Anti-claudin-1 monoclonal antibodies for the prevention and treatment of fibrotic diseases.

Abstract

A pharmaceutical composition for preventing and / or treating renal fibrosis, pulmonary fibrosis, or skin fibrosis is provided. [Solution] A pharmaceutical composition comprising an anti-claudin-1 antibody, or a fragment thereof that retains the ability of the full-length antibody to bind to the antigen, is provided for the prevention or treatment of a fibrotic disease selected from renal fibrosis and pulmonary fibrosis in a subject.

Description

[Background technology]

[0001] Related patent applications This application claims priority to European Patent Application No. EP19208560.3, filed November 12, 2019. The European Patent Application is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

[0002] Fibrotic diseases are characterized by the excessive deposition of fibrous connective tissue (a process called fibrosis) and can lead to progressive deterioration in the normal structure and function of the body's organs and tissues. Fibrosis is defined by the abnormal proliferation, hardening, and / or scarring of tissues or organs. It results from the excessive accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) components, such as collagen and fibronectin, in and around inflamed or damaged tissues (Wynn et al., Nature Medicine, 2012, 18:1028-1040), which can lead to permanent scarring, organ dysfunction, and ultimately death. Fibrosis is the final, common pathological outcome of many chronic inflammatory responses induced by a variety of stimuli, including persistent infections, genetic disorders, autoimmune reactions, allergic responses, chemical injury, radiation, and tissue injury. Fibrosis can occur in almost any organ or tissue of the body, more frequently in the heart, lungs, kidneys, liver, and skin (Rockey et al., N. Engl. J. Med., 2015, 372:1138-1149), and less frequently in other tissues or organs, such as the pancreas, intestine, eye (Wynn, J. Pathol., 2008, 214:199-210), nervous system (Kawano et al., Cell Tissue Res., 2012, 349:169-180), mediastinum (Parish and Rosenow, Semin. Respir. Crit. Care Med., 2002, 23:135-143), retroperitoneum (Caiafa et al., Radiographics, 2013, 33:535-552), joints, and tendons.

[0003] Human fibrotic diseases have a poor prognosis comparable to that of terminal cancer. They represent an increasing cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Because fibrosis is a major feature of the pathology of a wide range of diseases across multiple organ systems, fibrotic disorders are estimated to contribute to approximately 45% of all-cause mortality in the United States (Wynn, Nature Rev. Immunol., 2004, 4:583-594). The major health problems associated with fibrotic diseases also result from our incomplete understanding of the underlying pathogenesis, the significant heterogeneity in the etiology and clinical manifestations of fibrotic disorders, the absence of appropriate, well-validated biomarkers, and, most importantly, the current lack of effective disease-modifying therapeutics. In fact, there are currently only two recently approved drugs specifically indicated for the treatment of fibrotic diseases.

[0004] In light of the economic burden of patients with fibrotic diseases worldwide and in view of the limited therapeutic armamentarium, new strategies to prevent and / or treat fibrosis are urgently needed. [Prior art documents] [Patent documents]

[0005] [Non-Patent Document 1] Wynn et al.,Nature Medicine,2012,18:1028-1040 [Non-patent document 2] Rockey et al.,N.Engl.J.Med.,2015,372:1138-1149 [Non-patent document 3] Wynn, J. Pathol., 2008, 214: 199-210 [Non-patent document 4] Kawano et al.,Cell Tissue Res.,2012,349:169-180 [Non-Patent Document 5] Parish and Rosenow,Semin.Respir.Crit.Care Med.,2002,23:135-143 [Non-patent document 6] Caiafa et al.,Radiographics,2013,33:535-552 [Non-Patent Document 7] Wynn, Nature Rev. Immunol.,2004,4:583-594 Summary of the Invention

[0006] The present invention relates to systems and strategies for the prevention and / or treatment of fibrotic diseases, particularly renal fibrosis, pulmonary fibrosis, and dermal fibrosis. In particular, the present invention relates to the use of anti-claudin-1 antibodies to prevent and / or treat renal fibrosis, pulmonary fibrosis, or dermal fibrosis. Indeed, the inventors have demonstrated in vivo that anti-claudin-1 monoclonal antibodies specifically bind to their targets in the lung, kidney, and skin without any detectable toxicity. Furthermore, using a cutting-edge mouse model considered the most important preclinical model of pulmonary fibrosis, they demonstrated that anti-claudin-1 monoclonal antibodies prevent the formation of pulmonary fibrosis without affecting overall survival or body weight, and reduce fibrosis levels in the lung without detectable adverse effects. They also demonstrated that anti-claudin-1 monoclonal antibodies bind to claudin-1 expressed in kidney and lung cancer cells and reverse the poor prognosis associated with fibrosis in lung cells, a clinical gene signature. We have also shown that claudin-1 expression in lung and kidney fibrosis is associated with disease. Thus, claudin-1 gene expression is increased in different cohorts of patients with renal fibrosis, pulmonary fibrosis, and inflammatory bowel disease. Anti-claudin-1 monoclonal antibodies were found to have a pronounced and highly significant antifibrotic effect on kidney fibrosis in a unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) mouse model. Anti-claudin-1 mAb was also found to improve serum creatinine and BUN in an adriamycin-induced mouse model of kidney fibrosis. Furthermore, we have found accumulating evidence indicating different mechanisms involved in the antifibrotic effects of anti-claudin-1 monoclonal antibodies in the kidney and lung compared with the liver.

[0007] Accordingly, in one aspect, the present invention provides an anti-claudin-1 antibody, or a biologically active fragment thereof, for use in the prevention or treatment of a fibrotic disease selected from the group consisting of pulmonary fibrosis, renal fibrosis, and dermal fibrosis.

[0008] In certain embodiments, pulmonary fibrosis refers to an end stage of a chronic lung disease selected from the group consisting of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), idiopathic nonspecific interstitial pneumonia (NSIP), cryptogenic organizing pneumonia (COP), Hammann-Rich syndrome, lymphocytic interstitial pneumonia (LIP), respiratory bronchitis interstitial lung disease, desquamative interstitial pneumonia or idiopathic lymphocytic interstitial pneumonia, and idiopathic pleural parenchymal fibroelastosis.

[0009] In certain embodiments, the pulmonary fibrosis results from an infection, such as a COVID19-related infection.

[0010] In certain embodiments, the pulmonary fibrosis is associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

[0011] In certain embodiments, the fibrotic disease is pulmonary fibrosis, and the anti-claudin-1 antibody, or biologically active fragment thereof, is administered in combination with at least one therapeutic agent selected from the group consisting of corticosteroids, antifibrotic agents, pirfenidone, nintedanib, and anti-acid drugs, and / or a therapeutic procedure selected from the group consisting of lung transplantation, hyperbaric oxygen therapy, and pulmonary rehabilitation.

[0012] In other embodiments, the renal fibrosis is renal interstitial fibrosis or glomerulosclerosis.

[0013] In certain embodiments, renal fibrosis is associated with chronic kidney disease.

[0014] In certain embodiments, the fibrotic disease is renal fibrosis, and the anti-claudin-1 antibody, or a biologically active fragment thereof, is administered in combination with at least one therapeutic agent selected from the group consisting of an antihypertensive agent, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, erythropoietin, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, angiotensin II receptor blocker AST-120, and calcium polystyrene sulfonate, and / or one therapeutic procedure selected from the group consisting of dialysis and kidney transplantation.

[0015] In certain embodiments, dermal fibrosis is associated with a medical condition selected from the group consisting of scleroderma, both in its localized (morphea, linear scleroderma) and systemic forms, graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), nephrogenic fibrosing dermatosis, mixed connective tissue disease, scleroderma, scleromyxedema, eosinophilic myositis, chromoblastic mycosis, hypertrophic scars, and keloids. In certain embodiments, dermal fibrosis is induced by medical intervention (e.g., radiation therapy), environmental or occupational exposure to chemicals (e.g., in L-tryptophan-induced eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome), and exposure to certain physical effects (physical trauma, surgical injury, heat or ice skin burns).

[0016] In certain embodiments, the fibrotic disease is dermal fibrosis, and the anti-claudin-1 antibody, or a biologically active fragment thereof, is administered in combination with at least one therapeutic agent selected from the group consisting of methotrexate, mycophenolate, mofetil, cyclophosphamide, cyclosporine, tocilizumab, rituximab, and fresolimumab, and / or with one therapeutic procedure (e.g., ultraviolet radiation).

[0017] In certain embodiments, the anti-claudin-1 antibody used in the prevention or treatment of pulmonary fibrosis, renal fibrosis, or skin fibrosis is a monoclonal antibody.

[0018] In certain embodiments, the anti-claudin-1 monoclonal antibody has the same epitope as a monoclonal antibody secreted by a hybridoma cell line deposited at DSMZ on July 29, 2008 under an accession number selected from the group consisting of DSM ACC2931, DSM ACC2932, DSM ACC2933, DSM ACC2934, DSM ACC2935, DSM ACC29316, DSM ACC2937, and DSM ACC2938.

[0019] In certain embodiments, the epitope is highly dependent on the conservation of the conserved motif W(30)-GLW(51)-C(54)-C(64) in the first extracellular loop of claudin-1.

[0020] In other embodiments, the anti-claudin-1 antibody is a monoclonal antibody secreted by a hybridoma cell line deposited at DSMZ on July 29, 2008 under an accession number selected from the group consisting of DSM ACC2931, DSM ACC2932, DSM ACC2933, DSM ACC2934, DSM ACC2935, DSM ACC2936, DSM ACC2937, and DSM ACC2938.

[0021] In other embodiments, the anti-claudin-1 antibody is a monoclonal antibody comprising the six complementarity determining regions (CDRs) of a monoclonal antibody secreted by a hybridoma cell line deposited at DSMZ on July 29, 2008 under an accession number selected from the group consisting of DSM ACC2931, DSM ACC2932, DSM ACC2933, DSM ACC2934, DSM ACC2935, DSM ACC2936, DSM ACC2937, and DSM ACC2938.

[0022] In certain embodiments, the anti-claudin-1 antibody used in the prevention or treatment of pulmonary fibrosis, renal fibrosis, or skin fibrosis is humanized.

[0023] The humanized anti-claudin-1 antibody may be a monoclonal antibody comprising all six CDRs of the monoclonal antibody OM-7D3-B3 secreted by the hybridoma cell line deposited under accession number DSM ACC2938, wherein the variable heavy chain of OM-7D3-B3 consists of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 and the variable light chain of OM-7D3-B3 consists of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2, and wherein said humanized anti-claudin-1 monoclonal antibody further comprises: a) at least one antibody variable heavy chain (VH) consisting of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3 or SEQ ID NO: 4 or SEQ ID NO: 5, or b) at least one antibody variable light chain (VL) consisting of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 6 or SEQ ID NO: 7 or SEQ ID NO: 8.

[0024] For example, a humanized anti-claudin-1 monoclonal antibody may include: a) two antibody variable heavy chains (VH), both variable heavy chains consisting of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3 or SEQ ID NO: 4 or SEQ ID NO: 5, or b) two antibody variable light chains (VL), both variable light chains consisting of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 6 or SEQ ID NO: 7 or SEQ ID NO: 8.

[0025] For example, a humanized anti-claudin-1 monoclonal antibody may include: 1) two antibody variable heavy chains (VH) consisting of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3 and two antibody variable light chains (VL) consisting of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 6 [H3L3]; or 2) two antibody variable heavy chains (VH) consisting of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3 and two antibody variable light chains (VL) consisting of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 7 [H3L1]; or 3) two antibody variable heavy chains (VH) consisting of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3 and two antibody variable light chains (VL) consisting of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 8 [H3L2]; or 4) two antibody variable heavy chains (VH) consisting of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4 and two antibody variable light chains (VL) consisting of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 6 [H1L3]; or 5) two antibody variable heavy chains (VH) consisting of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4 and two antibody variable light chains (VL) consisting of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 7 [H1L1]; or 6) two antibody variable heavy chains (VH) consisting of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4 and two antibody variable light chains (VL) consisting of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 8 [H1L2]; or 7) two antibody variable heavy chains (VH) consisting of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 5 and two antibody variable light chains (VL) consisting of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 6 [H2L3]; or 8) two antibody variable heavy chains (VH) consisting of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 5 and two antibody variable light chains (VL) consisting of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 7 [H2L1]; or 9) Two antibody variable heavy chains (VH) consisting of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 5, and two antibody variable light chains (VL) consisting of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 8 [H2L2].

[0026] In certain embodiments, the humanized anti-claudin-1 monoclonal antibody is a whole antibody having an isotype selected from the group consisting of IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, and IgG4. In certain embodiments, these isotypes can be engineered to confer additional properties, for example, to attenuate or enhance Fc receptor-mediated interactions or to attenuate or enhance the half-life and distribution characteristics of the antibody.

[0027] The present invention also provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising an effective amount of an anti-claudin-1 antibody, or a biologically active fragment thereof, and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient for use in the prevention or treatment of a fibrotic disease selected from pulmonary fibrosis, renal fibrosis, and dermal fibrosis in a subject.

[0028] In such uses of the pharmaceutical composition, the pulmonary fibrosis, renal fibrosis, and skin fibrosis may be as defined above; and the anti-claudin-1 antibody, or biologically active fragment thereof, may be as defined above.

[0029] The present invention further provides a method for preventing or treating pulmonary fibrosis, renal fibrosis, or dermal fibrosis in a subject, the method comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of an anti-claudin-1 antibody, or a biologically active fragment thereof, to the subject. In such uses for prevention and / or treatment, the pulmonary fibrosis, renal fibrosis, and dermal fibrosis may be as defined above; and the anti-claudin-1 antibody, or a biologically active fragment thereof, may be as defined above.

[0030] These and other objects, advantages and features of the present invention will become apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art after reading the following detailed description of the preferred embodiments. [Brief explanation of the drawings]

[0031] [Figure 1] Figure 1. Biodistribution of anti-CLDN1 mAb in mice. Mice (n = 6 per group / time point) were injected with 500 μg of Alexafluor 750 control mAb (gray bars) or CLDN1-specific mAb (blue bars) and sacrificed (A) 24 h or (B) 48 h post-injection. Specific fluorescence was detected in each indicated organ using an IVIS Lumina 50 device with specific filter sets and expressed as mean efficiency. Horizontal lines indicate the mean. Results represent the mean ± sem from six mice. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01 (Mann-Whitney test). [Figure 2A-B]Figure 2. Anti-CLDN1 mAb significantly reduces pulmonary fibrosis in a state-of-the-art mouse model for the prevention and early treatment of pulmonary fibrosis. (A) Prevention and early treatment study design. Six-week-old female C57BL / 6J mice received intratracheal bleomycin nebulization (3 mg / kg) to induce pulmonary fibrosis and were randomized to receive vehicle, CLDN1-specific mAb, or dexamethasone (positive control) for 21 days. Each group contained 18 mice. (B) Ashcroft fibrosis scores were significantly reduced in the CLDN1 mAb group compared with the vehicle group. Data are presented as mean (triangle), median (line), and first and third quartiles (bottom and top boxes). [Figure 2C] (C) Masson's trichrome staining of one representative mouse lung per treatment group. [Figure 2D-E] (D) Kaplan-Meier curve showing that dexamethasone-treated mice had a significantly lower survival rate compared to the vehicle group. (E) In the dexamethasone group, a significant decrease in mouse weight was observed during the experiment. *p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001, NS=not significant. [Figure 3A-B] Figure 3. Anti-CLDN1 mAb reduces pulmonary fibrosis in a state-of-the-art mouse model for late-stage treatment of pulmonary fibrosis. (A) Late-stage treatment study design. Six-week-old female C57BL / 6J mice received intratracheal bleomycin nebulization (3 mg / kg) to induce pulmonary fibrosis and were randomized to receive vehicle, anti-human CLDN1-specific mAb, or nintedanib (positive control) from days 7 to 21. Each group contained 18 mice. (B) Lung hydroxyproline levels were significantly reduced in the CLDN1 mAb group. Body weight did not differ between the two treatment groups. Data are presented as mean (triangle), median (line), and first and third quartiles (bottom and top boxes). [Figure 3C] (C) Masson's trichrome staining of one representative mouse lung per treatment group. [Figure 3D-E](D) Kaplan-Meier curves showing no differences between groups. (E) No significant decrease in mouse weight was observed during the experiment in any group. *p<0.05, NS=not significant. [Figure 4] Figure 4. Binding characteristics of humanized CLDN1-specific MAbs targeting CLDN1 expressed in kidney RPTEC / TERT1 and lung A549 cell lines. Cells were incubated with increasing concentrations of humanized H3L3 CLDN1-specific mAb as indicated. Representative histograms show binding of humanized H3L3 CLDN1-specific mAb at the saturation point for each specific cell line: (A) RPTEC / TERT1 (50 μg / mL) and (B) A549 (20 μg / mL). Binding was measured by flow cytometry after incubation with PE-labeled anti-human mAb and analyzed on a Cytoflex and FlowJoV10. The binding constants (Kd) for the interaction between humanized H3L3 CLDN1-specific mAb and CLDN1 expressed by (C) RPTEC / TERT1 (50 μg / mL) cells and (D) A549 (20 μg / mL) cells were determined by applying the Michaelis-Menten mathematical model in R3.5.1 using the median PE fluorescence intensity (MFI), respectively. The graph shows the binding of humanized H3L3 CLDN1-specific mAb up to the saturation point for each specific cell line. [Figure 5]Figure 5. CLDN1-specific MAb reverses PLS and reduces TGFβ signaling in A549 cells. (A) A549 cells were cultured for 24 hours with or without 24 hours of TGFβ (5 ng / mL) and CLDN1 mAb (20 μg / mL). RNA was extracted, and PLS gene expression was measured using nCounter Nanostring technology and quantitatively assessed by Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA). The heat map shows the following: PLS status as poor (orange) or good (green) prognosis; (bottom) the significance of induction (red) or repression (blue) of PLS ​​poor or good prognosis genes. (B) Relative gene expression values ​​showing the mean and standard error of the mean for two poor prognosis differentially expressed genes (SERPINB2 and FMO1) modulated by CLDN1-specific mAb treatment (n = 3, fold change -1.7, ****p-value < 0.0001). NT: no treatment. (C) 4549 cells were transfected with the TGFβ signaling reporter plasmid pGL4.48[luc2P / SBE / Hygro] (Promega) and treated with control or CLDN1-specific mAb (50 μg / mL) for 3 hours at 37°C. Cells were stimulated with medium containing TGFβ (10 ng / mL) for 3 hours at 37°C. Fold changes, shown as the mean and standard error of the mean, were calculated from luminescence intensities normalized to mock samples (n = 6, CLDN1 mAb n = 5, ****p-value < 0.0001, **p-value < 0.01). [Figure 6] Figure 6. Bleomycin-induced skin fibrosis model. A 1.5 x 1.5 cm area of ​​mouse skin was shaved and bleomycin (BLM) was administered at the four corners every other day for 4 weeks. Mice were sacrificed and skin areas were sampled for collagen assay, histological, and biochemical analysis. [Figure 7]Figure 7. Study design for testing new treatments for skin fibrosis. The study includes normal mice, bleomycin (BLM) + vehicle (intraperitoneal), BLM + imatinib (intraperitoneal) (50 mg / kg) (as a positive control group), and BLM + anti-CLDN1 specific mAb. Clinical data, biochemical and histopathological assays are performed and collected. [Figure 8] Figure 8. Quantification of skin thickness and skin fibrosis. Hematoxylin and eosin (HE) and Masson's trichrome (MT) were used to quantify skin thickness and skin fibrosis, respectively. Imatinib showed a significant effect in reducing skin thickness and a trend in reducing skin fibrosis. [Figure 9A-B] Figure 9. CLDN1 is overexpressed in fibrotic kidney and lung disease. (A) CLDN1 gene expression in kidney tissues of patients with membranous glomerulonephritis (MG) (left panel, GSE11585) and fibrotic kidney tissues (right panel, GSE60685) compared to healthy kidneys is shown as signal intensity values. (B) CLDN1 expression is associated with fibrotic chronic kidney disease. CLDN1 expression in kidney tissues of patient cohorts (GSE115857 n=6 healthy tissues and n=11 membranous glomerulonephritis (MG)) and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) (GSE129973 n=20 unaffected sections and n=20 FSGS sections). CLDN1 mRNA expression was analyzed as described in Materials and Methods in Example 8 and is shown as signal intensity values. [Figure 9C] (C) Left panel: CLDN1 gene expression in lung tissues from patients with IPF and pulmonary fibrosis of different etiologies compared with healthy lung tissues (GSE2052 and GSE24988, respectively) is shown as signal intensity values. Differences in scale are due to different types of arrays and normalization methods and do not reflect absolute expression levels. Student's t-test, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001, ****p<0.0001. [Figure 10A-D]Figure 10. Anti-CLDN1 mAb targets TNFα-NFκB-regulated CLDN1 expression and inhibits lung fibroblast activation by interfering with EMT programming. (A-B) Representative images of CLDN1 expression and humanized anti-CLDN1 mAb binding in α-SMA-expressing lung fibroblasts (A) and kidney fibroblasts (B) are shown. The specificity of the staining was confirmed by the absence of binding of the control mAb. (C) Kidney fibroblasts (left panel) and lung fibroblasts (right panel) were treated with TNFα (20 ng / ml), IKK-16 (1 μM), TNFα + IKK16, or vehicle control (sham), respectively, and subjected to fluorocytometric analysis of the binding of anti-CLDN1 mAb H3L3. The ΔMFI of anti-CLDN1 mAb binding to lung or kidney fibroblasts compared to control mAb is shown for each condition (pooled analysis of three experiments performed in triplicate for each condition, as described in the Materials and Methods section of Example 6). (D) Regulation of genes associated with lung fibroblast activation (left panel) and EMT programming (HALLMARK_EPITHELIAL_MESENCHYMAL_TRANSITION) (right panel) in lung fibroblasts derived from IPF patients by anti-CLDN1 mAb compared to control mAb. Heatmaps indicate the significance of reversal (FDR). [Figure 10E] (E) RNA-Seq gene expression data for EMT markers FN1 (left panel), N-cadherin (center panel), and SNAI2 (right panel) in lung fibroblasts treated with anti-CLDN1 mAb or control mAb are shown as read counts. Box plots represent the median (-), first and third quartiles (bottom and top of the box), and single data points (●). Student's t-test. *p-value <0.05, ***p-value <0.001, ****p-value <0.0001. [Figure 11]Figure 11. Location of PECs in Bowman's capsule. Bowman's capsule is lined by parietal epithelial cells (PECs) (green). At the vascular pole, PECs are in direct continuity with podocytes (visceral podocytes), shown in blue. PECs that display distinct phenotypes or marker expression profiles and increased migration or proliferation in different disease states are aPECs (red). Proximal tubule epithelial cells are shown in yellow. Abbreviations: PEC, parietal epithelial cells; aPEC, activated PEC. Figure adapted from Shankland et al., Curr. Opin. Nephrol. Hypertens., 2013, 22:302-309). [Figure 12] Figure 12. Increased CLDN1 expression during inflammatory stress is associated with PEC differentiation. (A-B) Inflammatory stress induces PEC differentiation and CLDN1 overexpression. Human renal epithelial cells (HREPic) were treated with TNFα for a total of 6 days. Gene expression was analyzed by qRT-PCR. Graphs show mean values ​​+ sd from two independent experiments performed in triplicate (*p<0.05; **p<0.01; ***p<0.001, T-test). (C) Western blot analysis of CLDN1 protein expression after TNFα treatment. One representative experiment out of two is shown. (D) Representative histogram showing binding of humanized H3L3 CLDN1-specific mAb on HREPic. Binding was assessed by flow cytometry 24 hours after TNFα treatment. (E) CLDN1 knockdown reduces TNFα and collagen 4A (COL4A) expression. CLDN1 knockdown. HREpic cells were reverse transduced with a specific siRNA targeting CLDN1 expression (siCLDN1) or a non-targeting siRNA (siCTRL) and treated with TNFα 48 hours post-transfection. Gene expression was analyzed by qRT-PCR. Graphs show mean values ​​+ SD from one experiment performed in triplicate (*p<0.05; **p<0.01; ***p<0.001, T-test). [Figure 13]Figure 13. Treatment with CLDN1-specific mAb reduces PEC activation and proliferation. (A) Experimental procedure (see Example 7). Human renal epithelial cells (HREpic) were grown in 3D and treated with TNFα and motavizumab (CTRL) or H3L3 (anti-CLDN1 mAb) for a total of 6 days. (B) Cell proliferation / viability was assessed by ATP quantification. Experiments were performed in quadruplicate. One experiment is shown. (C) CLDN1-specific mAb reduces TNFα expression and PEC activation. HREpic cells were treated with CLDN1-specific mAb (H3L3) or control antibody (motavizumab) for a total of 6 days. Gene expression was analyzed by qRT-PCR. Graphs show mean values ​​+ sd from one experiment performed in triplicate (*p<0.05; **p<0.01; ***p<0.001, T-test). [Figure 14] Figure 14: (A) CLDN1 expression is associated with pulmonary fibrosis. CLDN1 expression in lung tissue from a patient cohort (GSE2052, n=11 healthy tissues and n=13 IPF tissues), pulmonary fibrosis (GSE24988, n=11 healthy tissues and n=129 fibrotic tissues). CLDN1 mRNA expression was analyzed as described in Materials and Methods in Example 8 and is shown as signal intensity values. (B) CLDN1 expression is associated with COVID-19 lung disease. CLDN1 expression in lung tissue from a control healthy patient (GSE2052, n=11 healthy tissues) and a COVID-19 patient cohort (GSE150316, n=15). CLDN1 mRNA expression was analyzed as described in Materials and Methods in Example 8 and is shown as signal intensity values. [Figure 15] Figure 15: CLDN1 expression is associated with ulcerative colitis. CLDN1 expression in IBD tissues from patient cohorts. GSE9452 (non-inflamed mucosa n=18, inflamed mucosa n=8); GSE38713 (control n=13, remission UC n=8, non-mucosal UC n=7, mucosal n=15) and GSE38713 (control n=8, CD n=11, UC n=5). CLDN1 mRNA expression was analyzed as described in Materials and Methods in Example 8 and is shown as signal intensity values. UC: ulcerative colitis, CD: Crohn's disease. [Figure 16] Figure 16: CLDN1 expression is associated with fibrotic chronic kidney disease in a unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) model. CLDN1 expression in a mouse model of renal fibrosis (UUO) (GSE60685 healthy tissue n=12 and fibrotic tissue n=13). CLDN1 mRNA expression was analyzed as described in the Materials and Methods of Example 8 and is shown as signal intensity values. [Figure 17] Figure 17: Effect of anti-CLDN1 mAb on fibrogenesis in a UUO mouse model of renal fibrosis. Study protocol: 7-week-old female C57BL / 6J mice were subjected to UUO surgery under anesthesia on day 0. Humanized anti-CLDN1 mAb (500 μg / mouse intraperitoneally twice a week, n ​​= 8), telmisartan (30 mg / kg orally once daily, n = 8), or vehicle control (n = 8) was administered from day 0 to day 13. [Figure 18] Figure 18: Body weight changes in unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) mice (a model of unilateral ureteral obstruction-induced renal interstitial fibrosis) treated with vehicle, anti-CLDN1 mAb, or temisartan (used as a control) for 13 days. See Example 9. [Figure 19] Figure 19: (A) Body weight at time of sacrifice, (B) right kidney weight, and (C) left kidney weight of UUO mice receiving vehicle, anti-CLDN1 mAb, or temisartan (used as a control). See Example 9. [Figure 20] Figure 20: Biochemistry. (A) Plasma urea nitrogen and (B) kidney hydroxyproline in UUO mice receiving vehicle, anti-CLDN1 mAb, or temisartan (used as a control). See Example 9. [Figure 21] Figure 21: Histological analysis. Representative photomicrographs of PAS-stained kidney sections from UUO mice that received vehicle, anti-CLDN1 mAb, or temisartan (used as a control). See Example 9. [Figure 22]Figure 22: Sirius Red-stained kidneys. Representative photomicrographs of Sirius Red-stained kidney sections and a graph showing the area of ​​fibrosis for kidney sections from UUO mice that received vehicle, anti-CLDN1 mAb, or temisartan (used as a control). See Example 9. [Figure 23] Figure 23: F4 / 80-immunostained kidneys. Representative photomicrographs of F4 / 80-immunostained kidney sections from UUO mice receiving vehicle, anti-CLDN1 mAb, or temisartan (used as a control). See Example 9. [Figure 24] Figure 24: Human tissue staining reveals target engagement in the human kidney: Frozen sections of healthy human kidney were stained with (A) anti-CLDN1 mAb or (B) isotype control to demonstrate target engagement. Differential staining was observed in Bowman's membrane and podocytes (arrows). [Figure 25] Figure 25: Histological evaluation of different forms of human kidney fibrosis pathology. Formalin-fixed tissue sections were stained with anti-CLDN1 polyantibody and compared with normal healthy kidney. Abbreviations: ANCA (antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis), FSGS (focal segmental glomerulosclerosis), CS (corticosteroids), and CyA (cyclosporine A). [Figure 26] Figure 26: Serum creatinine and BUN data (in mg / dl) from an adriamycin-induced kidney fibrosis model (performed in SMC lab). Male BALB / c mice with adriamycin-induced nephropathy, eight per group, were intraperitoneally administered vehicle (saline), anti-CLDNA 1 mAb (250 μg / mouse, twice a week), or VPA (= valproic acid, 0.4% in drinking water) as a control for 27 days.

[0032] definition Throughout the specification, we use several terms that are defined in the following paragraphs.

[0033] As used herein, the term "subject" refers to a human or another mammal (e.g., a primate, dog, cat, goat, horse, pig, mouse, rat, rabbit, etc.) that may develop a fibrotic disease, although the subject may or may not be afflicted with the disease. A non-human subject may be a transgenic or otherwise modified animal. In many embodiments of the invention, the subject is a human. In such embodiments, the subject is often referred to as an "individual" or "patient." The term "individual" does not denote a particular age and thus includes newborns, children, teenagers, and adults. The term "patient" more specifically refers to an individual afflicted with a disease. In the practice of the invention, the patient will generally be diagnosed with a fibrotic disease.

[0034] The term "treatment" is used herein to characterize methods or processes that aim to (1) delay or prevent the onset of a disease or condition (here, a fibrotic disease); (2) slow or halt the progression, worsening, or deterioration of the symptoms of the disease or condition; (3) bring about the amelioration of the symptoms of the disease or condition; or (4) cure the disease or condition. Treatment may be administered prior to the onset of the disease or condition, for a prophylactic or preventative effect. Alternatively, or in addition, treatment may be administered after the initiation of the disease or condition, for a therapeutic effect.

[0035] The terms "fibrotic disease" and "fibrotic disorder" are used interchangeably herein and have their art-understood meanings. They refer to clinical conditions characterized by dysregulated tissue growth and scarring that destroys healthy tissue and can lead to disruption of the normal function of virtually any organ in the body, including the heart, lungs, kidneys, liver, and skin.

[0036] A "pharmaceutical composition" is defined herein as comprising an effective amount of at least one anti-claudin-1 antibody (or biologically active fragment thereof) and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient.

[0037] As used herein, the term "effective amount" refers to any amount of a compound, agent, antibody, or composition that is sufficient to fulfill its intended purpose, e.g., a desired biological or pharmaceutical response in cells, tissues, systems, and subjects. For example, in certain embodiments of the invention, the purpose may be to prevent the onset of a fibrotic disease; to slow, reduce, or halt the progression, exacerbation, or worsening of symptoms of a fibrotic disease; to bring about amelioration of symptoms of the disease; or to cure the disease.

[0038] The term "pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient" refers to a carrier medium that does not interfere with the effectiveness of the biological activity of the active ingredient and that is not overly toxic to the host at the concentration at which it is administered. The term includes solvents, dispersion media, coatings, antibacterial and antifungal agents, isotonic agents, absorption delaying agents, etc. The use of such media and agents for pharmaceutically active substances is well known in the art (e.g., "Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences," E.W. Martin, 18th Ed., 1990, Mack Publishing Co.: Easton, PA, incorporated herein by reference in its entirety).

[0039] The term "human claudin-1 (or CLDN1)" refers to the protein having the sequence set forth in NCBI accession number NP_066924, or any naturally occurring variants commonly found in HCV-permissive human populations. The term "extracellular domain" or "ectodomain" of claudin-1 refers to the region of the claudin-1 sequence that extends into the extracellular space (i.e., the space outside the cell).

[0040] The term "antibody," as used herein, refers to any immunoglobulin that contains an antigen-binding site that immunospecifically binds to an antigen. As such, the term "antibody" encompasses not only whole antibody molecules, but also antibody fragments and variants (including derivatives) of antibodies and antibody fragments, so long as the derivatives and fragments retain specific binding ability. The term encompasses monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies. The term also covers any protein having a binding domain that is homologous or largely homologous to an immunoglobulin binding domain. These proteins may be derived from natural sources or may be partially or wholly synthetically produced.

[0041] The term "specific binding," when used in reference to an antibody, refers to an antibody that binds to a predetermined antigen. Typically, an antibody binds to a specific antigen with a specific binding affinity of at least 1 x 10 7 M -1 and binds to a given antigen with an affinity at least two-fold greater than its affinity for binding to nonspecific antigens (eg, BSA, casein).

[0042] As used herein, the term "humanized antibody" refers to a chimeric antibody comprising amino acid residues from non-human hypervariable regions and amino acid residues from human framework regions (FRs). In particular, a humanized antibody comprises all or substantially all of at least one, and typically two, variable domains, in which all or substantially all of the complementarity-determining regions (CDRs) are those of a human antibody. A humanized antibody may optionally comprise at least a portion of an antibody constant region derived from a human antibody. A "humanized form" of an antibody, e.g., a non-human antibody, refers to an antibody that has undergone humanization.

[0043] The term "isolated," as used herein in reference to a protein or polypeptide, means a protein or polypeptide that, by its origin or manipulation, is separated from at least some of the components with which it is naturally associated or with which it is associated when it is originally obtained. By "isolated" it is meant, alternatively or additionally, that the protein or polypeptide of interest is produced or synthesized by the hand of man.

[0044] The terms "protein," "polypeptide," and "peptide" are used interchangeably herein and refer to amino acid sequences of various lengths, either unmodified or modified by glycosylation, side chain oxidation, or phosphorylation, in their neutral (uncharged) form or as salts. In certain embodiments, the amino acid sequence is a full-length naturally occurring protein. In other embodiments, the amino acid sequence is a smaller fragment of a full-length protein. In still other embodiments, the amino acid sequence is modified by additional substituents attached to the amino acid side chains, such as glycosyl units, lipids, or inorganic ions, such as phosphate, as well as modifications involving chemical alterations of the chain, such as oxidation of sulfhydryl groups. Thus, the term "protein" (or its equivalents) is intended to include the amino acid sequence of a full-length naturally occurring protein, or a fragment thereof, that has been subjected to modifications that do not significantly alter its specific properties. In particular, the term "protein" encompasses protein isoforms, i.e., variants encoded by the same gene but that differ in their pI or MW, or both. Such isoforms may differ in their amino acid sequence (e.g., as a result of allelic variation, alternative splicing, or limited proteolysis), or alternatively, may result from differential post-translational modification (e.g., glycosylation, acylation, phosphorylation).

[0045] The term "analog," as used herein in reference to a protein, refers to a polypeptide that has a similar or identical function to the protein, but does not necessarily contain an amino acid sequence that is similar or identical to the amino acid sequence of the protein or a structure that is similar or identical to the structure of the protein. Preferably, in the context of the present invention, a protein analog has an amino acid sequence that is at least 30%, more preferably at least 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99% identical to the amino acid sequence of the protein.

[0046] The terms "fragment" and "portion," as used herein in reference to a protein, refer to a polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence of at least 5 contiguous amino acid residues (preferably at least about 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 125, 150, 175, 200, 250 or more contiguous amino acid residues) of the amino acid sequence of the protein. A fragment of a protein may or may not possess a functional activity of the protein.

[0047] The term "biologically active," as used herein to characterize a protein variant, analog, or fragment, refers to a molecule that shares sufficient amino acid sequence identity or homology with the protein to exhibit similar or identical properties to the protein. For example, in many embodiments of the present invention, a biologically active fragment of an anti-claudin-1 antibody is one that retains the ability of the whole antibody to bind to an antigen.

[0048] The term "homology" (or "homology"), as used herein, is synonymous with the term "identity" and refers to the sequence similarity between two polypeptide molecules or two nucleic acid molecules. If a position in both compared sequences is occupied by the same base or the same amino acid residue, then the respective molecules are homologous at that position. The percentage of homology between two sequences corresponds to the number of matching or homologous positions shared by the two sequences, divided by the number of positions compared, multiplied by 100. Generally, comparisons are performed when the two sequences are aligned to maximize homology. Homologous amino acid sequences share identical or similar amino acid sequences. Similar residues are conservative substitutions for, or "tolerated point mutations" of, corresponding amino acid residues in a reference sequence. A "conservative substitution" of a residue in a reference sequence is a substitution that is physically or functionally similar to the corresponding reference residue, e.g., has similar size, shape, charge, chemical properties (including the ability to form covalent or hydrogen bonds, etc.). Particularly preferred conservative substitutions are those that meet the criteria defined for "accepted point mutations" as described by Dayhoff et al. ("Atlas of Protein Sequence and Structure", 1978, Nat. Biomed. Res. Foundation, Washington, DC, Suppl. 3, 22:354-352).

[0049] The terms "labeled," "labeled with a detectable agent," and "labeled with a detectable moiety" are used interchangeably herein. These terms are used to specify that an entity (e.g., an antibody) can be visualized, for example, following binding to another entity (e.g., an antigen). Preferably, the detectable agent or moiety is selected to generate a signal that can be measured and whose intensity is related (e.g., proportional) to the amount of bound entity. Methods for labeling proteins and polypeptides (including antibodies) are well known in the art. Labeled polypeptides can be prepared by incorporating or conjugating a label that is directly or indirectly detectable by spectroscopic, photochemical, biochemical, immunochemical, electrical, optical, or chemical means, or any other suitable means. Suitable detectable agents include, but are not limited to, various ligands, radionuclides, fluorescent dyes, chemiluminescent agents, microparticles, enzymes, colorimetric labels, magnetic labels, and haptens.

[0050] The terms "approximately" and "about" as used herein in reference to numbers generally include numbers within 10% in either direction (greater or lesser than that number) unless otherwise stated or apparent from the context (except in cases where such number may exceed 100% of its possible values). DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0051] As described above, the present invention relates to the use of anti-claudin-1 antibodies for the prevention and / or treatment of fibrotic diseases. In particular, the present invention relates to the use of anti-claudin-1 antibodies for the prevention and / or treatment of pulmonary fibrosis, renal fibrosis, and skin fibrosis.

[0052] I - Anti-Claudin-1 antibody The present inventors previously developed monoclonal antibodies against human claudin-1 and demonstrated that these monoclonal antibodies cured HCV infection in vivo without detectable adverse effects (see EP08305597 and WO2010 / 034812). They then showed that anti-claudin-1 monoclonal antibodies interfered with hepatocyte signaling and reversed patient-derived hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) risk signatures in hepatocyte-based model systems, making them useful for preventing and / or treating HCC regardless of etiology (see EP15159872 and WO2016 / 146809). They now demonstrate that anti-claudin-1 antibodies can be used in the prevention or treatment of fibrotic diseases, particularly pulmonary fibrosis, such as idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF).

[0053] Anti-claudin-1 antibodies that can be used in the practice of the present invention include any antibody raised against claudin-1. Examples of anti-claudin-1 antibodies that can be used in the practice of the present invention include, in particular, polyclonal and monoclonal anti-CLDN1 antibodies developed by the present inventors (see EP08305597 and WO2010 / 034812; Fofana et al., Gastroenterology, 2010, 139(3):953-64, 964.e1-4). As described in these documents, eight monoclonal antibodies were produced by genetic immunization and shown to efficiently inhibit HCV infection by targeting the extracellular domain of claudin-1. The monoclonal anti-claudin-1 antibodies are designated OM-4A4-D4, OM-7C8-A8, OM-6D9-A6, OM-7D4-C1, OM-6E1-B5, OM-3E5-B6, OM-8A9-A3, and OM-7D3-B3. Thus, anti-claudin-1 antibodies suitable for use in the practice of the present invention include monoclonal antibodies secreted by any one of the hybridoma cell lines deposited on July 29, 2008 by INSERM (one of the present applicants) and GENOVAC at DSMZ (Deutsche Sammlung von Mikro-organismen und Zelkuturen GmbH, Inhoffenstrabe 7 B, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany) under accession numbers DSM ACC2931, DSM ACC2932, DSM ACC2933, DSM ACC2934, DSM ACC2935, DSM ACC2936, DSM ACC2937, and DSM ACC2938 (described in EP 08305597 and WO 2010 / 034812).

[0054] Other anti-claudin-1 antibodies suitable for use in the practice of the present invention include monoclonal antibodies having the same epitope as the anti-claudin-1 monoclonal antibodies secreted by any one of the hybridoma cell lines listed above. In certain embodiments, the epitope is highly dependent on the conservation of the conserved motif W(30)-GLW(51)-C(54)-C(64) in the first extracellular loop of claudin-1 (see EP08305597 and WO2010 / 034812).

[0055] Other examples of suitable anti-claudin-1 antibodies include those disclosed in European Patent No. EP1167389, in U.S. Patent No. 6,627,439, in international patent applications published under WO2014 / 132307, in international patent applications published under WO2015 / 014659 and WO2015 / 014357, and in Yamashita et al., J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 2015, 353(1):112-118.

[0056] Anti-claudin-1 antibodies suitable for use in the present invention may be polyclonal or monoclonal antibodies.

[0057] Instead of using the hybridomas described above as an antibody source, anti-claudin-1 antibodies may be prepared using any other suitable method known in the art. For example, anti-claudin-1 monoclonal antibodies may be prepared by recombinant DNA methods. These methods generally involve isolating genes encoding the desired antibody, transferring the genes into a suitable vector, and bulk expression in a cell culture system. Genes or DNA encoding the desired monoclonal antibody may be easily isolated and sequenced using conventional procedures (e.g., using oligonucleotide probes capable of specifically binding to genes encoding the heavy and light chains of a mouse antibody). Hybridoma cell lines may serve as a preferred source of such DNA. Suitable host cells for recombinant production of antibodies include, but are not limited to, suitable mammalian host cells such as CHO, HeLa, or CV1. Suitable expression plasmids include, but are not limited to, pcDNA3.1 Zeo, pIND(SP1), and pREP8 (all commercially available from Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA). The antibody gene may be expressed via a viral or retroviral vector (including an MLV-based vector, a vaccinia virus-based vector, etc.). Cells may be grown in a suitable culture medium, such as DMEM or RPMI-1640 medium, using standard methods. The anti-claudin-1 antibody may be expressed as a single-chain antibody. Isolation and purification of recombinantly produced antibodies may be carried out by standard methods. For example, anti-claudin-1 monoclonal antibodies may be recovered and purified from cell cultures by protein A purification, ammonium sulfate or ethanol precipitation, acid extraction, anion or cation exchange chromatography, phosphocellulose chromatography, hydrophobic interaction chromatography, affinity chromatography, such as a protein A column, hydroxyapatite chromatography, lectin chromatography, or any suitable combination of these methods. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) may also be used for purification.

[0058] Alternatively, anti-claudin-1 antibodies for use in accordance with the present invention may be obtained from commercial sources.

[0059] In certain embodiments, the anti-claudin-1 antibody is used in its native form. In other embodiments, it is cleaved (e.g., via enzymatic cleavage or other suitable methods) to provide immunoglobulin fragments or portions, particularly biologically active fragments or portions. Biologically active fragments or portions of the anti-claudin-1 antibody include fragments or portions that retain the ability of the antibody to bind to the whole antibody antigen, particularly the extracellular domain of claudin-1.

[0060] A biologically active fragment or portion of an anti-claudin-1 antibody may be a Fab fragment or portion, an F(ab')2 fragment or portion, a variable domain, or one or more CDRs (complementarity-determining regions) of the antibody (e.g., an antibody containing all six CDRs of an anti-claudin-1 monoclonal antibody). Alternatively, a biologically active fragment or portion of an anti-claudin-1 antibody may be derived from the carboxyl portion or terminus of the antibody protein and may include an Fc fragment, an Fd fragment, or an Fv fragment.

[0061] Anti-claudin-1 antibody fragments for use in accordance with the present invention may be produced using any suitable method known in the art, including, but not limited to, enzymatic cleavage (e.g., proteolytic digestion of intact antibodies) or synthetic or recombinant techniques. For example, F(ab')2, Fab, Fv, and ScFv (single-chain Fv) antibody fragments can be expressed in and secreted from mammalian host cells or in E. coli. Antibodies can also be produced in a variety of truncated forms using antibody genes in which one or more stop codons have been introduced upstream of the natural stop site. The various portions of the antibody can be chemically linked by conventional techniques, or can be prepared as a contiguous protein using genetic engineering techniques.

[0062] Anti-claudin-1 antibodies (or biologically active fragments thereof) suitable for use in accordance with the present invention may be produced in modified forms, such as fusion proteins (i.e., immunoglobulin molecules or portions thereof linked to a polypeptide entity). Preferably, the fusion protein retains the biological activity of the antibody. The polypeptide entity fused to the anti-claudin-1 antibody or biologically active fragment thereof may be selected to confer any of a number of advantageous properties to the resulting fusion protein. For example, the polypeptide entity may be selected to provide increased expression of the recombinant fusion protein. Alternatively, or in addition, the polypeptide entity may facilitate purification of the fusion protein, for example, by acting as a ligand in affinity purification. A proteolytic cleavage site may be added to the recombinant protein, allowing the desired sequence to be ultimately separated from the polypeptide entity after purification. The polypeptide entity may also be selected to confer improved stability to the fusion protein, if stability is a goal. An example of a suitable polypeptide entity includes a polyhistidine tag, which allows for easy purification of the resulting fusion protein, for example, on a nickel chelate column. Glutathione-S-transferase (GST), maltose B-binding protein, or protein A are other examples of suitable polypeptides.

[0063] Anti-claudin-1 antibodies for use in the present invention may be redesigned to optimize stability, solubility, in vivo half-life, or the ability to bind to additional targets. Genetic engineering approaches and chemical modifications to achieve any or all of these changes in properties are well known in the art. For example, the addition, removal, and / or modification of antibody constant regions is known to play a particularly important role in the bioavailability, distribution, and half-life of therapeutically administered antibodies. Antibody class and subclass are determined by the antibody's Fc or constant region (which mediates effector functions), which, if present, confers important additional properties.

[0064] Additional fusion proteins of the present invention may be obtained by DNA shuffling techniques well known in the art (see, e.g., U.S. Patent Nos. 5,605,793; 5,811,238; 5,830,721; 5,834,252; and 5,837,458).

[0065] Anti-claudin-1 antibodies suitable for use in accordance with the present invention may also be "humanized": sequence differences between rodent antibodies and human sequences can be minimized by substituting residues that differ from those in the human sequence by site-directed mutagenesis of individual residues, by grafting entire regions, or by chemical synthesis. Humanized antibodies can also be produced using recombinant methods. In humanized forms of antibodies, some, most, or all of the amino acids outside the CDR regions are substituted with amino acids from human immunoglobulin molecules, while some, most, or all of the amino acids within one or more CDR regions remain unchanged. Small additions, deletions, insertions, substitutions, or modifications of amino acids are permissible as long as they do not significantly alter the biological activity of the resulting antibody. Suitable human "substituted" immunoglobulin molecules include IgG1, IgG2, IgG2a, IgG2b, IgG3, IgG4, IgA, IgM, IgD, or IgE molecules and fragments thereof. Alternatively, T cell epitopes present in rodent antibodies can be modified by mutation (deimmunization) to generate non-immunogenic rodent antibodies that can be applied for therapeutic purposes in humans (see webpage: accurobio.com).

[0066] In some embodiments, the humanized anti-claudin-1 antibody for use according to the present invention is one previously described by the inventors in EP16305317 and WO2017 / 162678. Such a humanized anti-claudin-1 monoclonal antibody comprises all of the CDRs of rat monoclonal antibody OM-7D3-B3 (secreted by the hybridoma cell line deposited under accession number DSM ACC2938 - see above), wherein the variable heavy chain of OM-7D3-B3 consists of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 and the variable light chain of OM-7D3-B3 consists of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2, and said humanized antibody further comprises: a) at least one antibody variable heavy chain (VH) consisting of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3 or SEQ ID NO: 4 or SEQ ID NO: 5, or b) at least one antibody variable light chain (VL) consisting of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 6 or SEQ ID NO: 7 or SEQ ID NO: 8 wherein SEQ ID NO: 1, the variable heavy chain of OM-7D3-B3 has the following amino acid sequence, with the CDRs shown in bold and underlined: [ka] SEQ ID NO: 2, the variable light chain of OM-7D3-B3 has the following amino acid sequence, in which the CDRs are shown in bold and underlined: [ka] SEQ ID NO: 3 is the sequence of the humanized variable heavy chain H3: [ka] SEQ ID NO: 4 is the sequence of the humanized variable heavy chain H2: [ka] SEQ ID NO: 5 is the sequence of the humanized variable heavy chain H1: [ka] SEQ ID NO: 6 is the sequence of the humanized variable light chain L3: [ka] SEQ ID NO: 7 is the sequence of the humanized variable light chain L2: [ka] SEQ ID NO: 8 is the sequence of the humanized variable light chain L1: [ka]

[0067] For example, such a humanized anti-claudin-1 monoclonal antibody may comprise: a) two antibody variable heavy chains (VH), both variable heavy chains consisting of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3 or SEQ ID NO: 4 or SEQ ID NO: 5, or b) two antibody variable light chains (VL), both variable light chains consisting of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 6 or SEQ ID NO: 7 or SEQ ID NO: 8.

[0068] For example, such a humanized anti-claudin-1 monoclonal antibody may comprise: 1) two antibody variable heavy chains (VH) consisting of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3 and two antibody variable light chains (VL) consisting of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 6 [H3L3]; or 2) two antibody variable heavy chains (VH) consisting of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3 and two antibody variable light chains (VL) consisting of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 7 [H3L1]; or 3) two antibody variable heavy chains (VH) consisting of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3 and two antibody variable light chains (VL) consisting of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 8 [H3L2]; or 4) two antibody variable heavy chains (VH) consisting of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4 and two antibody variable light chains (VL) consisting of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 6 [H1L3]; or 5) two antibody variable heavy chains (VH) consisting of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4 and two antibody variable light chains (VL) consisting of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 7 [H1L1]; or 6) two antibody variable heavy chains (VH) consisting of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4 and two antibody variable light chains (VL) consisting of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 8 [H1L2]; or 7) two antibody variable heavy chains (VH) consisting of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 5 and two antibody variable light chains (VL) consisting of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 6 [H2L3]; or 8) two antibody variable heavy chains (VH) consisting of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 5 and two antibody variable light chains (VL) consisting of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 7 [H2L1]; or 9) Two antibody variable heavy chains (VH) consisting of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 5, and two antibody variable light chains (VL) consisting of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 8 [H2L2].

[0069] The humanized anti-claudin-1 antibody may be a complete monoclonal antibody having an isotope selected from the group consisting of IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, and IgG4, or may be a fragment of a monoclonal antibody selected from the group consisting of Fv, Fab, F(ab')2, Fab', dsFv, scFv, sc(Fv)2, and diabody.

[0070] An anti-claudin-1 antibody (or biologically active variant or fragment thereof) suitable for use in accordance with the present invention may be operably linked to one or more other molecular entities (e.g., by chemical conjugation, genetic fusion, noncovalent bonding, or other methods). Methods for preparing such modified antibodies (or conjugated antibodies) are known in the art (see, e.g., "Affinity Techniques. Enzyme Purification: Part B," Methods in Enzymol., 1974, Vol. 34, Jakoby and Wilneck (Eds.), Academic Press: New York, NY; and Wilchek and Bayer, Anal. Biochem., 1988, 171:1-32). Preferably, the molecular entity is attached to a position on the antibody molecule that does not interfere with the binding properties of the resulting conjugate, e.g., a position that is not involved in the specific binding of the antibody to its target.

[0071] The antibody molecule and the molecular entity may be covalently linked directly to each other. Alternatively, the antibody molecule and the molecular entity may be covalently linked to each other through a linker group. This can be achieved by using any of a wide variety of stable bifunctional agents known in the art, including homofunctional and heterofunctional linkers.

[0072] In certain embodiments, anti-claudin-1 antibodies (or biologically active fragments thereof) for use in accordance with the present invention are conjugated to a detectable agent. Any of a variety of detectable agents can be used, including, but not limited to, various ligands, radionuclides (e.g., 3 H, 125 I, 131I, etc.), fluorescent dyes (e.g., fluorescein isothiocyanate, rhodamine, phycoerytherin, phycocyanin, allophycocyanin, o-phthalaldehyde, and fluorescamine), chemiluminescent agents (e.g., luciferin, luciferase), microparticles (e.g., quantum dots, nanocrystals, fluorophores, etc.), enzymes (e.g., those used in ELISA, i.e., horseradish peroxidase, beta-galactosidase, luciferase, alkaline phosphatase, etc.), colorimetric labels, magnetic labels, and biotin, digoxigenin, or other haptens and proteins for which antisera or monoclonal antibodies are available.

[0073] Other molecular entities that can be conjugated to the anti-claudin-1 antibodies (or biologically active fragments thereof) of the present invention include, but are not limited to, linear or branched hydrophilic polymer groups, fatty acid groups, or fatty acid ester groups.

[0074] Thus, in the practice of the present invention, anti-claudin-1 antibodies can be used in the form of full-length antibodies, biologically active mutants or fragments thereof, chimeric antibodies, humanized antibodies, and antibody-derived molecules (e.g., Fab fragments, F(ab')2 fragments, Fd fragments, Fabc fragments, Sc antibodies (single-chain antibodies), diabodies, individual antibody light chains, individual antibody heavy chains, chimeric fusions between antibody chains and other molecules, and antibody conjugates, e.g., antibodies conjugated to therapeutic or detectable agents) comprising at least one complementarity-determining region (CDR) from either the heavy or light chain variable region of an anti-claudin-1 antibody. Preferably, the anti-claudin-1 antibody-related molecules according to the present invention retain the ability of antibodies to bind to their antigens, particularly the extracellular domain of claudin-1.

[0075] Those skilled in the art will appreciate that other compounds that target claudin-1 can be used in the practice of the present invention, including but not limited to small molecules and siRNAs.

[0076] II—Treatment and / or prevention of fibrotic diseases. A. Indications The present inventors have shown that anti-claudin-1 antibodies can specifically target the lungs, kidneys, and skin and prevent and treat pulmonary fibrosis in a state-of-the-art model of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) without any significant adverse effects. Therefore, anti-claudin-1 antibodies, or biologically active fragments thereof, may be used in methods for preventing and / or treating pulmonary fibrosis, renal fibrosis, and skin fibrosis, as defined above.

[0077] The methods of treatment of the present invention may be achieved using an anti-claudin-1 antibody, or a biologically active fragment thereof, or a pharmaceutical composition comprising such an antibody or fragment (see below). These methods generally involve administering an effective amount of an anti-claudin-1 antibody, or a biologically active fragment thereof, or a pharmaceutical composition thereof, to a subject in need thereof (i.e., a patient diagnosed with pulmonary fibrosis, renal fibrosis, or skin fibrosis). Administration may be carried out using any of the administration methods known to those skilled in the art (see below).

[0078] Pulmonary fibrosis The terms "pulmonary fibrosis" and "pulmonary fibrosis" are used interchangeably herein. They refer to a number of conditions of known or unknown etiology that cause interstitial lung injury, subsequent fibrosis, and ultimately loss of lung elasticity. These conditions lead to symptoms such as persistent cough, chest pain, dyspnea, and fatigue.

[0079] Pulmonary fibrosis that can be treated according to the methods of the present invention may be caused by any of a variety of factors, including, but not limited to, long-term exposure to certain toxins (e.g., silica dust, asbestos fibers, hard metal dust, coal dust, grain dust, bird and animal droppings); certain medical conditions (e.g., dermatomyositis, polymyositis, mixed connective tissue disease, systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, sarcoidosis, scleroderma, and pneumonia); radiation therapy (e.g., for lung cancer or breast cancer); and certain medications (e.g., chemotherapy drugs such as methotrexate and cyclophosphamide, cardiac medications such as amiodarone; certain antibiotics such as nitrofurantoin and ethambutol; and anti-inflammatory drugs such as rituximab and sulfasalazine).

[0080] In some embodiments, pulmonary fibrosis that can be treated according to the methods of the present invention may not have an obvious underlying cause. The term "idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis" is used hereinafter.

[0081] In some embodiments, the pulmonary fibrosis treated using the methods of treatment of the present invention is selected from the group consisting of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), idiopathic nonspecific interstitial pneumonia (NSIP), cryptogenic organizing pneumonia (COP), Hammann-Rich syndrome (also known as acute interstitial pneumonia), lymphocytic interstitial pneumonia (LIP), respiratory bronchitis interstitial lung disease, desquamative interstitial pneumonia or idiopathic lymphocytic interstitial pneumonia, and idiopathic pleural parenchymal fibroelastosis.

[0082] In certain preferred embodiments, the pulmonary fibrosis is idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.

[0083] In some embodiments, the pulmonary fibrosis is associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), a type of progressive respiratory disease characterized by airway obstruction, long-term breathing problems, and insufficient airflow.

[0084] In certain embodiments, the pulmonary fibrosis results from an infection, such as COVID19-associated fibrosis.

[0085] Administration of an anti-claudin-1 antibody or a pharmaceutical composition thereof to a patient suffering from pulmonary fibrosis may slow, reduce, stop, or reduce the progression of the disease, particularly the development of complications such as pulmonary hypertension, right heart failure, respiratory failure, lung cancer, or other pulmonary complications such as blood clots in the lungs, lung collapse, or lung infections.

[0086] Alternatively or additionally, administration of an anti-claudin-1 antibody, or a pharmaceutical composition thereof, to a patient suffering from pulmonary fibrosis may result in amelioration of at least one of the symptoms experienced by the individual (including, but not limited to, dry cough, shortness of breath, fatigue, muscle pain, joint pain, and weight loss).

[0087] Alternatively or additionally, administration of an anti-claudin-1 antibody, or a pharmaceutical composition thereof, to patients suffering from pulmonary fibrosis may help to avoid or at least delay lung transplantation.

[0088] In some embodiments, the methods of the present invention are administered to subjects at risk of developing pulmonary fibrosis, such as those exposed to certain toxins known to be associated with pulmonary fibrosis, those who have undergone radiation therapy, or those who have been treated with certain medications. Administration of an anti-claudin-1 antibody or pharmaceutical composition thereof may result in prevention of disease onset or prevention of disease progression beyond a very early stage.

[0089] The effectiveness of treatment according to the present invention may be monitored using any of the assays and tests known in the art for diagnosing pulmonary fibrosis affecting a patient, including, but not limited to, imaging tests (such as chest x-ray, computed tomography (CT) scan, and echocardiography), pulmonary function tests (such as pulmonary function tests (e.g., spirometry), pulse oximetry, exercise stress tests, and arterial blood gas tests), or bronchoscopic or surgical biopsy.

[0090] In certain embodiments of the methods of preventing or treating pulmonary fibrosis according to the present invention, the anti-claudin-1 antibody (or biologically active fragment thereof) or pharmaceutical composition thereof is administered alone. In other embodiments, the anti-claudin-1 antibody (or biologically active fragment thereof) or pharmaceutical composition thereof is administered in combination with at least one additional therapeutic agent and / or therapeutic procedure. The anti-claudin-1 antibody (or biologically active fragment thereof) or pharmaceutical composition thereof may be administered prior to, concurrently with, and / or after the administration of the therapeutic agent or therapeutic procedure.

[0091] Therapeutic agents that may be administered in combination with anti-claudin-1 antibodies (or biologically active fragments thereof) or pharmaceutical compositions thereof may be selected from a wide variety of biologically active compounds known in the art to have beneficial effects in the treatment or management of pulmonary fibrosis. Examples of such therapeutic agents include, but are not limited to, immunosuppressants such as corticosteroids, antifibrotic agents such as cyclosporine or colchicine, new drugs approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) such as pirfenidone (ESBRIET®) and nintedanib (OFEV®), and antacids for treating gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), a digestive disorder commonly occurring in people with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Examples of treatment procedures include, but are not limited to, oxygen therapy (which facilitates breathing and movement, prevents or reduces complications from low blood oxygen levels, lowers blood pressure in the right side of the heart, and improves sleep and well-being); pulmonary rehabilitation (which helps manage symptoms and improve daily function by improving physical endurance and lung efficiency); and lung transplantation (which improves quality of life and allows patients to live longer lives).

[0092] Thus, in certain embodiments, the method of treating pulmonary fibrosis according to the present invention is administered in combination with a therapeutic agent selected from the group consisting of corticosteroids, cyclosporine, colchicine, pirfenidone, nintedanib, and acid-blocking drugs to treat gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). Alternatively or additionally, the method of treating pulmonary fibrosis according to the present invention is administered in combination with a therapeutic procedure selected from the group consisting of lung transplantation, hyperbaric oxygen therapy, and pulmonary rehabilitation.

[0093] It is also contemplated that anti-claudin-1 antibodies, or biologically active fragments thereof, as defined above, may be used in methods for preventing and / or treating mediastinal fibrosis, a condition characterized by calcific fibrosis affecting the area between the lungs (mediastinum), including the heart, great vessels, trachea, esophagus, and lymph nodes.

[0094] Kidney fibrosis The terms "renal fibrosis" and "renal fibrosis" are used interchangeably herein. Renal fibrosis is a hallmark of chronic kidney disease, regardless of the underlying etiology. Pathological findings of renal fibrosis are characterized by progressive tissue scarring, including glomerulosclerosis, tubulointerstitial fibrosis, and loss of renal parenchyma (including tubular atrophy, loss of capillaries and podocytes). All kidney diseases are accompanied by renal fibrosis, which is a progressive process that ultimately leads to end-stage renal disease (ESRD) (a devastating disorder requiring dialysis or kidney transplantation). Because the chronic deterioration of renal function depends heavily on the degree of renal fibrosis, it is believed that inhibiting the progression of fibrosis can prevent the development of chronic renal failure. The term "chronic renal failure" refers to a state in which renal function gradually and irreversibly deteriorates and the body is unable to maintain homeostasis.

[0095] Renal fibrosis that can be treated according to the methods of the present invention may be caused by any of a variety of factors, including, but not limited to, certain medical conditions (such as nephropathy, e.g., glomerular diseases (e.g., glomerulosclerosis, glomerulonephritis), chronic renal failure, acute kidney injury, hypertension, polycystic kidney disease, vesicoureteral reflux, pyelonephritis (recurrent kidney infection), and autoimmune diseases such as diabetes); certain medical interventions (such as nephrectomy or nephrectomy, a procedure sometimes performed in patients with kidney cancer that can adversely affect the renal function of the remaining kidney; dialysis after renal failure; and catheter placement); and some drug therapies (such as chemotherapy and immunosuppressive therapy, which are sources of adverse effects on the kidney and lead to renal fibrosis in the majority of cases; and long-term use of lithium and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs).

[0096] In some embodiments, the renal fibrosis treated using the methods of treatment of the present invention is selected from the group consisting of renal interstitial fibrosis and glomerulosclerosis.

[0097] Administration of an anti-claudin-1 antibody, or a pharmaceutical composition thereof, to a patient suffering from renal fibrosis may slow, reduce, halt, or reduce the progression of the disease, particularly the occurrence of complications such as fluid retention (including pulmonary edema); hyperkalemia (a sudden increase in potassium levels in the blood); cardiovascular disease; decreased immune response; pericarditis; and end-stage renal disease.

[0098] Alternatively or additionally, administration of an anti-claudin-1 antibody, or a pharmaceutical composition thereof, to a patient suffering from renal fibrosis may result in amelioration of at least one of the symptoms experienced by the individual (including, but not limited to, nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, fatigue and weakness, muscle cramps, fluid retention (swelling or swelling), chest pain, shortness of breath, and high blood pressure).

[0099] Alternatively or additionally, administration of an anti-claudin-1 antibody, or a pharmaceutical composition thereof, to a patient suffering from renal fibrosis may help to avoid or at least delay dialysis or kidney transplantation.

[0100] The effectiveness of treatment according to the present invention may be monitored using any of the assays and tests known in the art for diagnosing renal fibrosis affecting a patient, including, but not limited to, imaging tests (such as ultrasound), blood tests (measuring creatinine and urea levels), urinalysis, and biopsies.

[0101] In certain embodiments, the anti-claudin-1 antibody (or biologically active fragment thereof), or pharmaceutical composition thereof, is administered alone. In other embodiments, the anti-claudin-1 antibody (or biologically active fragment thereof), or pharmaceutical composition thereof, is administered in combination with at least one additional therapeutic agent and / or therapeutic procedure. The anti-claudin-1 antibody (or biologically active fragment thereof), or pharmaceutical composition thereof, may be administered prior to, concurrently with, and / or after the administration of the therapeutic agent or therapeutic procedure.

[0102] Therapeutic agents that may be administered in combination with an anti-claudin-1 antibody (or biologically active fragment thereof), or a pharmaceutical composition thereof, may be selected from among a wide variety of biologically active compounds known in the art to have beneficial effects in the treatment or management of renal fibrosis. Examples of such therapeutic agents include, but are not limited to, antihypertensive drugs (to reduce the burden on the glomeruli); supplementation with 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 or erythropoietin (secreted by the kidneys); angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (e.g., captopril, enalapril, delapril, imidapril, quinapril, temocapril, perindopril erbumine, and lisinopril) and angiotensin II receptor antagonists (e.g., losartan, valsartan, candesartan cilexetil, telmisartan, olmesartan medoxomil, and irbesartan) (which are known to have renal protective effects themselves in addition to slowing the progression of renal failure by reducing glomerular blood pressure); diuretics (to reduce swelling); AST-120 (KREMEZIN®), an adsorbent carbon that adsorbs harmful substances in the intestines; and calcium polystyrene sulfonate (an ion exchange resin that absorbs potassium in the intestines). Examples of therapeutic procedures include dialysis and kidney transplants. Dialysis may be hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis. In hemodialysis, a machine filters waste products and excess water from the blood. In peritoneal dialysis, a catheter inserted into the abdomen fills the peritoneal cavity with dialysate, which absorbs waste products and excess water. After a period of time, the dialysate is drained from the body, carrying the waste products with it.

[0103] Thus, in certain embodiments, the method of treating renal fibrosis according to the present invention is administered in combination with a therapeutic agent selected from the group consisting of the antihypertensive drug 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, erythropoietin, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, the angiotensin II receptor antagonist AST-120 (KREMEZIN®), and calcium polystyrene sulfonate. Alternatively or additionally, the method of treating renal fibrosis according to the present invention is administered in combination with a therapeutic procedure selected from the group consisting of dialysis and kidney transplantation.

[0104] It is also contemplated that anti-claudin-1 antibodies, or biologically active fragments thereof, as defined above, may be used in methods for preventing and / or treating retroperitoneal fibrosis, a rare inflammatory disorder characterized by the abnormal formation of fibrous tissue in the retroperitoneum (a body compartment containing the kidney, aorta, renal ducts, and various other structures).

[0105] Skin fibrosis The terms "skin fibrosis," "dermal fibrosis," and "cutaneous fibrosis" are used interchangeably herein. They refer to excessive scarring of the skin resulting from a pathological wound healing response. Dermal fibrosis is characterized by the proliferation and excessive synthesis of fibroblasts and the deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins, such as collagen, elastin, and fibrillin. Clinically, dermal fibrosis appears as areas of thickened, tight, and hardened skin. Ultimately, dermal fibrosis can lead to skin contractures that affect the ability to flex and extend joints. Despite the morbidity and socioeconomic burden associated with dermal fibrosis, effective treatment options are limited. Current treatments are associated with significant side effects, and progression and recurrence often occur, even with combination therapy.

[0106] Skin fibrosis that can be treated according to the methods of the present invention may be caused by any of a variety of factors, including, but not limited to, certain medical conditions (scleroderma in both localized (morphea, linear scleroderma) and systemic forms, graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), nephrogenic fibrosing dermatosis, mixed connective tissue disease, scleroderma, scleromyxedema, eosinophilic myositis, chromoblastic mycosis, hypertrophic scars, and keloids); certain medical interventions (e.g., radiation therapy-induced skin fibrosis); environmental or occupational exposure to various chemicals (e.g., in L-tryptophan-induced eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome); and exposure to certain physical agents (physical trauma, surgical injury, heat or ice skin burns).

[0107] Administration of an anti-claudin-1 antibody, or a pharmaceutical composition thereof, to a patient suffering from skin fibrosis may slow, reduce, stop, or reduce the progression of the skin disease, e.g., the spread of fibrosis to unaffected skin areas, and / or may slow, reduce, stop, or reduce the onset of complications, such as deformities, skin contractures, loss of function in affected limbs, and spread to internal organs.

[0108] Alternatively or additionally, administration of an anti-claudin-1 antibody, or a pharmaceutical composition thereof, to a patient suffering from skin fibrosis may result in amelioration of at least one of the symptoms (areas of thickened, tight, and hardened skin) experienced by the individual.

[0109] The effectiveness of treatment according to the present invention may be monitored using any of the assays and tests known in the art for diagnosing dermal fibrosis affecting a patient. Such assays and tests utilize, for example, a durometer to measure skin hardness and / or stiffness, a cutometer to quantify skin elasticity, an ultrasound device to assess local dermal and subcutaneous blood flow, and digital infrared thermal imaging of the skin. Other non-invasive methods for diagnosing dermal fibrosis include ultrasound scanning, elastography, confocal microscopy, and optical coherence tomography.

[0110] In certain embodiments of the methods of preventing or treating skin fibrosis according to the present invention, the anti-claudin-1 antibody (or biologically active fragment thereof), or a pharmaceutical composition thereof, is administered alone. In other embodiments, the anti-claudin-1 antibody (or biologically active fragment thereof), or a pharmaceutical composition thereof, is administered in combination with at least one additional therapeutic agent and / or treatment procedure. The anti-claudin-1 antibody (or biologically active fragment thereof), or a pharmaceutical composition thereof, may be administered prior to, concurrently with, and / or after the administration of the therapeutic agent and / or treatment procedure.

[0111] Therapeutic agents that may be administered in combination with an anti-claudin-1 antibody (or a biologically active fragment thereof), or a pharmaceutical composition thereof, may be selected from immunosuppressive drugs (e.g., methotrexate, mycophenolate, mofetil, cyclophosphamide, and cyclosporine), tocilizumab (an anti-IL-6 receptor antibody), rituximab (an anti-CD20 antibody), and fresolimumab (an anti-TGFβ antibody, which has shown promising clinical outcomes).

[0112] Alternatively or additionally, the anti-claudin-1 antibody (or biologically active fragment thereof), or pharmaceutical composition thereof, may be administered in combination with a therapeutic procedure used in the treatment of skin fibrosis, such as ultraviolet phototherapy.

[0113] B. Administration An anti-claudin-1 antibody, or a biologically active fragment thereof (optionally after formulation with one or more appropriate pharmaceutically acceptable carriers or excipients) can be administered to a subject in need thereof at a desired dosage by any suitable route. Various delivery systems are known and can be used to administer antibodies (including encapsulation in tablets, capsules, injectable solutions, liposomes, microparticles, microcapsules, etc.). Methods of administration include, but are not limited to, dermal, intradermal, intramuscular, intraperitoneal, intralesional, intravenous, subcutaneous, intranasal, pulmonary, epidural, and oral routes. An anti-claudin-1 antibody, or a biologically active fragment thereof, or a pharmaceutical composition thereof, may be administered by any convenient or other suitable route, for example, by infusion or bolus injection, via absorption through epithelial or mucosal linings (e.g., oral mucosa, bronchial mucosa, rectal and intestinal mucosa, etc.). Administration can be systemic or local. As will be appreciated by one of skill in the art, in embodiments in which an antibody of the invention is administered in combination with an additional therapeutic agent, the antibody and the therapeutic agent may be administered by the same route (e.g., intravenously) or by different routes (e.g., intravenously and orally).

[0114] C. Dosage Anti-claudin-1 antibodies, or biologically active fragments thereof (optionally after formulation with one or more appropriate pharmaceutically acceptable carriers or excipients), may be administered in dosages such that the amount delivered is effective for the intended purpose. The route of administration, formulation, and administered dosage will depend on the desired therapeutic effect, the severity of the condition being treated (if present), the presence of any infection, the age, sex, weight, and general health of the patient, as well as the potency, bioavailability, and in vivo half-life of the antibody or composition used, the use (or lack thereof) of concomitant treatments, and other clinical factors. These factors can be readily determined by the attending physician over the course of treatment. Alternatively, or in addition, the administered dosage can be determined from studies using animal models (e.g., chimpanzees or mice). Adjusting dosages to achieve maximum efficacy based on these or other methods is well known in the art and within the capabilities of a trained physician. As studies are conducted using anti-claudin-1 antibodies, more information will emerge regarding appropriate dosage levels and duration of treatment.

[0115] Treatment according to the present invention may consist of a single dose or multiple doses. Thus, administration of the anti-claudin-1 antibody or its biologically active fragment (or pharmaceutical composition thereof) may be constant over a specific period of time or at regular and specific intervals, for example, hourly, daily, weekly (or at other specific multi-day intervals), monthly, or yearly (e.g., in a time-release form). Alternatively, delivery may be multiple times during a given period of time, for example, twice or more weekly; twice or more monthly, etc. Delivery may also be continuous delivery over a certain period of time, for example, intravenous delivery.

[0116] Generally, the amount of anti-claudin-1 antibody or biologically active fragment thereof (or pharmaceutical composition thereof) administered may preferably be in the range of about 1 ng / kg to about 100 mg / kg of the subject's body weight, for example, between about 100 ng / kg and about 50 mg / kg of the subject's body weight; or between about 1 μg / kg and about 10 mg / kg of the subject's body weight, or between about 100 μg / kg and about 1 mg / kg of the subject's body weight.

[0117] III- Pharmaceutical Compositions As mentioned above, anti-claudin-1 antibodies (and related molecules) may be administered per se or as a pharmaceutical composition. Accordingly, the present invention provides pharmaceutical compositions comprising an effective amount of an anti-claudin-1 antibody, or a biologically active fragment thereof described herein, and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient for use in the prevention and / or treatment of fibrotic diseases, particularly pulmonary fibrosis, renal fibrosis, and dermal fibrosis. In some embodiments, the composition further comprises one or more additional biologically active agents.

[0118] The antibody or pharmaceutical composition may be administered in any amount and using any route of administration effective to achieve the desired prophylactic and / or therapeutic effect. The optimal pharmaceutical formulation may vary depending on the route of administration and desired dosage. Such formulation may influence the physical state, stability, rate of in vivo release, and rate of in vivo clearance of the administered active ingredient.

[0119] The pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention may be formulated in dosage unit form for ease of administration and uniformity of dosage. As used herein, the expression "unit dosage form" refers to a physically discrete unit of anti-claudin-1 antibody or a biologically active fragment thereof for the patient to be treated. However, it will be understood that the total daily dosage of the composition will be determined by the attending physician within the scope of sound medical judgment.

[0120] A. Formulation Injectable preparations, for example, sterile injectable aqueous or oleaginous suspensions, may be formulated according to known techniques using suitable dispersing or wetting agents and suspending agents. Sterile injectable preparations may also be sterile injectable solutions, suspensions, or emulsions in non-toxic parenterally acceptable diluents or solvents, for example, as a solution in 2,3-butanediol. Among the acceptable solvents and solvents that may be used are water, Ringer's solution, USP, and isotonic sodium chloride solution. Sterile fixed oils are also conventionally used as a solution or suspending medium. For this purpose, any sterile fixed oil can be used (including synthetic monoglycerides or diglycerides). Fatty acids, such as oleic acid, may also be used in the preparation of injectable preparations. Sterile liquid carriers are useful in sterile liquid form compositions for parenteral administration.

[0121] Injectable preparations can be sterilized, for example, by filtration through a bacteria-retaining filter, or by incorporating sterilizing agents in the form of sterile solid compositions that can be dissolved or dispersed in sterile water or other sterile injectable media before use. Liquid pharmaceutical compositions that are sterile solutions or suspensions can be administered, for example, by intravenous, intramuscular, intraperitoneal, or subcutaneous injection. Injection can be via a single push or by gradual infusion. If necessary or desirable, the composition can include a local anesthetic to ease pain at the injection site.

[0122] To prolong the effect of an active ingredient (here, an anti-claudin-1 antibody or a biologically active fragment thereof), it is often desirable to slow the absorption of the ingredient from subcutaneous or intramuscular injection. Delayed absorption of a parenterally administered active ingredient may be achieved by dissolving or suspending the ingredient in an oil vehicle. Injectable depot forms are made by forming microencapsulated matrices of the active ingredient in biodegradable polymers such as polylactide-polyglycolide. The rate of ingredient release can be controlled depending on the ratio of active ingredient to polymer and the properties of the particular polymer used. Examples of other biodegradable polymers include poly(orthoesters) and poly(anhydrides). Depot injectable formulations can also be prepared by entrapping the active ingredient in liposomes or microemulsions that are compatible with body tissues.

[0123] Liquid dosage forms for oral administration include, but are not limited to, pharmaceutically acceptable emulsions, microemulsions, solutions, suspensions, syrups, elixirs, and pressurized compositions. In addition to an anti-claudin-1 antibody or a biologically active fragment thereof, liquid dosage forms may contain inert diluents commonly used in the art, such as water or other solvents, solubilizers and emulsifiers, such as ethyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, ethyl carbonate, ethyl acetate, benzyl alcohol, benzyl benzoate, propylene glycol, 1,3-butylene glycol, dimethylformamide, oils (especially cottonseed, crushed nut, corn, germ, olive, castor oil, and sesame oil), glycerol, tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol, polyethylene glycol, and fatty acid esters of sorbitan and mixtures thereof. Besides inert diluents, oral compositions may also contain adjuvants, such as wetting agents, suspending agents, preservatives, sweeteners, flavorings, and perfuming agents, thickeners, colorants, viscosity adjusting agents, stabilizers, or osmolality adjusting agents. Examples of suitable liquid carriers for oral administration include water (potentially containing additives such as those described above, e.g., cellulose derivatives, such as sodium carboxymethylcellulose solution), alcohols (including monohydric and polyhydric alcohols, e.g., glycols) and their derivatives, and oils (e.g., fractionated coconut oil and peanut oil). For pressurized compositions, the liquid carrier can be halogenated hydrocarbon or other pharmaceutically acceptable propellant.

[0124] Solid dosage forms for oral administration include, for example, capsules, tablets, pills, powders, and granules. In such solid dosage forms, the anti-claudin-1 antibody, or a biologically active fragment thereof, is administered in a solid form containing at least one inert, physiologically acceptable excipient or carrier, such as sodium citrate or dicalcium phosphate, and one or more of the following: (a) a filler or extender, such as starch, lactose, sucrose, glucose, mannitol, and silicic acid; (b) a binder, such as carboxymethylcellulose, alginate, gelatin, polyvinylpyrrolidone, sucrose, and acacia; (c) a humectant, such as glycerol; and (d) a disintegrating agent. The solid formulation may be mixed with (a) agar, calcium carbonate, potato or tapioca starch, alginic acid, certain silicates, and sodium carbonate; (e) solution retardants such as paraffin; absorption accelerators such as quaternary ammonium compounds; (g) wetting agents such as cetyl alcohol and glycerol monostearate; (h) absorbents such as kaolin and bentonite clay; and (i) lubricants such as talc, calcium stearate, magnesium stearate, solid polyethylene glycol, sodium lauryl sulfate, and mixtures thereof. Other excipients suitable for solid formulations include surface modifiers, such as nonionic and anionic surface modifiers. Representative examples of surface modifiers include, but are not limited to, poloxamer 188, benzalkonium chloride, calcium stearate, cetostearyl alcohol, cetomacrogol emulsifying wax, sorbitan esters, colloidal silicon dioxide, phosphates, sodium dodecyl sulfate, magnesium aluminum silicate, and triethanolamine. In the case of capsules, tablets and pills, the dosage forms may also comprise buffering agents.

[0125] Solid compositions of a similar type may also be used as fillers in soft and hard-filled gelatin capsules using such excipients as lactose or milk sugar and high molecular weight polyethylene glycols, etc. The solid dosage forms of tablets, dragees, capsules, pills, and granules can be prepared with coatings and shells, such as enteric coatings, release-controlling coatings, and other coatings well known in the pharmaceutical formulating art. They may optionally contain opacifying agents and can be of a composition that they release the active ingredient(s) only, or preferably, in a certain part of the intestinal tract, optionally, in a delayed manner. Examples of embedding compositions that can be used include polymeric substances and waxes.

[0126] In certain embodiments, it may be desirable to administer the compositions of the invention locally to the area requiring treatment (e.g., lung, kidney, or skin). This may be accomplished, for example, but not limited to, by local infusion during surgery (e.g., implantation), topical application, by injection, using a catheter, using a stent or other implant, or even using an inhaler.

[0127] For topical administration, the compositions may be formulated as a gel, ointment, lotion, or cream, preferably containing a carrier such as water, glycerol, alcohol, propylene glycol, fatty alcohol, triglyceride, fatty acid ester, or mineral oil. Other topical carriers include liquid petroleum, isopropyl palmitate, polyethylene glycol, ethanol (95%), polyoxyethylene monolaurate (5%) in water, or sodium lauryl sulfate (5%) in water. Other materials, such as antioxidants, humectants, viscosity stabilizers, and similar agents, may be added as needed.

[0128] It is also contemplated that in certain instances, the pharmaceutical compositions may be placed within transdermal devices placed on, through, or under the skin. Such devices include patches, implants, and injections that release the active ingredient by either passive or active release mechanisms. Transdermal administration includes all administrations across the surface of the body and the inner linings of bodily passages, including epithelial and mucosal tissues. Such administrations may be carried out using the present compositions in lotions, creams, foams, patches, suspensions, solutions, and suppositories (rectal and vaginal).

[0129] Transdermal administration can be achieved by use of a transdermal patch containing an active ingredient (i.e., an anti-claudin-1 antibody, or a biologically active fragment thereof) and a carrier that is nontoxic to the skin and allows delivery of the ingredient through the skin into the bloodstream for systemic absorption. The carrier can be in any number of forms, such as creams and ointments, pastes, gels, and occlusive devices. Creams and ointments can be viscous liquids or semisolid emulsions, either oil-in-water or water-in-oil. Pastes composed of absorbent powders dispersed in petroleum or hydrophilic petroleum containing the active ingredient may be suitable. A variety of occlusive devices can be used to release the active ingredient into the bloodstream (e.g., a semipermeable membrane covering a reservoir containing the active ingredient, with or without a carrier, or a matrix containing the active ingredient).

[0130] Suppository formulations may be made from traditional materials, including cocoa butter, with or without the addition of waxes to alter the suppository's melting point, and glycerin. Water soluble suppository bases, such as polyethylene glycols of various molecular weights, may also be used.

[0131] Materials and methods for producing various formulations are known in the art and may be applied to practice the present invention. Suitable formulations for delivery of antibodies can be found, for example, in "Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences," E.W. Martin, 18th Ed., 1990, Mack Publishing Co.: Easton, PA.

[0132] B. Additional biologically active agents. In certain embodiments, the anti-claudin-1 antibody, or a biologically active fragment thereof, is the only active ingredient in the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention. In other embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition further comprises one or more biologically active agents. Examples of suitable biologically active agents include, but are not limited to, therapeutic agents, such as antiviral agents, anti-inflammatory agents, immunomodulatory agents, analgesics, antimicrobial agents, kinase inhibitors, signal transduction inhibitors, antibacterial agents, antibiotics, antioxidants, antiseptics, and combinations thereof. Examples of other suitable biologically active agents include therapeutic agents suitable for the treatment of pulmonary fibrosis, and for the treatment of kidney fibrosis, pulmonary fibrosis, or skin fibrosis, such as those listed above.

[0133] In such pharmaceutical compositions, the anti-claudin-1 antibody and additional therapeutic agent may be combined in one or more preparations for simultaneous, separate, or sequential administration of the anti-claudin-1 antibody and the therapeutic agent. More specifically, the compositions of the present invention may be formulated so that the antibody and the therapeutic agent can be administered together or independently of each other. For example, the anti-claudin-1 antibody and the therapeutic agent may be formulated together in a single composition. Alternatively, they may be maintained (e.g., in different compositions and / or containers) and administered separately.

[0134] C. Kit Medicine Pack In another aspect, the invention provides a pharmaceutical pack or kit comprising one or more containers (e.g., vials, ampoules, test tubes, flasks, or bottles) containing one or more of the ingredients of the pharmaceutical compositions of the invention, allowing for administration of an anti-claudin-1 antibody, or a biologically active fragment thereof.

[0135] The different components of the pharmaceutical pack or kit may be supplied in solid (e.g., lyophilized) or liquid form. Each component is generally suitable for being dispensed in its respective container or provided in concentrated form. The pharmaceutical pack or kit may also include a medium for the reconstitution of the lyophilized components. The individual containers of the kit are preferably maintained in close confinement for commercial sale.

[0136] In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutical pack or kit includes one or more additional therapeutic agents, as described above. Optionally, associated with the container can be a notice or package insert in a form prescribed by a government agency regulating the manufacture, use, or sale of pharmaceutical or biological products, the notice reflecting approval by the agency of the manufacture, use, or sale for human administration. The package insert notice can include directions for using the pharmaceutical composition in accordance with the methods of treatment disclosed herein.

[0137] An identifier (e.g., bar code, radio frequency, ID tag, etc.) may be present in or on the kit, which can be used, for example, to uniquely identify the kit for purposes of quality control, inventory control, tracking movement between workstations, etc. [Example]

[0138] The following examples describe some of the preferred modes of making and practicing the present invention. However, it should be understood that the examples are for illustrative purposes only and are not meant to limit the scope of the present invention. Furthermore, unless the descriptions in the examples are presented in the past tense, the text, like the rest of the specification, is not intended to imply that the experiments were actually performed or the data actually obtained.

[0139] Example 1: Biodistribution of anti-claudin-1 monoclonal antibodies in vivo. Materials and Methods Reagents and antibodies. Anti-claudin-1 monoclonal antibody (anti-CLDN1 mAb-OM-7D3-B3) was obtained as previously described (Fofana et al., Gastroenterology, 2010, 139:953-964, e1-4). A control mAb (rat IgG2b clone LTF-25, Bio X Cell) was also used.

[0140] Research experiments on living vertebrates. In vivo experiments were carried out in the animal facility of INSERM Unit 1110 after approval by the Ethics Committee (CREMEAS, project numbers AL / 02 / 19 / 08 / 12 and AL / 01 / 18 / 08 / 12) and in accordance with local legislation.

[0141] Antibody biodistribution. Antibodies were labeled with Alexa-fluor 750 (RD-Biotech, Besançon, France). Eight-week-old Balb / c mice were intraperitoneally injected with 500 μg of Alexa-fluor 750-labeled CLDN1-specific or control mAb. Organs were harvested at 24 and 48 hours as previously described (Krieger et al., Hepatology, 2010, 51:1144-1157). Ex vivo specific fluorescence was detected with an IVIS Lumina 50 (Xenogen-Caliper-Perkin-Elmer) and expressed as mean efficacy.

[0142] Statistical analysis. The Mann-Whitney test was used. A p-value ≦0.05 was considered significant. Statistical analysis was performed with GraphPad Prism 6 software.

[0143] result Biodistribution of anti-claudin-1 antibodies. We measured the in vivo biodistribution of anti-CLDN1 monoclonal antibodies in Balb / c mice and compared it with that of a control monoclonal antibody. The results presented in Figure 1 show that concentrations of anti-CLDN1 monoclonal antibodies were observed in the skin, kidney, lung, intestine, and liver (see Figure 1(A) measured at 24 hours and Figure 1(B) measured at 48 hours) (Mailly et al., Nature Biotechnol. 2015, 33(5):549-554).

[0144] Example 2: In vivo efficacy of anti-claudin-1 monoclonal antibodies in preventing fibrosis in a bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis model Materials and Methods Protocol for investigating the effect of anti-human CLDN1 monoclonal antibody in preventing fibrosis in a bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis model. Pathogen-free, 6-week-old female C57BL / 6J mice were obtained from Japan SLC, Inc. (Japan). On day 0, 54 mice were induced with pulmonary fibrosis by a single intratracheal administration of bleomycin hydrochloride (BLM, Nippon Kayaku, Japan) in saline at a dose of 3.0 mg / kg in a volume of 50 μL per animal using a Microsprayer® (Penn-Century, USA). Within each slot, mice were randomized into three groups of 18 mice based on their body weight on the day before the start of treatment on day 0. Individual body weights were measured daily during the experimental period. Mice were monitored daily for survival, clinical signs, and behavior.

[0145] Mouse groups. Group 1 (vehicle): Eighteen bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis model mice were intraperitoneally administered with vehicle (physiological saline) at a volume of 5 mg / kg once a week from day 0 to day 20. Group 2 (anti-CLDN1 Ab): Eighteen bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis model mice were intraperitoneally administered with vehicle supplemented with anti-CLDN1 Ab at a dose of 500 μg / mouse once a week from day 0 to day 20. Group 3 (dexamethasone): Eighteen bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis model mice were orally administered with pure water supplemented with dexamethasone at a dose of 0.25 mg / kg (in a volume of 10 mL / kg) once a day from day 0 to day 20. Mice in all groups were sacrificed on day 21.

[0146] Survival, biochemical, and histological analyses. Mice in all groups were sacrificed on day 21 for survival and histological analysis. Survival curves were generated using the Kaplan-Meier survival method and compared using the log-rank test. Histological analysis of lung sections was performed according to the standard method: Masson's trichrome staining and estimation of the Ashcroft score.

[0147] Statistical testing. Statistical testing was performed using the Kruskal-Wallis test. A P value <0.05 was considered statistically significant.

[0148] The study design is summarized in Figure 2(A).

[0149] result The anti-CLDN1 mAb group showed a significant decrease in Ashcroft score compared with the vehicle group (mean ± SD: 3.9 ± 1.5 and 2.8 ± 0.9, respectively, p < 0.05). The Ashcroft score in the dexamethasone group tended to decrease compared with the vehicle group (Figure 2(B)). Representative photomicrographs of Masson's trichrome-stained lung sections are shown in Figure 2(C).

[0150] During the treatment period, mice found to have died before reaching day 21 were as follows: 4 out of 18 mice were found to have died in the vehicle group; 5 out of 18 mice were found to have died in the anti-CLDN1 mAb group; and 10 out of 18 mice were found to have died in the dexamethasone group. The dexamethasone group showed a significant decrease in survival rate compared with the vehicle group. There was no significant difference in survival rate between the vehicle group and the anti-CLDN1 Ab group (Figure 2(D)).

[0151] Body weight was expressed as a percentage of weight change from baseline (day 0). The mean body weight change in the dexamethasone group was significantly lower than that of the vehicle group on days 4 to 16, 18, 19, and 21. There was no significant difference in mean body weight change between the vehicle and anti-CLDN1 Ab groups on any day during the study period (Figure 2(E)).

[0152] Example 3: In vivo efficacy of anti-claudin-1 monoclonal antibodies in treating fibrosis in a bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis model Materials and Methods Protocol for investigating the effect of anti-human CLDN1 monoclonal antibodies in treating fibrosis in a bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis model. Pathogen-free, 6-week-old female C57BL / 6J mice were obtained from Japan SLC, Inc. (Japan). On day 0, 54 mice were anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital (Kyoritsu Seiyaku, Japan) and intratracheally administered bleomycin (Lot No. 771840, Nippon Kayaku, Japan) in saline at a dose of 3 mg / kg using a Microsprayer® (Penn-Century, USA) in a volume of 50 μL per animal. Mice were transferred to clean cages (resting cages) and housed until recovery from anesthesia. Bleomycin administration was performed on two separate days, with equal numbers of mice assigned to each day. Within each slot, mice in the bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis model were randomized into three groups of 18 mice based on their weight change on the day before the start of treatment on day 7. Mice were monitored daily for survival, clinical signs, and behavior.

[0153] Mouse groups. Group 1 (vehicle): Eighteen bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis model mice were intraperitoneally administered with vehicle (saline) at a volume of 5 mg / kg once a week from day 7 to day 20. Group 2 (anti-CLDN1 Ab): Eighteen bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis model mice were intraperitoneally administered with vehicle supplemented with anti-CLDN1 Ab at a dose of 500 μg / mouse once a week from day 7 to day 20. Group 3 (nintedanib): Eighteen bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis model mice were orally administered with pure water supplemented with nintedanib at a dose of 100 mg / kg (in a volume of 10 mL / kg) once a day from day 7 to day 20. Mice in all groups were sacrificed on day 21 for the following assays.

[0154] Survival, biochemical, and histological analyses. Mice in all groups were sacrificed on day 21 for survival and histological assays. Survival curves were generated using the Kaplan-Meier survival method and compared using the log-rank test. Lung hydroxyproline content was assessed according to standard methods.

[0155] Statistical testing. Statistical testing was performed using the Kruskal-Wallis test. A P value <0.05 was considered statistically significant.

[0156] The study design is summarized in Figure 3(A).

[0157] result The anti-CLDN1 mAb group showed a significant decrease in lung hydroxyproline levels compared with the vehicle group (mean ± SD 52 ± 8.3 and 45.3 ± 8.4, respectively (p < 0.05)). Lung hydroxyproline levels in the nintedanib group tended to decrease compared with the vehicle group (mean ± SD 51.3 ± 9.0, see Figure 3(B)).

[0158] Representative photomicrographs of Masson's trichrome stained lung sections are shown in Figure 3(C).

[0159] There were no significant differences in survival rate and body weight between the vehicle and treatment groups (see Figure 3(DE)).

[0160] Example 4: Evaluation of anti-claudin-1 monoclonal antibodies for therapeutic applications in pulmonary and renal fibrosis To test the potential therapeutic application of CLDN1-specific mAbs for lung and kidney fibrosis, we evaluated the binding of CLDN1-specific mAbs to cells from a kidney cell line (RPTEC / TERT1) and a lung cell line (A549). Furthermore, we evaluated the induction and reversal of a progressive liver signature and TGFβ signaling in A549 lung cells.

[0161] Materials and Methods Cell Lines. The renal cancer cell line RPTEC / TERT1 and lung cancer cell line A549, both originally from ATCC, were obtained from IGBMC in collaboration with Drs. Irwin Davidson and Izabella Sumara, respectively. Both cell lines were cultured according to the provider's instructions: RPTEC / TERT1 renal cancer cells were grown in ATCC-formulated DMEM:F12 medium supplemented with the hTERT RPTEC Growth Kit and 0.1 mg / mL G418. A549 lung cancer cells were grown in ATCC-formulated F-12K medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum.

[0162] Binding studies. Cells were detached using a solution of EDTA (4 mM) and resuspended in PBS containing 1% FBS at 4°C. Next, 150,000 cells were incubated with increasing concentrations of humanized H3L3 CLDN1-specific mAb (see WO / 2017 / 162678), and binding signals were read by flow cytometry after incubation with PE-labeled anti-human mAb using a dilution of 1:100 and analyzed with a Cytoflex and FlowJo V10. Two washes with PBS containing 1% FBS were performed after each antibody incubation. Binding curves for each cell line were constructed using the median PE fluorescence intensity (MFI) to determine the K of the interaction. dwas calculated by applying the Michaelis-Menten mathematical model in R3.5.1.

[0163] PLS assay. A549 cells were seeded in 12-well plates (30,000 cells / well) and incubated with or without TGFβ (5 ng / mL) (Peprotech) and CLDN1-specific mAb (20 μg / mL) for 24 hours. RNA was then extracted using a Promega Reliaprep kit, and PLS induction was determined using an nCounter Nanostring at 125 nm.

[0164] TGFβ signaling reporter assay. A549 cells were transfected with the TGFβ signaling reporter plasmid pGLA4.48[luc2P / SBE / Hygro] (Promega) using Fugene according to the manufacturer's instructions. After transfection, fresh medium containing control or CLDN1-specific mAb (50 μg / mL) was added to the cells for 3 hours at 37°C. Fresh medium was added to the cells containing TGFβ (10 ng / mL) (Sigma) for 3 hours at 37°C. The plate was incubated for 15 minutes at room temperature, after which ONE-Glo substrate (Promega) was added for 3 minutes at room temperature. The luminescence of the supernatant was read using a Berthold microplate reader.

[0165] result CLDN1 mAb binds to CLDN1 DNA expressed in the RPTEC / TERT1 kidney cell line and the A549 lung cell line. CLDN1 mAb was found to saturate the epitope in both cell lines: 50 μg / mL for the kidney cancer cell line RPTEC / TERT1 (Figure 4(A)) and 20 μg / mL for the lung cancer cell line A549 (Figure 4(B)), hence K values ​​of 53 (Figure 4(C)) and 16.3 nM (Figure 4(D)), respectively. d These results confirm that the CLDN1-specific mAb can bind to CLDN1 expressed by kidney and lung cells.

[0166] CLDN1 mAb reverses the fibrosis-associated poor prognosis status of PLS ​​in the A549 lung cell line. To further explore the functional role of CLDN1 as a driver of fibrosis and carcinogenesis, we evaluated whether CLDN1 mAb modulates the expression of clinical PLS (a 32-gene signature predictive of fibrosis and liver disease progression, cancer risk, and mortality in patients) (Hoshida et al., N. Engl. J. Med., 2008, 359:1995-2004; Hoshida et al., Gastroenterology, 2013, 144:1024-1030; King et al., Gut, 2015, 64:1296-1302; Nakagawa et al., Cancer Cell, 2016, 30:879-890; Goossens et al., Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol., 2016, 14:1619-1628). The A549 cell line is known to induce clinical PLS without the presence of stress inducers (FDR = 0.018 for poor prognosis genes and 0.012 for good prognosis genes). Treatment with CLDN1 mAb for 24 hours resulted in reversal of clinical PLS (FDR = 0.094 for poor prognosis genes and 0.095 for good prognosis genes) (Figure 5(A)). Two PLS poor prognosis genes (SERPINB2 and FMO1) were significantly down-regulated following CLDN1-specific mAb, with a fold change of less than 1.5 (Figure 5(B)). These data suggest that CLDN1 acts as a driver of poor prognosis of clinical PLS in a pulmonary fibrosis cell line model and support the potential role of CLDN1 mAb as a candidate therapeutic target.

[0167] CLDN1 mAb reduces TGF-β signaling in A549 lung cells. TGF-β is essential for the differentiation of lung fibroblasts into myofibroblasts, a key step in the development of tissue fibrosis. Furthermore, increased expression of TGF-β has been reported in fibrotic lungs. TGF-β contributes to the production of extracellular matrix metalloproteinases (ECM), including collagen, laminin, and fibronectin (Saito et al., Int. J. Mol. Sci., 2018, 19(8):2460). To further investigate the effect of CLDN1-specific mAb on TGF-β signaling in lung cells, transfected SBE (TGF-β signaling reporter plasmid) A549 cells were treated with TGF-β (10 ng / mL), and CLDN1-specific mAb resulted in a significant reduction in TGF-β reporter activity (Figure 5(B)).

[0168] conclusion CLDN1-specific mAb binds to CLDN1-expressing cells from kidney (RPTEC / TERT1) and lung (A549) cell lines. Furthermore, it mediates the reversal of PLS, which predicts fibrosis, in A549 cells, suggesting a role for CLDN1-specific mAb in attenuating fibrosis progression. Finally, CLDN1 mAb was shown to reduce TGFβ signaling, a critical pathway for pulmonary fibrosis. Collectively, these data suggest the potential therapeutic value of CLDN1-specific mAb for lung and kidney fibrosis.

[0169] Example 5: Evaluation of anti-claudin-1 monoclonal antibodies for therapeutic applications in skin fibrosis - BLM-induced skin fibrosis model Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a chronic connective tissue disease of unknown etiology. It is characterized by fibrosis of the skin and internal organs. Most patients develop tissue fibrosis and organ dysfunction in the later stages of SSc, which leads to increased mortality. Symptomatic treatments for SSc are currently limited, and a causative treatment has long been awaited.

[0170] The bleomycin (BLM)-induced dermal fibrosis model is a well-characterized disease model for dermal fibrosis and is commonly used to examine the biological pathways of SSc. The BLM model encompasses key pathophysiological features of SSc: acanthosis nigricans and dermal fibrosis, making this model attractive for simple proof-of-concept testing of SSc or for in vivo screening of anti-fibrotic molecules (Yamamoto et al., J. Invest. Dermatol, 1999, 112:456).

[0171] Materials and Methods BLM Model and Sampling. As shown in the scheme presented in Figure 6, BLM is injected subcutaneously into the backs of pre-shaved mice every other day for 4 weeks. The injection site is 1.5 cm 2 The corners of the square shaved area were positioned and rotated (corner 1, corner 2, corner 3, corner 4, corner 1, etc.). 5 mm circles were cut using a skin punch and used for collagen quantification. The remaining intact area was cut into a total of three rectangles (one for histology and two for biochemical analysis). HE staining of skin samples from the BLM-induced skin fibrosis model shows increased thickness 28 days after BLM injection. In parallel, the subcutaneous fat layer shows atrophy and shrinkage.

[0172] Effect of imatinib on skin fibrosis. Imatinib mesylate is a tyrosine kinase inhibitor of c-Abl, PDGFR, and several other tyrosine kinases (Alfiya et al., Arthritis Rheum., 2009, 60:219). c-Abl is important for the induction of ECM proteins through the TGFβ pathway. Its inhibition can reduce the synthesis of ECM components. Imatinib interferes with PDGF signaling by blocking the tyrosine kinase activity of PDGFR (Alfiya et al., Arthritis Rheum., 2009, 60:219). The study design is presented in Figure 7.

[0173] result The results obtained are presented in Figure 8. Imatinib was found to induce a significant decrease in dermal thickness and in the area of ​​skin fibrosis.

[0174] Similar experiments are performed using a CLDN1-specific mAb instead of imatinib.

[0175] Example 6: Multiple mechanisms involved in anti-CLDN1 mAb-mediated anti-fibrotic effects in kidney and lung compared with liver Given the well-established role of CLDN1 in epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) (Stebbing et al., Oncogene, 2013, 32:4671-4872; Shiozaki et al., PLoS One, 2012, 7:e38049; Suh et al., Oncogene, 2013, 32:4873-4882; Zhang et al., Oncotarget, 2016, 7:87449-87461) and its association with fibrotic diseases in the liver, we aimed to investigate the role of CLDN1 as a driver and therapeutic target of renal and pulmonary fibrosis by analyzing CLDN1 expression in clinical cohorts of patients with chronic kidney and lung diseases, evaluating the effects of anti-CLDN1 mAbs in animal models, and by perturbation studies on patient-derived fibroblasts.

[0176] Materials and Methods Immunofluorescence. For immunofluorescence characterization of lung and kidney fibroblasts, cells were seeded onto eight-chambered coverglasses (Lab-Tek II #1.5, Sigma-Aldrich). The next day, cells were washed twice with PBS and fixed with 4% PFA for 15 minutes at room temperature, followed by permeabilization with 0.1x Triton-X for 10 minutes. After two washing steps, cells were blocked with 10% FBS for 30 minutes. Primary antibody staining with anti-α-SMA Ab (1:100, ab5694, Abcam, France) and anti-CLDN1 mAb H3L3 or control mAb motavizumab (10 μg / mL each) was performed overnight at 4°C. Cells were washed with PBS and incubated with goat anti-human Alexa Fluor 488 and goat anti-rabbit Alexa Fluor 647 secondary antibodies (Jackson, UK) at a dilution of 1:200. Nuclear staining was performed using DAPI (1 μg / mL) and cells were visualized using an epifluorescence microscope.

[0177] Perturbation studies in lung and kidney fibroblasts. Primary human diseased lung parenchymal fibroblasts (derived from an IPF patient (#HPCPFIPF-05, BioIVT)) and kidney fibroblasts (#P10666, Innoprot) were cultured at 5 × 10 in 12-well plates. 4 individual cells / cm 2 Cells were seeded at 1000 x g / mL and treated with either TNFα (10 ng / ml), TNFα (10 ng / ml) + IKK16 (1 μM), or vehicle control for 24 hours, followed by flow cytometry analysis of anti-CLDN1 mAb binding or incubated with anti-CLDN1 mAb or isotype control (50 μg / mL each) for 3 days for subsequent genome-wide RNA-seq analysis.

[0178] Flow cytometry. Membrane expression of human CLDN1 in lung and kidney fibroblasts was analyzed by flow cytometry. Briefly, 100,000 cells per condition were stained in triplicate with the humanized CLDN1-specific antibody H3L3 (10 μg / mL). A control isotype mAb was used as a negative control. Primary antibodies were detected with a PE-conjugated human-specific secondary antibody. Data were acquired using a Cytoflex B2R2V0 (Beckman Coulter) and analyzed using CytExpert 2.1 and FlowJo v10 (Beckman Coulter). CLDN1 expression was calculated as the difference in mean fluorescence intensity between cells stained with the CLDN1-specific antibody and control IgG.

[0179] Genome-wide RNA-Seq analysis. RNA-Seq libraries were generated from 300 ng of total RNA using the TruSeq Stranded mRNA Sample Preparation Kit (Illumina, part number RS-122-2101). Briefly, after purification with magnetic beads bearing poly-T oligos, mRNA was fragmented using divalent cations at 94°C for 2 minutes. The cleaved RNA fragments were copied into first-strand cDNA using reverse transcriptase and random primers. Strand specificity was achieved by substituting dTTP for dUTP during second-strand cDNA synthesis using DNA polymerase I and RNase H. After the addition of a single "A" base and subsequent ligation of adapters to the double-stranded cDNA fragments, the products were purified and enriched by PCR (98°C for 30 seconds; [98°C for 10 seconds, 60°C for 30 seconds, 72°C for 30 seconds] × 12 cycles; 72°C for 5 minutes) to generate a cDNA library. Excess PCR primers were further removed by purification using AMPure XP beads (Beckman Coulter), and the final cDNA library was checked for quality and quantified using a 2100 Bioanalyzer (Agilent). Libraries were sequenced on an Illumina HiSeq 4000 as single-read 50-base reads according to Illumina's instructions. Image analysis and base calling were performed using RTA v2.7.3 and bcl2fastq v2.17.1.14. Reads were mapped to the human genome hg19 using HISAT2 (Kim et al., Nature Methods, 2015, 12:357-360).

[0180] Bioinformatics and statistical analysis. CLDN1 gene expression in cohorts with lung and kidney diseases (kidney diseases: GSE115857 and GSE129973; pulmonary fibrosis: GSE2052 (Pardo et al., PLoS Med, 2005, 2; e251) was compared using Student's t-test. Expression of EMT markers in lung fibroblasts treated with anti-CLDN1 mAb or control mAb was derived from RNA-seq data, while read counts were compared using Student's t-test. Results with p-values ​​<0.05 were considered statistically significant. For statistical analysis of RNA-seq pathway analysis, lung myofibroblast activation (Peyser et al.) was used. al., Am. J. Respir. Cell. Mol. Biol., 2019, 61:74-85) and EMT (HALLMARK_EPITHELIAL_MESENCHYMAL_TRANSITION and BUDHU_LIVER_CANCER_METASTASIS_UP (Budhu et al., Cancer Cell, 2006, 10:99-111) were assessed by Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) or GSEA-Preranked (FDR<0.25) (Subramanian et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., USA, 2005, 102:15545-15550).

[0181] result To investigate the relevance of CLDN1 as a therapeutic target in patients with renal and pulmonary fibrosis, we analyzed its expression in patients with chronic kidney disease and in patients with chronic lung disease associated with fibrosis.

[0182] CLDN1 gene expression is associated with chronic kidney disease. CLDN1 is overexpressed in focal segmental glomerulosclerosis caused by diabetic nephropathy, a major cause of end-stage renal failure and renal fibrosis (Calle et al., Int. J. Mol. Sci., 2020, 21:2806; Hasegawa et al., Nature Med., 2013, 19:1496-1504). CLDN1 was found to be upregulated in patients with glomerulonephritis, suggesting its involvement in the pathogenesis of chronic kidney disease (Figure 9(A)).

[0183] CLDN1 gene expression is associated with pulmonary fibrosis. Supporting the role of CLDN1 in organ-wide fibrogenesis, CLDN1 was further overexpressed in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) (Figure 9(B)). Collectively, these data demonstrate the role of CLDN1 in organ-wide chronic fibrotic diseases.

[0184] To address the mechanism of action, we characterized kidney and lung myofibroblasts for CLDN1 expression. As shown in Figures 10(A) and 10(B), anti-CLDN1 mAb specifically binds to CLDN1 expressed on lung and kidney fibroblasts. Furthermore, membranous CLDN1 expression accessible to anti-CLDN1 mAb was found to be regulated via TNFα-NFκB in both kidney fibroblasts (Figure 10(C), left panel) and lung fibroblasts (Figure 10(D), right panel), as well as in the liver.

[0185] Functional evaluation of a recently characterized gene set of lung fibroblast activation markers in anti-CLDN1 mAb- or control mAb-treated lung fibroblasts by RNA sequencing and GSEA (Peyser et al., Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol., 2019, 61:74-85) revealed a significant anti-fibrotic effect of anti-CLDN1 mAb (Figure 10(D)). Furthermore, anti-CLDN1 mAb was found to significantly inhibit EMT programming in lung fibroblasts, suggesting potential diverse mechanisms involved in anti-CLDN1 mAb-mediated anti-fibrotic effects in kidney and lung compared with liver (Figure 10(D), right panel). Indeed, EMT markers, such as fibronectin and N-cadherin, as well as the transcription factor SNAI2 (SLUG), were found to be significantly down-regulated in anti-CLDN1 mAb-treated lung fibroblasts (Figure 10(E)).

[0186] Example 7: Glomerular parietal epithelial cells as a novel therapeutic target for chronic kidney and renal fibrosis, and the effect of CLDN1-specific monoclonal antibody (H3L3) on glomerular parietal epithelial cell phenotype for the treatment of chronic kidney disease Chronic kidney disease (CKD) represents a heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by irreversible changes in kidney structure and function over months or years (Webster et al., The Lancet, 2017, 389:1238-1252). Diabetes and hypertension are the leading causes of CKD in all high- and middle-income countries, as well as many low-income countries. Regardless of its underlying etiology, chronic kidney disease is characterized by progressive and irreversible nephron loss, chronic inflammation, and fibrosis, accompanied by a reduced regenerative capacity of the kidney, leading to end-stage renal disease and / or death (Babickova et al., Kidney Int., 2017, 91:70-85). People with CKD have a reduced quality of life and worse socioeconomic status as the disease progresses. Current treatments have limited efficacy and only slow disease progression and help control signs and symptoms. Furthermore, despite significant progress, there are no effective treatments to prevent renal fibrosis (Ruiz-Ortega et al., Nature Rev. Nephrol., 2020, 16:269-288). New targets and therapies are therefore urgently needed.

[0187] Glomerular disease is a major cause of end-stage renal disease. The glomerulus is a network of specialized capillaries located at the origin of the nephron. The urinary space of the glomerulus is surrounded by a basement membrane known as Bowman's capsule, on which a monolayer of glomerular parietal epithelial cells (PECs) is attached (Figure 11). The basement membrane, PECs, and another specialized cell type termed podocytes constitute the glomerular filtration barrier, through which water and solutes are filtered from the blood (Kitching et al., Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., 2016, 11:1664-1674). Glomerular cells are important for normal physiology, but are also targets of a wide range of damaging processes. Over the past decade, the role of PECs in the progression of glomerular disease has gained increasing attention (Shankland et al., Curr. Opin. Nephrol. Hypertens., 2013, 22:302-309). Several studies have demonstrated that PEC activation, migration, and proliferation are involved in glomerulosclerosis by producing excess extracellular matrix proteins or by accumulating them, leading to crescent formation (Smeets et al., J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., 2011, 22:1262-1274; Kuppe et al., Kidney Int., 2019, 96:80-93; Le Hir et al., Kidney Int., 2003, 63:591-599). Activated PECs also produce proinflammatory molecules that lead to the infiltration of inflammatory cells (i.e., a subset of macrophages) that are involved in the progression of glomerulosclerosis (Kanemoto et al., Lab. Invest., 2003, 83:1615-1625; Djudjaj et al., J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., 2016, 27:1650-1664; Garcia et al., Am. J. Pathol., 2003, 162:1061-1073). Therefore, PECs appear to be attractive therapeutic targets. However, the signaling pathways that mediate PEC activation and proliferation remain only partially understood.

[0188] Characterization of PECs has identified distinct markers that distinguish them from other glomerular cell types. These markers include CD44, a unique marker for activated PECs, and claudin 1 (CLDN1), a tight junction protein that plays an important role in blood filtration (Ohse et al., Am. J. Physiol.-Ren. Physiol., 2009, 297:F1566-F1574; Yu, J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., 2015, 26:11-19). Glomerular cells expressing CD44 and CLDN1 have been shown to be involved in glomerulosclerosis (Smeets et al., J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., 2011, 22:1262-1274). Furthermore, Hasegawa et al. demonstrated that CLDN1 overexpression in glomeruli is associated with the severity of diabetic nephropathy and increased albuminuria, an early marker of kidney damage (Hasegawa et al., Nature Med., 2013, 19:1496-1504). CLDN1 overexpression may therefore play a pathogenic role in the development of CKD. Recently, our laboratory developed a highly specific humanized monoclonal antibody targeting CLDN1 for the clinical prevention and cure of hepatitis C infection and the treatment of liver cirrhosis (Mailly et al., Nature Biotechnol., 2015, 33:549-554; Fofana et al., Gastroenterology, 2010, 139:953-964, 064.e1-4; Colpitts et al., Gut, 2017, 67(4):736-745). Taking advantage of the potential pathogenic role of CLDN1-expressing PECs in CKD, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of a CLDN1-specific monoclonal antibody (H3L3) on PEC phenotypes for the treatment of CKD.

[0189] Materials and Methods Reagents and antibodies. Humanized anti-CLDN1 mAb (H3L3) and motavizumab (Mota) were described (Colpitts et al., Gut, 2017, 67(4):736-745) and produced by Evitria, Schlieren. TNF was purchased from Sigma.

[0190] Cells. Human renal epithelial cells (HREpic) were purchased from ScienCell Research Laboratories and grown in epithelial cell medium according to the manufacturer's instructions.

[0191] For 2D culture, cells were cultured in poly-L-lysine-coated 24-well plates as described in section 5.10. 4 Cells were seeded at a cell density of 5 × 10 cells / well. After 24 hours, cells were treated with 10 ng / mL TNFα and Mota (10 μg / mL) or H3L3 (10 μg / mL). After 3 days, cells were treated again with TNFα and antibodies for another 3 days. After a total of 6 days of treatment, cells were lysed and gene expression was measured by qRT-PCR. For 3D culture, cells were plated at 5 × 10 cells / well in 96-well ultra-low attachment plates (Corning, Sigma Aldrich, France). 3 Cells were seeded at a cell density of 1 cell / well. The same treatments as described above were applied for 6 days. Cell viability was assessed by ATP quantification using CellTitreGlo (Promega) according to the manufacturer's instructions.

[0192] Flow cytometry. H3L3 binding and human CLDN1 expression in HREpic were analyzed by flow cytometry 24 hours after TNFα treatment (10 ng / mL). Briefly, 200,000 cells per condition were stained with H3L3 (10 μg / mL) or Mota (10 μg / mL), which served as a negative control. Primary antibodies were detected with an Alexa fluor 647-conjugated human-specific secondary antibody. Data were acquired using a Cytoflex B2R2V0 (Beckman Coulter) and analyzed using CytExpert 2.1 and FlowJo v10. CLDN1 expression is shown as the difference in mean fluorescence intensity between cells stained with H3L3 and Mota.

[0193] Gene expression analysis in cell culture experiments. Total RNA extraction from 2D cell cultures was performed using the RNAeasy Mini Kit (Quiagen, France) according to the manufacturer's instructions. 250 ng of total RNA was then reverse transcribed (H Minus First Strand cDNA Synthesis Mix, ThermoScientific, France) in a Thermocycler (Bio-Rad T100, Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA, USA). Quantitative PCR was performed using TaqMan Gene Expression Assays (ThermoFisher) in a CFX96 Touch Real-Time PCR Detection System according to the manufacturer's instructions.

[0194] Statistics. Data are presented as mean ± SD and analyzed by unpaired Student's t-test or two-tailed Mann-Whitney test, as indicated, after determination of distribution by the Shapiro-Wilk normality test. All experiments were performed in at least triplicate for 2D cultures and in quadruplicate for 3D cultures. Data were considered significant at p < 0.05. Statistical analysis for in vitro experiments was performed with GraphPad Prism 6 software.

[0195] result As an in vitro model for parietal epithelial cells (PECs), we used human renal epithelial cells (HREpic), which are primary cells isolated from human kidneys. They exhibit polarized morphology and recapitulate PEC functions in cell culture, such as glucose absorption and cytokine production (ScienCell Research Laboratories). To investigate the role of CLDN1 as a therapeutic target in PECs for glomerular disease and chronic kidney disease (CKD), we first exposed the cells to inflammatory stress using tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα). Indeed, TNFα is a pleiotropic cytokine that plays an important inflammatory role in renal diseases, such as glomerulonephritis (Ernandez et al., Kidney Int., 2009, 76:262-276). As shown in Figure 12(A), TNFα significantly increased CLDN1 expression, which correlated with an increase in CD44 expression (a marker of activated PECs) (Shankland et al., Curr. Opin. Nephrol. Hypertens., 2013, 22:302-309). Furthermore, PEC activation was indicated by an increase in proinflammatory gene expression (IL6, TNFα, and CCL2) (Figure 12(B)). The increase in CLDN1 expression during inflammatory stress was also confirmed at the protein level (Figure 12(C)). The role of CLDN1 in PEC activation and proinflammatory / fibrotic gene expression was further demonstrated by reduced TNFα and collagen 4A expression after CLDN1 knockdown (Figure 12(D)). Interestingly, anti-CLDN1 mAb H3L3 binds to PEC CLDN1, as demonstrated by flow cytometry analysis (Figure 12(E)). The increase in CLDN1 expression during inflammatory stress was also confirmed at the protein level (FIG. 12(C)).As we previously demonstrated that anti-CLDN1 mAb binds exclusively to unconjugated CLDN1 (Mailly et al., Nature Biotechnol., 2015, 33:549-554; Fofana et al., Gastroenterology, 2010, 139:953-964, 064.e1-4; Colpitts et al., Gut, 2017, 67(4):736-745), H3L3 most likely binds to the extracellular loops of free CLDN1 in PEC membranes.

[0196] Because CLDN1 is overexpressed in activated PECs, we evaluated the effect of H3L3 on PEC proliferation / viability in a 3D culture model that recapitulates cell-cell junctions in a 3D system. As expected, they observed an increase in cell proliferation / viability upon TNFα treatment. Furthermore, preliminary data showed a slight decrease in cell proliferation / viability after H3L3 treatment, indicating that anti-CLDN1 mAb may affect PEC phenotype (see Figure 13(A)). This finding was further supported by a decrease in TNFα and CD44 expression after treatment with anti-CLDN1 mAb (Figure 13(B)).

[0197] Collectively, these data demonstrate that CLDN1 overexpression in PECs is associated with inflammatory stress and cell proliferation and may play a role in the pathogenesis of CKD. CLDN1 present in PECs can be targeted by anti-CLDN1 mAbs for therapeutic purposes. Furthermore, our data allow us to conclude that PECs are targets of anti-CLDN1 mAbs in kidney fibrosis, a situation distinct from that occurring in liver fibrosis.

[0198] Example 8: CLDN1 expression in fibrosis cohorts To investigate the role of CLDN1 as a therapeutic target in different fibrotic diseases, we analyzed its expression in patients with renal fibrosis, pulmonary fibrosis, and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Analysis of CLDN1 gene expression levels in fibrotic diseases was retrieved from the Gene Expression Omnibus database.

[0199] Materials and Methods Gene expression data were downloaded from Gene Expression Omnibus GEO (website: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov / geo / ). The dataset for unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) model was GSE60685 (Lovisa et al., Nature Med., 2105, 21:998-1009); the dataset for pulmonary fibrosis was GSE2052 (Pardo et al., PLoS Med., 2005, 2:e251); and the dataset for COVID219 was GSE15316. The inflammatory bowel disease datasets used in this study were GSE9452 (Olsen et al., Inflamm. Bowel Dis., 2009, 15:1032-1038), GSE38713 (Planell et al., Gut, 2013, 62:967-976), and GSE38713 (Carey et al., Inflamm. Bowel Dis., 2008, 14:446-457). These cohorts were selected following a comprehensive database analysis in which we identified the CLDN1 gene as part of microarray data.

[0200] result CLDN1 gene expression is associated with pulmonary fibrosis. CLDN1 has been shown to be overexpressed in pathological lung conditions associated with fibrosis and EMT (Kaarteenaho-Wilk et al., J. Histochem. Cytochem., 2009, 57:187-195). To investigate the role of CLDN1 as a therapeutic target in patients with pulmonary fibrosis, we analyzed its expression in patients with pulmonary fibrosis. CLDN1 was found to be overexpressed in patients with pulmonary fibrosis regardless of etiology (Figure 14(A)), indicating the influence of CLDN1 in organ-wide fibrogenesis. Notably, CLDN1 was also upregulated in the lungs of patients with COVID-19 disease (the current global pandemic associated with high morbidity and mortality due to pulmonary complications, particularly fibrosis) (Figure 14(B)). (George et al., Lancet Respir. Med., 2020, 8:807-815.

[0201] CLDN1 gene expression is associated with ulcerative colitis. CLDN1 plays an important role in intestinal signaling through regulating cell proliferation and inflammation (Garcia-Hernandez et al., Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci., 2017, 1397:66-79). Furthermore, CLDN1 has been shown to exacerbate colitis, impair recovery, and increase dysplasia and inflammation (Gowrikumar et al., Oncogene, 2019, 38:6566; Pope et al., Gut, 2014, 63:622-634). CLDN1 protein expression is increased in an inflammation-dependent manner in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) (Weber et al., Lab Invest., 2008, 88:1110-1120). To investigate the role of CLDN1 as a therapeutic target in IBD patients, we analyzed CLDN1 expression in a cohort of patients (Figure 15). CLDN1 was found to be upregulated in patients with ulcerative colitis.

[0202] CLDN1 gene expression is upregulated in induced renal fibrosis in a unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) model. The unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) model is used to induce renal fibrosis, in which the main feature of UUO is tubular injury as a result of urinary flow obstruction, leading to oxidative stress, inflammation, and renal fibrosis (Martinez-Klimova et al., Biomolecules, 2019, 9(4):141). To investigate the role of CLDN1 in UUO, we analyzed its expression in mouse kidney tissue. CLDN1 was found to be overexpressed in UUO samples, indicating its relevance for investigating the role of CLDN1 in renal fibrosis (Figure 16).

[0203] Example 9: In vivo efficacy test of anti-CLDN1 mAb in unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO)-induced renal interstitial fibrosis The goal of this study was to examine the effect of anti-CLDN1 mAb on renal interstitial fibrosis in unilateral ureteral obstruction-induced renal interstitial fibrosis.

[0204] Materials and Methods Test substance. A murine version of anti-CLDN1 mAb was synthesized in our laboratory and used in this study. Affinity studies using mouse and human CLDN1 expressed in 293T cells showed that the murine mAb bound to mouse CLDN1, but with significantly lower potency. To prepare the dosing solution, the anti-CLDN1 mAb was diluted with saline, which was used as a solvent. Telmisartan (Micardis®) was purchased from Boehringer Ingelheim GmbH (Germany) and dissolved in purified water.

[0205] Unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) surgery. On day 0, UUO surgery was performed under a triple anesthetic mixture (medetomidine, midazolam, and butorphanol). After shaving, the abdomen was incised to expose the left ureter. The ureter was ligated at two points with 4-0 silk sutures. The peritoneum and skin were closed with sutures, and the mice were transferred to clean cages and housed until recovery from anesthesia.

[0206] Route of drug administration: Anti-CLDN1 mAb was administered intraperitoneally at a volume of 100 μL / mouse. Telmisartan was administered orally at a volume of 10 μL / mouse.

[0207] Treatment dose: Anti-CLDN1 mAb was administered at a dose of 500 μg / 100 μL / mouse. Telmisartan was administered at a dose of 30 mg / kg once daily.

[0208] Animals. Seven-week-old female C57BL / 6J mice were obtained from Japan SLC, Inc. (Japan). The animals were housed and fed a normal diet (CE-2; CLEA Japan, Japan) under controlled conditions. All animals used in the study were housed and cared for in accordance with the Animal Use Guidelines of the Japanese Pharmacological Society. The animals were maintained in an SPF facility under controlled conditions of temperature (23 ± 3°C), humidity (50 ± 20%), lighting (12-hour artificial light-dark cycle; light on from 8:00 to 20:00), and air exchange. Hyperbaric pressure was maintained in the laboratory to prevent contamination of the facility. The animals were housed in TPX cages (CLEA Japan) with a maximum of four mice per cage. Sterilized Paper-Clean (Japan SLC) was used for the floor and changed once a week.

[0209] Sterile normal food was provided ad libitum and placed in a metal lid on top of the cage. Distilled water was also provided ad libitum from a water bottle equipped with a rubber stopper and a sipper tube. The water bottle was changed weekly, washed, sterilized in an autoclave, and reused.

[0210] Mice were identified by ear punch. Each cage was labeled with a specific identification code.

[0211] Measurement of plasma biochemistry. For plasma biochemistry, nonfasting blood was collected into polypropylene tubes with anticoagulant (Novo-Heparin, Mochida Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Japan) and centrifuged at 1,000 × g for 15 minutes at 4°C. The supernatant was collected and stored at −80°C until use. Plasma urea nitrogen was measured using a FUJI DRI-CHEM 7000 (Fujifilm, Japan).

[0212] Measurement of Renal Biochemistry. To quantify renal hydroxyproline content, frozen left kidney samples were processed by alkaline acid hydrolysis as follows. Kidney samples were dissolved in 2N NaOH at 65°C and autoclaved at 121°C for 20 minutes. The dissolved sample (150 μL) was acid hydrolyzed with 150 μL of 6N HCl at 121°C for 20 minutes and neutralized with 150 μL of 4N NaOH containing 10 mg / mL activated charcoal. AC buffer (2.2 M acetic acid / 0.48 M citric acid, 150 μL) was added to the sample, followed by centrifugation to collect the supernatant. A standard curve for hydroxyproline was prepared using serial dilutions of trans-4-hydroxy-L-proline (Sigma-Aldrich, USA) starting at 16 μg / mL. The prepared samples and standards (400 μL each) were mixed with 400 μL of chloramine T solution (Nacalai Tesque Inc., Japan) and incubated at room temperature for 25 minutes. The samples were then mixed with Ehrlich's solution (400 μL) and heated at 65°C for 20 minutes for color development. The samples were cooled on ice and centrifuged to remove precipitates, and the optical density of each supernatant was measured at 560 nm. Hydroxyproline concentrations were calculated from a hydroxyproline standard curve. Protein concentrations of kidney samples were determined using a BCA protein assay kit (Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA) and used to normalize the calculated hydroxyproline values. Kidney hydroxyproline content was expressed as μg per mg of protein.

[0213] Histopathological analysis. For PAS staining, sections were cut from paraffin blocks and stained with Schiff's reagent (Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd.) according to the manufacturer's instructions. To observe tubular damage, bright-field images in the corticomedullary region were captured at 100x and 400x magnifications using a digital camera (DFC295; Leica Microsystems, Germany).

[0214] To visualize collagen deposition, kidney sections were stained with picrosirius red solution (Waldeck, Germany). For quantification of interstitial fibrosis areas, bright-field images in the corticomedullary region were captured at 200x magnification using a digital camera (DFC295), and the positive areas in five regions / section were measured using ImageJ software (National Institutes of Health, USA).

[0215] For immunohistochemistry, sections were excised from paraffin blocks, deparaffinized, and rehydrated. Endogenous peroxidase activity was blocked with 0.3% H2O2 for 5 minutes and incubated with Block Ace (Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma Co., Ltd., Japan) for 10 minutes. Sections were incubated with 1:100 dilution of anti-F4 / 80 antibody (BMA Biomedicals, Switzerland) at room temperature for 1 hour. After incubation with secondary antibody (HRP-goat anti-rat antibody, Invitrogen, USA), an enzyme-substrate reaction was performed using 3,3'-diaminobenzidine / H2O2 solution (Nichirei Biosciences Corporation, Japan). For quantitative analysis of inflammatory areas, bright-field images of F4 / 80 immunostained sections were captured at 200x and 400x magnifications using a digital camera (DFC295).

[0216] Sample collection. For plasma samples, non-fasting blood was collected into polypropylene tubes with anticoagulant (Novo-Heparin) and centrifuged at 1,000 x g for 15 minutes at 4°C. 20 μL of supernatant was collected and stored at -80°C for biochemistry. The remaining plasma was stored at -80°C for transport.

[0217] For frozen kidney samples, the left kidney was collected and cut horizontally into two pieces. The upper part of the left kidney was fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin and then embedded in paraffin. The paraffin blocks were stored at room temperature for histological analysis. The lower part of the left kidney was cut coronally into two pieces. The anterior part of the left kidney was snap-frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at -80°C for transportation. The posterior part of the left kidney was snap-frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at -80°C for renal biochemistry.

[0218] Statistical testing. Statistical analysis was performed using Bonferroni's multiple comparison test in GraphPad Prism 6 (GraphPad Software Inc., USA). A P value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant. A trend or tendency was assumed if a one-tailed t-test returned a P value of <0.1. Results were expressed as mean ± SD.

[0219] Experimental design and procedures Test group Group 1: Vehicle. Eight UUO mice were intraperitoneally administered vehicle [saline] in a volume of 100 mL / mouse twice a week from day 0 to day 13. Group 2: anti-CLDN1 mAb. Eight UUO mice were intraperitoneally administered with vehicle containing anti-CLDN1 mAb at a dose of 500 μg / 100 μL / mouse twice a week from day 0 to day 13. Group 3: Telmisartan. Eight UUO mice were orally administered telmisartan in pure water at a dose of 30 mg / kg in a volume of 10 mL / kg once a day from day 0 to day 13.

[0220] Animal monitoring and sacrifice. Survival, clinical signs, and behavior were monitored daily. Individual body weights were measured daily before treatment. Mice were observed after each administration for significant clinical signs of toxicity, moribundity, and death. Animals were sacrificed on day 14 by exsanguination via direct cardiac puncture under isoflurane anesthesia (Pfizer Inc.).

[0221] result Current therapeutic approaches for chronic kidney disease, such as diabetic nephropathy, include telmisartan, a renin-angiotensin receptor antagonist that exerts a protective effect on renal fibrogenesis by affecting EMT (Balakumar et al., Pharmacol. Res., 2019, 146:104314). However, due to its limited efficacy, the current role of telmisartan in the treatment of chronic kidney disease and fibrosis is only supportive (Ruiz-Ortego et al., Nature Rev. Nephrol., 2020, 16, 269-288; Balakumar et al., Pharmacol. Res., 2019, 146:104314). To investigate CLDN1 as a potential target in renal fibrogenesis, the effect of humanized anti-CLDN1 mAb H3L3 was examined in comparison with telmisartan in a unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) mouse model of renal fibrosis (Chevalier et al., Kidney Int., 2009, 75:1145-1152) (see study protocol presented in Figure 17(A)).

[0222] Body Weight Change and General Condition. As shown in Figure 18, no significant differences were found in mean body weight on any day during the treatment period between the vehicle and treatment groups. No deaths occurred in all three test groups during the treatment period; and none of the animals showed a deterioration in general condition.

[0223] Body weight and kidney weight on the day of sacrifice. As shown in Figure 19(A) and Table 1, no significant difference in mean body weight was observed between the vehicle group and the treatment group on the day of sacrifice. As shown in Figure 19(B), the mean right kidney weight in the anti-CLDN1 mAb group tended to increase compared with the vehicle group. There was no significant difference in mean right kidney weight between the vehicle group and the telmisartan group. As shown in Figure 19(C), the mean left and right kidney weights in the anti-CLDN1 mAb group were found to increase compared with the vehicle group. There was no significant difference in mean left kidney weight between the vehicle group and the telmisartan group.

[0224] [Table 1]

[0225] Biochemistry. Plasma urea nitrogen. As shown in Figure 20(A) and Table 2, it was found that the plasma urea nitrogen level in the telmisartan group tended to increase compared with the vehicle group. There was no significant difference in the plasma urea nitrogen level compared with the vehicle group and the anti-CLDN1 mAb group.

[0226] Renal hydroxyproline. As shown in Figure 20(B) and Table 2, the renal hydroxyproline content in the telmisartan group tended to decrease compared with the vehicle group. There was no significant difference in renal hydroxyproline content compared with the vehicle group and the anti-CLDN1 Ab group.

[0227] [Table 2]

[0228] Histological analysis. PAS staining. Representative photomicrographs of PAS-stained kidney sections are shown in Figure 21. Kidney sections from the vehicle group showed inflammatory cell infiltration in the cortical region, severe tubular dilation, atrophy, and PAS-positive cast formation. PAS staining demonstrated that inflammatory cell infiltration in the anti-CLDN1 Ab group and the telmisartan group was lower than that in the vehicle group.

[0229] Sirius Red Staining and Fibrosis Area. Representative photomicrographs of Sirius Red-stained kidney sections are shown in Figure 22. The anti-CLDN1 mAb group and telmisartan group showed a significant decrease in collagen ratio (Sirius Red-positive area) compared with the vehicle group (see Table 3).

[0230] [Table 3]

[0231] F4 / 80 immunostaining. Representative photomicrographs of F4 / 80 immunostained kidney sections are shown in Figure 23. Kidney sections from the vehicle group showed inflammatory cell infiltration in both the cortical and glomerular regions. F4 / 80 immunostaining demonstrated that inflammatory cell infiltration in the anti-CLDN1 mAb and telmisartan groups was lower than that in the vehicle group.

[0232] Renal fibrosis was established in the vehicle group, as indicated by Sirius red staining and renal hydroxyproline content. Treatment with anti-CLDN1 mAb demonstrated a marked, highly significant reduction in fibrotic area compared with the vehicle group, without any signs of toxicity or increases in plasma urea nitrogen (PUM) tests. Thus, histological analysis of kidney tissue from UUO mice showed a reduction in fibrotic area (Sirius red-positive area) in kidney sections treated with anti-CLDN1 mAb, with a median of 2.89% (Q1-Q3 1.52-4.25%) compared with the control group, with a median of 7.49% (Q1-Q3 5.6-9.36%). While demonstrating significant antifibrotic effects in vivo, treatment with telmisartan was associated with an increase in PUM, a marker of poor outcome in chronic kidney disease (Seki et al., BMC Nephrol., 2019, 20:115). In contrast, anti-CLDN1 mAb did not show any effect on plasma urea nitrogen. Finally, histological evaluation of mouse kidneys by F4 / 80 staining revealed the inhibition of macrophage infiltration by anti-CLDN1 mAb.

[0233] conclusion In conclusion, the results obtained in this study show that murine anti-human anti-CLDN1 mAb has a striking and highly significant anti-fibrotic effect on renal fibrosis in the UUO model used.

[0234] Example 10: Expression of CLDN1 in healthy human kidney tissue. Materials and Methods Test Articles. Humanized versions of anti-CLDN1 mAb and isotype controls were biotinylated (Squarix, Germany) and used in this study. Healthy human tissues (freshly frozen) were obtained from Charles River Laboratories (Evreux, France) and stained with biotinylated humanized anti-CLDN1 mAb using a specific procedure. Tissues were fixed with formol zinc for 2 minutes, washed with PBS Tween (Sigma P3563), and endogenous peroxidase activity was quenched with PBS containing 0.3% H2O2 for 20 minutes. Tissue slides were incubated with 10 μg of antibody in a buffer containing 1% Tween 20 and 10% human serum for 1 hour, washed twice with PBS for 30 minutes, and detection was performed with a streptavidin-HRP kit (Kir Elite from Vector) according to the manufacturer's instructions.

[0235] result Figure 24 shows that clear claudin-1-specific staining was observed in Bowman's membrane and podocytes of the glomerulus (arrows). Weak staining of the renal tubules was considered nonspecific because it was also observed with an isotype control antibody (studies performed at Charles River Laboratories, Évreux, France).

[0236] Example 11: Expression of CLDN1 in human fibrotic kidney tissue. Materials and Methods Test substance Serial formalin-fixed tissue sections were stained using rabbit polyclonal anti-CLDN1 Ab (Elabscience, E-AB-30939) using standard methodology. Tissues were provided by Prof. Solange Moll (University of Geneva, Switzerland).

[0237] result Figure 25 shows differential staining between healthy and diseased tissues, with stronger signals observed in renal fibrotic tissues: staining was demonstrated in (1) crescents of ANCA (antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis) glomerulonephritis and (2) FSGS (focal segmental glomerulosclerosis) types I and II treated with either corticosteroids (CS) and / or cyclosporine A (CyA). This indicates that claudin-1 as a target is overexpressed in different forms of human renal fibrosis. Furthermore, this overexpression of claudin-1 is independent of the patient's treatment status with state-of-the-art therapies, such as corticosteroids and cyclosporine A.

[0238] Example 12: Improvement of kidney function and prevention of renal fibrosis using anti-claudin-1 monoclonal antibody. This study was performed using an adriamycin-induced nephropathy model.

[0239] Materials and Methods The adriamycin-induced nephropathy (ADR) model is a well-characterized model of chronic kidney disease that reflects human kidney disease caused by primary focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS). Adriamycin-induced nephropathy is a mouse model that mimics human FSGS (focal segmental glomerulosclerosis). Efficacy testing was performed at SMC Laboratory (Tokyo, Japan) in accordance with local ethical and animal care standards. Induction of the adriamycin-induced nephropathy model began on day 0, when mice were intravenously administered adriamycin (doxorubicin hydrochloride, Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd., Japan) in 0.9% saline at a dose of 13 mg / kg in a volume of 10 mL / kg.

[0240] Groups of eight male BALB / c mice with adriamycin-induced nephropathy were intraperitoneally administered either vehicle (physiological saline), anti-CLDNA 1 mAb H3L3 (250 μg / mouse, twice weekly), or VPA (valproic acid, provided at 0.4% in drinking water) as a positive control for 27 days. Serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) were measured using a FUJI DRI-CHEM 7000 (Fujifilm Corporation, Japan).

[0241] result Figure 26 shows a non-significant but significant reduction in serum creatinine and serum BUN in the anti-claudin-1 mAb-treated group compared to the control and valproic acid-treated groups, indicating that treatment with anti-claudin-1 antibody improves kidney function and health, as evidenced by the reduction in these markers, and that the therapeutic benefits achieved are superior to well-established standard treatments.

[0242] Other embodiments Other embodiments of the invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art from consideration of the specification or practice of the invention disclosed herein. It is intended that the specification and examples be considered as exemplary only, with the true scope of the invention being indicated by the following claims. [Table 4-1] [Table 4-2] [Table 4-3] [Table 4-4]

Claims

1. An anti-claudin-1 antibody, or a biologically active fragment thereof, for use in the prevention or treatment of a fibrotic disease selected from renal fibrosis, pulmonary fibrosis, and skin fibrosis in a subject.

2. The anti-claudin-1 antibody, or a biologically active fragment thereof, for use according to claim 1, wherein the pulmonary fibrosis is selected from the group consisting of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), idiopathic nonspecific interstitial pneumonia (NSIP), idiopathic organizing pneumonia (COP), Hammann-Rich syndrome, lymphocytic interstitial pneumonia (LIP), respiratory bronchitis interstitial lung disease, desquamative interstitial pneumonia or idiopathic lymphocytic interstitial pneumonia, and idiopathic pleuroparenchymal fibroelastosis.

3. 2. The anti-claudin-1 antibody, or a biologically active fragment thereof, for use according to claim 1, wherein the pulmonary fibrosis is associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or the pulmonary fibrosis is COVID-19-associated fibrosis.

4. The anti-claudin-1 antibody, or a biologically active fragment thereof, for use according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the fibrotic disease is pulmonary fibrosis, and the anti-claudin-1 antibody, or the biologically active fragment thereof, is administered in combination with at least one therapeutic agent selected from the group consisting of corticosteroids, antifibrotic agents, pirfenidone, nintedanib, and acid-resistant drugs, and / or with a therapeutic procedure selected from the group consisting of lung transplantation, hyperbaric oxygen therapy, and pulmonary rehabilitation.

5. The anti-claudin-1 antibody, or a biologically active fragment thereof, for use according to claim 1, wherein the renal fibrosis is renal interstitial fibrosis or glomerulosclerosis.

6. The anti-claudin-1 antibody, or a biologically active fragment thereof, for use according to claim 1 or claim 5, wherein the renal fibrosis is associated with chronic kidney disease.

7. The anti-claudin-1 antibody, or a biologically active fragment thereof, for use according to any one of claims 1, 5, and 6, wherein the fibrotic disease is renal fibrosis, and the anti-claudin-1 antibody, or the biologically active fragment thereof, is administered in combination with at least one therapeutic agent selected from the group consisting of antihypertensive drugs, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, erythropoietin, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor antagonist AST-120, and calcium polystyrene sulfonate, and / or with one therapeutic procedure selected from the group consisting of dialysis and kidney transplantation.

8. 2. The anti-claudin-1 antibody, or a biologically active fragment thereof, for use according to claim 1, wherein the skin fibrosis is associated with a medical condition selected from the group consisting of localized scleroderma, systemic sclerosis, graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), nephrogenic fibrosing dermatosis, mixed connective tissue disease, scleroderma, scleromyxedema, eosinophilic myositis, chromoblastic mycosis, hypertrophic scars, and keloids.

9. The anti-claudin-1 antibody, or biologically active fragment thereof, for use according to claim 1 or claim 8, wherein the anti-claudin-1 antibody, or the biologically active fragment thereof, is administered in combination with at least one therapeutic agent and / or at least one therapeutic procedure selected from the group consisting of methotrexate, mycophenolate, mofetil, cyclophosphamide, cyclosporine, tocilizumab, rituximab, and fresolimumab.

10. The anti-claudin-1 antibody, or a biologically active fragment thereof, for use according to any one of claims 1 to 9, wherein the anti-claudin-1 antibody is a monoclonal antibody.

11. The anti-claudin-1 antibody, or a biologically active fragment thereof, for use according to any one of claims 1 to 10, wherein the anti-claudin-1 antibody is a monoclonal antibody having the same epitope as the anti-claudin-1 monoclonal antibody secreted by a hybridoma cell line deposited at the DSMZ on July 29, 2008 under an accession number selected from the group consisting of DSM ACC2931, DSM ACC2932, DSM ACC2933, DSM ACC2934, DSM ACC2935, DSM ACC2936, DSM ACC2937, and DSM ACC2938.

12. The anti-claudin-1 antibody or biologically active fragment thereof for use according to claim 11, wherein the epitope is strongly dependent on the conservation of the conserved motif W(30)-GLW(51)-C(54)-C(64) in the first extracellular loop of claudin-1.

13. The anti-claudin-1 antibody, or a biologically active fragment thereof, for use according to any one of claims 1 to 10, wherein the anti-claudin-1 antibody is a monoclonal antibody secreted by a hybridoma cell line deposited at DSMZ on July 29, 2008 under an accession number selected from the group consisting of DSM ACC2931, DSM ACC2932, DSM ACC2933, DSM ACC2934, DSM ACC2935, DSM ACC2936, DSM ACC2937, and DSM ACC2938.

14. The anti-claudin-1 antibody, or a biologically active fragment thereof, for use according to any one of claims 1 to 12, wherein the anti-claudin-1 antibody is a monoclonal antibody comprising six complementarity-determining regions (CDRs) of an anti-claudin-1 monoclonal antibody secreted by a hybridoma cell line deposited at the DSMZ on July 29, 2008 under an accession number selected from the group consisting of DSM ACC2931, DSM ACC2932, DSM ACC2933, DSM ACC2934, DSM ACC2935, DSM ACC2936, DSM ACC2937, and DSM ACC2938.

15. The anti-claudin-1 antibody, or a biologically active fragment thereof, for use according to any one of claims 1 to 12 and 14, wherein the anti-claudin-1 antibody is humanized.

16. The anti-claudin-1 antibody is a humanized monoclonal antibody comprising all six CDRs of the monoclonal antibody OM-7D3-B3 secreted by the hybridoma cell line deposited under accession number DSM ACC2938, wherein the variable heavy chain of OM-7D3-B3 consists of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 and the variable light chain of OM-7D3-B3 consists of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2, and the humanized monoclonal antibody is a) at least one antibody variable heavy chain (VH) consisting of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3 or SEQ ID NO: 4 or SEQ ID NO: 5, or b) an anti-claudin-1 antibody, or a biologically active fragment thereof, for use according to claim 15, further comprising at least one antibody variable light chain (VL) consisting of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 6 or SEQ ID NO: 7 or SEQ ID NO:

8.

17. The anti-claudin-1 humanized monoclonal antibody is a) two antibody variable heavy chains (VH), both of which consist of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3 or SEQ ID NO: 4 or SEQ ID NO: 5; or b) An anti-claudin-1 antibody for use according to claim 16, or a biologically active fragment thereof, comprising two antibody variable light chains (VL), both of which consist of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 6 or SEQ ID NO: 7 or SEQ ID NO:

8.

18. The anti-claudin-1 humanized monoclonal antibody is 1) two antibody variable heavy chains (VH) consisting of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3 and two antibody variable light chains (VL) consisting of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 6 [H3L3]; or 2) two antibody variable heavy chains (VH) consisting of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3 and two antibody variable light chains (VL) consisting of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 7 [H3L1]; or 3) two antibody variable heavy chains (VH) consisting of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3 and two antibody variable light chains (VL) consisting of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 8 [H3L2]; or 4) two antibody variable heavy chains (VH) consisting of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4 and two antibody variable light chains (VL) consisting of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 6 [H1L3]; or 5) two antibody variable heavy chains (VH) consisting of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4 and two antibody variable light chains (VL) consisting of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 7 [H1L1]; or 6) two antibody variable heavy chains (VH) consisting of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4 and two antibody variable light chains (VL) consisting of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 8 [H1L2]; or 7) two antibody variable heavy chains (VH) consisting of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 5 and two antibody variable light chains (VL) consisting of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 6 [H2L3]; or 8) two antibody variable heavy chains (VH) consisting of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 5 and two antibody variable light chains (VL) consisting of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 7 [H2L1]; or 9) An anti-claudin-1 antibody for use according to claim 17, or a biologically active fragment thereof, comprising two antibody variable heavy chains (VH) consisting of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 5 and two antibody variable light chains (VL) [H2L2] consisting of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:

8.

19. The anti-claudin-1 antibody, or a biologically active fragment thereof, for use according to any one of claims 15 to 18, wherein the humanized antibody is a complete antibody having an isotype selected from the group consisting of IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, and IgG4.

20. A pharmaceutical composition comprising an effective amount of an anti-claudin-1 antibody, or a biologically active fragment thereof, and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient, for use in the prevention or treatment of a fibrotic disease selected from pulmonary fibrosis, renal fibrosis, and dermal fibrosis in a subject.

21. The pharmaceutical composition for use according to claim 20, wherein the fibrotic disease is as defined in any one of claims 2 to 9, and / or the anti-claudin-1 antibody, or the biologically active fragment thereof, is as defined in any one of claims 10 to 19.

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