Coated paper

Abstract

To provide coated paper that is recyclable from a paper base material. [Solution] A coated paper comprising a base material, a primer layer, and a coating layer in that order, wherein the base material mainly contains paper, and the primer layer mainly contains a specific resin consisting of at least one of a urethane resin and an acrylic resin.

Description

[Technical Field]

[0001] This invention relates to coated paper. [Background technology]

[0002] Patent Document 1 discloses a heat-sealable paper having a coating layer on at least one surface of a paper substrate. The coating layer is a layer that provides heat-sealability. A sealing layer is provided between the paper substrate and the coating layer. The sealing layer prevents the coating liquid that forms the coating layer from seeping into the paper substrate. Hereinafter, the sealing layer will be referred to as the primer layer. [Prior art documents] [Patent Documents]

[0003] [Patent Document 1] Japanese Patent Publication No. 2023-067887 [Overview of the project] [Problems that the invention aims to solve]

[0004] In coated paper comprising a paper substrate, a primer layer, and a coating layer in that order, it is desirable to recover the used coated paper and recycle the paper substrate. The primer layer corresponds to the sealing layer described in Patent Document 1. The technology in Patent Document 1 does not consider a suitable configuration for recycling the paper substrate from used coated paper.

[0005] One of the objectives of the present invention is to provide coated paper that can be recycled from a paper substrate. [Means for solving the problem]

[0006] (1) A coated paper according to one aspect of the present invention comprises a base material, a primer layer, and a coating layer in this order. The base material mainly comprises paper. The primer layer mainly comprises a specific resin consisting of at least one of a urethane resin and an acrylic resin.

[0007] A primer layer containing the above-mentioned specific resin as its main component can prevent the material forming the coating layer from seeping into a substrate that mainly contains paper. As shown in Test Example 2 described later, the primer layer containing the above-mentioned specific resin as its main component swells when it comes into contact with an alkaline solution. When the primer layer swells, the bonding force between the primer layer and the substrate weakens, and the primer layer and coating layer peel off from the substrate. In the case of peeling due to swelling of the primer layer, the primer layer and the substrate are easily separated at the interface. Therefore, in the case of the coated paper described in (1) above, most or all of the substrate can be recycled.

[0008] (2) In the coated paper described in (1) above, the coating layer may be water-resistant.

[0009] The water-resistant coating allows the coated paper to be used in environments where it may come into contact with water. However, even if the coating is water-resistant, the primer layer can swell when its surface comes into contact with an alkaline solution. Therefore, even if the coating is water-resistant, the primer layer and coating can be peeled off the substrate by an alkaline solution.

[0010] (3) In the coated paper described in (1) or (2) above, the coating layer may be a heat-seal layer.

[0011] If the coating layer is a heat-seal layer, the coated paper can be used for components that require airtightness and long-term storage. If the heat sealant forming the heat-seal layer is, for example, water-soluble, the heat-seal layer is formed by coating the heat sealant and then allowing it to solidify by drying. If the heat sealant forming the heat-seal layer is, for example, a hot-melt type, the heat-seal layer is formed by coating the molten heat sealant and then allowing it to solidify by cooling. Since the heat sealant adheres to the primer layer during solidification, no adhesive is required for adhesion to the primer layer.

[0012] (4) In any of the coated papers described in (1) to (3) above, the primer layer may be insoluble in water.

[0013] The primer layer's insolubility in water allows the coated paper to be used in environments where it may come into contact with water. Even if the primer layer is insoluble in water, the primer layer and coating layer can be removed from the substrate using an alkaline solution.

[0014] (5) In any of the coated papers described in (1) to (4) above, the urethane resin may be a hydroxypolyurethane resin.

[0015] A primer layer containing hydroxypolyurethane resin easily prevents the coating material from penetrating into a substrate primarily composed of paper. A primer layer containing hydroxypolyurethane resin is also easily peeled off the substrate using an alkaline solution.

[0016] (6) In any of the coated papers described in (1) to (5) above, the acrylic resin may have a carboxyl group.

[0017] A primer layer containing an acrylic resin with carboxyl groups easily prevents the coating material from penetrating a substrate primarily composed of paper. A primer layer containing an acrylic resin with carboxyl groups is also easily peeled off the substrate with an alkaline solution.

[0018] (7) In any of the coated papers described in (1) to (6) above, the substrate has a first surface in contact with the primer layer, and the first surface may be made of paper.

[0019] When the first surface of the substrate is made of paper, some of the constituent materials of the primer layer interlock with the fibers that make up the paper, creating an anchoring effect. This anchoring effect makes it easier for the primer layer to adhere to the first surface of the substrate. However, even though the primer layer adheres to the first surface of the substrate due to the anchoring effect, it will peel off the substrate if it swells with an alkaline solution.

Brief Description of the Drawings

[0020] [Figure 1] FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view showing an outline of the coated paper of the embodiment.

Modes for Carrying Out the Invention

[0021] A specific example of the coated paper of the present invention will be described based on the drawings. The sizes of the members shown in the drawings are represented for the purpose of clarifying the description and do not necessarily represent actual dimensions and ratios. Note that the present invention is not limited to these examples, but is defined by the claims, and is intended to include all modifications within the meaning and scope equivalent to the claims.

[0022] [Embodiment] [Coated Paper] As shown in FIG. 1, the coated paper 1 includes a base material 2, a primer layer 3, and a coating layer 4 in this order. The fact that the base material 2, the primer layer 3, and the coating layer 4 are provided in this order means that the base material 2, the primer layer 3, and the coating layer 4 are laminated in order, and no other layer is disposed between the base material 2 and the primer layer 3 and between the primer layer 3 and the coating layer 4. One of the features of the coated paper 1 is that the base material 2 mainly contains paper and the primer layer 3 mainly contains a specific resin composed of at least one of a urethane-based resin and an acrylic-based resin.

[0023] [Base Material] Substrate 2 contains paper as its main component. "Containing paper as its main component" means that the paper content in substrate 2 exceeds 50% by mass. The paper may be pulp, or it may contain other dietary fibers. The paper content in substrate 2 may be 80% or more by mass, 95% or more by mass, 98% or more by mass, or 100% by mass. A paper content of 100% by mass in substrate 2 means that substrate 2 is substantially composed solely of paper. "Substantially composed solely of paper" means that, excluding impurities, it intentionally does not contain any components other than paper. Substrate 2, substantially composed solely of paper, is environmentally friendly. The paper content in substrate 2 is the ratio of the total mass of the constituent materials of substrate 2 to 100% by mass. The paper may also contain resin fibers. The resin fiber content in substrate 2 is less than 50% by mass.

[0024] The type of paper is not particularly limited. Any publicly known paper can be used. Examples of such paper include fine paper, recycled paper, glossy paper, oil-resistant paper, coated paper, art paper, kraft paper, glassine paper, or Cascoat paper.

[0025] The base material 2 is formed in a sheet shape. The base material 2 has a first surface 21 and a second surface 22. The first surface 21 and the second surface 22 are surfaces facing opposite directions in the direction along the thickness of the base material 2. The first surface 21 is the surface in contact with the primer layer 3. The first surface 21 is made of, for example, paper. When the first surface 21 is made of paper, a portion of the constituent material of the primer layer 3 bites into the fibers that make up the paper, creating an anchoring effect. Due to this anchoring effect, the primer layer 3 adheres easily to the first surface 21 of the base material 2. The thickness of the base material 2 is not particularly limited and can be any known thickness.

[0026] <Primer layer> The primer layer 3 functions as a sealing layer that prevents the material forming the coating layer 4 from seeping into the substrate 2.

[0027] The primer layer 3 is provided on the first surface 21 of the substrate 2. This means that the primer layer 3 is in direct contact with the first surface 21. In other words, there are no other layers between the substrate 2 and the primer layer 3. The primer layer 3 covers the entire surface of the first surface 21.

[0028] The primer layer 3 has a first surface 31 and a second surface 32. The first surface 31 and the second surface 32 are surfaces facing opposite directions in the direction along the thickness of the primer layer 3. The first surface 31 is the surface facing the opposite direction from the surface facing the substrate 2. The second surface 32 is the surface facing the substrate 2 and is in direct contact with the substrate 2. The primer layer 3 has a single-layer structure.

[0029] The primer layer 3 contains a specific resin as its main component, which consists of at least one of a urethane resin and an acrylic resin. Containing the above-mentioned specific resin as its main component means that the content ratio of the above-mentioned specific resin in the primer layer 3 is 90% by mass or more. The content ratio of the above-mentioned specific resin in the primer layer 3 may be 95% by mass or more, 98% by mass or more, or 100% by mass. A content ratio of 100% by mass of the above-mentioned specific resin in the primer layer 3 means that the primer layer 3 is substantially composed solely of the above-mentioned specific resin. Substantially composed solely of the above-mentioned specific resin means that, excluding impurities, it intentionally does not contain any components other than the above-mentioned specific resin. The content ratio of the above-mentioned specific resin in the primer layer 3 is the ratio obtained by taking the total mass of the constituent materials of the primer layer 3 as 100% by mass.

[0030] The primer layer 3 may contain either a urethane resin or an acrylic resin as a specific resin. In other words, the primer layer 3 may contain a urethane resin or an acrylic resin as its main component. In this case, the content of the urethane resin or acrylic resin is 90% by mass or more. The content of the urethane resin or acrylic resin in the primer layer 3 may be 95% by mass or more, 98% by mass or more, or 100% by mass. In other words, the primer layer 3 may be formed substantially only of a urethane resin or an acrylic resin. Forming substantially only of a urethane resin or an acrylic resin means that, excluding impurities, it intentionally does not contain any components other than the urethane resin or an acrylic resin.

[0031] The primer layer 3 may contain both urethane resin and acrylic resin as the specified resin. In this case, the total content ratio of urethane resin and acrylic resin is 90% by mass or more. The content ratio of urethane resin and acrylic resin in the specified resin can be selected as appropriate.

[0032] Urethane resins and acrylic resins swell when exposed to alkaline solutions. When a primer layer 3, which mainly contains a specific resin consisting of at least one of urethane resins and acrylic resins, is placed between a substrate 2 and a coating layer 4 and exposed to an alkaline solution, the primer layer 3 swells, weakening the bond between the primer layer 3 and the substrate 2. When the primer layer 3 swells, the primer layer 3 and the substrate 2 separate at the interface, and the primer layer 3 and the coating layer 4 peel off from the substrate 2. If the primer layer 3 and the substrate 2 separate at the interface, most or all of the substrate 2 can be recycled.

[0033] The primer layer 3 may, if necessary, contain additives in addition to the specified resin. Examples of additives include defoamers, preservatives, fillers, crosslinking agents, or antistatic agents. The proportion of additives in the primer layer 3 is, for example, 10% by mass or less. The proportion of additives in the primer layer 3 is calculated based on 100% by mass of the primer layer 3.

[0034] The urethane resin is, for example, hydroxypolyurethane resin. The primer layer 3 containing hydroxypolyurethane resin easily prevents the material forming the coating layer 4 from penetrating the substrate 2. The primer layer 3 containing hydroxypolyurethane resin is easily peeled off from the substrate 2 with an alkaline solution.

[0035] The acrylic resin, for example, has carboxyl groups. The primer layer 3 containing the acrylic resin having carboxyl groups easily prevents the material forming the coating layer 4 from penetrating the substrate 2. The primer layer 3 containing the acrylic resin having carboxyl groups is easily peeled off from the substrate 2 with an alkaline solution. The acrylic resin is, for example, styrene acrylic resin.

[0036] The primer layer 3 may be insoluble in water. The water insolubility of the primer layer 3 allows the coated paper 1 to be used in environments where it may come into contact with water. Water insolubility can be confirmed by immersing a test piece taken from the coated paper 1 in 25°C water for 60 minutes, which prevents the coating layer 4 from peeling off the substrate 2. In this example, the primer layer 3 does not peel off the substrate 2 even when the coated paper 1 is immersed in 40°C hot water for 60 minutes. Even if the primer layer 3 is insoluble in water, the primer layer 3 and coating layer 4 can be peeled off the substrate 2 using an alkaline solution, as described above.

[0037] The amount of primer layer 3 applied is, for example, 2 g / m². 2 More than 15g / m 2 The following applies: The coating amount of primer layer 3 is 2 g / m². 2 As a result, when the primer layer 3 comes into contact with an alkaline solution, it is prone to swelling and peeling off from the substrate 2. Also, the coating amount of the primer layer 3 is 2 g / m². 2 As a result, the primer layer 3 can be applied evenly. This reduces the unevenness of the first surface 31 of the primer layer 3, making it easier for the coating layer 4 to form on the first surface 31. The coating amount of the primer layer 3 is 15 g / m². 2In the following case, the primer layer 3 does not become too thick, and consequently, the coated paper 1 does not become too thick. The coating amount of the primer layer 3 is 2 g / m 2 or more and 10 g / m 2 or less, or 3 g / m 2 or more and 8 g / m 2 or less may also be acceptable.

[0038] ≪Coating layer≫ The coating layer 4 is provided on the first surface 31 of the primer layer 3. That the coating layer 4 is provided on the first surface 31 of the primer layer 3 means that the coating layer 4 is in a state of directly contacting the first surface 31. That is, no layer other than the primer layer 3 and the coating layer 4 is provided between the primer layer 3 and the coating layer 4. The coating layer 4 is provided on the entire surface of the first surface 31.

[0039] The material forming the coating layer 4 is not particularly limited, and known materials can be used. The coating layer 4 contains, for example, a thermoplastic resin, wax, and pigment. The thermoplastic resin is, for example, an olefin-based resin such as a polyolefin resin or a styrene-acrylic resin.

[0040] The coating layer 4 has, for example, water resistance. Since the coating layer 4 has water resistance, the coated paper 1 can be used even in an environment where it can come into contact with water. Having water resistance can be confirmed by the "Paper and Paperboard - Test Method for Water Absorbency - Cobb Method" specified in JIS P 8140:1998. Specifically, having water resistance means that the water absorbency when water is brought into contact with a test piece taken from the coated paper 1 for 120 seconds is 1 g / m 2 or less. Even if the coating layer 4 has water resistance, the primer layer 3 can swell when the peripheral surface of the primer layer 3 comes into contact with an alkaline solution. Therefore, even if the coating layer 4 has water resistance, the primer layer 3 and the coating layer 4 can be peeled off from the base material 2 by the alkaline solution.

[0041] The coating layer 4 may, for example, be insoluble in alkaline solutions. The insolubility of the coating layer 4 in alkaline solutions prevents it from dissolving in the alkaline solution when the coated paper 1 is immersed in or stirred in the alkaline solution. For example, if the coating layer 4 does not dissolve in the alkaline solution when the primer layer 3 is peeled off the substrate 2 by immersing or stirring the coated paper 1 in the alkaline solution, the material forming the coating layer 4 will not adhere to the substrate 2, making the substrate 2 easier to recycle. Insolubility in alkaline solutions can be confirmed by observing that the coating layer 4 does not dissolve when a test piece taken from the coated paper 1 is stirred in an alkaline solution at 50°C for 10 minutes. The alkaline solution is an aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide with a concentration of 0.1% by mass.

[0042] The coating layer 4 is, for example, a heat seal layer. If the heat sealant forming the heat seal layer is, for example, water-soluble, the heat seal layer is formed by coating the heat sealant and then allowing it to solidify by drying. If the heat sealant forming the heat seal layer is, for example, a hot-melt type, the heat seal layer is formed by coating the molten heat sealant and then allowing it to solidify by cooling. Since the heat sealant adheres to the primer layer 3 during solidification, no adhesive is required for adhesion to the primer layer 3. If the coating layer 4 is a heat seal layer, the coated paper 1 can be used for components that require airtightness and preservation. The coating layer 4 may be a single layer or may consist of multiple layers.

[0043] [Test Example 1] In Test Example 1, coated paper comprising a substrate and a coating layer was prepared, and the ease with which the coating layer could be peeled from the substrate in this coated paper was investigated.

[0044] <Sample> Samples No. 1 to No. 16 are coated papers comprising a substrate, a primer layer, and a coating layer in that order. The primer layers differ among samples No. 1 to No. 16. The specifications of each primer layer are shown in Table 1. Table 1 lists the main component of the primer layer, the name of the raw material, and the concentration of the solid content of the main component in the raw material, expressed in mass percent. For samples No. 1 to No. 16, the primer layer was formed by applying the raw material shown in Table 1 to the first surface of the substrate and then drying it. The coating amount of the raw material on the first surface of the substrate was 3 g / m². 2 In samples No. 1 to No. 4, the primer layer is substantially composed solely of urethane resin. That is, in samples No. 1 to No. 4, the proportion of urethane resin in the primer layer is substantially 100% by mass. In samples No. 5 to No. 16, the primer layer is substantially composed solely of acrylic resin. That is, in samples No. 5 to No. 16, the proportion of acrylic resin in the primer layer is substantially 100% by mass.

[0045] [Table 1]

[0046] Sample No. 100 comprises a substrate and a coating layer, but does not have a primer layer.

[0047] Samples No. 1 through No. 16 and No. 100 use the same base material. The base material is unbleached kraft paper with a basis weight of 60.0 g / m². 2 Its thickness is 80.0 μm.

[0048] Samples No. 1 through No. 16 and Sample No. 100 have the same coating layer. In Samples No. 1 through No. 16, the coating layer was formed on the primer layer. In Sample No. 100, the coating layer was formed on the substrate. In Test Example 1, the coating layer was formed using "AQUENCE EPIX BC9220HS (product name)" manufactured by Henkel Japan Ltd. In Test Example 1, the coating layer was formed by applying this raw material to the primer layer or the substrate and then drying it. In Table 2, the raw material for the coating layer used in Test Example 1 is indicated as "α".

[0049] <Peel test> The ease with which the coating layer could be peeled from the substrate in each sample was investigated using the following procedure. First, test pieces were taken from each sample. The size of the test pieces was 5 cm x 5 cm. Three test pieces were prepared for each sample. A 500 ml beaker was prepared containing 300 ml of alkaline solution or water. The alkaline solution was an aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide with a concentration of 0.1 mass%. The temperature of the alkaline solution was 50°C. The temperature of the water was 25°C. Next, a stirring bar was placed in the beaker and the alkaline solution or water was stirred at a rotation speed of 200 rpm. The three test pieces were then placed into the stirred alkaline solution or water so that they did not overlap. For each test piece stirred in the beaker, it was visually checked whether the coating layer could be peeled from the substrate. For samples No. 1 to No. 16, it was visually checked whether the primer layer could be peeled from the substrate. If the primer layer peeled from the substrate, the coating layer also peeled from the substrate together with the primer layer. The time from when each test specimen is placed in the beaker until peeling begins is measured. If peeling does not occur after 60 minutes from the time each test specimen is placed in the beaker, it is determined that the coating layer cannot be peeled from the substrate. The results are shown in Table 2. In Table 2, "A" means that the coating layer was peeled from the substrate. The number in parentheses next to "A" in Table 2 is the time from when each test specimen is placed in the beaker until the substrate and primer layer separate. In Table 2, "B" means that the coating layer was not peeled from the substrate.

[0050] [Table 2]

[0051] When a primer layer containing urethane or acrylic resin as the main component was placed between the substrate and the coating layer, the primer layer was peeled off the substrate by the alkaline solution in a relatively short time. In samples No. 1 to No. 16, neither the primer layer nor the coating layer dissolved, and as the primer layer peeled off the substrate, the coating layer also peeled off from the primer layer. None of the coating layers dissolved in water. In other words, all of the coating layers were water-resistant. If the primer layer contained urethane or acrylic resin as the main component, water could not peel the coating layer off the substrate.

[0052] [Test Example 2] In Test Example 2, the ease with which the coating layer peeled off the substrate was investigated when the coating layer was changed, while the primer layer and substrate used in Test Example 1 remained unchanged.

[0053] <Sample> The sample numbers in Test Example 2 correspond to the primer layers of the sample numbers shown in Table 1. In Test Example 2, samples No. 1, No. 3, No. 4, No. 5, No. 7, No. 12, No. 14, and No. 16 shown in Table 1 were used as primer layers. Sample No. 100 does not have a primer layer.

[0054] In samples No. 1, No. 3, No. 4, No. 5, No. 7, No. 12, No. 14, and No. 16, a coating layer was formed on a primer layer. In sample No. 100, a coating layer was formed on a substrate. In Test Example 2, a coating layer was formed using raw material β, raw material γ, or raw material δ. Raw material β is "Zyxene A (product name)" manufactured by Sumitomo Seika Co., Ltd. Raw material γ is "NS200 (product name)" manufactured by Toyo Chem Co., Ltd. Raw material δ is "HYDRECT HS (product name)" manufactured by DIC Graphics Co., Ltd. In Test Example 2, a coating layer was formed by applying raw material β, raw material γ, or raw material δ onto a primer layer or a substrate and then drying it. Table 3 lists the raw materials of the coating layer used in Test Example 2 as "β", "γ", and "δ".

[0055] <Peel test> The ease with which the coating layer could be peeled off the substrate in each sample was investigated in the same manner as in Test Example 1. The results are shown in Table 3.

[0056] [Table 3]

[0057] It was found that when a primer layer mainly composed of urethane resin or acrylic resin is placed between the substrate and the coating layer, the primer layer can be peeled off from the substrate with an alkaline solution in a relatively short time, regardless of the type of coating layer.

[0058] [Test Example 3] In Test Example 3, the ease with which the coating layer could be peeled off the substrate was investigated when the substrate was changed, without altering the primer layer used in Test Example 2.

[0059] <Sample> The sample numbers in Test Example 3, like those in Test Example 2, correspond to the primer layers of the sample numbers shown in Table 1. In Test Example 3, samples No. 3, No. 4, No. 5, No. 7, No. 12, No. 14, and No. 16, as shown in Table 1, were used as primer layers. Sample No. 100 does not have a primer layer.

[0060] The base material used in Test Example 3 was high-quality paper with a basis weight of 65.5 g / m². 2 Its thickness is 82.0 μm.

[0061] In samples No. 3, No. 4, No. 5, No. 7, No. 12, No. 14, and No. 16, a coating layer was formed on the primer layer. In sample No. 100, a coating layer was formed on the substrate. In test example 3, a coating layer was formed using raw material α used in test example 1, and raw materials β, γ, and δ used in test example 2.

[0062] <Peel test> The ease with which the coating layer could be peeled off the substrate in each sample was investigated in the same manner as in Test Example 1. The results are shown in Table 4.

[0063] [Table 4]

[0064] It was found that when a primer layer mainly composed of urethane resin or acrylic resin is placed between the substrate and the coating layer, the primer layer can be peeled off from the substrate with an alkaline solution in a relatively short time, regardless of the type of substrate.

[0065] [Test Example 4] In Test Example 4, we investigated the changes in the primer layer used in Test Example 1 when it came into contact with an alkaline solution.

[0066] <Sample> Primer layers for sample No. 1, sample No. 2, sample No. 5, and sample No. 6 were formed on polyethylene terephthalate or polypropylene films. Each sample's primer layer was formed by applying the primer layer material to the film and then drying it. The surfaces of the primer layer other than those in contact with the substrate were not covered with anything.

[0067] <Changes when in contact with water> The primer layer of each sample was immersed in water at a temperature of 25°C. No changes were observed in the primer layer.

[0068] <Changes when exposed to alkaline solution> The primer layer of each sample was immersed in an alkaline solution. The alkaline solution was an aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide with a concentration of 0.1% by mass. The temperature of the alkaline solution was 50°C. As a result, the primer layer did not dissolve, but it swelled.

[0069] The primer layer is thought to adhere to the substrate by some of its constituent materials interlocking between the fibers that make up the paper substrate. When the primer layer swells, the interlocking between the paper fibers weakens, and the bonding strength between the primer layer and the substrate decreases. This decrease in bonding strength is thought to cause separation between the substrate and the primer layer. [Explanation of symbols]

[0070] 1 Coated paper 2 Base material 21 Front page 22 Second side 3. Primer layer 31 Front page 32 Second side 4 Coating layer

Claims

1. The substrate, primer layer, and coating layer are arranged in this order. The aforementioned substrate mainly contains paper, The primer layer mainly comprises a specific resin consisting of at least one of a urethane resin and an acrylic resin. Coated paper.

2. The coated paper according to claim 1, wherein the coating layer is water-resistant.

3. The coated paper according to claim 2, wherein the coating layer is a heat-seal layer.

4. The coated paper according to claim 1 or claim 2, wherein the primer layer is insoluble in water.

5. The coated paper according to claim 1 or claim 2, wherein the urethane resin is a hydroxypolyurethane resin.

6. The acrylic resin is a coated paper according to claim 1 or claim 2, wherein the acrylic resin has a carboxyl group.

7. The substrate has a first surface that is in contact with the primer layer, The coated paper according to claim 1 or claim 2, wherein the first surface is made of paper.

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