Information Provision System

Abstract

To provide an information providing system that can easily construct a system for providing information to road users. [Solution] In an information provision system in which a terminal device carried by a user in a vehicle traveling on a road and moving along with the vehicle's travel, and a server device that functions as a web server and provides web pages, are connected via a network including the Internet and a mobile communication network, the terminal device comprises an imaging unit (25) that captures a code image in which information is encoded and attached to the surface of an object around the road, such as the wall of a tunnel, a reading unit (212) that reads the information from the captured code image, and an output unit that outputs the read information. The imaging unit (25) further captures an image of the surroundings, and the output unit can display the information superimposed on the captured image of the surroundings.

Description

[Technical Field]

[0001] The present invention relates to a technique for providing information to road users. [Background technology]

[0002] Patent Document 1 describes a system that transmits image information and the like inside a tunnel via radio waves to an on-board terminal device installed inside a vehicle traveling just before the tunnel during a traffic jam or disaster, and displays the information. [Prior art documents] [Patent documents]

[0003] [Patent Document 1] Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2001-243578 Summary of the Invention [Problem to be solved by the invention]

[0004] However, the technology described in Patent Document 1 requires the installation of separate equipment in the tunnel for transmitting information by radio waves.

[0005] An object of the present invention is to easily construct a system for providing information to road users. [Means for solving the problem]

[0006] One aspect of the present invention provides an information provision system including an imaging unit that captures a code image in which information is encoded and attached to the surface of an object around a road, a reading unit that reads the information from the captured code image, and an output unit that outputs the read information. [Effects of the Invention]

[0007] According to the present invention, a system for providing information to road users can be easily constructed. [Brief explanation of the drawings]

[0008] [Figure 1] 1 is a diagram illustrating an example of a configuration of an information providing system according to an embodiment. [Figure 2] FIG. 10 is a front view showing an example of a code image attached to a wall surface. [Figure 3] FIG. 10 is a plan view illustrating the photographing direction of the code image. [Figure 4] FIG. 10 is a diagram showing an example of a code image viewed along the photographing direction. [Figure 5] FIG. 2 is a diagram illustrating an example of the configuration of a terminal device. [Figure 6] FIG. 2 illustrates an example of the configuration of a server device. [Figure 7] 10 is a sequence chart showing an example of an operation of the information providing system. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0009] 1. Configuration FIG. 1 is a diagram showing an example of the configuration of an information provision system 1 according to this embodiment. The information provision system 1 provides various types of information to road users by using a code image 10. The code image 10 is an image in which information is coded. Examples of the code image 10 include a barcode image and a two-dimensional code image. The coded information includes, for example, a URL of page data indicating a web page.

[0010] The information providing system 1 includes a terminal device 20 and a server device 30. The terminal device 20 is carried by a user who is in a vehicle 2 traveling on a road, and moves as the vehicle 2 travels. The terminal device 20 is an electronic device carried by the user, such as a mobile phone, smartphone, or wearable device. The terminal device 20 also functions as a web client, and retrieves and displays web pages. The server device 30 functions as a web server, and provides web pages. The terminal device 20 and the server device 30 are connected via a network 40. The network 40 includes, for example, the Internet and a mobile communication network.

[0011] FIG. 2 is a front view showing an example of a code image 10 attached to a wall surface. FIG. 3 is a plan view illustrating the shooting direction D2 of the code image 10. FIG. 4 is a diagram showing an example of the code image 10 viewed along the shooting direction D2. The code image 10 is attached to a wall surface around a road. For example, if a tunnel 3 is installed on the road, the code images 10 are attached to the wall surface of the tunnel 3 at predetermined intervals. This wall surface may be a side surface or a ceiling surface.

[0012] As an example, the code image 10 is formed by tiles attached to the wall surface of the tunnel 3. More specifically, each cell constituting the code image 10 is formed by one tile. If the symbol size of the code image 10 is 21 cells x 21 cells, the code image 10 is formed by 21 x 21 = 441 tiles. A method of attaching these tiles to the wall surface of the tunnel 3 may be a method of arranging these tiles on-site according to the pattern of the code image 10, or a method of generating a group of tiles arranged in the pattern of the code image 10 in advance at another location and attaching the group of tiles to the wall surface on-site.

[0013] Here, in a normal code image, light or dark cells are arranged against a light background. However, since the inside of the tunnel 3 is dark, the walls of the tunnel 3 are dark. Therefore, the code image 10 is an inversion of the normal code image in light and dark, with light or dark cells arranged against a dark background. That is, light cells in the normal code image become dark cells in the code image 10. Dark cells in the normal code image become light cells in the code image 10. Light cells are formed by light tiles. On the other hand, dark cells are formed by dark tiles. Alternatively, since the walls of the tunnel 3 are dark, tiles may not be arranged in the dark cells, leaving the walls of the tunnel 3 exposed.

[0014] Furthermore, since the inside of the tunnel 3 is dark, the difference in brightness between the light-colored cells and the dark-colored cells may not be clearly visible on the light-colored tiles. Therefore, a reflective material may be attached to the light-colored tiles. A retroreflective material may be used as the reflective material.

[0015] Furthermore, the code image 10 is photographed by a user in the vehicle 2 traveling through the tunnel 3. In particular, if the tunnel 3 is located on a highway, the vehicle 2 may be traveling at a speed of 80 to 100 km / h. Since it is difficult to photograph the code image 10 from the front while traveling at such a speed, the code image 10 located in front of the vehicle 2 is usually photographed at an angle. However, when a square code image is photographed at an angle in this way, the photographed code image appears compressed horizontally due to the difference in perspective between close and distant objects, and the pattern is crushed, making it difficult to read information from the code image. Furthermore, because objects that are farther away appear smaller, the vertical length of the photographed code image gradually decreases along the direction of travel of the vehicle 2. As a result, the shape of the photographed code image is distorted, making it difficult to read information from the code image.

[0016] Therefore, the code image 10 has a shape such that when photographed along an oblique photographing direction D2 at an angle θ with respect to a direction D1 in which the code image 10 is viewed from the front, the photographed code image 10 becomes approximately square. The shape of the code image 10 becomes a shape that is the reverse of the distorted shape of a square photographed from an oblique angle. As described above, when a square code image is photographed from an oblique angle, the photographed code image becomes a shape in which the square is compressed in the horizontal direction and the vertical length gradually decreases along the traveling direction of the vehicle 2. Therefore, as shown in FIG. 2, the code image 10 has a shape in which the square is expanded in the horizontal direction when viewed from the front and the vertical length gradually increases along the traveling direction of the vehicle 2. When a code image 10 having such a shape is photographed along the photographing direction D2, the photographed code image 10 becomes an approximately square shape as shown in FIG. 4. In the approximately square code image 10, the pattern is maintained without being crushed even in the horizontal direction. Note that the term "approximately square" does not have to be strictly square, but may be any shape that allows information to be read from the code image 10. The shape from which information can be read from the code image 10 also includes a shape from which information can be read from the code image 10 by correcting it through image processing.

[0017] The angle θ is a predetermined angle between 0 degrees and 90 degrees. As the angle θ approaches 0 degrees, the photographed code image 10 becomes larger, making it easier to read the information, but it becomes more difficult to photograph the code image 10. On the other hand, as the angle θ approaches 90 degrees, the code image 10 becomes easier to photograph, but it becomes smaller, making it more difficult to read the information. Therefore, the angle θ is set to an angle at which the information can be read and the code image 10 can be photographed.

[0018] FIG. 5 is a diagram illustrating an example of the configuration of the terminal device 20. The terminal device 20 includes a control unit 21, a storage unit 22, a communication unit 23, an operation unit 24, an imaging unit 25, and a display unit 26. The components of the terminal device 20 are connected via a bus. The control unit 21 performs various processes or controls the components of the terminal device 20. The control unit 21 includes a processor such as a CPU. The storage unit 22 stores various data including programs for implementing the functions of the terminal device 20. These programs include a web browser. The storage unit 22 includes memories such as ROM and RAM. The communication unit 23 transmits and receives various information to and from the server device 30. The operation unit 24 accepts user operations. The operation unit 24 includes, for example, operation buttons. The imaging unit 25 captures the code image 10. The imaging unit 25 includes, for example, a digital camera. The display unit 26 displays various information including information read from the code image 10. The display unit 26 includes, for example, a liquid crystal display. The display unit 26 is an example of the "output unit" according to the present invention.

[0019] The control unit 21 functions as an image processing unit 211, a reading unit 212, an acquisition unit 213, and a display control unit 214. These functions are realized by the processor executing a program stored in the memory, and the processor performing calculations or controlling each unit of the terminal device 20.

[0020] The image processing unit 211 performs preprocessing on the code image 10 captured by the imaging unit 25. This preprocessing includes distortion correction and light-dark inversion. The distortion correction corrects the shape of the code image 10 to a square. As described above, the code image 10 has an approximately square shape when captured along the imaging direction D2. However, in reality, the shape is often somewhat distorted due to factors such as a deviation in the imaging direction. Furthermore, because the walls of the tunnel 3 are curved, if the code image 10 is formed along the wall of the tunnel 3, the shape of the code image 10 captured by the imaging unit 25 will be distorted. The distortion correction corrects this distorted shape to a square. The light-dark inversion inverts the light and dark of the code image 10. As described above, the code image 10 is a normal code image with its light and dark reversed. Therefore, by inverting the light and dark of the code image 10 captured by the imaging unit 25, the code image 10 will have light or dark cells arranged against a light background, similar to a normal code image.

[0021] The reading unit 212 decodes the code image 10 that has been preprocessed by the image processing unit 211 and reads the information. If the code image 10 has a distorted shape or has light or dark cells arranged against a dark background, the reading unit 212 may not be able to read the information from the code image 10. However, due to the above-described preprocessing, the code image 10 has a square shape and has light or dark cells arranged against a light background, so the reading unit 212 can read the information from the code image 10.

[0022] When the information read by reading unit 212 is a URL, acquiring unit 213 acquires page data 321 from a storage location of server device 30 indicated by this URL. Specifically, acquiring unit 213 transmits an acquisition request for page data 321 stored in the storage location indicated by the URL to server device 30. When page data 321 is transmitted from server device 30 in response to this acquisition request, acquiring unit 213 receives this page data 321.

[0023] The display control unit 214 causes the display unit 26 to display a web page corresponding to the information read by the reading unit 212 and the page data 321 acquired by the acquiring unit 213 .

[0024] FIG. 6 is a diagram showing an example of the configuration of the server device 30. The server device 30 includes a control unit 31, a storage unit 32, a communication unit 33, and an operation unit 34. The various units of the server device 30 are connected via a bus. The control unit 31 performs various processes or controls the various units of the server device 30. The control unit 31 includes a processor such as a CPU. The storage unit 32 stores various data including programs for realizing the functions of the server device 30. These programs include a web server. The storage unit 32 includes memories such as ROM and RAM, and storage devices such as HDD and SSD. The communication unit 33 transmits and receives various information to and from the server device 30. The operation unit 34 accepts operations by the administrator. The operation unit 34 includes, for example, a mouse and a keyboard.

[0025] The memory unit 32 also stores page data 321 representing a web page. The page data 321 includes various types of information. The information included in the page data 321 may be expressed by text, a combination of text and still images, or video. The information included in the page data 321 changes when an abnormality occurs around the code image 10. Such abnormalities include, for example, traffic congestion, accidents, and fires. The tunnel 3 is equipped with traffic monitoring cameras and emergency equipment. Traffic congestion and accidents are detected based on images captured by the traffic monitoring cameras. Fires are detected by the emergency equipment.

[0026] For example, under normal circumstances, the page data 321 includes information about facilities and places around the code image 10. On the other hand, if an abnormality occurs around the code image 10, the page data 321 includes information about the abnormality. The information about the abnormality may be included instead of information that is normally displayed, or may be included together with the information that is normally displayed. The information in the page data 321 may be changed in response to an operation by an administrator using the operation unit 34, for example, or may be changed by the control unit 31 of the server device 30 based on information received from an external device.

[0027] The control unit 31 functions as a transmission unit 311. This function is realized by the processor executing a program stored in the memory, causing the processor to perform calculations or control each unit of the server device 30.

[0028] In response to a request for acquiring the page data 321 transmitted from the terminal device 20 , the transmission unit 311 reads the page data 321 from the storage unit 32 and transmits it to the terminal device 20 .

[0029] 2.Operation 7 is a sequence chart showing an example of the operation of the information provision system 1. This operation is performed while a user is traveling in the vehicle 2. It is preferable that the user is a person other than the driver of the vehicle 2.

[0030] In step S11, when the user finds the code image 10 attached to the side wall of the tunnel 3 ahead of the vehicle 2, the user photographs the code image 10 using the imaging unit 25 of the terminal device 20. At this time, as shown in Fig. 3, the user photographs the code image 10 located ahead of the vehicle 2 along a photographing direction D2 that is oblique to the traveling direction of the vehicle 2. By photographing, a substantially square code image 10 is obtained as shown in Fig. 4.

[0031] In step S12, the image processing unit 211 of the terminal device 20 performs preprocessing on the code image 10 captured by the imaging unit 25 in step S11. This preprocessing includes distortion correction processing to correct the shape of the code image 10 to a square, and light-dark inversion processing to invert the light and dark of the code image 10. This preprocessing results in a square code image 10 in which light-colored or dark-colored cells are arranged against a light-colored background.

[0032] In step S13, the reading unit 212 of the terminal device 20 decodes the code image 10 that has been preprocessed in step S12 to read the URL. In step S14, the display control unit 214 of the terminal device 20 causes the display unit 26 to display the URL read in step S13.

[0033] In step S15, when the user uses the operation unit 24 to request the display of the web page corresponding to this URL, the acquisition unit 213 of the terminal device 20 sends to the server device 30 a request to acquire the page data 321 stored in the storage location indicated by the URL read in step S13.

[0034] In step S16, upon receiving this acquisition request from terminal device 20, transmitting unit 311 of server device 30 transmits page data 321 stored in the storage location of memory unit 32 indicated by the URL to terminal device 20. In step S17, upon receiving page data 321 from server device 30, display control unit 214 of terminal device 20 causes display unit 26 to display a web page corresponding to this page data 321.

[0035] Here, the information included in the page data 321 differs between normal times and when an abnormality occurs around the code image 10. Under normal times, when a user photographs the code image 10, the display unit 26 displays a web page containing information indicating, for example, the business hours, local specialties and souvenirs, and congestion status of roadside rest facilities around the location of the code image 10. On the other hand, when a user photographs the code image 10 when an abnormality occurs around the code image 10, the display unit 26 displays a web page containing information indicating, for example, the location of the abnormality, the current situation, how to deal with the abnormality, etc. For example, if an accident occurs approximately 50 meters before the exit of the uphill side of Tunnel 3, the web page will include information indicating the location of the accident, the current situation, evacuation directions, the location of emergency facilities, etc. By viewing this information, the user can understand the situation of the abnormality that has occurred in the vicinity and take appropriate action as necessary.

[0036] According to the embodiment described above, simply by attaching the code image 10 to the wall surfaces around the road, information can be provided to road users using the terminal devices 20 carried by the road users, thereby easily constructing the information provision system 1 for providing information to road users. In particular, since tiles may be attached to the walls of the tunnel 3, forming the code image 10 using tiles minimizes the amount of additional equipment required for constructing the information provision system 1 for the tunnel 3. In addition, by attaching a reflective material to the light-colored cells of the code image 10, the light from the vehicle 2 shines on the reflective material, making the light-colored cells appear bright, allowing information to be accurately read from the code image 10 even inside the dark tunnel 3. Furthermore, since the code image 10 has a shape such that the captured code image 10 is approximately square when photographed along the photographing direction D2, even when the code image 10 is photographed while moving as the vehicle 2 travels, the shape of the captured code image 10 is approximately square by photographing along the photographing direction D2, allowing the code image 10 to be accurately read. Furthermore, if an abnormality occurs in the vicinity, information about this abnormality will be displayed, allowing the user to understand the situation regarding the abnormality that has occurred in the vicinity and take appropriate action if necessary.

[0037] 3. Variations The present invention is not limited to the above-described embodiment, and may be implemented by modifying it as in the following modifications. The following modifications may be used alone or in combination of two or more.

[0038] Variation 1 The code image 10 is not limited to the above-described example. The code image 10 may be painted on the side wall of the tunnel 3 using paint. The code image 10 does not necessarily have to have reversed light and dark. The code image 10 may have light or dark cells arranged on a light background, similar to a normal code image. Furthermore, if the shape from which information can be read is rectangular, the code image 10 may have a shape such that when photographed along the photographing direction D2, the photographed code image 10 becomes approximately rectangular. Even with this configuration, the code image 10 can be used to provide information to the user.

[0039] Variation 2 In the above-described embodiment, a display device such as a liquid crystal display or an organic EL display may be provided on the side wall of the tunnel 3, and the code image 10 may be displayed on the display device. This display device may display different code images 10 during normal operation and when an abnormality occurs in the vicinity. During normal operation, the display device displays the code image 10, which is an encoded URL of a web page containing information about facilities and places in the vicinity of the code image 10. When a user photographs this code image 10, the display unit 26 displays the web page containing information about the surrounding facilities and places. On the other hand, when an abnormality occurs in the vicinity, the display device displays the code image 10, which is an encoded URL of a web page containing information about the abnormality. When a user photographs this code image 10, the display unit 26 displays the web page containing information about the abnormality. Therefore, even with the configuration according to this modification, when an abnormality occurs in the vicinity, information about the abnormality can be provided to the user.

[0040] Variation 3 In the above-described embodiment, the code images 10 attached to one tunnel 3 may all be the same, or if one tunnel 3 has multiple sections, the code images 10 may be different for each of the multiple sections. By using code images 10 encoding different URLs for each section of the tunnel 3, different information can be obtained and displayed from the different URLs for each section. For example, if an abnormality occurs, the evacuation direction for one section may differ from that for other sections. In this case, it is preferable that when the code image 10 attached to one section is photographed, information indicating the first evacuation direction for the first section is obtained and displayed, while when the code image 10 attached to another section is photographed, information indicating the second evacuation direction for the other section is obtained and displayed. This modification makes it possible to provide users with information appropriate for each section of the tunnel 3.

[0041] Variation 4 In the above-described embodiment, the code image 10 may have a shape that further takes into account the curvature of the wall surface of the tunnel 3. As described above, since the wall surface of the tunnel 3 is curved, if the code image 10 is formed along the wall surface of the tunnel 3, the shape of the code image 10 photographed by the imaging unit 25 will be distorted. Therefore, the code image 10 may have a shape such that the photographed code image 10 becomes approximately square when photographed along the photographing direction D2. According to this modification, correction of the distortion of the shape caused by the curvature of the wall surface of the tunnel 3 does not need to be performed in preprocessing.

[0042] Variation 5 In the above-described embodiment, at least a portion of the information included in the page data 321 may be displayed on the display unit 26 by using augmented reality (AR) and superimposing it on an image of the surroundings captured by the imaging unit 25. For example, assume that an accident has occurred nearby and the evacuation direction is downhill. In this case, when the user points the imaging unit 25 uphill, a message such as "Please evacuate in the opposite direction" is displayed on the display unit 26 superimposed on the image of the surroundings captured by the imaging unit 25 in the uphill direction of the road. On the other hand, when the user points the imaging unit 25 downhill, a message such as "Please evacuate in this direction" is displayed on the display unit 26 superimposed on the image of the surroundings captured by the imaging unit 25 in the downhill direction of the road. Furthermore, if the image captured by the imaging unit 25 includes emergency equipment, a message indicating the location of the emergency equipment and stating "The emergency equipment is located here" may be displayed. Furthermore, instructions on how to use a fire hydrant may be provided to a caller from inside the tunnel 3 using not only audio but also augmented reality. For example, instructions on how to use a fire hydrant are displayed superimposed on an image captured by the imaging unit 25. Note that the image captured by the imaging unit 25 is recognized using known techniques such as pattern matching. This modification allows the user to intuitively understand the situation and how to deal with any abnormalities that occur in the vicinity.

[0043] Variation 6 In the above-described embodiment, if an abnormality occurs in one tunnel 3 in the traveling direction of the vehicle 2, the user may use the imaging unit 25 to read the code image 10 attached to the tunnel 3 immediately before that, and information about the abnormality that has occurred in the next tunnel 3 may be displayed on the display unit 26. This information may be, for example, information warning the user not to enter the next tunnel 3 because an accident has occurred in that tunnel 3. According to this modification, the user can be prevented from being caught up in the abnormality in advance.

[0044] Variation 7 In the above-described embodiment, the information provision system 1 may be realized by an in-vehicle device instead of the terminal device 20. The in-vehicle device includes a drive recorder device and a car navigation device. The drive recorder device includes an imaging unit 25 and constantly captures images of the area ahead of the vehicle 2 using the imaging unit 25. When the drive recorder device captures a code image 10, it transmits the captured code image 10 to the car navigation device. The car navigation device includes a display unit 26 and has the functions of an image processing unit 211, a reading unit 212, an acquisition unit 213, and a display control unit 214. The car navigation device preprocesses the code image 10 received from the drive recorder device, reads a URL, displays the URL on the display unit 26, and acquires a web page from a storage location in the server device 30 indicated by the URL and displays the web page on the display unit 26. According to this modification, the user can receive information without performing an operation to capture the code image 10.

[0045] Variation 8 In the above-described embodiment, the coded information is not limited to a URL. The coded information may be the information itself to be provided to the user. In this case, the information itself read from the code image 10 is displayed on the display unit 26. According to this modification, it is possible to provide information to the user even in a location where communication with the server device 30 is not possible.

[0046] Variation 9 In the above-described embodiment, the information provided to the user does not necessarily have to be displayed on the display unit 26. For example, if the terminal device 20 is equipped with an audio output unit such as a speaker, the information may be output as sound from the audio output unit. This audio output unit is an example of the "output unit" according to the present invention. Even with this configuration, information can be provided to the user.

[0047] Variation 10 In the above-described embodiment, the place where the code image 10 is attached is not limited to the wall surface of the tunnel 3. For example, the code image 10 may be attached to the surface of a facility structure such as a fire hydrant, a sign or billboard installed on the side of the road, or the road surface. In short, the code image 10 may be attached to the surface of an object around the road. This object around the road includes the road itself. According to this modification, information can be provided to road users in places other than the tunnel 3.

[0048] Variation 11 In the above-described embodiment, abnormalities are not limited to the above-described examples. The abnormalities may include earthquakes and tsunamis. In this case, when a user photographs the code image 10, information such as "Please evacuate in the direction of XX" may be output. According to this modification, even in the event of an earthquake or tsunami, information regarding these abnormalities can be provided to the user.

[0049] Variation 12 In the above-described embodiment, the configuration of the information providing system 1 is not limited to the above-described example. The information providing system 1 may be configured to include one or more of the above-described devices, or may be configured to exclude some of the devices. Furthermore, the entity that realizes the functions of the information providing system 1 is not limited to the above-described example. For example, at least some of the functions of the terminal device 20 may be realized by the server device 30 or an external device.

[0050] Variation 13 In the above-described embodiment, the operation of the information providing system 1 is not limited to the above-described example. The order of the processing steps of the information providing system 1 may be changed as long as there is no contradiction. Furthermore, some of the processing steps of the information providing system 1 may be omitted.

[0051] Variation 14 Another aspect of the present invention may provide a method having processing steps performed in at least one of the information providing system 1, the terminal device 20, and the server device 30. Furthermore, yet another aspect of the present invention may provide a program executed in each of the terminal device 20 and the server device 30. This program may be provided by being stored in a computer-readable recording medium, or may be provided by downloading via the Internet or the like. [Explanation of symbols]

[0052] 1: Information providing system, 10: Code image, 20: Terminal device, 21: Control unit, 22: Storage unit, 23: Communication unit, 24: Operation unit, 25: Imaging unit, 26: Display unit, 30: Server device, 31: Control unit, 32: Storage unit, 33: Communication unit, 34: Operation unit, 211: Image processing unit, 212: Reading unit, 213: Acquisition unit, 214: Display control unit, 311: Transmission unit

Claims

1. an imaging unit that captures a code image in which information is coded and attached to the surface of an object around the road; a reading unit that reads the information from the captured code image; an output unit that outputs the read information or information based on the read information; Equipped with The code image is a reversed image with a dark background, A reflective material is applied to the bright part of the code image, further comprising an image processing unit that performs a process of inverting the brightness of the photographed code image; The reading unit reads the information from the code image whose brightness has been inverted by the processing. Information provision system.

2. The code image has a shape such that when the code image is photographed along an oblique photographing direction having a predetermined angle with respect to a direction in which the code image is viewed from the front, the photographed code image becomes substantially square. The information providing system according to claim 1 .

3. The imaging unit further captures an image of the surroundings, The output unit displays the information by superimposing it on the captured image of the surroundings.

3. The information providing system according to claim 1 or 2.

Images