Gas generating composition for controlling lava flows of volcanic eruption and method for controlling lava flows of the same

Abstract

There are 111 active volcanoes in Japan, and as many as 50 of them are in a 24-hour monitoring system for disaster prevention. To solve the problem that there are few observation records of eruption of a volcano, it is still difficult to predict the eruption, only software countermeasures are basically examined, and hardware countermeasures are not sufficiently examined. It is considered that some hardware measures, if not perfect, should be taken in order to realize the SDGs11 "Keep living". The present invention is one of the hardware measures, and in particular, when a lava flows erupted due to a volcanic eruption or the like may threaten human life, a house, or a colony, an explosive technology that functions quickly and effectively is applied. To provide a gas generating agent composition and a method for controlling the lava flows of the gas generating agent composition, capable of timely and directly controlling the lava flows by suppressing the flow velocity and changing the flow direction.SOLUTION: The present invention relates to a gas generating composition and a method for controlling the lava flows thereof, the gas generating composition having the functions of reducing the flow velocity and controlling the flow direction by the force of a large amount of gas generated by receiving the heat energy of an lava flows, cooling the lava flows tip by the contact of the generated gas or ejected matter with the lava flows tip, and controlling the lava flows by the contact, melting, and chemical reactions of the generated ejected matter or generated residue on the electrode tip.SELECTED DRAWING: None

Description

[Technical Field]

[0001] The present invention is a method for utilizing the power and cooling capacity of the generated gas and the surface solidification function caused by a chemical reaction with the ejecta by applying explosives technology that functions quickly and effectively when a lava flow erupted by a volcanic eruption or the like poses a threat to human life, houses, or settlements. It provides a gas generant composition that suppresses the flow rate and changes the flow direction in order to control lava flows in a timely and direct manner, and a lava flow control method using the same. [Background technology]

[0002] According to Non-Patent Document 1 below, in 1991-1992, attempts were made to change the direction of lava flows by dropping concrete blocks in order to control or stop the flow of lava caused by volcanic eruptions. Also, according to Non-Patent Document 2 below, an attempt was made to solidify the lava by pouring water over a period of five months during the 1973 Heimaey eruption in Iceland. However, despite the large-scale measures taken in both cases, no significant results were achieved. [Prior art documents] [Non-patent literature]

[0003] [Non-Patent Document 1] Journal of Voleanology and Geothermal Research, 56 (1993) 1-34 [Non-patent document 2] Williams, R. S, (1997): Lava-cooling operations during the 1973 eruption of Eldfell Volcano, Heimaey, Vestmannaeyjar, Iceland, US Geological Survey Open-file Report 97-724, 73 pp. Summary of the Invention [Problem to be solved by the invention]

[0004] The lava flow control method described in Non-Patent Document 1 only involves physically controlling the flow direction using heavy objects such as concrete blocks, while Non-Patent Document 2 attempts to deal with the problem solely by using the cooling effect of large amounts of water from the lava flow. However, both methods required large amounts of concrete blocks or large amounts of water, and a great deal of effort was expended in transporting and arranging them, but the actual effect was limited and the efficiency was very low.

[0005] Therefore, this invention uses explosives technology to achieve three effects in a single solution: the flow direction control effect due to the force of the generated gas, the cooling effect on the front of the lava flow due to the generated gas and ejecta, and the chemical reaction and solidification effect due to the ejecta and generated residual material coming into contact with the surface of the front of the lava flow.This makes it possible to achieve a very efficient lava flow suppression effect with a relatively small amount. [Means for solving the problem]

[0006] In order to solve the above-mentioned problems, the present invention uses an explosive based on a gas generating composition for an air bag as an explosive that can be activated even when subjected to the thermal energy of a high-temperature lava flow and is safe to handle.

[0007] The gas generant composition of the present invention must be able to be handled in a normal environment and must react and activate instantaneously when approached by a lava flow at 800 to 1000°C, so it is preferable that the decomposition starting temperature is 150 to 350°C.

[0008] The gas generant composition of the present invention is required to generate a large amount of gas quickly when a lava flow approaches, and therefore it is desirable that the composition continues to burn even after ignition at normal pressure, with the burning rate being 5 millimeters per second or more.

[0009] The gas generated from the gas generant composition of the present invention rapidly cools a lava flow equivalent to 1000°C, so it is necessary for the temperature to be 100°C or less at the contact stage. More specifically, it is desirable for the temperature of the generated gas to be 100°C or less at a distance of 100 mm from the burning surface of the gas generant composition.

[0010] It is also desirable that the gas generating composition of the present invention releases 20 moles or more of gas per 1 kg.

[0011] Furthermore, it is preferable that the gas generating composition of the present invention contains, in addition to at least one or more types of fuel and oxidizer, one or more types of metal oxides or metal salts having low melting points or endothermic decomposition properties as lava cooling solidification components.

[0012] Furthermore, it is desirable that the gas generating composition of the present invention can be molded into various shapes so that the gas generation rate can be adjusted.

[0013] Furthermore, when it is necessary to further adjust the ejection speed or gas temperature of the gas generating composition of the present invention or when ease of transportation is taken into consideration, it is desirable to use the powder or molded product by filling it into a container made of paper, cloth, wood, bamboo, synthetic resin, glass, pottery, ceramic, or metal.

[0014] Furthermore, in the case of the gas generating composition of the present invention, if activation is required before the temperature reaches the decomposition initiation temperature due to the approach of a lava flow, an ignition system may be installed to provide a device that can be forcibly activated by remote control. [Effects of the Invention]

[0015] This invention is expected to achieve the same performance as gas generants for airbag inflators. Because it burns and decomposes at a relatively low temperature, it reacts quickly when a high-temperature lava flow (approximately 800-1000°C) approaches. Furthermore, the generated gas contains a significant amount of water vapor, and the cooling effect of this water is significantly greater than that of other gas components. It also meets stringent passenger vehicle standards and is installed maintenance-free, resulting in a long lifespan. Its performance can generally be restored even after 15 years of room-temperature storage. Automotive safety components that use explosives, such as inflators and seatbelt pretensioners, are exempt from the Explosives Control Act due to the safety of their gas generants, making them particularly safe to handle than other explosives. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0016] A gas generant composition and a lava flow control method therefor according to a representative embodiment of the present invention will be described in detail below.

[0017] The gas generant contains a fuel component that thermally decomposes to generate gas when it reaches a predetermined temperature. It also contains an oxidizer containing enough oxygen to oxidatively decompose the fuel component. It may also contain a binder to fix the component particles and mold them into any shape. Finally, it contains a lava cooling and solidifying agent that is ejected into the lava flow together with the generated gas and has a chemical slag-forming function and a cooling effect when it comes into contact with the lava flow.

[0018] More specifically, the gas generant composition contains, for example, 20 to 60 mass% of a fuel component (component A), 30 to 70 mass% of an oxidizer component (component B), and 0.5 to 50 mass parts of a lava cooling solidification agent (component C). Furthermore, in order to fix these particles and mold them into any shape, 0.5 to 30 mass% of a binder may be added to 100 mass% of the above components.

[0019] The fuel for component A is not particularly limited, and is preferably selected from at least one of tetrazole derivatives such as 5-aminotetrazole, bitetrazole derivatives, triazole derivatives, dicyandiamide, azodicarbonamide, nitroguanidine, guanidine nitrate, oxamide, ammonium oxalate, hydrazodicarbonamide, urea, melamine, melamine cyanurate, Avicel, guar gum, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, potassium carboxymethylcellulose, ammonium carboxymethylcellulose, nitrocellulose, aluminum, boron, magnesium, magnalium, zirconium, titanium, titanium hydride, tungsten, and silicon.

[0020] The oxidizing agent (B) contains oxygen and generates thermal energy when combusted with the fuel (A), thereby generating gas through thermal decomposition. The oxidizing agent is not particularly limited, and examples thereof include one or more selected from the group consisting of oxyacid salts, metal oxides, and metal composite oxides. Examples of oxyacid salts include those comprising a cation selected from ammonium, alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, and transition metals, and a hydrogen-free anion selected from nitric acid, nitrous acid, chloric acid, and perchloric acid. Such an oxyacid salt is preferably selected from at least one of ammonium nitrate, sodium nitrate, potassium nitrate, magnesium nitrate, strontium nitrate, basic bismuth nitrate, basic copper nitrate, ammonium nitrite, sodium nitrite, potassium nitrite, magnesium nitrite, strontium nitrite, ammonium chlorate, sodium chlorate, potassium chlorate, magnesium chlorate, barium chlorate, ammonium perchlorate, sodium perchlorate, potassium perchlorate, magnesium perchlorate, barium perchlorate, Cu2O, Co2O3, CoO, Co3O4, Fe2O3, FeO, Fe3O4, MnO2, Mn2O3, Mn3O4, NiO, ZnO, MoO3, H2MoO4, K2MoO4, CoMoO4, Bi2MoO6, and Bi2O3.

[0021] The lava cooling and solidifying agent of Component C can be at least one selected from metal oxides, metal hydroxides, metal carbonates, metal hydrogen carbonates, metal halides, and metal sulfates. For example, silica, alumina, silica-alumina composite oxide, acid clay, mica, talc, bentonite, hydrotalcite, zeolite, soda-lime glass, borosilicate glass, crystallized glass, quartz glass, zirconia, titania, zinc hydroxide, aluminum hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, cobalt hydroxide, strontium hydroxide, cesium hydroxide, iron hydroxide, copper hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, nickel hydroxide, barium hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, manganese hydroxide, lithium hydroxide, rubidium hydroxide, lithium carbonate, ammonium carbonate, sodium carbonate, magnesium carbonate, potassium carbonate, calcium carbonate, manganese carbonate, iron carbonate, cobalt carbonate, nickel carbonate, copper carbonate, zinc carbonate, rubidium carbonate, strontium carbonate, cesium carbonate, barium carbonate, lithium bicarbonate, ammonium bicarbonate, sodium bicarbonate, magnesium bicarbonate, calcium bicarbonate, cesium bicarbonate , barium bicarbonate, silicon tetrachloride, silicon tetrabromide, silicon tetraiodide, lithium chloride, lithium bromide, lithium iodide, sodium chloride, sodium bromide, sodium iodide, potassium chloride, bromide, potassium iodide, rubidium chloride, rubidium bromide, rubidium iodide, cesium chloride, cesium bromide, cesium iodide, magnesium chloride, bromide, magnesium iodide, calcium chloride, calcium bromide, calcium iodide, strontium chloride, strontium bromide, strontium iodide, barium chloride, barium bromide, barium iodide, zinc chloride, zinc bromide, zinc iodide, aluminum chloride, aluminum bromide, aluminum iodide, lithium sulfate, sodium sulfate, potassium sulfate, rubidium sulfate, cesium sulfate, magnesium sulfate, calcium sulfate, strontium sulfate, barium sulfate, zinc sulfate, aluminum sulfate, and at least one selected from the group consisting of aluminum sulfate are preferred.

[0022] A binder may be added as needed to improve molding strength, and examples thereof include starch, polyvinyl alcohol, microcrystalline cellulose, water-soluble cellulose salts, guar gum, carrageenan, gum arabic, polyacrylamide, calcium stearate, molybdenum disulfide, acid clay, talc, bentonite, diatomaceous earth, kaolin, silica, alumina, boehmite, sodium silicate, etc. These binders may be added after dissolving them in a soluble solvent.

[0023] The content ratios of the fuel (component A), the oxidizer (component B), and the lava cooling and solidifying agent (component C) in a total of 100 mass % are as follows: Component A: 20 to 60% by mass, preferably 25 to 50% by mass, more preferably 30 to 40% by mass Component B: 30 to 70% by mass, preferably 35 to 60% by mass, and more preferably 40 to 50% by mass Component C: 0.5 to 50% by mass, preferably 1.5 to 30% by mass, and more preferably 3 to 15% by mass The content of the binder is 0.5 to 30 parts by mass, preferably 3 to 25 parts by mass, and more preferably 5 to 20 parts by mass, per 100 parts by mass of the contents of the A component, the B component, and the C component.

[0024] Since the gas generant composition needs to generate a large amount of gas quickly when a lava flow approaches, it is desirable that the composition continue to burn after ignition at normal pressure, with a burning speed of 5 millimeters per second or more.

[0025] The layout of the lava flow path is considered based on observation data and predictions such as lava flow prediction simulations, but it is desirable that the gas generant composition be in the form and method that is most effective and quickest for changing the flow direction or stopping the flow.

[0026] When placing the gas generant composition in the flow path of a lava flow, there may be cases where transport by land is not possible due to the absence of roads or roads that have been cut off by a disaster and are impassable, and in such cases the composition may be transported by air by aircraft, drone, etc. and dropped at the destination. In such cases, it is desirable for the composition to have appropriate impact sensitivity and molding strength so that it will not ignite or break upon impact when it lands.

[0027] The characteristics of gas generant compositions can be significantly changed by combining various components. Depending on the expected performance, different gas generants can be used effectively depending on the characteristics and direction of the lava flow. Furthermore, by combining and arranging multiple gas generants with different performance characteristics, it is possible to more effectively stop and redirect lava flows.

[0028] Since it is difficult to predict when a volcanic eruption or lava flow will occur, it is unclear when the gas generant will be used in such a disaster. Therefore, it will be stored in a normal location during that time, but in some cases it may be stored for a considerable period of time. Therefore, it is desirable for the gas generant to have durability that allows it to function as well as it did when first used, even after 15 years of storage in a normal temperature environment on Earth.

[0029] The gas generating agent of the present invention may be molded into a predetermined size and shape, or may be mixed with a liquid to form a gel, slurry, or solution, which may then be packaged and placed.

[0030] The gas generant of the present invention may be provided with an ignition device that can be remotely ignited so that it can be activated by intentionally igniting it after being placed in a predetermined location. It may also be activated effectively after visually determining the area and timing of the approaching lava flow. Alternatively, an ignition device may be provided in the gas generant composition, and the gas generant composition may be placed as a device protected by a container and activated by remote control.

[0031] The present invention will be described in more detail below using examples and comparative examples. In these examples and comparative examples, a gas generant composition was prepared as described below in (1), lava was prepared as described below in (2), and a gas generant-lava contact experiment was carried out according to the procedure described below in (3), and evaluation results were obtained. [Example]

[0032] (1) Preparation of gas generant composition 3 grams of guanidine nitrate, 4 grams of basic copper nitrate, and 3 grams of aluminum hydroxide were mixed and ground in an agate mortar, and when the mixture was roughly uniform, 2 grams were taken out and pressed into a Φ10 cylindrical metal mold from both sides at a surface pressure of 220.5 MPa to obtain a cylindrical molded body measuring Φ10 x 20 mm. This operation was repeated three times to prepare three molded gas generant bodies.

[0033] (2) Measurement of the heat generation initiation temperature of the gas generating composition The remaining powder prepared in (1) that was not used for molding was collected, and 10 milligrams of it was subjected to thermal analysis using a differential thermal analyzer at a heating rate of 20°C per minute in the range from room temperature to 500°C. The exothermic onset temperature was 231°C.

[0034] (3) Measurement of the burning rate of the gas generant composition In order to restrict the sides of the molded product of the gas generant composition obtained in (1), an epoxy resin adhesive was applied uniformly to a thickness of about 0.5 mm, and then dried. A current equivalent to 1 joule was passed through a nichrome wire 0.5 mm from the end face, causing it to glow red and fuse. The time from the moment of ignition to the end of combustion over a distance of 20 mm from the burning surface to the opposite end face was visually measured with a stopwatch to be 0.28 seconds. Therefore, the burning rate under normal pressure was 7.1 mm per second.

[0035] (4) Measurement of the temperature of the gas generated from the gas generating composition A thermocouple was placed 100 mm from the end face of the molded gas generating agent obtained in (1), and the gas generating agent was ignited by passing a current equivalent to 1 joule through a 0.5 mm nichrome wire from the end face of the agent, causing it to glow red and cut.The temperature of the generated gas was measured, and the maximum temperature was 82°C.

[0036] (5) Preparation of lava (5-1) Creating a heating furnace Two commercially available charcoal braziers were prepared, one cut in half and the bottom half was placed on top of the other, upside down, and secured to form a heating furnace. As much charcoal as possible was filled in and ignited using a commercially available ignition agent. Next, air was continuously blown into the opening of the lower brazier using a blower. The amount of air blown was adjusted so that the charcoal surface temperature measured by a surface thermometer remained stable and exceeded 1000°C.

[0037] (5-2) Making lava 10 grams of crushed lava rock was placed in a Φ30 magnetic crucible and heated on the charcoal grill. After 15 minutes, it was confirmed that the rock had melted, and it was left as it was for about an hour.

[0038] (6) Experiment on contact of gas generating composition with lava (6-1) Contact of gas generating agent with lava The molded product of the gas generant composition obtained in (1) was picked up by its top surface with 460 mm long stainless steel laboratory tongs, and the bottom surface was slowly lowered from directly above onto the surface of the lava in the porcelain crucible obtained in (2-1). When smoke began to emerge from the bottom, the descent was temporarily stopped, and the molded product of the gas generant composition was allowed to burn and decompose, causing the generated gas and scattered particles to come into contact with the lava surface. At this time, some of the lava was scattered by the generated gas.

[0039] (6-2) Verification of the impact on lava After the combustion of the molded body of the gas generant composition was completed, the crucible containing the lava was quickly removed using experimental tongs and turned upside down 180 degrees. At this time, another empty crucible was used to catch the lava. The time from the moment of turning upside down until the lava finished flowing was measured. In addition, the weight of the solidified lava in both the pouring and receiving crucibles was weighed after leaving it to cool for one day.

[0040] (6-3) Evaluation of lava scattering effect To confirm the effect of lava scattering due to generated gas, we checked how much the total amount of solidified lava in the crucible decreased compared to the initial amount of lava, 10 grams. The decrease is the amount of lava that scattered, and the greater the amount of lava that scattered, the faster and more gas can be generated that can counteract the flow of lava. In this experiment, the decrease due to scattering was 4.3 grams, and the percentage of scattered lava compared to the initial amount of lava that was added was 43%.

[0041] (6-4) Evaluation of the effect of solid lava To confirm the lava solidification effect due to the cooling of evolved gases and chemical slag-forming reactions with the ejecta, the longer the time from when the crucible containing the lava was turned upside down 180 degrees to when the lava stopped flowing, the more progressed the lava viscosity and solidification due to cooling and chemical slag-forming reactions with the ejecta. Furthermore, the less lava fell into the receiving crucible, the more progressed the solidification due to the cooling effect and chemical slag-forming reactions with the ejecta particles. In this experiment, no lava fell even after leaving the crucible upside down for 10 minutes, and the percentage of lava that fell was 0% of the amount of lava remaining in the crucible. [Example]

[0042] (1) The gas generant composition in [Example 1] was changed to 2 grams of 5-aminotetrazole, 4 grams of strontium nitrate, and 4 grams of acid clay, and a prototype gas generant molded body was produced using the same procedure.The heat generation initiation temperature, burning rate, and generated gas temperature were measured and found to be 203°C, 8.0 millimeters per second, and 91°C.In addition, when a contact experiment with a specified lava was conducted, the percentage of scattered lava flow was 36%, and the percentage of lava falling was 7%. [Example]

[0043] A prototype gas generant molded body was produced in the same manner as in Example 1, except that the gas generant composition (1) in Example 1 was changed to 3 grams of 5,5'-bis-1H-tetrazole diammonium salt, 4 grams of ammonium nitrate, 1 gram of potassium nitrate, 1 gram of potassium bicarbonate, and 1 gram of potassium chloride, and the heat release temperature, combustion rate, and generated gas temperature were measured to be 216°C, 6.2 millimeters per second, and 88°C. Furthermore, a contact experiment with a specified lava was conducted, and the percentage of scattered lava flow was 36%, and the percentage of lava falling was 14%. [Example]

[0044] The gas generating agent composition (1) in [Example 1] was changed to 6 grams of nitrocellulose, 3 grams of potassium nitrate, and 1 gram of boehmite, and a gas generating agent molded body was produced in the same manner. The heat generation initiation temperature, burning rate, and generated gas temperature were measured, and were found to be 161°C, 9.5 millimeters per second, and 97°C, respectively. When a contact experiment with a predetermined lava was conducted, the percentage of scattered lava flow was 47%, and the percentage of lava falling was 16%. Comparative Example 1

[0045] Instead of the molded body of the gas generant composition (1) in [Example 1], a trinitrotoluene crystal mass was processed to a predetermined weight and subjected to various measurements. Some samples were taken and the exothermic start temperature was measured, but it began to melt and evaporate at around 80°C, making it impossible to measure. The burning rate was measured, but it was impossible to measure because it burned explosively, and the temperature of the generated gas was measured and found to be 173°C. When a contact experiment with the specified lava was carried out, the temperature rose and the sample liquefied and scattered before it reached the ignition temperature, so it was not possible to obtain results for the percentage of scattered lava flow or the percentage of lava falling. Comparative Example 2

[0046] The gas generant composition (1) in [Example 1] was changed to a composition that did not contain 4 grams of 5,5'-bis-1H-tetrazole diammonium salt and 6 grams of ammonium nitrate as slag-forming coolants, and a gas generant molded body was produced in the same manner. The heat release temperature, burning rate, and generated gas temperature were measured, and were found to be 149°C, 4.8 millimeters per second, and 116°C. In a contact experiment with a specified lava, the percentage of scattered lava flow was 40%, but most of the lava fell, and the percentage of lava falling was 95%. Comparative Example 3

[0047] The gas generant composition in Example 1 (1) was changed to a composition containing only boehmite, a lava cooling and solidifying component, without the fuel or oxidizer components, and the heat generation initiation temperature was measured, but no heat generation behavior was observed. A prototype gas generant molded body was produced using the same procedure as in Example 1 (1), but it did not ignite using a nichrome wire red-hot fusing test, and neither the burning rate nor the temperature of the generated gas could be measured. When a contact experiment with the specified lava was conducted, the lava did not scatter even upon contact with the lava, resulting in a lava flow percentage of 0%. Since the slag-forming solidification agent did not disperse and remained in the molded body, it was unable to effectively contact the lava surface, resulting in no solidification effect, and most of the lava fell. As a result, the lava fall percentage was 97%.

[0048] Although typical embodiments of the present invention have been described above, the present invention is not limited to these, and various design modifications are possible, which are also included in the present invention.

Claims

1. A gas generating composition and method for preventing lava damage caused by lava flows overflowing from volcanoes or underground and flowing into cities, villages or important buildings, which can be effectively deployed by identifying the outflow area in advance and can protect human lives and property by stopping the advancement of the lava flow or changing its direction with the gases and emissions generated by burning and decomposing the composition.

2. 2. A method of operating the gas generating composition of claim 1, wherein the composition is capable of initiating combustion and decomposition by spontaneous ignition due to the thermal energy of a lava flow or by artificial ignition.

3. The gas generant composition of claim 1, wherein the heat generation initiation temperature is 150 to 350°C.

4. 2. The gas generant composition of claim 1, wherein the burning rate at atmospheric pressure is 5 mm / sec or more.

5. 2. A gas generant composition according to claim 1, wherein the temperature of the gas generated upon combustion is 100° C. or less at a distance of 100 mm from the gas generant.

6. The gas generant composition of claim 1, further comprising a fuel component and an oxidizer component, and further comprising at least one of a metal oxide, a metal hydroxide, a metal carbonate, a metal bicarbonate, a metal halide, and a metal sulfate as a lava cooling and solidifying component.

7. The gas generant composition of claim 6, wherein the fuel component comprises at least one of a tetrazole derivative such as 5-aminotetrazole, a bitetrazole derivative, a triazole derivative, dicyandiamide, azodicarbonamide, nitroguanidine, guanidine nitrate, oxamide, ammonium oxalate, hydrazodicarbonamide, urea, melamine, melamine cyanurate, Avicel, guar gum, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, potassium carboxymethylcellulose, ammonium carboxymethylcellulose, nitrocellulose, aluminum, boron, magnesium, magnalium, zirconium, titanium, titanium hydride, tungsten, and silicon.

8. Examples of the oxidizer component of the gas generant composition of claim 6 include ammonium hydroxide nitrate, sodium nitrate, potassium nitrate, magnesium nitrate, strontium nitrate, basic bismuth nitrate, basic copper nitrate, ammonium nitrite, sodium nitrite, potassium nitrite, magnesium nitrite, strontium nitrite, ammonium chlorate, sodium chlorate, potassium chlorate, magnesium chlorate, barium chlorate, ammonium perchlorate, sodium perchlorate, potassium perchlorate, magnesium perchlorate, barium perchlorate, etc. The metal oxide and metal double oxide are a gas generant composition comprising at least one of CuO, Cu2O, Co2O3, CoO, Co3O4, Fe2O3, FeO, Fe3O4, MnO2, Mn2O3, Mn3O4, NiO, ZnO, MoO3, H2MoO4, K2MoO4, CoMoO4, Bi2MoO6, and Bi2O3.

9. The lava cooling solidification agent for the gas generating composition of claim 6 may be selected from the group consisting of silica, alumina, silica-alumina composite oxide, acid clay, mica, talc, bentonite, hydrotalcite, zeolite, soda-lime glass, borosilicate glass, crystallized glass, quartz glass, zirconia, titania, zinc hydroxide, aluminum hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, cobalt hydroxide, strontium hydroxide, cesium hydroxide, iron hydroxide, copper hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, nickel hydroxide, barium hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, manganese hydroxide, lithium hydroxide, rubidium hydroxide, lithium carbonate, ammonium carbonate, sodium carbonate, magnesium carbonate, potassium carbonate, calcium carbonate, manganese carbonate, iron carbonate, cobalt carbonate, nickel carbonate, copper carbonate, basic copper carbonate, zinc carbonate, rubidium carbonate, strontium carbonate, cesium carbonate, barium carbonate, lithium hydrogen carbonate, ammonium hydrogen carbonate, sodium hydrogen carbonate, magnesium hydrogen carbonate, A gas generant composition comprising at least one of calcium hydrogen carbonate, cesium hydrogen carbonate, barium hydrogen carbonate, silicon tetrachloride, silicon tetrabromide, silicon tetraiodide, lithium chloride, lithium bromide, lithium iodide, sodium chloride, sodium bromide, sodium iodide, potassium chloride, bromide, potassium iodide, rubidium chloride, rubidium bromide, rubidium iodide, cesium chloride, cesium bromide, cesium iodide, magnesium chloride, bromide, magnesium iodide, calcium chloride, calcium bromide, calcium iodide, strontium chloride, strontium bromide, strontium iodide, barium chloride, barium bromide, barium iodide, zinc chloride, zinc bromide, zinc iodide, aluminum chloride, bromide, aluminum iodide, lithium sulfate, sodium sulfate, potassium sulfate, rubidium sulfate, cesium sulfate, magnesium sulfate, calcium sulfate, strontium sulfate, barium sulfate, zinc sulfate, and aluminum sulfate.