasma gas flow source 50 or a directional plasma gas flow from the plasma gas flow source 50, (ii) formation of a plasma consisting of free electrons and ions from the molecular beam or plasma gas, and (iii) propagation of the molecular beam, such as a directional propagation of free electrons and ions or a plasma flow, which absorbs electromagnetic field radiation during propagation, and means for braking, preventing, and transmitting at least one mode of motion of the electrons, ions, plasma, or plasma gas. The molecular beam or plasma gas flow source 50 may comprise a gas source such as hydrogen gas, a gas pump for achieving high gas pressure, a jet nozzle, pressure sensors, flow sensors, a control system, and a gas recirculation system for recovering the gas after it has served to generate the desired work for the spatial drive. Gas pressures within at least the plasma gas flow source 50, plasma cavity 60, plasma flow path 10, and converter may range from approximately 1 microtorr to 100 atmospheres. The gas recirculation system comprises at least one gas pump, gas lines, flow sensors, pressure sensors, and a controller. The molecular beam or plasma gas flow is ionized within the plasma cavity 60. The cavity 60 may comprise a plasma generator, such as a surfer-guided plasma or microwave cavity generator, comprising a power supply 52, a microwave generator 51, a waveguide 61, and a tuning stub 66 for matching the impedance of the load and plasma cavity to the microwave waveguide and source. The frequency of the microwave generator 51 and the dimensions of the cavity 60 can be selected to achieve a resonance between a mode of the cavity 60 with a high Q factor and the microwave frequency of the microwave generator 51;

[0028] The plasma, such as hydrogen plasma, can be formed by a plasma generator such as a surfer guide plasma generator 61, an exemplary generator manufactured by Sairem. In another embodiment, the plasma generator can comprise a microwave plasma system, such as a microwave plasma generator. An exemplary atmospheric pressure microwave plasma generator is described by Leins et al. [Martina Leins, Sandra Gaiser, Andreas Schulz, Matthias Walker, Uwe Schmacher, and Thomas Hirth, “How to Ignite an Atmospheric Pressure Microwave Plasma Torch without Additional Igniters”, J Vis Exp. 2015;(98);52816;PMCID;PMC4541567,PMID:25938699], the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. A commercial version is available from Moig Gerling, Gerling Applied Engineering, Inc., PO Box 580816, Modesto, CA 95358-0186. The plasma may be accelerated by a plasma jet source or a directed plasma source to form a plasma jet or directed plasma stream 50.

[0029] In one embodiment, the microwave cavity 60 serves to maintain the directional ionized molecular beam or the directional plasma of the directional flowing plasma gas, and may also irradiate the free electrons with microwave power, such as microwave photons. The cavity applies microwave power to the ionized molecular beam or plasma electrons, causing the free electrons to absorb the microwaves in a directionally oriented manner and gain kinetic energy without reaction in a directionally oriented manner, resulting in an increase in the kinetic energy of at least one of the directional electron flow, the directionally entrained ion flow, the directional plasma flow, and the directional plasma gas flow. The increase in the kinetic energy of the electrons increases the kinetic energy of the entrained ions, thereby increasing the kinetic energy of the plasma gas. The ion-electron pairs are coupled to H + 3+e - It may consist of:

[0030] In one embodiment, the plasma cavity 60 can include a thruster, such as at least one of a helicon, a magnetic hydrodynamic, electrostatic, or other thruster known in the art. The thruster can accelerate at least one charged species, such as electrons or ions, or a plasma, such as a hydrogen plasma, along the positive z-axis of the flow channel. In an exemplary embodiment, the thruster can accelerate at least one charged species, such as electrons or ions, or a plasma, such as a hydrogen plasma, along the positive z-axis of the flow channel. + 3+e - The plasma beam can be accelerated along the positive z-axis direction of the flow channel.

[0031] The cavity 60 can be connected to the plasma flow channel 10, which can further include magnets 53, such as permanent magnets or electromagnets, such as Helmholtz coils, to provide magnetization, polarization, and / or confinement and axial flow of free electrons of the plasma. In an exemplary embodiment, the Helmholtz coils are comprised of magnetic bottles to provide confinement and axial flow of free electrons of the plasma along the z-axis. The spatial drive system can further include (i) the plasma flow channel 10 connected to the plasma cavity 60, such that at least one of electrons and / or plasma flows from the plasma cavity 60 to the plasma flow channel 10, (ii) a horn antenna 56, (iii) a microwave generator 73, and (iv) a microwave power source 58. The plasma flow channel 10 can further receive electromagnetic radiation, such as microwaves, from a power source, such as a horn antenna 56, a microwave generator 73, and a microwave power source 58, to increase the kinetic energy of the free electrons, where the free electrons have an initial kinetic energy storage in the direction of the molecular beam or plasma flow from the kinetic energy of the molecular beam or plasma. The plasma flow channel 10 can further include at least one radio wave or microwave reflector 20 on the opposite side of the plasma flow channel 10 from the horn antenna 56 to reflect back to the plasma flow channel 10 and horn antenna 56 any radio waves or microwaves that are not absorbed by the electrons. The microwaves are polarized in the plane of the free electrons, where the alignment or polarization of the free electrons can be aligned or polarized by an applied magnetic field. The plasma flow channel 10 can further include a microwave waveguide to direct the microwaves from the microwave generator 73 and horn antenna 56 in a desired direction and with a desired polarization. In one embodiment, if the propagation direction of the molecular beam, free electron beam, plasma flow, and plasma gas flow is defined as the z-axis (vertical in FIGS. 1A-B), the plane of polarized electrons is determined by the electron angular momentum along the z-axis transverse direction. JPEG2025541132000004.jpg3545 is an xy plane with a microwave propagating in at least one direction, such as the y-axis or the horizontal direction of the z-axis.

[0032] In one embodiment, H +A hydrogen beam or plasma stream can also be formed in the cavity 60 from a hydrogen molecular beam or plasma gas stream. + The electrons, or plasma, flow into the plasma flow path 10. Electrons, having increased kinetic energy due to the incident microwave radiation from the microwave generator 73, are absorbed while propagating along the plasma flow path 10 and are then transported to the plasma flow path 10. + It may drag ions such as 3 ions.

[0033] The free electrons can propagate from the cavity 60 through the drift channel 10 or plasma channel 10 to a force transducer affixed to a structural element, where the force transducer converts the kinetic energy of the energetic electrons into a force that is applied to the structural element, such as the structure to which the transducer is affixed, such as a Faraday cup or beam recirculation device. A vacuum pump is used to pump the electron beam H + The collision products of the three rays can be collected and recycled. Alternatively, the force converter can consist of an MHD converter or a physical barrier / piston, which acts to block the plasma flow or plasma gas flow, respectively.

[0034] The high-energy electrons can be captured by a series of conductive cavities or electrodes 70, 71, and 72 and charged to a high voltage ranging from approximately 1 V to 100 MV. This voltage can apply a repulsive force to the high-energy electron beam reaching at least one of the repulsive cavities or electrodes. Alternatively, the spatial drive can consist of an electrode voltage source, which applies a voltage to the electrodes, causing the electrons to lose their repulsive kinetic energy and transfer that energy to at least one of the repulsive electrodes. The transferred energy is converted into a repulsive force on the cavities or electrodes, which is then transferred to the structure 62 to which they are fixed. The cavities or electrodes can be electrically insulated, as in the case of a Van de Graaff or Marx generator. To prevent arcing, the cavities or electrodes can be maintained in a vacuum using separating electrical insulators 54 and 57 between the series of cavities or electrodes and the structural support 62, respectively, with the drift channel 10 and plasma channel 10 passing through the insulator. The series of cavities or electrodes may consist of right cylinders (e.g., 70 and 71), each with a large radius to accommodate high charge, and may further consist of at least one inverted right conical cavity 72 to accommodate high-energy electrons at the apex of the cone. The sloped walls of the conical cavity may tilt a force along one axis, such as the axis of the electron beam, to a transverse axis corresponding to a transverse force component. The spatial actuator may include means for tilting at least one of the cavities or electrodes 70, 71, and 72. In one embodiment, the conical cavity 72 may be tilted from being aligned with the electron beam axis to generate at least one force component along the direction of the tilted beam axis and at least one axis transverse to the tilted beam axis.

[0035] In another embodiment, the means for braking or impeding at least one of the kinetic flow, kinetic and electrostatic momentum, kinetic energy, and pressure comprises a rigid piston 72, where plasma expansion can cause the closed cavity to expand and increase the flow velocity before being braked by the rigid piston.

[0036] In another embodiment, the repulsive magnetic field means is comprised of at least two electrodes 70, 71, and 72, which apply a repulsive force to the electron beam or electron flow. The repulsive force against the electrons is transmitted to the electrodes, and then transmitted to the structure 62 to which the electrodes are fixed. One of the electrodes can be comprised of a grid, such as a metal mesh grid, so that electrons with kinetic energy can pass through the grid. The at least two electrodes can perform the reverse function of the Franck-Hertz experiment. In the embodiment shown in Figures 1A-B, the spatial drive device is (i) an electron beam emitted by an electron gun 50, further including an electron gun cathode that emits electrons to form an electron beam; (ii) an electron flow path 10 for directional propagation of the electron beam within the flow path; (iii) means for applying microwave power to electrons in the electron beam propagating directionally within the flow path 10, such as at least one microwave cavity 60, comprising a power source 52, a microwave generator 51, a waveguide 61, a tuning stub 66, a horn antenna 56, a microwave generator 73, and a microwave power source 58, to cause an increase in the kinetic energy of the directional electron stream by the free electrons absorbing microwaves in a directionally manner and gaining kinetic energy without reaction; and (iv) repulsive field means comprising (a) a metal mesh grid electrode 70 having a positive bias for attracting electrons toward it, and (b) at least one negatively biased electrode 71 and electrode 72 for providing a repulsive field acting on electrons passing through the grid electrode 70. At least one of the electron-repelling electrodes 71 and 72 can be formed of a metal mesh grid electrode.

[0037] The ionized molecular beam from the molecular beam source 50 can replace the electron beam emitted by the electron gun. Specifically, in one embodiment, the molecular beam is ionized to form at least an electron beam or stream of electrons, and optionally ions, such as H +The repulsive field means includes (i) a positively biased metal mesh grid electrode or anode 70 that attracts electrons toward it, and (ii) at least one negatively biased electrode or cathode 71 and 72 that provides a repulsive field acting on electrons passing through the grid electrode 70. In one embodiment, positive ions corresponding to the ion flow can be at least partially repelled by the positively biased electrode 70. The voltage drop across the at least two electrodes can be controlled by voltage and current sensors and controllers to optimize the kinetic energy to the power transferred to the repulsive field means. The electron and ion currents cause ion and electron recombination, and the resulting gas is recycled to the molecular beam source 50 by the gas recycling means.

[0038] In one embodiment, the spatial drive system may further include a magnet for applying a magnetic field. The magnetic field may be along an axis substantially perpendicular to the axis of propagation of the positively charged ions and electrons. In an embodiment, the positively charged ions and electrons may be separated by the magnetic field that induces opposite Lorentzian polarizations in the positively charged ions and electrons.

[0039] 1A-B and may include at least one magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) converter, such as disk-type MHD converters 70 and 72, for converting plasma kinetic energy into propulsive energy. In an exemplary embodiment, the MHD device may include a linear or axial MHD flow path, such as an axial MHD flow path with a square or rectangular cross section for propagating the plasma flow, a magnetic field source transverse to the flow axis of the axial flow path, and electrodes on the flow path walls parallel to the magnetic field axis. In another exemplary embodiment, the MHD converter includes a disk-to-disk flow path for the plasma flow from the axial flow path, a racetrack magnet for applying a magnetic field across the gap or disk flow path in a direction perpendicular to the disk plane, and radially inner and outer disk flow path electrodes.

[0040] The MHD electrodes may include at least one means for supplying MHD power, such as a power controller or power conditioner, and may further include at least one of (i) a capacitor or electrical connection to a capacitor and (ii) an electrical insulator, to build up a charge and voltage between the electrodes and stop the plasma flow in one direction along the axial flow path or in at least one of the radial and azimuthal directions between the disks of the circular flow path. The kinetic energy of the plasma may be at least partially converted to propulsive energy by a magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) converter in at least one of the axial and circular flow paths. The MHD magnets may provide sufficient strength to block the plasma flow as desired.

[0041] Gases formed by recombination in one or more stages of the MHD device can be removed by a vacuum pump. In one embodiment, the axial channel and / or the disk channel can include a pressure drop section (axial channel and disk MHD channel) 72, such as a length extension and / or a diverging section, to reduce the gas pressure formed by recombination and maintain a pressure gradient in the channel from a plasma source such as a surface wave system or a microwave cavity system.

[0042] The spatial drive unit can orient the electron beam axis in a desired force direction. The spatial drive system may be composed of multiple spatial drive units oriented along different axes to achieve propulsion in a corresponding selected direction. The spatial drive system may include reorienting at least one spatial drive unit to tilt in a selected direction to achieve propulsion in that direction. Multiple spatial drive units may be distributed across multiple locations on the hull. A typical distribution is at the tip of a triangular hull, characterized by its optimal design for lateral maneuverability due to its triangular leading edge wing design. Other desirable symmetrical shapes for the hull include cylindrical, disc, and spherical shapes. The hull can be rotated by sequentially operating the spatial drive units in different positions and orientations, rocking, and then rotating. The rotational motion may average the forces of multiple units to achieve greater lift stability. The centrifugal force generated by the rotation replaces gravity in the case of the SunCell® generator's molten metal reflux. In one embodiment, the SunCell® may be mounted on a gimbal that rotates to generate reflux centrifugal force.

[0043] In another embodiment, shown in Figures 1A-B, the spatial drive device comprises a plasma sustained by a plasma excitation system. The plasma excitation system may comprise a plasma tube or cavity 60, electrodes, and an electrode power source, such as a glow discharge plasma system. Alternatively, the plasma excitation system may comprise an electrodeless discharge system. Four exemplary types of excitation for electrodeless discharges are (i) inductive (magnetic field) discharge, (ii) capacitive (electric field) discharge, (iii) microwave discharge, and (iv) traveling wave discharge, each of which constitutes a system known in the art. In an exemplary capacitive discharge embodiment, a surface wave is propagated along the plasma column using capacitive coupling, where a strong electric field exists between a ground plane and a conductor ring, such as a copper ring, placed around the tube. In another exemplary embodiment, a surfer guide is a device that can be used as a plasma source, consisting of a simple surface wave launcher that can surface propagate along the tube for plasma discharge. A major advantage of surfer guides over other plasma sources is that they can use frequencies in the gigahertz range, such as 2.45 GHz, where high power can be obtained at low cost. In a further exemplary embodiment, the spatial drive system includes at least one of a generator 50 with a radio frequency or microwave matching network 15, a gyrotron 50, and a surface wave guide or launcher 50 to supply power to a gas in a cavity 60 to maintain a plasma, such as an H plasma, in the cavity, and to apply electromagnetic power to ionized plasma electrons to create an increase in kinetic energy of at least one of a directional electron flow, a directional plasma flow, or a directional plasma gas flow due to the free electrons absorbing microwaves in a directional manner and gaining reaction-free kinetic energy in a directional manner. The plasma cavity 60 may be comprised of a tube, such as a dielectric tube, such as a quartz tube 60, that can be inserted through a waveguide 61.The cavity 60 may comprise a plasma generator, such as a surfer guide plasma generator, comprising a radio frequency or microwave source 50, a waveguide 61, and a matching network 15 for matching the impedance of the microwave waveguide 61, the load for the source 50, and the plasma cavity.

[0044] In one embodiment, the spatial drive system may include at least one electromagnetic power generator 50 for outputting electromagnetic radiation of at least one of a radio frequency wave and a microwave generator. Radio frequency waves may be comprised of electromagnetic radiation having wavelengths in the electromagnetic spectrum longer than infrared light. Microwaves may be comprised of electromagnetic radiation having wavelengths in the range of approximately 1 meter to 1 millimeter, corresponding to frequencies between 300 MHz and 300 GHz, respectively. The radio frequency generator may further include a matching network 15. The matching network 15 may output to a transmission line 61 or a radio frequency or microwave waveguide or cavity 61. The waveguide or cavity 61 may supply electromagnetic power to at least one plasma, such as a hydrogen plasma, to excite linear translation of free electrons that absorb corresponding electromagnetic photons. The electromagnetic power may include photons that can be absorbed by the free electrons to increase their kinetic energy.

[0045] The waveguide or cavity 61 may be a multimodal cavity, such as a bimodal waveguide or cavity. The waveguide or cavity 61 may be comprised of at least one section having a smaller dimension, such as a smaller channel height, than the other sections, which may help enhance the power density of the radio frequency or microwave. The waveguide may comprise a through-hole plasma tube 60 that is at least partially transparent to the radio frequency or microwave waves maintained within the waveguide or cavity. Free electrons or a source of free electrons may be flowed within the plasma tube. The source of free electrons may be comprised of hydrogen gas. The spatial drive system may include a plasma gas source, such as a pure or mixed form of at least one of a noble gas, such as argon, hydrogen, and water vapor. The spatial drive system may further include flow meters, regulators, valves, vacuum pumps, pressure gauges and controls, and other systems for supplying plasma gas under desired pressure and flow conditions, such as flow rates ranging from approximately 1 mL to 1000 L per second, and at least one pressure ranging from 1 μTorr to 760,000 Torr, and 100 mTorr to 2 atmospheres.

[0046] The plasma cavity or tube 60 can have a connection to the plasma flow channel 10 along the positive z-axis. The plasma flow channel 10 can comprise a magnetic field source, such as an axial magnetic field. The magnetic field source can comprise an axial magnetic field source, such as Helmholtz coils 53, through which the plasma flow channel 10 passes through the center of the coil. The axial magnetic field can comprise a magnetic pinch in one or more regions, such as the location of at least one Helmholtz coil 53. The magnetic field source can also comprise a magnetic bottle through which the most energetic electrons or ions pass along the z-axis. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 1, the magnetic bottle is H + 3+e - To accelerate the plasma beam, a thruster, such as a helicon, magnetohydrodynamic, electrostatic, or at least one other thruster known in the art, may be placed along the positive z-axis of the flow channel.

[0047] The spatial driver may include a second radio frequency or microwave generator 73 that outputs electromagnetic radiation, such as at least one of a radio frequency and a microwave generator. Radio frequency waves may comprise electromagnetic radiation having wavelengths in the electromagnetic spectrum longer than infrared. Microwaves may comprise electromagnetic radiation having wavelengths in the range of approximately 1 meter to 1 millimeter, corresponding to frequencies of 300 MHz to 300 GHz, respectively. The radio frequency or microwave generator may further include a matching network 74. The second radio frequency or microwave generator 73 or the matching network 74 may output to a transmission line, a radio frequency or microwave waveguide or cavity, or an antenna 56. An antenna, such as a horn or strip antenna 56, may output at least one of directional and polarized radiation and radio frequency or microwave photons. The plasma flow channel 10 may be constructed of a material that is at least partially transparent to incident electromagnetic radiation, such as microwaves. In an exemplary embodiment, the flow channel may be constructed of a dielectric material, such as quartz, or a ceramic, such as those disclosed herein. The plasma in the plasma flow channel 10 can receive and absorb electromagnetic power as radio frequency or microwave photons from a second radio frequency or microwave generator 73. Exemplary microwave frequencies range from 1 to 10 GHz. The microwave generator may comprise a magnetron, klystron, traveling wave tube (TWT), gyrotron, solid-state high-power microwave source, and others known in the art. The antenna 56 can emit a directional beam of photons that enter the plasma flow channel from a lateral direction, such as along the x-axis in the case of a z-axis-oriented plasma flow channel. The spatial drive may include at least one reflector, such as a radio frequency or microwave reflector 20. Photons not absorbed by the laterally oriented horn antenna may propagate to an opposing corner reflector 20, such as a dihedral or trihedral. The reflector reflects the photons back into the plasma flow channel 10, where they are partially absorbed by electrons. The photons that are not absorbed are reflected back into the propagation path by the antenna 56, and the reflection-absorption cycle between the antenna, plasma, channel, and reflector is repeated.In one embodiment, an antenna such as the horn antenna 56 and a reflector such as a dihedral or trihedral can illuminate a substantial portion of the length of the drift or plasma channel 10, for example, between about 1% and 100% and / or between 30% and 100%.

[0048] The radio wave or microwave reflector 20 may consist of a main reflector, such as a corner reflector facing a laterally oriented horn antenna, such as a dihedral or trihedral, and may further include a series of trihedral reflectors for the radio wave side lobes and main lobes, oriented azimuthally around the main reflector. Corner reflectors are passive elements that directly reflect radio waves back to the radiation source. Corner reflectors are generally composed of perpendicular plates that intersect with each other. Exemplary corner reflectors are dihedral and trihedral. Dihedral corner reflectors are sensitive to mechanical alignment, while trihedral corner reflectors are highly tolerant of misalignment. An exemplary trihedral corner reflector is composed of three right-angle plates.

[0049] The plasma cavity 60 can be configured in any desired geometric shape, such as a right cylinder, a sphere, a polygon such as a rectangle or a square, or a regular pyramidal cavity with a plasma exit at at least one of its four equivalent vertices. The plasma cavity can be made of a material that is transparent to radio waves and / or microwaves, such as quartz, sapphire, MgF2, glass, fused silica, alumina, zirconia, hafnia, magnesia, boron nitride, or other ceramics, or other radio wave and / or microwave transparent materials known in the art.

[0050] In one embodiment, plasma excitation, H, is used to maintain the plasma within cavity 60. + 3+e - It may comprise at least one thruster, such as a helicon, magnetohydrodynamic, electrostatic, or other thruster known in the art, for accelerating the plasma beam. +The planar geometry of 3 may stabilize the corresponding ions, extending the lifetime of the paired free electrons and increasing the microwave photon absorption cross section.

[0051] A second radio frequency or microwave generator 73, comprising a gyrotron, can generate microwave power at a frequency that resonates with the magnetic field applied to the plasma in the plasma flow channel 10, such as a frequency that resonates with the axial magnetic field applied by the Helmholtz coils 53.

[0052] In an embodiment, the plasma flow passage 10 may be angled relative to the plasma chamber 60 to avoid interference or coupling of the first radio frequency or microwave generator 51 with the radio frequency or microwave of the second radio frequency or microwave generator 73, which would reduce the power of the kinetic energy of the plasma flow within the passage 10. In one embodiment, the connection between the plasma cavity 60 and the plasma flow passage 10 may be angled to more easily assemble packaging including the plasma cavity 60, the plasma flow passage 10, and at least one of the radio frequency generator 50 with matching network 15. The waveguide, transmission line, or cavity 61 may be angled to support resonant electromagnetic cavity modes that match the non-collinear plasma tube-to-plasma flow passage connection.

[0053] The photons emitted by the antenna 56 of the second electromagnetic generator 73, such as a microwave generator horn antenna, may be composed of linearly polarized photons. Each photon may have an electric field in the xy plane. Alternatively, the incident photons may include circularly polarized photons. The polarization may be in the xy plane.

[0054] Exemplary Experimental Spatial Drive Embodiment for Measuring Directional Plasma Flow and Corresponding Forces A free electron with velocity in the vector direction absorbs a microwave photon and is accelerated preferentially in the direction of propagation. Half of the energy of the absorbed photon is stored as an increase in the electron's kinetic energy, and half is stored as an increase in rotational kinetic energy, which is invariant to the electron's angular momentum. JPEG2025541132000005.jpg3545, and the corresponding magnetic moment of the Bohr nuclear magneton at a shortened de Broglie wavelength. When excited electrons constitute a plasma flow, ions are entrained by the electrons, which also changes the direction of the ion flow. Hydrogen plasma is H + 3 is a special case due to the very long ion lifetime. The corresponding directional kinetic energy can be evidenced by (i) an increase in pressure downstream of the excitation region, (ii) a broadening of the directional Doppler linewidth of the recombined ions, (iii) an increase in the electron kinetic energy measured by an electron energy analyzer, Thomson scattering, or a Faraday cup, and (iv) forces transferred to the plasma chamber, such as thrust and lift.

[0055] The plasma torch test disclosed below can be used to detect a directional upward force, counteracting gravity, acting on a vertical or z-axis oriented plasma chamber, where free electrons in the plasma flow along the z-axis absorb the applied microwave radiation, increasing the kinetic energy of the plasma flow in the z-direction.

[0056] The plasma flow source is an atmospheric-pressure gas-flow plasma torch. It consists of a plasma tube with a gas inlet and gas outlet (e.g., quartz) with mass flow controllers at both ends of the plasma tube; a pressurized plasma gas supply containing at least one of argon, hydrogen, and water vapor; and a plasma source, such as a microwave plasma source including a microwave power supply, magnetron, isolator, circulator, power meter, three-stub tuner, tapered waveguide, or microwave cavity. Gas at pressures above atmospheric pressure flows at high velocities controlled by a mass flow meter from the pre-acceleration end (PreAE) of the plasma tube through a tube inlet inserted into the microwave cavity. The plasma is accelerated by microwave absorption, increasing the gas pressure toward the closed end of the plasma tube, called the post-acceleration end (PostAE). The resulting pressure gradient from the pre-acceleration end to the post-acceleration end generates a net force pushing against the closed post-acceleration end of the plasma tube. The post-acceleration end has two side ports positioned 180° apart, each with a cross-sectional area smaller than that of the pre-acceleration end of the plasma tube. Each side port is connected to the rear acceleration end of the plasma tube by a flow passage. High-pressure gas in the front acceleration end exits the side port at high velocity and passes through the plasma torch and microwave cavity at high velocity, forming a closed loop where absorption of microwave photons causes directional acceleration toward the rear acceleration end, generating a steady net force at the adjacent rear acceleration end. Opposing gas ports nullify the net axial force. Alternatively, the force-cancelling side port may be vented to the atmosphere with the plasma gas flow being fed by compressed gas. The net z-axis force due to the spatial drive effect can be measured using a scale with a system that balances the plasma chamber weight to increase the sensitivity of the force measurement.

[0057] Specific test steps: A high-velocity gas flow is introduced into the lower part of the plasma tube, which is freely housed in a microwave resonator and positioned along the z-axis.

[0058] A quartz T-shaped outlet is used at the top of the plasma tube in the z-axis direction, and the gas flows crosswise at the T-shaped outlet in the opposite direction to prevent vertical and horizontal forces from being applied.

[0059] The bottom of the plasma tube, freely housed in the microwave cavity, is placed on a balance, with the tube partially weighted down by the weight of the gas lines.

[0060] The upper part of the tube is connected to a pulley system with a water tank counterweight, and the amount of water in the counterweight is adjusted to obtain the desired partial weighting of the scale.

[0061] The weight increase due to the application of microwave power by an upward force on the plasma tube is determined by measuring it on a balance.

[0062] This normal force depends on the gas flow rate, pressure, and microwave power.

Claims

1. a directed plasma gas flow (for imparting at least propulsion and lift to an object), (i) a source of a directed plasma gas flow, a molecular beam, and a gas jet; (ii) a plasma generator having electrons, ions, and a plasma gas for providing and maintaining a plasma and a plasma flow; (iii) a microwave generator, at least one of a microwave generator, a microwave cavity, a horn antenna, and at least one microwave reflector, that applies microwave power to the ionized plasma electrons to cause an increase in kinetic energy of at least one of a directional electron flow, a directional plasma flow, and a directional plasma gas flow; (iv) at least one converter for receiving directional kinetic energy and power, and corresponding levitation or propulsion force, from at least one of: (a) electrons that have absorbed microwaves in a directionally oriented manner and gained reaction-free kinetic energy in a directionally oriented manner; and (b) a directional plasma stream comprising plasma electrons that have absorbed microwaves in a directionally oriented manner, gained reaction-free kinetic energy, and transferred a portion of their kinetic energy to entrained plasma ions; and (c) a directional plasma gas stream, wherein the plasma electrons that have absorbed microwaves in a directionally oriented manner and gained reaction-free kinetic energy at least one of: (aa) directly transferred directional kinetic energy to the plasma gas; (bb) indirectly transferred a portion of their directional kinetic energy to the plasma gas via entrained ions; and (cc) increased kinetic energy inventory of the plasma gas stream via recombination of electrons and ions with increased kinetic energy. A spatial drive system comprising:

2. 2. The spatially driven system of claim 1, wherein the two-component plasma flow is a plasma containing electrons and ions (e.g., free electrons and trihydrogen cations (H)) with an extended recombination half-life relative to a typical ion-electron recombination half-life. ＋ ３ A spatially driven system characterized by being composed of a hydrogen plasma consisting of ions.

3. 2. The spatial drive system according to claim 1, wherein the plasma generating device comprises a surfer guide plasma generating device, a microwave generating device and a microwave plasma discharge cavity, a plasma torch, an ionization source and a plasma chamber.

4. 2. The spatial drive system according to claim 1, wherein the plasma chamber is made of a refractory material that is transparent to microwaves.

5. 10. The spatial drive system according to claim 1, wherein the plasma chamber is made of a quartz tube.

6. 2. The spatial drive system of claim 1, wherein the converter transmits the received levitating or driving power and force to a desired object to be moved, the converter comprising at least one of: (i) a negatively charged repelling electrode that repels plasma electrons so that they receive a force from the directional electron flow; (ii) an MHD converter that blocks plasma high-energy electrons and ions of the received plasma flow; and (iii) a piston that receives pressure from the plasma gas flow and the recombined plasma flow.

7. 2. The spatial drive system according to claim 1, comprising: (i) a first power source of radio frequency or microwave; and (ii) a source of free electrons and H ＋ ３ a surfer guide, plasma chamber, first microwave cavity, or plasma torch powered by a first radio frequency or microwave power source for maintaining a hydrogen plasma composed of ions; and (iii) applying microwave power to the ionized plasma electrons, causing the free electrons to directionally absorb the microwaves, gain directionally non-reactive kinetic energy, and repel the high-energy electrons that directionally absorbed the microwaves, so as to generate an increase in kinetic energy of at least one of a directional electron flow and a directional plasma flow. and (iv) a second power source of radio waves or microwaves for repelling high-energy electrons that have absorbed the microwaves in a directionally oriented manner, and at least one of a second microwave cavity, a horn antenna, and at least one microwave reflector facing the horn antenna; and (a) a negatively charged repelling electrode for repelling high-energy electrons that have absorbed the microwaves in a directionally oriented manner, (b) an MHD converter for capturing high-energy electrons that have absorbed in a directionally oriented manner and gained directional reaction-free kinetic energy and ions entrained by the high-energy electrons, and transmitting a corresponding stopping force to the moving object; and (c) at least one converter in the group of plasma flow and gas flow barriers for physically braking or at least partially restricting the axial flow and transmitting a corresponding flow-blocking force on the barrier to the moving object.

8. 2. The spatial drive system according to claim 1, wherein the first and second radio frequency or microwave power sources are configured from the same radio frequency or microwave generator and matching network.

9. 2. The spatial drive system according to claim 1, wherein the first and second microwave cavities are the same microwave cavity.

10. 7. The spatial drive system according to claim 6, wherein the MHD converter for blocking the plasma flow comprises a linear or circular type generator.

11. 2. The spatial drive system of claim 1, wherein the plasma cavity comprises at least one gas flow passage in a direction at least partially perpendicular to the direction of flow in which microwave power is applied to maintain a directional flow of microwave-absorbing electrons.

12. 12. The spatial drive system of claim 11, wherein the gas flow path is composed of a diverging gas flow path and at least one vacuum pump, and causes at least one of a pressure gradient and recirculation of plasma gas against the plasma gas and the gas flow formed by recombination of ions and electrons due to loss of kinetic energy or kinetic energy caused by (a) electrode repulsion, (b) obstruction of MHD plasma flow, and (c) physical direction flow restriction by a barrier (piston).

13. The transducer may further include at least one structural element attached to the group consisting of a repelling electrode, an MHD transducer, or a piston, which transfers the kinetic energy of the high-energy electrons to the transducer and supports the transducer. The space drive system according to claim 1 , wherein the system generates lift or thrust on at least one structural element.

14. The spatial drive system of claim 1 , further comprising a plurality of spatial drive units oriented along different axes to achieve at least one of drive and lift in corresponding selected directions.

15. 10. The space drive system of claim 1, further comprising a servo motor and mechanical connection for tilting the at least one space drive system in a selected direction to achieve at least one of propulsion and lift in that direction.

16. 10. The spatial drive system of claim 1, further comprising: a pressurized plasma gas source that provides a directional plasma gas flow above atmospheric pressure; a plasma torch that maintains the directional plasma gas flow above atmospheric pressure; an MHD converter that terminates the plasma flow after absorption of microwave photons by plasma electrons; a plasma recombination and plasma gas expansion chamber and flow path; and a plasma gas recirculator.

17. 2. The spatial drive system according to claim 1, wherein the plasma gas comprises hydrogen or a hydrogen source.

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