Polarizing plates and image display devices

Abstract

To provide a polarizing plate with excellent adhesion between the liquid crystal layer and adjacent layers, as well as superior durability. [Solution] A polarizer having a laminate in which a polarizer, an adhesive layer, and a liquid crystal layer are adjacent in this order, wherein the liquid crystal layer is a liquid crystal layer in which the orientation state of a liquid crystal composition containing a liquid crystal compound is fixed, the adhesive layer contains a radical polymerizable compound, and when the components in the depth direction of the laminate are analyzed by time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry while irradiating the surface of the polarizer of the laminate toward the liquid crystal layer, a specific condition 1 is satisfied.

Description

[Technical Field]

[0001] This invention relates to polarizing plates and image display devices. [Background technology]

[0002] Polarizing plates are used as components in liquid crystal displays (LCDs) and organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs), playing an important role in their display performance. Furthermore, typical polarizing plates have a structure in which an optical film is laminated to one or both sides of a polarizing film (polarizer) made by adsorbing and aligning dichroic dyes such as iodine complexes onto a polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) resin. Conventionally, optical films have been widely studied that have a phase difference layer (optical anisotropy layer) in which a liquid crystalline compound is coated on a transparent support via an alignment film, and the orientation state is fixed. Furthermore, when laminating such an optical film to a polarizer, it has been common to laminate the transparent support side of the optical film to the polarizer (see, for example, Patent Document 1).

[0003] In recent years, in order to further thin polarizing plates and widen the viewing angle, a configuration has been proposed in which the phase difference layer (optical anisotropy layer) side of the optical film is bonded to the polarizer. In addition, a method has been proposed in which the transparent support is peeled off after the phase difference layer (optical anisotropy layer) has been bonded to the polarizer (see, for example, Patent Document 2). [Prior art documents] [Patent Documents]

[0004] [Patent Document 1] Japanese Patent Publication No. 2007-249108 [Patent Document 2] Japanese Patent Publication No. 2012-220554 [Overview of the Initiative] [Problems that the invention aims to solve]

[0005] The present inventors investigated the polarizing element (polarizing plate) described in Patent Document 2 and found that in polarizing plates, the adhesion between the liquid crystal layer and adjacent layers adjacent to the liquid crystal layer may be poor, and that when the polarizing plate is applied to an image display device, the display performance deteriorates (due to poor durability).

[0006] Therefore, the object of the present invention is to provide a polarizing plate and an image display device having the same, which have excellent adhesion between the liquid crystal layer and adjacent layers, and durability. [Means for solving the problem]

[0007] As a result of diligent research to achieve the above objectives, the inventors have found that the above objectives can be achieved with the following configuration.

[0008] [1] A laminate comprising a polarizer, an adhesive layer, and a liquid crystal layer in this order, The above liquid crystal layer is a liquid crystal layer in which the orientation state of a liquid crystal composition containing a liquid crystal compound is fixed. The above adhesive layer contains a radical polymerizable compound, A polarizing plate that satisfies the following condition 1 when the components in the depth direction of the laminate are analyzed by time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry while irradiating the laminate from the surface of the polarizer toward the liquid crystal layer. Condition 1: Position L1 is defined as the depth position at which detection of the secondary ion intensity derived from the liquid crystal compound begins, and position L2 is defined as the depth position at which the secondary ion intensity I derived from the radical polymerizable compound at position L1 becomes 1 / 6 of that I. Then the difference d between position L2 and position L1 is 20 nm ≤ d ≤ 300 nm. [2] A laminate having a polarizer, an adhesive layer, and a liquid crystal layer adjacent to each other in this order, The above liquid crystal layer is a liquid crystal layer in which the orientation state of a liquid crystal composition containing a liquid crystal compound is fixed. The above adhesive layer contains a cationic polymerizable compound, A polarizing plate in which a hydroxyl group, a carboxyl group, or an epoxy group is present at a position 5 nm from the interface of the liquid crystal layer on the adhesive layer side. [3] The polarizing plate according to [1] or [2], wherein the liquid crystal layer comprises a surfactant having silicon atoms. [4] The polarizing plate according to [3], wherein the surfactant comprises a repeating unit having a group represented by any of the following formulas (S1) to (S4). [5] The polarizing plate according to [4], wherein the surfactant further comprises a repeating unit represented by formula (B) described later. [6] A polarizing plate according to any one of [1] to [5], wherein the liquid crystal layer is a positive C plate. [7] An image display device having a polarizing plate described in any one of [1] to [6]. [Effects of the Invention]

[0009] According to the present invention, it is possible to provide a polarizing plate with excellent adhesion between the liquid crystal layer and adjacent layers, as well as durability, and an image display device having the same. [Brief explanation of the drawing]

[0010] [Figure 1] This is a schematic diagram illustrating the depth profiles of the radical polymerizable compounds in the adhesive layer and the liquid crystal compounds in the liquid crystal layer, which were detected by analyzing the depth-direction components of the polarizing plate using time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF-SIMS). [Modes for carrying out the invention]

[0011] The present invention will be described in detail below. The following description of the constituent elements may be based on typical embodiments of the present invention, but the present invention is not limited to such embodiments. In this specification, a numerical range represented by "~" means a range that includes the numbers written before and after "~" as the lower and upper limits, respectively. Furthermore, in this specification, each component may consist of one substance alone or two or more substances in combination. When two or more substances are used in combination for each component, the content of that component refers to the total content of the substances used in combination, unless otherwise specified. Furthermore, in this specification, "(meth)acrylate" refers to "acrylate" or "methacrylate," "(meth)acrylic" refers to "acrylic" or "methacrylic," and "(meth)acryloyl" refers to "acryloyl" or "methacryloyl." Furthermore, the bonding direction of the divalent group (e.g., -O-CO-) as expressed herein is not particularly limited, for example, "L 1 -L 2 -L 3 In the combination of "L 2 If L is -O-CO-, 1 *1, L 3 If we denote the position where it is joined to the side as *2, then L 2 *1-O-CO-*2 may also be *1-CO-O-*2.

[0012] In this specification, Re(λ) and Rth(λ) represent the in-plane retardation and thickness-direction retardation at wavelength λ, respectively. Unless otherwise specified, wavelength λ is assumed to be 550 nm. Furthermore, in this specification, Re(λ) and Rth(λ) are values ​​measured at wavelength λ using an AxoScan OPMF-1 (manufactured by OptoScience Co., Ltd.). Specifically, by inputting the average refractive index ((nx+ny+nz) / 3) and film thickness (d) into AxoScan OPMF-1, Slow axis direction (°) Re(λ)=R0(λ) Rth(λ)=((nx+ny) / 2-nz)×d This is calculated. Note that R0(λ) is a value displayed by the AxoScan OPMF-1, and it means Re(λ).

[0013] In this specification, examples of substituents (monovalent substituents) include the substituents listed in substituent group A below. In this specification, "may have substituents" includes not only embodiments without substituents but also embodiments having one or more substituents.

[0014] <Substituent group A> Examples of substituents include, Halogen atoms (for example, fluorine atoms, chlorine atoms, bromine atoms, preferably chlorine atoms, fluorine atoms, more preferably fluorine atoms); Alkyl groups (preferably having 1 to 48 carbon atoms, more preferably 1 to 24 carbon atoms, and particularly preferably 1 to 8 carbon atoms, such as linear, branched, or cyclic alkyl groups, for example, linear alkyl groups having 1 to 6 carbon atoms (e.g., methyl group, ethyl group, n-propyl group, n-butyl group, n-pentyl group, n-hexyl group), branched alkyl groups having 3 to 6 carbon atoms (e.g., isopropyl group, isobutyl group, tert-butyl group, sec-butyl group, neopentyl group, isohexyl group, 3-methylpentyl group), and cyclic alkyl groups having 3 to 12 carbon atoms (e.g., cyclopropyl group, cyclopentyl group, cyclohexyl group, 1-norbornyl group, 1-adamantyl group)); Alkenyl groups (preferably alkenyl groups having 2 to 48 carbon atoms, more preferably alkenyl groups having 2 to 18 carbon atoms, such as vinyl groups, allyl groups, 1-butenyl groups, and 2-butenyl groups); Alkynyl group (preferably an alkynyl group having 2 to 6 carbon atoms, more preferably an alkynyl group having 2 to 4 carbon atoms, for example, an ethynyl group, a 1-propynyl group, a propargyl group, a 1-butynyl group, a 2-butynyl group); Aryl groups (preferably aryl groups having 6 to 48 carbon atoms, more preferably aryl groups having 6 to 24 carbon atoms, for example, phenyl group, oligoaryl group (naphthyl group, anthryl group), phenanthrenyl group, fluorenyl group, pyrenyl group, triphenylenyl group, biphenyl group); Heteroaryl groups (preferably heterocyclic groups having 1 to 32 carbon atoms, more preferably 1 to 18 carbon atoms, for example, 2-thienyl group, 4-pyridyl group, 2-furyl group, 2-pyrimidinyl group, 1-pyridyl group, 2-benzothiazolyl group, 1-imidazolyl group, 1-pyrazolyl group, benzotriazole-1-yl group); Arylalkyl groups (preferably arylalkyl groups having 7 to 15 carbon atoms, for example, benzyl group, phenethyl group, methylbenzyl group, phenylpropyl group, 1-methylphenylethyl group, phenylbutyl group, 2-methylphenylpropyl group, tetrahydronaphthyl group, naphthylmethyl group, naphthylethyl group, indenyl group, fluorenyl group, anthracenylmethyl group (anthrylmethyl group), phenantrenylmethyl group (phenanthrylmethyl group)); Silyl groups (preferably silyl groups having 3 to 38 carbon atoms, more preferably silyl groups having 3 to 18 carbon atoms, for example, trimethylsilyl group, triethylsilyl group, tributylsilyl group, t-butyldimethylsilyl group, t-hexyldimethylsilyl group); Hydroxyl group; cyano group; nitro group; morpholino group; Alkoxy groups (preferably alkoxy groups having 1 to 48 carbon atoms, more preferably 1 to 24 carbon atoms, for example, methoxy group, ethoxy group, 1-butoxy group, 2-butoxy group, isopropoxy group, t-butoxy group, dodecyloxy group, cycloalkyloxy group (for example, cyclopentyloxy group, cyclohexyloxy group)); Aryloxy group (preferably an aryloxy group having 6 to 48 carbon atoms, more preferably an aryloxy group having 6 to 24 carbon atoms, for example, a phenoxy group or a 1-naphthoxy group); Alkenyloxy groups (preferably alkenyloxy groups having 2 to 6 carbon atoms, for example, vinyloxy group, 1-propenyloxy group, 2-n-propenyloxy group (allyloxy group), 1-n-butenyloxy group, prenyloxy group); Heterocyclic oxy groups (preferably heterocyclic oxy groups having 1 to 32 carbon atoms, more preferably 1 to 18 carbon atoms, for example, 1-phenyltetrazole-5-oxy group, 2-tetrahydropyranyloxy group); Silyloxy group (preferably a silyloxy group having 1 to 32 carbon atoms, more preferably a silyloxy group having 1 to 18 carbon atoms, for example, trimethylsilyloxy group, t-butyldimethylsilyloxy group, diphenylmethylsilyloxy group); Acyloxy group (preferably an acyloxy group having 2 to 48 carbon atoms, more preferably an acyloxy group having 2 to 24 carbon atoms, for example, an acetoxy group, a pivaloyloxy group, a benzoyloxy group, a dodecanoyloxy group, an acryloyloxy group, a methacryloyloxy group); Hydroxyalkylene oxy group (preferably a hydroxyalkylene oxy group having 2 to 10 carbon atoms, for example, a hydroxyethylene oxy group); Alkoxycarbonyloxy groups (preferably alkoxycarbonyloxy groups having 2 to 48 carbon atoms, more preferably 2 to 24 carbon atoms, such as ethoxycarbonyloxy groups, t-butoxycarbonyloxy groups, and cycloalkyloxycarbonyloxy groups (for example, cyclohexyloxycarbonyloxy groups)); An aryloxycarbonyloxy group (preferably an aryloxycarbonyloxy group having 7 to 32 carbon atoms, more preferably 7 to 24 carbon atoms, for example, a phenoxycarbonyloxy group); Carbamoyloxy group (preferably a carbamoyloxy group having 1 to 48 carbon atoms, more preferably a carbamoyloxy group having 1 to 24 carbon atoms, for example, N,N-dimethylcarbamoyloxy group, N-butylcarbamoyloxy group, N-phenylcarbamoyloxy group, N-ethyl-N-phenylcarbamoyloxy group); Sulfamoyloxy group (preferably a sulfamoyloxy group having 1 to 32 carbon atoms, more preferably a sulfamoyloxy group having 1 to 24 carbon atoms, for example, N,N-diethylsulfamoyloxy group, N-propylsulfamoyloxy group); Alkylsulfonyloxy groups (preferably alkylsulfonyloxy groups having 1 to 38 carbon atoms, more preferably 1 to 24 carbon atoms, for example, methylsulfonyloxy groups, hexadecylsulfonyloxy groups, cyclohexylsulfonyloxy groups); Aryl sulfonyloxy group (preferably an aryl sulfonyloxy group having 6 to 32 carbon atoms, more preferably an aryl sulfonyloxy group having 6 to 24 carbon atoms, for example, a phenyl sulfonyloxy group); Acyl group (preferably having 1 to 48 carbon atoms, more preferably 1 to 24 carbon atoms, for example, formyl group, acetyl group, acryloyl group, methacryloyl group, pivaloyl group, benzoyl group, tetradecanoyl group, cyclohexanoyl group); Alkoxycarbonyl groups (preferably alkoxycarbonyl groups having 2 to 48 carbon atoms, more preferably 2 to 24 carbon atoms, for example, methoxycarbonyl group, ethoxycarbonyl group, octadecyloxycarbonyl group, cyclohexyloxycarbonyl group, 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylcyclohexyloxycarbonyl group); An aryloxycarbonyl group (preferably an aryloxycarbonyl group having 7 to 32 carbon atoms, more preferably 7 to 24 carbon atoms, for example, a phenoxycarbonyl group); Carbamoyl group (preferably a carbamoyl group having 1 to 48 carbon atoms, more preferably a carbamoyl group having 1 to 24 carbon atoms, for example, carbamoyl group, N,N-diethylcarbamoyl group, N-ethyl-N-octylcarbamoyl group, N,N-dibutylcarbamoyl group, N-propylcarbamoyl group, N-phenylcarbamoyl group, N-methylN-phenylcarbamoyl group, N,N-dicyclohexylcarbamoyl group); Amino groups (preferably with 32 or fewer carbon atoms, more preferably with 24 or fewer carbon atoms, for example, amino groups, methylamino groups, N,N-dimethylamino groups, N,N-dibutylamino groups, tetradecylamino groups, 2-ethylhexylamino groups, cyclohexylamino groups); Anilino group (preferably anilino group having 6 to 32 carbon atoms, more preferably 6 to 24 carbon atoms, for example, anilino group, N-methylanilino group); Heterocyclic amino group (preferably a heterocyclic amino group having 1 to 32 carbon atoms, more preferably 1 to 18 carbon atoms, for example, a 4-pyridylamino group); Carbonamide group (preferably a carbonamide group having 2 to 48 carbon atoms, more preferably 2 to 24 carbon atoms, for example, acetamide group, benzamide group, tetradecaneamide group, pivaloylamide group, cyclohexaneamide group); Ureido group (preferably a ureido group having 1 to 32 carbon atoms, more preferably a ureido group having 1 to 24 carbon atoms, for example, a ureido group, an N,N-dimethylureido group, or an N-phenylureido group); Imide group (preferably an imide group having 36 or fewer carbon atoms, more preferably an imide group having 24 or fewer carbon atoms, for example, N-succinimide group, N-phthalimide group); Alkoxycarbonylamino groups (preferably alkoxycarbonylamino groups having 2 to 48 carbon atoms, more preferably 2 to 24 carbon atoms, for example, methoxycarbonylamino group, ethoxycarbonylamino group, t-butoxycarbonylamino group, octadecyloxycarbonylamino group, cyclohexyloxycarbonylamino group); Aryloxycarbonylamino group (preferably an aryloxycarbonylamino group having 7 to 32 carbon atoms, more preferably an aryloxycarbonylamino group having 7 to 24 carbon atoms, for example, a phenoxycarbonylamino group); Sulfonamide group (preferably a sulfonamide group having 1 to 48 carbon atoms, more preferably a sulfonamide group having 1 to 24 carbon atoms, for example, methanesulfonamide group, butanesulfonamide group, benzenesulfonamide group, hexadecanesulfonamide group, cyclohexanesulfonamide group); Sulfamoylamino group (preferably a sulfamoylamino group having 1 to 48 carbon atoms, more preferably a sulfamoylamino group having 1 to 24 carbon atoms, for example, N,N-dipropylsulfamoylamino group, N-ethyl-N-dodecylsulfamoylamino group); Azo group (preferably an azo group having 1 to 32 carbon atoms, more preferably an azo group having 1 to 24 carbon atoms, for example, a phenylazo group or a 3-pyrazolylazo group); Alkylthio groups (preferably alkylthio groups having 1 to 48 carbon atoms, more preferably alkylthio groups having 1 to 24 carbon atoms, for example, methylthio group, ethylthio group, octylthio group, cyclohexylthio group); Arylthio group (preferably an arylthio group having 6 to 48 carbon atoms, more preferably an arylthio group having 6 to 24 carbon atoms, for example, a phenylthio group); Heterocyclic thio groups (preferably heterocyclic thio groups having 1 to 32 carbon atoms, more preferably 1 to 18 carbon atoms, for example, 2-benzothiazolylthio group, 2-pyridylthio group, 1-phenyltetrazolylthio group); Alkyl sulfinyl group (preferably an alkyl sulfinyl group having 1 to 32 carbon atoms, more preferably an alkyl sulfinyl group having 1 to 24 carbon atoms, for example, a dodecane sulfinyl group); Aryl sulfinyl group (preferably an aryl sulfinyl group having 6 to 32 carbon atoms, more preferably an aryl sulfinyl group having 6 to 24 carbon atoms, for example, a phenyl sulfinyl group); Alkyl sulfonyl groups (preferably alkyl sulfonyl groups having 1 to 48 carbon atoms, more preferably 1 to 24 carbon atoms, for example, methyl sulfonyl group, ethyl sulfonyl group, propyl sulfonyl group, butyl sulfonyl group, isopropyl sulfonyl group, 2-ethylhexyl sulfonyl group, hexadecyl sulfonyl group, octyl sulfonyl group, cyclohexyl sulfonyl group); Arylsulfonyl groups (preferably arylsulfonyl groups having 6 to 48 carbon atoms, more preferably arylsulfonyl groups having 6 to 24 carbon atoms, for example, phenylsulfonyl groups and 1-naphthylsulfonyl groups); Sulfamoyl group (preferably a sulfamoyl group having 32 or fewer carbon atoms, more preferably a sulfamoyl group having 24 or fewer carbon atoms, for example, sulfamoyl group, N,N-dipropylsulfamoyl group, N-ethyl-N-dodecylsulfamoyl group, N-ethyl-N-phenylsulfamoyl group, N-cyclohexylsulfamoyl group, N-(2-ethylhexyl)sulfamoyl group); Phosphonyl group (preferably a phosphonyl group having 1 to 32 carbon atoms, more preferably a phosphonyl group having 1 to 24 carbon atoms, for example, a phenoxyphosphonyl group, an octyloxyphosphonyl group, or a phenylphosphonyl group); A phosphinoylamino group (preferably having 1 to 32 carbon atoms, more preferably 1 to 24 carbon atoms, for example, a diethoxyphosphinoylamino group or a dioctyloxyphosphinoylamino group); Epoxy group;-NHCOCH3;-SO2NHC2H4OCH3;-NHSO2CH3; Examples include the above, and two or more of these may be combined. These substituents may be further substituted by other substituents. Furthermore, if there are two or more substituents, they may be identical or different. They may also be bonded to each other to form a ring where possible.

[0015] [Polarizing plate] A preferred first embodiment of the polarizing plate of the present invention has a laminate comprising a polarizer, an adhesive layer, and a liquid crystal layer adjacent in this order, wherein the liquid crystal layer is a liquid crystal layer in which the orientation state of a liquid crystal composition containing a liquid crystal compound is fixed, the adhesive layer contains a radical polymerizable compound, and when the components in the depth direction of the laminate are analyzed by time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry while irradiating the laminate from the surface of the polarizer toward the liquid crystal layer, the following condition 1 is satisfied. Condition 1: Position L1 is defined as the depth position at which detection of secondary ion intensity originating from the liquid crystal compound begins. Position L2 is defined as the depth position at which the secondary ion intensity I originating from the radical polymerizable compound at position L1 becomes 1 / 6 of that I. Then the difference d between position L2 and position L1 is 20 nm ≤ d ≤ 300 nm. A preferred second embodiment of the polarizing plate of the present invention has a laminate comprising a polarizer, an adhesive layer, and a liquid crystal layer adjacent in this order, wherein the liquid crystal layer is a liquid crystal layer in which the orientation state of a liquid crystal composition containing a liquid crystal compound is fixed, the adhesive layer contains a cationic polymerizable compound, and a hydroxyl group, a carboxyl group, or an epoxy group is present at a position 5 nm from the interface of the liquid crystal layer on the adhesive layer side. The first embodiment will be described below.

[0016] [First Embodiment] In the first embodiment, when the above condition 1 is satisfied, a polarizing plate can be manufactured that has excellent adhesion between the liquid crystal layer and adjacent layers adjacent to the liquid crystal layer, as well as excellent durability. The reasons for these effects are not entirely clear, but the inventors speculate as follows: When the adhesive composition for forming the adhesive layer contains a radical polymerizable compound, the liquid crystal layer to be bonded is already a cured product that has undergone polymerization. Therefore, the liquid crystal layer has a low ability to form chemical bonds with the adhesive (e.g., the radical polymerizable compound) through radical polymerization. For this reason, it is thought that allowing the radical polymerizable compound to penetrate the liquid crystal layer to a depth of 20 nm or more and then proceeding with the polymerization reaction promotes physical crosslinking, thereby improving the adhesion between the liquid crystal layer and the adhesive layer. On the other hand, if the radical polymerizable compound penetrates deeper than 300 nm into the liquid crystal layer, the orientation of the liquid crystal compounds in the liquid crystal layer is disrupted, the stability of the retardation (Rth) in the thickness direction deteriorates, and it is thought that this causes changes in Rth and deterioration of display performance during durability. The following provides a detailed explanation of each component.

[0017] <Polarizer> The polarizer is not particularly limited as long as it is a material that has the function of converting light into a specific linear polarization, and conventionally known absorbing polarizers and reflective polarizers can be used. Absorbing polarizers include iodine-based polarizers, dye-based polarizers using dichroic dyes, and polyene-based polarizers. Iodine-based and dye-based polarizers include coated polarizers and stretched polarizers, both of which are applicable, but polarizers made by adsorbing iodine or a dichroic dye onto polyvinyl alcohol and then stretching it are preferred. Furthermore, as a method for obtaining a polarizer by stretching and dyeing a laminated film in which a polyvinyl alcohol layer is formed on a substrate, examples include those described in Japanese Patent Publication No. 5048120, Japanese Patent Publication No. 5143918, Japanese Patent Publication No. 4691205, Japanese Patent Publication No. 4751481, and Japanese Patent Publication No. 4751486, and these known technologies related to polarizers can also be preferably utilized. Reflective polarizers include polarizers made by stacking thin films with different birefringences, wire grid polarizers, and polarizers that combine a cholesteric liquid crystal with a selective reflection range and a quarter-wave plate. In particular, polarizers containing polyvinyl alcohol-based resins (polymers containing -CH2-CHOH- as repeating units, especially at least one selected from the group consisting of polyvinyl alcohol and ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymers) are preferred because they offer superior adhesion.

[0018] The thickness of the polarizer is not particularly limited, but is preferably 3 μm to 60 μm, more preferably 3 μm to 30 μm, and even more preferably 3 μm to 10 μm.

[0019] <Adhesive layer> The adhesive layer contains a radical polymerizable compound. The adhesive layer can be formed from an adhesive composition, and the adhesive composition is not particularly limited as long as it contains a radical polymerizable compound, but it is preferably an active energy ray curing adhesive composition such as an electron beam curing type, ultraviolet curing type, or visible light curing type, and more preferably an ultraviolet curing adhesive composition.

[0020] <Radical polymerizable compounds> Examples of radical polymerizable compounds included in adhesive compositions include conventionally known radical polymerizable compounds.

[0021] Examples of radically polymerizable compounds include compounds having radically polymerizable functional groups of carbon-carbon double bonds, such as (meth)acryloyl groups and vinyl groups. Furthermore, either a monofunctional radical polymerizable compound or a bifunctional or polyfunctional radical polymerizable compound can be used as the radical polymerizable compound.

[0022] Examples of monofunctional radical polymerizable compounds include (meth)acrylamide derivatives having a (meth)acrylamide group and various (meth)acrylic acid derivatives having a (meth)acryloyloxy group.

[0023] Examples of (meth)acrylamide derivatives include, for example, N-alkyl group-containing (meth)acrylamide derivatives such as N-methyl(meth)acrylamide, N,N-dimethyl(meth)acrylamide, N,N-diethyl(meth)acrylamide, N-isopropyl(meth)acrylamide, N-butyl(meth)acrylamide, and N-hexyl(meth)acrylamide; N-hydroxyalkyl group-containing (meth)acrylamide derivatives such as N-methylol(meth)acrylamide, N-hydroxyethyl(meth)acrylamide, and N-methylol-N-propane(meth)acrylamide; N-aminoalkyl group-containing (meth)acrylamide derivatives such as aminomethyl(meth)acrylamide and aminoethyl(meth)acrylamide; N-alkoxy group-containing (meth)acrylamide derivatives such as N-methoxymethylacrylamide and N-ethoxymethylacrylamide; and N-mercaptoalkyl group-containing (meth)acrylamide derivatives such as mercaptomethyl(meth)acrylamide and mercaptoethyl(meth)acrylamide.

[0024] Examples of (meth)acrylic acid derivatives include, for instance, Alkyl esters of (meth)acrylic acid (with 1 to 20 carbon atoms), such as methyl (meth)acrylate, ethyl (meth)acrylate, n-propyl (meth)acrylate, isopropyl (meth)acrylate, 2-methyl-2-nitropropyl (meth)acrylate, n-butyl (meth)acrylate, isobutyl (meth)acrylate, s-butyl (meth)acrylate, t-butyl (meth)acrylate, n-pentyl (meth)acrylate, t-pentyl (meth)acrylate, 3-pentyl (meth)acrylate, 2,2-dimethylbutyl (meth)acrylate, n-hexyl (meth)acrylate, cetyl (meth)acrylate, n-octyl (meth)acrylate, 2-ethylhexyl (meth)acrylate, 4-methyl-2-propylpentyl (meth)acrylate, and n-octadecyl (meth)acrylate; Cycloalkyl (meth)acrylates such as cyclohexyl (meth)acrylate and cyclopentyl (meth)acrylate; Aralkyl(meth)acrylates such as benzyl(meth)acrylate; Polycyclic (meth)acrylates such as 2-isobornyl (meth)acrylate, 2-norbornylmethyl (meth)acrylate, 5-norbornen-2-ylmethyl (meth)acrylate, 3-methyl-2-norbornylmethyl (meth)acrylate, dicyclopentenyl (meth)acrylate, dicyclopentenyloxyethyl (meth)acrylate, and dicyclopentanyl (meth)acrylate; Alkoxy group- or phenoxy group-containing (meth)acrylates such as 2-methoxyethyl (meth)acrylate, 2-ethoxyethyl (meth)acrylate, 2-methoxymethoxyethyl (meth)acrylate, 3-methoxybutyl (meth)acrylate, ethyl carbitol (meth)acrylate, phenoxyethyl (meth)acrylate, and alkylphenoxy polyethylene glycol (meth)acrylate; Hydroxyalkyl (meth)acrylates such as 2-hydroxyethyl (meth)acrylate, 2-hydroxypropyl (meth)acrylate, 3-hydroxypropyl (meth)acrylate, 2-hydroxybutyl (meth)acrylate, 4-hydroxybutyl (meth)acrylate, 6-hydroxyhexyl (meth)acrylate, 8-hydroxyoctyl (meth)acrylate, 10-hydroxydecyl (meth)acrylate, and 12-hydroxylauryl (meth)acrylate, as well as hydroxyl group-containing (meth)acrylates such as [4-(hydroxymethyl)cyclohexyl]methyl acrylate, cyclohexanedimethanol mono(meth)acrylate, and 2-hydroxy-3-phenoxypropyl (meth)acrylate; Epoxy group-containing (meth)acrylates such as glycidyl (meth)acrylate and 4-hydroxybutyl (meth)acrylate glycidyl ether; Halogen-containing (meth)acrylates such as 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl (meth)acrylate, 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl ethyl (meth)acrylate, tetrafluoropropyl (meth)acrylate, hexafluoropropyl (meth)acrylate, octafluoropentyl (meth)acrylate, heptadecafluorodecyl (meth)acrylate, and 3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl (meth)acrylate; Alkylaminoalkyl (meth)acrylates such as dimethylaminoethyl (meth)acrylate; Oxetane group-containing (meth)acrylates such as 3-oxetanylmethyl (meth)acrylate, 3-methyl-oxetanylmethyl (meth)acrylate, 3-ethyl-oxetanylmethyl (meth)acrylate, 3-butyl-oxetanylmethyl (meth)acrylate, and 3-hexyl-oxetanylmethyl (meth)acrylate; Examples include heterocyclic (meth)acrylates such as tetrahydrofurfuryl (meth)acrylate and butyrolactone (meth)acrylate; and others.

[0025] Furthermore, examples of monofunctional radical polymerizable compounds include carboxyl group-containing monomers such as (meth)acrylic acid, carboxyethyl acrylate, carboxypentyl acrylate, itaconic acid, maleic acid, fumaric acid, crotonic acid, and isocrotonic acid.

[0026] Examples of monofunctional radical polymerizable compounds include lactam-based vinyl monomers such as N-vinylpyrrolidone, N-vinyl-ε-caprolactam, and methylvinylpyrrolidone; and vinyl monomers having nitrogen-containing heterocyclic rings such as vinylpyridine, vinylpiperidone, vinylpyrimidine, vinylpiperazine, vinylpyrazine, vinylpyrrole, vinylimidazole, vinyloxazole, and vinylmorpholine.

[0027] Furthermore, as monofunctional radical polymerizable compounds, radical polymerizable compounds having an active methylene group can be used. Radical polymerizable compounds having an active methylene group are compounds that have an active double bond group such as a (meth)acrylic group at the terminal or in the molecule, and also have an active methylene group. Examples of active methylene groups include acetoacetyl group, alkoxymalonyl group, or cyanoacetyl group, with acetoacetyl group being preferred. Examples of radical polymerizable compounds having an active methylene group include, for example, acetoacetoxyalkyl (meth)acrylates such as 2-acetoacetoxyethyl (meth)acrylate, 2-acetoacetoxypropyl (meth)acrylate, and 2-acetoacetoxy-1-methylethyl (meth)acrylate; 2-ethoxymalonyloxyethyl (meth)acrylate, 2-cyanoacetoxyethyl (meth)acrylate, N-(2-cyanoacetoxyethyl)acrylamide, N-(2-propionylacetoxybutyl)acrylamide, N-(4-acetoacetoxymethylbenzyl)acrylamide, and N-(2-acetoacetylaminoethyl)acrylamide. The radical polymerizable compound having an active methylene group is preferably an acetoacetoxyalkyl (meth)acrylate.

[0028] Examples of polyfunctional radical polymerizable compounds with two or more functions include polyfunctional (meth)acrylamide derivatives such as N,N'-methylenebis(meth)acrylamide, tripropylene glycol di(meth)acrylate, tetraethylene glycol di(meth)acrylate, 1,6-hexanediol di(meth)acrylate, 1,9-nonanediol di(meth)acrylate, 1,10-decanediol diacrylate, 2-ethyl-2-butylpropanediol di(meth)acrylate, bisphenol A di(meth)acrylate, bisphenol A ethylene oxide adduct di(meth)acrylate, bisphenol A propylene oxide adduct di(meth)acrylate, and bisphenol A diglycidyl ether di(meth)acrylate. Examples include acrylates, neopentyl glycol di(meth)acrylate, tricyclodecane dimethanol di(meth)acrylate, cyclic trimethylolpropane formal(meth)acrylate, dioxane glycol di(meth)acrylate, trimethylolpropane tri(meth)acrylate, pentaerythritol tri(meth)acrylate, pentaerythritol tetra(meth)acrylate, dipentaerythritol penta(meth)acrylate, dipentaerythritol hexa(meth)acrylate, EO-modified diglycerin tetra(meth)acrylate, and 9,9-bis[4-(2-(meth)acryloyloxyethoxy)phenyl]fluorene.

[0029] <Polymerization initiator> The adhesive composition may further contain a polymerization initiator. Conventional photoradical polymerization initiators can be appropriately used as the polymerization initiator included in the adhesive composition.

[0030] (Photoradical polymerization initiator) Examples of photoradical polymerization initiators include benzophenone compounds such as benzyl, benzophenone, benzoylbenzoic acid, and 3,3′-dimethyl-4-methoxybenzophenone; aromatic ketone compounds such as 4-(2-hydroxyethoxy)phenyl(2-hydroxy-2-propyl)ketone, α-hydroxy-α,α'-dimethylacetophenone, 2-methyl-2-hydroxypropiophenone, and α-hydroxycyclohexylphenyl ketone; acetophenone compounds such as methoxyacetophenone, 2,2-dimethoxy-2-phenylacetophenone, 2,2-diethoxyacetophenone, and 2-methyl-1-[4-(methylthio)-phenyl]-2-morpholinopropane-1; benzioin methyl ether, benzioin ethyl ether, and benzoin isopropyl ether. Examples include benzoin ether compounds such as benzoin butyl ether and anisoin methyl ether; aromatic ketal compounds such as benzyldimethyl ketal; aromatic sulfonyl chloride compounds such as 2-naphthalenesulfonyl chloride; photoactive oxime compounds such as 1-phenone-1,1-propanedione-2-(o-ethoxycarbonyl)oxime; thioxanthone compounds such as thioxanthone, 2-chlorothioxanthone, 2-methylthioxanthone, 2,4-dimethylthioxanthone, isopropylthioxanthone, 2,4-dichlorothioxanthone, 2,4-diethylthioxanthone, 2,4-diisopropylthioxanthone, and dodecylthioxanthone; camphorquinone; halogenated ketones; acylphosphinoxides; and acylphosphonates.

[0031] <Sensitizer> The adhesive composition preferably contains a sensitizer for the reason that the durability of the polarizing plate is further improved, and more preferably contains a sensitizer whose maximum absorption wavelength is at a longer wavelength than the maximum absorption wavelength of the polymerization initiator contained in the adhesive composition, and in a wavelength region where the transmittance of the optical film is 1% or more. Here, the method for measuring the maximum absorption wavelength of the sensitizer is to use a solution prepared by dissolving 5 mg of the sensitizer in 1000 mL of chloroform, and then measure the absorption spectrum (measurement range: 200~800 nm) using a spectrophotometer (UV-3150, manufactured by Shimadzu Corporation) to determine the maximum absorption wavelength. Furthermore, the method for measuring the transmittance of the optical film shall be to use a 40 mm square optical film and measure the transmittance (measurement range: 200~800 nm) using a spectrophotometer (UV-3150, manufactured by Shimadzu Corporation) to determine the transmittance. The maximum absorption wavelength of the sensitizer is preferably in the range of 250 to 400 nm. As such sensitizers, photosensitizers are preferred, and specific examples include xanthone compounds such as xanthones and thioxanthones (e.g., 2,4-diethylthioxanthone, 2-isopropylthioxanthone, etc.); anthracene compounds such as anthracene and alkoxy group-containing anthracene (e.g., dibutoxyanthracene, etc.); phenothiazines and rubrene, etc.

[0032] If the adhesive composition contains a sensitizer, the amount of sensitizer is preferably 0.1 to 30 parts by mass, more preferably 0.5 to 10 parts by mass, and even more preferably 0.5 to 8 parts by mass, per 100 parts by mass of the polymerizable compound.

[0033] The thickness of the adhesive layer is preferably 0.1 μm to 100 μm, more preferably 0.5 μm to 60 μm, and even more preferably 1 μm to 40 μm.

[0034] <Liquid crystal layer> The liquid crystal layer is a liquid crystal layer formed by fixing the orientation state of a liquid crystal composition containing a liquid crystal compound. Preferably, the liquid crystal layer has one or more layers formed using a liquid crystal composition containing a liquid crystal compound, and more preferably, it has one or more layers formed using a polymerizable liquid crystal composition containing a polymerizable liquid crystal compound.

[0035] (liquid crystal compound) The liquid crystal compound can be a rod-shaped liquid crystal compound or a discotic liquid crystal compound.

[0036] Regarding the possible rod-shaped liquid crystal compounds, for example, there are descriptions in

[0014] to

[0057] of JP-A-2014-198814 and

[0045] to

[0066] of JP-A-2009-217256, and the contents of these are incorporated herein.

[0037] Regarding the discotic liquid crystal compounds, for example, there are descriptions in

[0025] to

[0153] of JP-A-2006-301614,

[0020] to

[0122] of JP-A-2007-108732, and

[0012] to

[0108] of JP-A-2010-244038, and the contents of these are incorporated herein.

[0038] Further, for the reason that the alignment property of the liquid crystal layer becomes good, it is preferable that the above liquid crystal compound is a compound represented by the formula (Y).

[0039] P 1 -L 1 -D 5 -(A 1 ) a1 -D 3 -(G 1 ) g1 -D 1 -〔Ar-D 2 〕 q1 -(G 2 ) g2 -D 4 -(A 2 ) a2 -D 6 -L 2 -P 2 (Y)

[0040] In the formula (Y), a1, a2, g1 and g2 each independently represent 0 or 1. However, at least one of a1 and g1 represents 1, and at least one of a2 and g2 represents 1. q1 represents 1 or 2. D 1 、D 2 、D 3 、D 4 、D 5 and D6 These are, independently, single bonds, or -CO-, -O-, -S-, -C(=S)-, -CR 1 R 2 -, -CR 3 =CR 4 -, -NR 5 -, or represents a divalent linking group consisting of two or more combinations of these. R 1 ~R 5 Each of these independently represents a hydrogen atom, a fluorine atom, or an alkyl group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms. However, if q1 is 2, multiple D 2 These may be the same or different. G 1 and G 2 Each of these independently represents an aromatic ring having 6 to 20 carbon atoms, which may have substituents, or a divalent alicyclic hydrocarbon group having 5 to 20 carbon atoms, which may have substituents. One or more of the -CH2- groups constituting the above alicyclic hydrocarbon group may be substituted with -O-, -S-, or -NH-. A 1 and A 2 Each of these independently represents an aromatic ring having 6 to 20 carbon atoms, which may have substituents, or a divalent alicyclic hydrocarbon group having 5 to 20 carbon atoms, which may have substituents. One or more of the -CH2- groups constituting the above alicyclic hydrocarbon group may be substituted with -O-, -S-, or -NH-. L 1 and L 2 Each of these independently represents a single bond or a divalent aliphatic hydrocarbon group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms. One or more of the -CH2- atoms constituting the above aliphatic hydrocarbon group may be substituted with -O-, -S-, -NH-, -N(Q)-, or -CO-. Q represents a substituent. P 1 and P 2 Each of these independently represents a monovalent organic group, and P 1 and P 2 At least one of them represents a polymerizable group. However, if Ar is an aromatic ring represented by formula (Ar-3) described later, P 1 and P 2 Furthermore, P in equation (Ar-3) described later 3 and P4 At least one of them represents a polymerizable group. Ar represents an aromatic ring having 6 to 20 carbon atoms, which may have substituents, or a divalent alicyclic hydrocarbon group having 5 to 20 carbon atoms, which may have substituents. One or more of the -CH2- groups constituting the above alicyclic hydrocarbon group may be substituted with -O-, -S-, or -NH-. However, if q1 is 2, the multiple Ars may be the same or different.

[0041] It is preferable that a1, a2, g1, and g2 are all 1, as this makes it easier for the liquid crystal composition to exhibit a smectic phase liquid crystal state. Furthermore, it is preferable that a1 and a2 are both 0, and g1 and g2 are both 1, in order to ensure good durability of the formed liquid crystal layer.

[0042] q1 is preferably 1.

[0043] D 1 , D 2 , D 3 , D 4 , D 5 and D 6 Examples of divalent linking groups shown in one aspect include -CO-, -O-, -CO-O-, -C(=S)O-, and -CR 1 R 2 -, -CR 1 R 2 -CR 1 R 2 -, -O-CR 1 R 2 -, -CR 1 R 2 -O-CR 1 R 2 -,-CO-O-CR 1 R 2 -, -O-CO-CR 1 R 2 -, -CR 1 R 2 -O-CO-CR 1 R 2 -, -CR 1 R 2 -CO-O-CR 1R 2 -, -NR 5 -CR 1 R 2 -, and, -CO-NR 5 - etc. are exemplified. R 1 、R 2 and R 5 each independently represents a hydrogen atom, a fluorine atom, or an alkyl group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms. Among these, it is preferable that any one of -CO-, -O-, and -CO-O-.

[0044] G 1 and G 2 Examples of the aromatic ring having 6 to 20 carbon atoms shown by one embodiment of G include aromatic hydrocarbon rings such as benzene ring, naphthalene ring, anthracene ring, phenanthroline ring; aromatic heterocyclic rings such as furan ring, pyrrole ring, thiophene ring, pyridine ring, thiazole ring, benzothiazole ring; Among them, a benzene ring (for example, 1,4-phenyl group etc.) is preferable.

[0045] G 1 and G 2 Examples of the divalent alicyclic hydrocarbon group having 5 to 20 carbon atoms shown by one embodiment of G preferably include a 5-membered ring or a 6-membered ring. Further, the alicyclic hydrocarbon group may be saturated or unsaturated, but a saturated alicyclic hydrocarbon group is preferable. G 1 and G 2 Examples of the divalent alicyclic hydrocarbon group represented by G and G can be considered in reference to the description in paragraph

[0078] of JP-A-2012-21068, and this content is incorporated herein.

[0046] For the reason that the durability of the formed liquid crystal layer becomes better, G 1 and G 2 are preferably cycloalkane rings. Specific examples of the cycloalkane ring include, for example, cyclohexane ring, cyclopentane ring, cyclooctane ring, cyclododecane ring, cyclodocosane ring, etc. Of these, a cyclohexane ring is preferred, a 1,4-cyclohexylene group is more preferred, and a trans-1,4-cyclohexylene group is even more preferred.

[0047] Also, G 1 and G 2 Regarding this, examples of substituents that may be present on an aromatic ring having 6 to 20 carbon atoms or a divalent alicyclic hydrocarbon group having 5 to 20 carbon atoms include the substituents listed in substituent group A above, with alkyl groups, alkoxy groups, alkoxycarbonyl groups, alkylcarbonyloxy groups, or halogen atoms being preferred.

[0048] A 1 and A 2 As an aromatic ring with 6 to 20 or more carbon atoms shown in one aspect, G 1 and G 2 The same examples as those explained in [previous section] can be cited. Also, A 1 and A 2 One embodiment of a divalent alicyclic hydrocarbon group having 5 to 20 carbon atoms is G 1 and G 2 The same examples as those explained in [previous section] can be cited. Note A 1 and A 2 Regarding this, examples of substituents that may be present on an aromatic ring having 6 to 20 carbon atoms or a divalent alicyclic hydrocarbon group having 5 to 20 carbon atoms include the substituents listed in substituent group A above, with alkyl groups, alkoxy groups, alkoxycarbonyl groups, alkylcarbonyloxy groups, or halogen atoms being preferred.

[0049] L 1 and L 2 Examples of divalent aliphatic hydrocarbon groups having 1 to 20 carbon atoms as shown in one embodiment include linear or branched alkylene groups having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, linear or branched alkenylene groups having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, and linear or branched alkynylene groups having 1 to 20 carbon atoms. As linear or branched alkylene groups having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, alkylene groups having 1 to 12 carbon atoms are preferred, and alkylene groups having 1 to 10 carbon atoms are more preferred. Examples of suitable alkylene groups include methylene, ethylene, propylene, butylene, pentylene, and hexylene groups. As for linear or branched alkenylene groups having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, alkenylene groups having 2 to 10 carbon atoms are preferred, and alkenylene groups having 2 to 4 carbon atoms are more preferred. For example, ethenylene groups are a suitable example. As linear or branched alkynylene groups having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, alkynylene groups having 2 to 10 carbon atoms are preferred, and alkynylene groups having 2 to 4 carbon atoms are more preferred. For example, ethynylene groups are a suitable example. As mentioned above, one or more of the -CH2- groups constituting the aliphatic hydrocarbon group may be substituted with -O-, -S-, -NH-, -N(Q)-, or -CO-. Examples of substituents represented by Q include those listed in substituent group A above, and alkyl groups, alkoxy groups, alkoxycarbonyl groups, alkylcarbonyloxy groups, or halogen atoms are preferred.

[0050] P 1 and P 2 Examples of monovalent organic groups represented by include the substituents listed in substituent group A above, such as alkyl groups, aryl groups, and heteroaryl groups. The alkyl group may be linear, branched, or cyclic, but linear is preferred. The number of carbon atoms in the alkyl group is preferably 1 to 30, more preferably 1 to 20, and even more preferably 1 to 10. Furthermore, the aryl group may be monocyclic or polycyclic, but monocyclic is preferred. The number of carbon atoms in the aryl group is preferably 6 to 25, and more preferably 6 to 10. Furthermore, the heteroaryl group may be monocyclic or polycyclic. The number of heteroatoms constituting the heteroaryl group is preferably 1 to 3. The heteroatoms constituting the heteroaryl group are preferably nitrogen, sulfur, and oxygen atoms. The number of carbon atoms in the heteroaryl group is preferably 6 to 18, and more preferably 6 to 12. Furthermore, alkyl groups, aryl groups, and heteroaryl groups may be unsubstituted or substituted. Examples of substituents include those listed in substituent group A above, with alkyl groups, alkoxy groups, alkoxycarbonyl groups, alkylcarbonyloxy groups, or halogen atoms being preferred.

[0051] P 1 and P 2 Examples of polymerizable groups represented by at least one of the above are those described in the repeating unit C above, and polymerizable groups represented by any of the above formulas (P-1) to (P-20) are preferred, and acryloyloxy groups or methacryloyloxy groups are more preferred.

[0052] One aspect of Ar is an aromatic ring with 6 to 20 or more carbon atoms, which is G 1 and G 2 The same examples as those explained in [previous section] can be cited. Furthermore, one embodiment of Ar is a divalent alicyclic hydrocarbon group having 5 to 20 carbon atoms, such as G 1 and G 2 The same examples as those explained in [previous section] can be cited. Regarding Ar, examples of substituents that may be present on an aromatic ring having 6 to 20 carbon atoms or a divalent alicyclic hydrocarbon group having 5 to 20 carbon atoms include those listed in substituent group A above, among which alkyl groups, alkoxy groups, alkoxycarbonyl groups, alkylcarbonyloxy groups, or halogen atoms are preferred. The polymerizable liquid crystal compound is preferably a compound having a linking group represented by any of the following formulas (Ar-1) to (Ar-7). [ka]

[0053] In the above formulas (Ar-1) to (Ar-7), * represents the bonding position, that is, the bonding position with a portion of the polymerizable liquid crystal compound other than the linking group.

[0054] Also, in the above equation (Ar-1), Q 1 represents N or CH, and Q 2 -S-, -O-, or -N(R 6 )- represents R 6 Y represents a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms. 1 This represents an aromatic hydrocarbon group having 6 to 12 carbon atoms that may have substituents, an aromatic heterocyclic group having 3 to 12 carbon atoms that may have substituents, or an alicyclic hydrocarbon group having 6 to 20 carbon atoms that may have substituents, and one or more of the -CH2- groups constituting the alicyclic hydrocarbon group may be substituted with -O-, -S-, or -NH-.

[0055] Here, R 6 Examples of C1-C6 alkyl groups represented by include, for example, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, n-pentyl, and n-hexyl groups.

[0056] Also, Y 1 Examples of aromatic hydrocarbon groups with 6 to 12 carbon atoms include aryl groups such as phenyl, 2,6-diethylphenyl, and naphthyl groups. Y 1 Examples of aromatic heterocyclic groups having 3 to 12 carbon atoms include heteroaryl groups such as thienyl, thiazolyl, furyl, and pyridyl groups. Y 1 Examples of alicyclic hydrocarbon groups having 6 to 20 carbon atoms include cyclohexylene, cyclopentylene, norbornylene, and adamantylene.

[0057] Y 1Examples of substituents that may be present include alkyl groups, alkoxy groups, alkylcarbonyl groups, alkoxycarbonyl groups, alkylcarbonyloxy groups, alkylamino groups, dialkylamino groups, alkylamide groups, alkenyl groups, alkynyl groups, halogen atoms, cyano groups, nitro groups, alkylthiol groups, and N-alkylcarbamate groups, among which alkyl groups, alkoxy groups, alkoxycarbonyl groups, alkylcarbonyloxy groups, or halogen atoms are preferred. As the alkyl group, linear, branched, or cyclic alkyl groups having 1 to 18 carbon atoms are preferred, alkyl groups having 1 to 8 carbon atoms (e.g., methyl group, ethyl group, propyl group, isopropyl group, n-butyl group, isobutyl group, sec-butyl group, t-butyl group, and cyclohexyl group, etc.) are more preferred, alkyl groups having 1 to 4 carbon atoms are even more preferred, and methyl or ethyl groups are particularly preferred. As for the alkoxy group, an alkoxy group having 1 to 18 carbon atoms is preferred, an alkoxy group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms (e.g., a methoxy group, an ethoxy group, an n-butoxy group, and a methoxyethoxy group) is more preferred, an alkoxy group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms is even more preferred, and a methoxy group or an ethoxy group is particularly preferred. Examples of alkoxycarbonyl groups include groups in which an oxycarbonyl group (-O-CO- group) is bonded to an alkyl group as exemplified above. Among these, methoxycarbonyl groups, ethoxycarbonyl groups, n-propoxycarbonyl groups, or isopropoxycarbonyl groups are preferred, with methoxycarbonyl groups being more preferred. Examples of alkylcarbonyloxy groups include groups in which a carbonyloxy group (-CO-O- group) is bonded to an alkyl group as exemplified above. Among these, methylcarbonyloxy groups, ethylcarbonyloxy groups, n-propylcarbonyloxy groups, or isopropylcarbonyloxy groups are preferred, with methylcarbonyloxy groups being more preferred. Examples of halogen atoms include fluorine atoms, chlorine atoms, bromine atoms, and iodine atoms, with fluorine atoms or chlorine atoms being preferred.

[0058] Also, in the above equations (Ar-1) to (Ar-7), Z 1 , Z 2 and Z 3 These are, independently, a hydrogen atom, a monovalent aliphatic hydrocarbon group with 1 to 20 carbon atoms, a monovalent alicyclic hydrocarbon group with 3 to 20 carbon atoms, a monovalent aromatic hydrocarbon group with 6 to 20 carbon atoms, a monovalent aromatic heterocyclic group with 6 to 20 carbon atoms, a halogen atom, a cyano group, a nitro group, and -OR. 7 , -NR 8 R 9 , -SR 10 ,-COOR 11 , or -COR 12 Represents R 7 ~R 12 Each of these independently represents a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, Z 1 and Z 2 These may combine with each other to form an aromatic ring.

[0059] Here, as the monovalent aliphatic hydrocarbon group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, alkyl groups having 1 to 15 carbon atoms are preferred, and alkyl groups having 1 to 8 carbon atoms are more preferred. Specifically, methyl groups, ethyl groups, isopropyl groups, tert-pentyl groups (1,1-dimethylpropyl groups), tert-butyl groups, and 1,1-dimethyl-3,3-dimethyl-butyl groups are even more preferred, and methyl groups, ethyl groups, and tert-butyl groups are particularly preferred. Examples of monovalent alicyclic hydrocarbon groups having 3 to 20 carbon atoms include monocyclic saturated hydrocarbon groups such as cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, cyclooctyl, cyclodecyl, methylcyclohexyl, and ethylcyclohexyl; monocyclic unsaturated hydrocarbon groups such as cyclobutenyl, cyclopentenyl, cyclohexenyl, cycloheptenyl, cyclooctenyl, cyclodecenyl, cyclopentadienyl, cyclohexadienyl, cyclooctadienyl, and cyclodecadien; bicyclo[2.2.1]heptyl, bicyclo[2.2.2]octyl, and tricyclo[5.2.1.0] 2,6 ]decyl group, tricyclo[3.3.1.1 3,7 ] Decyl group, tetracyclo[6.2.1.1 3,6.0 2,7 Examples include polycyclic saturated hydrocarbon groups such as dodecyl groups and adamantyl groups. Examples of monovalent aromatic hydrocarbon groups having 6 to 20 carbon atoms include, for example, phenyl groups, 2,6-diethylphenyl groups, naphthyl groups, and biphenyl groups, with aryl groups having 6 to 12 carbon atoms (particularly phenyl groups) being preferred. Examples of monovalent aromatic heterocyclic groups having 6 to 20 carbon atoms include, for example, 4-pyridyl group, 2-furyl group, 2-thienyl group, 2-pyrimidinyl group, and 2-benzothiazolyl group. Examples of halogen atoms include fluorine atoms, chlorine atoms, bromine atoms, and iodine atoms, with fluorine atoms, chlorine atoms, and bromine atoms being preferred. On the other hand, R 7 ~R 10 Examples of C1-C6 alkyl groups represented by include, for example, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, n-pentyl, and n-hexyl groups.

[0060] Also, Z 1 and Z 2 As mentioned above, these may combine with each other to form an aromatic ring, for example, Z in formula (Ar-1) above. 1 and Z 2 When these groups bond to each other to form an aromatic ring, an example of the structure is the group represented by the following formula (Ar-1a). In the following formula (Ar-1a), * represents the bond position, and Q 1 Q 2 and Y 1 These are the same as those explained in equation (Ar-1) above. [ka]

[0061] Furthermore, in the above formulas (Ar-2) and (Ar-3), A 3 and A 4 These are -O- and -N(R) independently of each other.13 R represents a group selected from the group consisting of -, -S-, and -CO-. 13 represents a hydrogen atom or substituent. R 13 The substituent shown is Y in formula (Ar-1) above. 1 Examples of substituents that may be present include those similar to those that the molecule may have.

[0062] Furthermore, in the above formula (Ar-2), X represents a nonmetal atom of Groups 14 to 16, which may have a hydrogen atom or a substituent attached. Examples of nonmetal atoms in groups 14-16 represented by X include oxygen atoms, sulfur atoms, hydrogen atoms, or nitrogen atoms to which substituents are attached [=NR]. N1 ,R N1 represents a hydrogen atom or substituent. ], a carbon atom to which a hydrogen atom or substituent is bonded [=C-(R C1 )2,R C1 represents a hydrogen atom or substituent. Examples include: Specific examples of substituents include alkyl groups, alkoxy groups, alkyl-substituted alkoxy groups, cyclic alkyl groups, aryl groups (e.g., phenyl groups, naphthyl groups, etc.), cyano groups, amino groups, nitro groups, alkylcarbonyl groups, sulfo groups, hydroxyl groups, and the like.

[0063] Also, in the above formula (Ar-3), D 7 and D 8 These are, independently, single bonds, or -CO-, -O-, -S-, -C(=S)-, -CR 1 R 2 -, -CR 3 =CR 4 -, -NR 5 -, or represents a divalent linking group consisting of two or more combinations thereof, R 1 ~R 5 Each of these independently represents a hydrogen atom, a fluorine atom, or an alkyl group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms.

[0064] Here, D 7 and D 8Examples of divalent linking groups shown in one aspect include -CO-, -O-, -CO-O-, -C(=S)O-, and -CR 1 R 2 -, -CR 1 R 2 -CR 1 R 2 -, -O-CR 1 R 2 -, -CR 1 R 2 -O-CR 1 R 2 -,-CO-O-CR 1 R 2 -, -O-CO-CR 1 R 2 -, -CR 1 R 2 -O-CO-CR 1 R 2 -, -CR 1 R 2 -CO-O-CR 1 R 2 -, -NR 5 -CR 1 R 2 -, and -CO-NR 5 - are some examples. 1 , R 2 and R 5 Each of these independently represents a hydrogen atom, a fluorine atom, or an alkyl group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms. Of these, -CO-, -O-, and -CO-O- are preferred.

[0065] Furthermore, in the above formula (Ar-3), SP 3 and SP 4 Each of these independently represents a single bond, a linear or branched alkylene group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms, or a divalent linking group in which one or more of the -CH2- groups constituting a linear or branched alkylene group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms are substituted with -O-, -S-, -NH-, -N(Q)-, or -CO-, where Q represents a substituent. As a substituent, Y in the above formula (Ar-1) is 1 Examples of substituents that may be present include those similar to those that the molecule may have.

[0066] Here, SP3 and SP 4 Examples of linear or branched alkylene groups having 1 to 12 carbon atoms as shown in one embodiment include, for example, methylene, ethylene, propylene, butylene, pentylene, hexylene, methylhexylene, and heptylene groups. 1 and SP 2 As described above, the substituent represented by Q may be a divalent linking group in which one or more of the -CH2- groups constituting a linear or branched alkylene group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms are substituted with -O-, -S-, -NH-, -N(Q)-, or -CO-, and the substituent represented by Q is Y in the above formula (Ar-1). 1 Examples of substituents that may be present include those similar to those that the molecule may have.

[0067] Furthermore, in the above formula (Ar-3), L 3 and L 4 Each of these independently represents a monovalent organic group. L 3 and L 4 Examples of monovalent organic groups represented by this include alkyl groups, aryl groups, and heteroaryl groups. The alkyl group may be linear, branched, or cyclic, but linear is preferred. The number of carbon atoms in the alkyl group is preferably 1 to 30, more preferably 1 to 20, and even more preferably 1 to 10. Furthermore, the aryl group may be monocyclic or polycyclic, but monocyclic is preferred. The number of carbon atoms in the aryl group is preferably 6 to 25, and more preferably 6 to 10. Furthermore, the heteroaryl group may be monocyclic or polycyclic. The number of heteroatoms constituting the heteroaryl group is preferably 1 to 3. The heteroatoms constituting the heteroaryl group are preferably nitrogen, sulfur, and oxygen atoms. The number of carbon atoms in the heteroaryl group is preferably 6 to 18, and more preferably 6 to 12. Furthermore, the alkyl group, aryl group, and heteroaryl group may be unsubstituted or substituted. Examples of substituents include Y in formula (Ar-1) above. 1 Examples of substituents that may be present include those similar to those that the molecule may have.

[0068] Furthermore, in the above formulas (Ar-4) to (Ar-7), Ax represents an organic group having 2 to 30 carbon atoms and having at least one aromatic ring selected from the group consisting of aromatic hydrocarbon rings and aromatic heterocycles. Furthermore, in the above formulas (Ar-4) to (Ar-7), Ay represents a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms which may have substituents, or an organic group having 2 to 30 carbon atoms which has at least one aromatic ring selected from the group consisting of aromatic hydrocarbon rings and aromatic heterocycles. Here, the aromatic rings in Ax and Ay may have substituents, or Ax and Ay may be bonded together to form a ring. Also, Q 3 This represents a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, which may have substituents. Examples of Ax and Ay are those described in paragraphs

[0039] to

[0095] of International Publication No. 2014 / 010325. Also, Q 3 Examples of alkyl groups having 1 to 20 carbon atoms represented by include, for example, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, n-pentyl, and n-hexyl groups, and as substituents, Y in the above formula (Ar-1) 1 Examples of substituents that may be present include those similar to those that the molecule may have.

[0069] For the reason that the retardation of the formed liquid crystal layer is well observed, the polymerizable liquid crystal compound is preferably a compound represented by the following formula (I). In the following formula (I), Ar represents any aromatic ring selected from the group consisting of the groups represented by the above formulas (Ar-1) to (Ar-7). However, if q1 in the following formula (I) is 2, the multiple Ars may be the same or different. L 1 -SP 1 -D 5 -(A 1 ) a1 -D 3 -(G 1 )g1 -D 1 - [Ar-D 2 ] q1 -(G 2 ) g2 -D 4 -(A 2 ) a2 -D 6 -SP 2 -L 2 ...(I)

[0070] In equation (I) above, a1, a2, g1, and g2 each independently represent either 0 or 1. However, at least one of a1 and g1 represents 1, and at least one of a2 and g2 represents 1. Furthermore, in equation (I) above, q1 represents either 1 or 2. Also, in the above formula (I), D 1 , D 2 , D 3 , D 4 , D 5 and D 6 These are, independently, single bonds, or -CO-, -O-, -S-, -C(=S)-, -CR 1 R 2 -, -CR 3 =CR 4 -, -NR 5 -, or represents a divalent linking group consisting of two or more combinations thereof, R 1 ~R 5 Each of these independently represents a hydrogen atom, a fluorine atom, or an alkyl group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms. However, if q1 is 2, multiple D 2 These may be the same or different. Also, in the above formula (I), G 1 and G 2 Each of these independently represents an aromatic ring having 6 to 20 carbon atoms, which may have substituents, or a divalent alicyclic hydrocarbon group having 5 to 20 carbon atoms, which may have substituents, and one or more of the -CH2- groups constituting the alicyclic hydrocarbon group may be substituted with -O-, -S-, or -NH-. Also, in the above formula (I), A 1 and A 2Each of these independently represents an aromatic ring having 6 to 20 carbon atoms, which may have substituents, or a divalent alicyclic hydrocarbon group having 5 to 20 carbon atoms, which may have substituents, and one or more of the -CH2- groups constituting the alicyclic hydrocarbon group may be substituted with -O-, -S-, or -NH-. Furthermore, in equation (I) above, SP 1 and SP 2 Each of these independently represents a single bond, a linear or branched alkylene group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms, or a divalent linking group in which one or more of the -CH2- groups constituting a linear or branched alkylene group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms are substituted with -O-, -S-, -NH-, -N(Q)-, or -CO-, where Q represents a substituent. Furthermore, in the above formula (I), L 1 and L 2 Each of these independently represents a monovalent organic group, L 1 and L 2 At least one of them represents a polymerizable group. However, if Ar is an aromatic ring represented by the following formula (Ar-3), then L 1 and L 2 Furthermore, L in the following equation (Ar-3) 3 and L 4 At least one of them represents a polymerizable group.

[0071] In the above formula (I), a1, a2, g1, and g2 are all preferably 1, for the reason that the polymerizable liquid crystal composition is more likely to exhibit a liquid crystal state of the smectic phase. Furthermore, it is preferable that a1 and a2 are both 0, and g1 and g2 are both 1, in order to achieve better contrast in the resulting image display device.

[0072] In the above formula (I), q1 is preferably 1.

[0073] In the above formula (I), D 1 , D 2 , D 3 , D 4 , D 5 and D 6Examples of the divalent linking group shown in one embodiment include D in the above formula (Ar-3). 7 and D 8 are the same as those described above. Among these, it is preferably any one of -CO-, -O-, and -CO-O-.

[0074] In the above formula (I), examples of the aromatic ring having 6 to 20 carbon atoms shown in one embodiment of G 1 and G 2 include aromatic hydrocarbon rings such as benzene ring, naphthalene ring, anthracene ring, phenanthroline ring; aromatic heterocyclic rings such as furan ring, pyrrole ring, thiophene ring, pyridine ring, thiazole ring, benzothiazole ring; Among them, a benzene ring (for example, 1,4-phenyl group, etc.) is preferable.

[0075] In the above formula (I), examples of the divalent alicyclic hydrocarbon group having 5 to 20 carbon atoms shown in one embodiment of G 1 and G 2 are preferably a 5-membered ring or a 6-membered ring. The alicyclic hydrocarbon group may be saturated or unsaturated, but a saturated alicyclic hydrocarbon group is preferable. Examples of the divalent alicyclic hydrocarbon group represented by G 1 and G 2 can be considered in reference to the description in paragraph

[0078] of JP-A-2012-21068, and this content is incorporated herein.

[0076] From the reason that the contrast of the produced image display device becomes better, G 1 and G 2 in the above formula (I) are preferably cycloalkane rings. Specific examples of the cycloalkane ring include cyclohexane ring, cyclopentane ring, cyclooctane ring, cyclododecane ring, cyclodocosane ring, etc. Among these, a cyclohexane ring is preferable, a 1,4-cyclohexylene group is more preferable, and a trans-1,4-cyclohexylene group is even more preferable.

[0077] Also, in the above formula (I), G 1 and G 2 Regarding this, the substituents that may be present on an aromatic ring having 6 to 20 carbon atoms or a divalent alicyclic hydrocarbon group having 5 to 20 carbon atoms include Y in the above formula (Ar-1). 1 Examples of substituents that may be present include those similar to those that the molecule may have.

[0078] In the above formula (I), A 1 and A 2 As an aromatic ring with 6 to 20 or more carbon atoms shown in one aspect, G in formula (I) above. 1 and G 2 The same examples as those explained in [previous section] can be cited. Also, in the above formula (I), A 1 and A 2 One embodiment of the divalent alicyclic hydrocarbon group having 5 to 20 carbon atoms is G in formula (I) above. 1 and G 2 The same examples as those explained in [previous section] can be cited. Note A 1 and A 2 Regarding this, the substituents that may be present on an aromatic ring having 6 to 20 carbon atoms or a divalent alicyclic hydrocarbon group having 5 to 20 carbon atoms include Y in the above formula (Ar-1). 1 Examples of substituents that may be present include those similar to those that the molecule may have.

[0079] In the above formula (I), SP 1 and SP 2 One embodiment of the linear or branched alkylene group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms is SP in the above formula (Ar-3). 3 and SP 4 The same examples as those explained in [previous section] can be cited.

[0080] In the above formula (I), L 1 and L 2 The monovalent organic group shown is L in the above formula (Ar-3). 3 and L 4 The same examples as those explained in [previous section] can be cited.

[0081] In the above formula (I), L1 and L 2 The polymerizable group represented by at least one of the two is not particularly limited, but a polymerizable group capable of radical polymerization or cationic polymerization is preferred. As the radical polymerizable group, known radical polymerizable groups can be used, and preferred examples include the acryloyloxy group or the methacryloyloxy group. In this case, the polymerization rate is generally known to be faster with the acryloyloxy group, and from the viewpoint of improving productivity, the acryloyloxy group is preferred, but the methacryloyloxy group can also be used as a polymerizable group in the same way. Known cationic polymerizable groups can be used as the cationic polymerizable group, specifically including alicyclic ether groups, cyclic acetal groups, cyclic lactone groups, cyclic thioether groups, spiroorthoester groups, and vinyloxy groups. Among these, alicyclic ether groups or vinyloxy groups are preferred, and epoxy groups, oxetanyl groups, or vinyloxy groups are particularly preferred. Particularly preferred examples of polymerizable groups include polymerizable groups represented by any of the following formulas (P-1) to (P-20).

[0082] [ka]

[0083] In the above equation (I), the reason why the durability of the polarizing plate is better is that L in the above equation (I) 1 and L 2 However, it is preferable that all of them be polymerizable groups, and more preferably that they be acryloyloxy groups or methacryloyloxy groups.

[0084] Examples of the compound represented by the above formula (I) include, for example, the compound represented by the general formula (1) described in JP-A-2010-084032 (particularly, the compounds described in paragraph numbers

[0067] to

[0073] ), the compound represented by the general formula (II) described in JP-A-2016-053709 (particularly, the compounds described in paragraph numbers

[0036] to

[0043] ), and the compound represented by the general formula (1) described in JP-A-2016-081035 (particularly, the compounds described in paragraph numbers

[0043] to

[0055] ), etc.

[0085] In addition, as the compound represented by the above formula (I), compounds represented by the following formulas (1) to (22) are preferably exemplified. Specifically, as K (side chain structure) in the following formulas (1) to (22), compounds having the side chain structures shown in the following Tables 1 to 3 are respectively exemplified. In Tables 1 to 3 below, "*" shown in the side chain structure of K represents the bonding position to the aromatic ring. In addition, in the side chain structures represented by 2-2 in Table 2 below and 3-2 in Table 3 below, the groups adjacent to the acryloyloxy group and the methacryloyl group respectively represent a propylene group (a group in which a methyl group is substituted with an ethylene group), and represent a mixture of positional isomers having different positions of the methyl group.

Chemical formula

[0086]

Table 1

[0087]

Table 2

[0088]

Table 3

[0089] <Polymerization initiator for the liquid crystal layer> The liquid crystal composition preferably contains a polymerization initiator in addition to the liquid crystal compound described above. The polymerization initiator used is preferably a photopolymerization initiator that can initiate the polymerization reaction by ultraviolet irradiation. Examples of photopolymerization initiators include α-carbonyl compounds (as described in U.S. Patent Nos. 2367661 and 2367670), acyloin ethers (as described in U.S. Patent No. 2448828), α-hydrocarbon-substituted aromatic acyloin compounds (as described in U.S. Patent No. 2722512), polynuclear quinone compounds (as described in U.S. Patent Nos. 3046127 and 2951758), triarylimidazole dimers and p-aminophenyl ketones. Examples include combinations of these compounds (as described in U.S. Patent No. 3,549,367), acridine and phenazine compounds (as described in Japanese Patent Publication No. 60-105667 and U.S. Patent No. 4,239,850) and oxadiazole compounds (as described in U.S. Patent No. 4,212,970), and acylphosphine oxide compounds (as described in Japanese Patent Publication No. 63-40799, Japanese Patent Publication No. 5-29234, Japanese Patent Publication No. 10-95788 and Japanese Patent Publication No. 10-29997). Furthermore, it is also preferable that the polymerization initiator is an oxime-type polymerization initiator, and specific examples include the initiators described in paragraphs

[0049] to

[0052] of International Publication No. 2017 / 170443.

[0090] (solvent) In addition to the liquid crystal compounds described above, the liquid crystal composition preferably contains a solvent, from the viewpoint of ease of forming the liquid crystal layer. Examples of solvents include ketones (e.g., acetone, 2-butanone, methyl isobutyl ketone, cyclohexanone, cyclopentanone, etc.), ethers (e.g., dioxane, tetrahydrofuran, etc.), aliphatic hydrocarbons (e.g., hexane, etc.), alicyclic hydrocarbons (e.g., cyclohexane, etc.), aromatic hydrocarbons (e.g., toluene, xylene, trimethylbenzene, etc.), halogenated carbons (e.g., dichloromethane, dichloroethane, dichlorobenzene, chlorotoluene, etc.), esters (e.g., methyl acetate, ethyl acetate, butyl acetate, etc.), water, alcohols (e.g., ethanol, isopropanol, butanol, cyclohexanol, etc.), cellosolves (e.g., methyl cellosolve, ethyl cellosolve, etc.), cellosolve acetates, sulfoxides (e.g., dimethyl sulfoxide, etc.), amides (e.g., dimethylformamide, dimethylacetamide, etc.), etc., and these may be used individually or in combination of two or more.

[0091] [Analysis of adhesive layer compound components] As shown in Figure 1, when the components in the depth direction of the polarizer are analyzed by secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF-SIMS) while irradiating an ion beam from the adhesive layer toward the liquid crystal layer, secondary ions originating from the liquid crystal compound are detected for the first time when position L1 is reached. This means that the interface from the adhesive layer to the liquid crystal layer has been reached (let's call the secondary ion intensity originating from the adhesive layer compound (radical polymerizable compound) at this point L1 I). As the depth is further reduced, the components originating from the radical polymerizable compound decrease, and the point where the secondary ion intensity originating from the radical polymerizable compound becomes 1 / 6 of I is defined as L2, and L2-L1=d is calculated as the penetration layer. In this specification, "derived from liquid crystal compounds" includes the liquid crystal compounds themselves and cured products (polymers) of liquid crystal compounds. Furthermore, "derived from radical polymerizable compounds" includes the radical polymerizable compounds themselves and cured products (polymers) of radical polymerizable compounds.

[0092] The TOF-SIMS method is specifically described in "Selected Surface Analysis Techniques: Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry," edited by the Surface Science Society of Japan, published by Maruzen Co., Ltd. (1999). Furthermore, when analyzing the components in the depth direction of an optical stack using TOF-SIMS while irradiating it with an ion beam, a series of operations are repeated in which the component analysis is performed in the surface depth region of 1-2 nm, and then the depth direction is further drilled from 1 nm to several hundred nm, and the component analysis is performed in the next surface depth region of 1-2 nm. The penetration depth d is preferably 20 nm or more, and more preferably 40 nm or more, because it improves the adhesion between the adhesive layer and the liquid crystal layer. Furthermore, because durability deteriorates if the penetration depth d becomes too large, the upper limit is preferably 300 nm or less, more preferably 250 nm or less, and even more preferably 200 nm or less. The methods for controlling the penetration depth are not particularly limited, but include: (1) heating after applying the adhesive layer, (2) reducing the difference in compatibility parameters between the compound for forming the adhesive layer and the liquid crystal compound, (3) lowering the viscosity of the compound for forming the adhesive layer by mixing in a solvent, (4) lowering the elastic modulus of the liquid crystal layer, and (5) lowering the reaction rate of the compound for forming the liquid crystal layer and increasing its free volume.

[0093] [Surfactants] It is more preferable that the liquid crystal layer contains a surfactant having silicon atoms (silicon-based surfactant) because this improves the adhesion between the adhesive layer and the liquid crystal layer. Silicon-based surfactants may be high-molecular-weight compounds having repeating units in their chemical structure, or low-molecular-weight compounds that do not have repeating units in their chemical structure. Furthermore, the silicon atom content (mass%) of the silicon-based surfactant is not particularly limited, but it is preferably 5 to 30% by mass, and more preferably 10 to 20% by mass, relative to the mass of the silicon-based surfactant. The silicon atom content can be calculated using the following formula when the silicon-based surfactant has the repeating unit X described later. Silicon atom content (mass%) = n(Si) × 28.1 / M(Si) × R(Si) n(Si): Number of silicon atoms per repeating unit 28.1: Atomic weight of a silicon atom M(Si): Molecular weight of a repeating unit containing silicon atoms R(Si): Content (mass%) of repeating units containing silicon atoms in surfactants.

[0094] Silicon-based surfactants preferably have a group represented by formula (S). *-Si-(R SI )3(S) In formula (S), R SI Each of these independently represents a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group, an alkenyl group, an aryl group, or an alkylenearyl group.

[0095] R SI Examples of alkyl groups, alkenyl groups, aryl groups, and alkylenearyl groups represented by one aspect include, for example, R S1 ~R S5 Examples of alkyl groups, alkenyl groups, aryl groups, and alkylenearyl groups represented by one aspect include alkyl groups, alkenyl groups, aryl groups, and alkylenearyl groups.

[0096] Furthermore, for reasons that the effects of the present invention are superior, it is preferable that the silicon-based surfactant has a group represented by any of formulas (S1) to (S4), and it is more preferable that the surfactant has a group represented by formula (S1) or (S2).

[0097] [ka]

[0098] In formula (S1), * indicates the connection position. n represents an integer between 2 and 140. R S1 ~R S5 Each of these independently represents a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group, an alkenyl group, an aryl group, or an alkylenearyl group. S1 These may be the same or different, and there may be multiple RS2 These may be the same or different. In formula (S2), * indicates the connection position. R S6 ~R S9 Each of these independently represents a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group, an alkenyl group, an aryl group, or an alkylenearyl group. S6 These may be the same or different, and there may be multiple R S7 These may be the same or different, and there may be multiple R S8 These may be the same or different. m1 represents 2 or 3, m2 represents 0 or 1, and m1 + m2 equals 3. In formula (S3), * indicates the connection position. R S10 ~R S12 Each of these independently represents a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group, an alkenyl group, an aryl group, or an alkylenearyl group. R S13 and R S14 Each of these independently represents either a bond position or a hydrogen atom. In equation (S4), * indicates the connection position. R S15 ~R S18 Each of these independently represents a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group, an alkenyl group, an aryl group, or an alkylenearyl group. S15 These may be the same or different, and there may be multiple R S16 These may be the same or different, and there may be multiple R S17 These may be the same or different. n1 represents 2 or 3, n2 represents 0 or 1, and n1 + n2 is 3.

[0099] n represents an integer between 2 and 140, preferably between 11 and 130, more preferably between 15 and 70, and even more preferably between 15 and 65.

[0100] R S1 ~RS5 Examples of alkyl groups represented by one embodiment include linear alkyl groups having 1 to 18 carbon atoms, branched alkyl groups having 3 to 18 carbon atoms, or cyclic alkyl groups, with linear alkyl groups having 1 to 6 carbon atoms being preferred. R S1 ~R S5 Examples of alkenyl groups represented by one embodiment include linear alkenyl groups having 1 to 18 carbon atoms, branched alkenyl groups having 3 to 18 carbon atoms, or cyclic alkenyl groups having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, with linear alkenyl groups having 1 to 6 carbon atoms being preferred. Also, R S1 ~R S5 Examples of aryl groups represented by one embodiment include aryl groups having 6 to 12 carbon atoms, with phenyl groups, α-methylphenyl groups, or naphthyl groups being preferred, and phenyl groups being more preferred. R S1 ~R S4 A linear alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms is preferred, a methyl group or an ethyl group is more preferred, and a methyl group is even more preferred. R S5 A linear alkyl group having 2 to 6 carbon atoms is preferred, a propyl group or a butyl group is more preferred, and a butyl group is even more preferred. R S1 ~R S5 One example of an alkylenearyl group represented by this embodiment is an alkylenearyl group having 7 to 30 carbon atoms.

[0101] R S6 ~R S9 Examples of alkyl groups, alkenyl groups, aryl groups, and alkylenearyl groups represented by one aspect include, for example, R S1 ~R S5 Examples of alkyl groups, alkenyl groups, aryl groups, and alkylenearyl groups represented by one aspect include alkyl groups, alkenyl groups, aryl groups, and alkylenearyl groups. R S6 ~R S9 A linear alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms is preferred, a methyl group or an ethyl group is more preferred, and a methyl group is even more preferred.

[0102] Preferably, m1 represents 2 or 3, m2 represents 0 or 1, and m1+m2 is 3, or m1 represents 3, m2 represents 0, and m1+m2 is 3.

[0103] R S10 ~R S12 Examples of alkyl groups, alkenyl groups, aryl groups, and alkylenearyl groups represented by one aspect include, for example, R S1 ~R S5 Examples of alkyl groups, alkenyl groups, aryl groups, and alkylenearyl groups represented by one aspect include alkyl groups, alkenyl groups, aryl groups, and alkylenearyl groups. R S10 ~R S12 A linear alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms is preferred, a methyl group or an ethyl group is more preferred, and a methyl group is even more preferred.

[0104] R S15 ~R S18 Examples of alkyl groups, alkenyl groups, aryl groups, and alkylenearyl groups represented by one aspect include, for example, R S1 ~R S5 Examples of alkyl groups, alkenyl groups, aryl groups, and alkylenearyl groups represented by one aspect include alkyl groups, alkenyl groups, aryl groups, and alkylenearyl groups. R S15 ~R S18 A linear alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms is preferred, a methyl group or an ethyl group is more preferred, and a methyl group is even more preferred.

[0105] Preferably, n1 represents 2 or 3, n2 represents 0 or 1, and n1+n2 is 3, or n1 represents 3, n2 represents 0, and n1+n2 is 3.

[0106] <Repeating Unit X> For the reasons why the effects of the present invention are particularly excellent, the silicon-based surfactant preferably has a repeating unit X having a group represented by any of formulas (S1) to (S4), and more preferably has a repeating unit represented by formula (X).

[0107] [ka]

[0108] In formula (X), R X1 and R X2 Each of these independently represents either a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group. R X3 represents a hydrogen atom or substituent. L X1 -O-, -S-, or -NR X4 - represents R X4 represents a hydrogen atom or substituent. L X2 This represents a single bond or a divalent linking group. Rh represents a substituent (hereinafter also referred to as "substituent Rh") having one or more groups selected from the groups represented by any of the above formulas (S1) to (S4).

[0109] R X1 and R X2 Examples of alkyl groups represented by one embodiment include linear alkyl groups having 1 to 18 carbon atoms, branched alkyl groups having 3 to 18 carbon atoms, linear alkyl groups having 1 to 4 carbon atoms are preferred, methyl groups or ethyl groups are more preferred, and methyl groups are even more preferred. R X1 and R X2 A hydrogen atom is preferred as the element.

[0110] R X3 Examples of substituents represented by one aspect include those listed in substituent group A above, wherein alkyl groups are preferred, linear alkyl groups having 1 to 4 carbon atoms are more preferred, methyl groups or ethyl groups are even more preferred, and methyl groups are particularly preferred. R X3 A hydrogen atom or a methyl group is preferred as the element.

[0111] L X1 For example, -O- or -NR X4 - is preferred, -O- or -NH- is more preferred, and -O- is even more preferred. R X4Examples of substituents represented by one aspect include those listed in substituent group A above, wherein alkyl groups are preferred, linear alkyl groups having 1 to 4 carbon atoms are more preferred, methyl groups or ethyl groups are even more preferred, and methyl groups are particularly preferred.

[0112] L X2 One example of a divalent linking group represented by this embodiment is a divalent aliphatic hydrocarbon group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, which may have substituents. The above-mentioned divalent aliphatic hydrocarbon group is preferably an alkylene group having 1 to 15 carbon atoms, and more preferably an alkylene group having 2 to 8 carbon atoms. Furthermore, one or more of the -CH2- groups constituting the above-mentioned divalent aliphatic hydrocarbon group may be independently substituted with a group selected from the group consisting of -O-, -S-, -CO-, and -N(Q)-. Note that two or more -CH2- groups may be substituted with these groups, as long as the same group is not adjacent to any other group. Q represents a hydrogen atom or substituent. L X2 The preferred C2-C8 alkylene group, which may have substituents, or the *-(LO)q-* group, is used. * represents the bond position. q represents an integer from 1 to 8. L represents an alkylene group from 1 to 6 C2, which may have substituents, and a C2-C4 alkylene group, which may have substituents, is preferred. When q is an integer from 2 to 8, the multiple L groups may be the same or different.

[0113] Also, L X2 In the divalent linking group represented by one aspect of Q, substituents that may be present in the above-mentioned divalent aliphatic hydrocarbon group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, and substituents represented by one aspect of Q include the substituents listed in the substituent group A above, and hydroxyl groups, halogen atoms, amino groups, alkyl groups, alkoxy groups, acyl groups, aryl groups, nitro groups, cyano groups, alkylcarbonyl groups, or sulfonyl groups are preferred.

[0114] A substituent Rh is a substituent having one or more groups selected from the groups represented by any of the above formulas (S1) to (S4). In other words, a substituent Rh is a substituent having at least one group represented by any of the groups in formulas (S4). The substituent Rh is preferably one that has one or more groups selected from the group represented by formula (S1) and the group represented by formula (S2) described above. Furthermore, the substituent Rh is preferably a group represented by formula (R-1).

[0115] *-L X3 -(R S )mx (R-1)

[0116] In formula (R-1), * is L in the above equation (X). X2 This indicates the connection point with [the other element]. mx represents an integer from 1 to 4. If mx is an integer from 2 to 4, multiple R S These may be the same or different. L X3 This represents a linking group with mx+1 valency. However, when mx is 1, L X3 It may also be a single bond. R S This represents a base that can be expressed by any of the above formulas (S1) to (S4).

[0117] mx is preferably an integer between 1 and 3, more preferably 1 or 2, and even more preferably 1.

[0118] L X3 Examples of mx+1 valent linking groups represented by one embodiment include mx+1 valent hydrocarbon groups having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, which may have substituents, and in which some of the carbon atoms constituting the hydrocarbon group may be substituted with heteroatoms. Examples of substituents that the hydrocarbon group may have include those listed in substituent group A above, with alkyl groups being preferred, linear alkyl groups having 1 to 4 carbon atoms being more preferred, and methyl or ethyl groups being even more preferred. Examples of heteroatoms in which some of the carbon atoms may be substituted include silicon atoms, oxygen atoms, and nitrogen atoms.

[0119] L X3 When mx is 1, a single bond is preferred; when mx is 2, a trivalent linking group represented by formula K-1-L is preferred; and when mx is 3, a tetravalent linking group represented by formula K-2-L is preferred. In the following equation, * represents L in equation (X) above. X2 This represents the bonding position with , and ** represents the bonding position with * in any of the equations (S1) to (S4).

[0120] [ka]

[0121] R S Preferably, the group is represented by formula (S1) or formula (S2) described above.

[0122] Examples of the repeating unit X include the repeating units shown below. In the repeating units below, n is the same as n in equation (S1) above, and the repeating units below are considered to be exemplified by each integer that n can take.

[0123] [ka]

[0124] [ka]

[0125] [ka]

[0126] When a silicon-based surfactant has repeating units X, it may have only one type of repeating unit X, or it may have two or more types. The content of repeating unit X is preferably 30 to 100% by mass, more preferably 40 to 80% by mass, and even more preferably 45 to 75% by mass, relative to the total repeating units (100% by mass) that constitute the main chain of the silicon-based surfactant.

[0127] <Repeating unit C> Furthermore, for reasons that the effects of the present invention are superior, it is even more preferable that the silicon-based surfactant has a repeating unit C represented by the following formula (B). Here, the presence of the repeating unit C represented by the following formula (B) can be confirmed, for example, by the secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF-SIMS) method described above. [ka]

[0128] In the above formula (B), R b1 This represents a hydrogen atom, a fluorine atom, a chlorine atom, or an alkyl group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms. Also, L b1 This represents a single bond or a divalent linking group. Also, U b1 and U b2 Each of these independently represents -O-, -S-, -COO-, -OCO-, -CONH-, -NHCOO-, or -NH-. Also, R b2 and R b3 Each of these independently represents a hydrogen atom, a substituted or unsubstituted aliphatic hydrocarbon group, a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group, or a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl group. However, R b2 and R b3 These may be bonded to each other via linking groups.

[0129] In the above formula (B), R b1As the C1-C20 alkyl group represented in one embodiment, C1-C10 alkyl groups are preferred, C1-C8 alkyl groups (e.g., methyl group, ethyl group, propyl group, isopropyl group, n-butyl group, isobutyl group, sec-butyl group, t-butyl group, and cyclohexyl group) are more preferred, C1-C4 alkyl groups are even more preferred, and methyl or ethyl groups are particularly preferred. R b1 Preferably, it represents a hydrogen atom or a methyl group.

[0130] In the above formula (B), L b1 Examples of divalent linking groups represented by one aspect include -O-, -S-, -COO-, -OCO-, and -CONR b4 -, -NR b4 COO-, -CR b4 N- represents a divalent linking group selected from the group consisting of a substituted or unsubstituted divalent aliphatic group, a substituted or unsubstituted divalent aromatic group, and combinations thereof. b4 R represents a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms. Specific examples of substituents that may be present in divalent aliphatic groups are the same as those listed in substituent group Y below. b4 A concrete example is R b1 Similar examples can be given. Of these divalent linking groups, -O-, -COO-, -OCO-, -CONR 9 -, -NR 9 A divalent linking group selected from the group consisting of COO-, a substituted or unsubstituted divalent aliphatic group, a substituted or unsubstituted divalent aromatic group, and combinations thereof is preferred. L b1 If the compound contains substituted or unsubstituted divalent aromatic groups, the number of aromatic rings is preferably 1 to 3, more preferably 1 to 2, and even more preferably 1.

[0131] In the above formula (B), U b1 and U b2As described above, each of these independently represents -O-, -S-, -COO-, -OCO-, -CONH-, -NHCOO-, or -NH-, with -O- or -NH- being preferred, and -O- being even more preferred.

[0132] In the above formula (B), R b2 and R b3 Examples of substituted or unsubstituted aliphatic hydrocarbon groups represented by one embodiment include alkyl groups, alkenyl groups, or alkynyl groups, which may have substituents. Examples of alkyl groups include linear, branched, or cyclic alkyl groups such as methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl, heptyl, octyl, nonyl, decyl, undecyl, dodecyl, tridecyl, hexadecyl, octadecyl, eicosyl, isopropyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, isopentyl, neopentyl, 1-methylbutyl, isohexyl, 2-methylhexyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, 1-adamantyl, and 2-norbornyl. Examples of alkenyl groups include linear, branched, or cyclic alkenyl groups such as vinyl, 1-propenyl, 1-butenyl, 1-methyl-1-propenyl, 1-cyclopentenyl, and 1-cyclohexenyl groups. Examples of alkynyl groups include, for example, ethynyl, 1-propynyl, 1-butynyl, and 1-octynyl groups.

[0133] Also, R b2 and R b3 Examples of substituted or unsubstituted aryl groups represented by one aspect include those in which one to four benzene rings form a fused ring, and those in which a benzene ring and an unsaturated five-membered ring form a fused ring. Specifically, examples include phenyl group, naphthyl group, anthryl group, phenanthryl group, indenyl group, acenabutenyl group, fluorenyl group, pyrenyl group, and the like.

[0134] Also, R b2and R b3 One embodiment of the heteroaryl group, whether substituted or unsubstituted, is, for example, a heteroaryl group obtained by removing one hydrogen atom from a heteroaromatic ring containing one or more heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur atoms. Examples of heteroaromatic rings containing one or more heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur atoms include pyrrole, furan, thiophene, pyrazole, imidazole, triazole, oxazole, isoxazole, oxadiazole, thiazole, thiadiazole, indole, carbazole, benzofuran, dibenzofuran, thiaphthene, dibenzothiophene, indazolebenzimidazole, anthranil, benzisoxazole, benzoxazole, benzothiazole, purine, pyridine, pyridazine, pyrimidine, pyrazine, triazine, quinoline, acridine, isoquinoline, phthalazine, quinazoline, quinoxaline, naphthyridine, phenanthroline, and pteridine.

[0135] R b2 and R b3 Examples of substituents that may be present include monovalent nonmetallic atom groups other than hydrogen, and are selected from the following group of substituents Y. (substituent group Y) Halogen atoms (-F, -Br, -Cl, -I), hydroxyl group, alkoxy group, allyloxy group, mercapto group, alkylthio group, arylthio group, alkyldithio group, aryldithio group, amino group, N-alkylamino group, N,N-dialkylamino group, N-arylamino group, N,N-diarylamino group, N-alkyl-N-arylamino group, acyloxy group, carbamoyloxy group, N-alkylcarbamoyloxy group, N-arylcarbamoyloxy group, N,N-dialkylcarbamoyloxy Group, N,N-diarylcarbamoyloxy group, N-alkyl-N-arylcarbamoyloxy group, alkylsulfoxy group, arylsulfoxy group, acylthio group, acylamino group, N-alkylacylamino group, N-arylacylamino group, ureido group, N'-alkylureido group, N',N'-dialkylureido group, N'-arylureido group, N',N'-diarylureido group, N'-alkyl-N'-arylureido group, N-alkylureido group, N-arylureido group, N'-alkyl- N-alkylureid group, N'-alkyl-N-arylureid group, N',N'-dialkyl-N-alkylureid group, N',N'-dialkyl-N-arylureid group, N'-aryl-N-alkylureid group, N'-aryl-N-arylureid group, N',N'-diaryl-N-alkylureid group, N',N'-diaryl-N-arylureid group, N'-alkyl-N'-aryl-N-arylureid group, N'-alkyl-N'-aryl-N-arylureid group, alkoxyca Carbonylamino group, allyloxycarbonylamino group, N-alkyl-N-alkoxycarbonylamino group, N-alkyl-N-allyloxycarbonylamino group, N-aryl-N-alkoxycarbonylamino group, N-aryl-N-allyloxycarbonylamino group, formyl group, acyl group, carboxyl group and its conjugate base group, alkoxycarbonyl group, allyloxycarbonyl group, carbamoyl group, N-alkylcarbamoyl group, N,N-dialkylcarbamoyl group, N-arylcarbamoyl group, N,N-diarylcarbamoyl group, N-alkyl-N-arylcarbamoyl group, alkylsulfinyl group, arylsulfinyl group, alkylsulfonyl group, arylsulfonyl group, sulfo group (-SO3H) and its conjugate base group, alkoxysulfonyl group, aryloxysulfonyl group, sulfinamoyl group, N-alkylsulfinamoyl group, N,N-dialkylsulfinamoyl group, N-alkyl-N-arylsulfinamoyl group, sulfamoyl group, N-alkylsulfamoyl group, N,N-dialkylsulfamoyl group, N-arylsulfamoyl group, N,N-diarylsulfamoyl group, N-alkyl-N-arylsulfamoyl group, N-acylsulfamoyl group and its conjugate base group, N-alkylsulfonylsulfamoyl group (-SO2NHSO2(alkyl)) and its conjugate base group, N-arylsulfonylsulfamoyl group (-SO2NHSO2(aryl)) and its conjugate base group, N-alkylsulfonylcarbamoyl group (-CONHSO2(alkyl)) and its conjugate base group, N-arylsulfonylcarbamoyl group (-CONHSO2(aryl)) and its conjugate base group, alkoxysilyl group (-Si(Oalkyl)3), aryloxysilyl group (-Si(Oaryl)3), hydroxysilyl group (-Si(OH)3) and its conjugate base group, phosphono group (-PO3H2) and its conjugate base group, dialkylphosphono group (-PO3(alkyl)2), diarylphosphono group (-PO3(aryl )2) Alkylarylphosphono group (-PO3(alkyl)(aryl)), monoalkylphosphono group (-PO3H(alkyl)) and its conjugate base group, monoarylphosphono group (-PO3H(aryl)) and its conjugate base group, phosphonooxy group (-OPO3H2) and its conjugate base group, dialkylphosphonooxy group (-OPO3(alkyl)2), diarylphosphonooxy group (-OPO3(aryl)2), alkylarylphosphonooxy group (-OPO3(alkyl)(aryl)), monoalkylphosphonooxy group (-OPO3H(alkyl)) and its conjugate base group, monoarylphosphonooxy group (-OPO3H(aryl)) and its conjugate base group, cyano group, nitro group, aryl group, alkenyl group and alkynyl group, and these substituents may, if possible, bond with each other or with the substituted hydrocarbon group to form a ring.

[0136] In the above formula (B), R b2 and R b3 The members are preferably hydrogen atoms, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl groups, or substituted or unsubstituted aryl groups, more preferably hydrogen atoms, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl groups, and even more preferably linked to each other by hydrogen atoms or alkylene linking groups.

[0137] Examples of monomers that form the repeating unit represented by formula (B) above include the monomers represented by the following formulas 3-1 to 3-26.

[0138] [ka]

[0139] [ka]

[0140] [ka]

[0141] [ka]

[0142] If a silicon-based surfactant has repeating units C, it may have only one type of repeating unit C, or it may have two or more types. The content of repeating unit C is preferably 1 to 50% by mass, more preferably 5 to 40% by mass, and even more preferably 10 to 30% by mass, relative to the total repeating units (100% by mass) that constitute the main chain of the silicon-based surfactant.

[0143] <Repeating Unit B> For better adhesion to adjacent layers, it is preferable that the silicon-based surfactant has repeating units B containing polymerizable groups, in addition to the repeating units X described above.

[0144] The polymerizable groups contained in repeating unit B are not particularly limited, but radical polymerizable groups (radical polymerizable groups) or cationic polymerizable groups (cationic polymerizable groups) are preferred. Examples of radical polymerizable groups include known radical polymerizable groups, with acryloyloxy groups or methacryloyloxy groups being preferred. Examples of cationic polymerizable groups include known cationic polymerizable groups, with alicyclic ether groups, cyclic acetal groups, cyclic lactone groups, cyclic thioether groups, spiroorthoester groups, or vinyloxy groups being preferred, alicyclic ether groups or vinyloxy groups being more preferred, and epoxy groups, oxetanyl groups, or vinyloxy groups being even more preferred. As polymerizable groups, polymerizable groups represented by any of formulas (P-1) to (P-20) are also preferred. In the following formulas, * represents the bond position.

[0145] [ka]

[0146] The number of polymerizable groups in repeating unit B is 1 or more, preferably 1 to 3, and more preferably 1 or 2.

[0147] As the repeating unit B, the repeating unit represented by formula (B) is preferred because it exhibits superior compatibility with polymerizable compounds, as described later.

[0148] [ka]

[0149] In formula (B), R B1 and R B2 Each of these independently represents either a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group. R B3 represents a hydrogen atom or substituent. L B1 -O-, -S-, or -NR B4 - represents R B4 represents a hydrogen atom or substituent. L B2 This represents a single bond or a divalent linking group. P represents a polymerizable group represented by any of the above formulas (P-1) to (P-20).

[0150] R in equation (B) B1 , R B2 , R B3 , L B1 and L B2 In the above equation (X), R X1 , R X2 , R X3 , L X1 and L X2 The same examples as those explained in [previous section] can be cited. P is preferably a polymerizable group represented by formula (P-1) or (P-2), and more preferably a polymerizable group represented by formula (P-1).

[0151] A concrete example of repeating unit B is the repeating unit shown below. In the repeating unit below, n represents an integer of 1 or greater (for example, an integer from 1 to 6).

[0152] [ka]

[0153] If the silicon-based surfactant has repeating unit B, it may have one type of repeating unit B or two or more types. The content of repeating unit B is preferably 1 to 60% by mass, more preferably 10 to 50% by mass, and even more preferably 20 to 40% by mass, relative to the total repeating units (100% by mass) that constitute the main chain of the silicon-based surfactant.

[0154] When the silicon-based surfactant is a polymer compound having repeating units in its chemical structure (for example, a silicon-based surfactant having the repeating unit A described above), the weight-average molecular weight of the silicon-based surfactant is preferably 10,000 to 50,000, and more preferably 20,000 to 30,000. The weight-average molecular weight is a value measured by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) under the following conditions. • Solvent (eluent): Tetrahydrofuran • Device name: EcoSEC HLC-8320GPC (manufactured by Tosoh Corporation) • Columns: Three columns of TSKgel SuperHZM-H, TSKgel SuperHZ4000, and TSKgel SuperHZ200 (all manufactured by Tosoh Corporation) are connected together for use. Column temperature: 40°C • Sample concentration: 0.1% by mass ·Flow rate: 0.35mL / min • Calibration curve: Calibration curves were used for six samples of TSK standard polystyrene manufactured by TOSOH, with weight-average molecular weight (Mw) ranging from 1,013 to 706,000 (Mw / Mn = 1.03 to 1.06). Mn represents the number-average molecular weight.

[0155] The content of the silicon-based surfactant is preferably 0.1 to 1.0 parts by mass, and more preferably 0.2 to 0.5 parts by mass, per 100 parts by mass of the liquid crystal compound. The liquid crystal layer preferably contains at least one of the surfactants having repeating units having the group represented by formula (S1) described above, and more preferably contains both. When both are included, the content of the surfactant having a repeating unit having the group represented by formula (S1) described above is preferably greater than 0 parts by mass and 10.0 parts by mass or less, more preferably 0.01 to 0.50 parts by mass, and even more preferably 0.01 to 0.30 parts by mass, per 100 parts by mass of the liquid crystal compound. The content of the surfactant having a repeating unit having the group represented by formula (S2) described above is preferably greater than 0 parts by mass and 10.0 parts by mass or less, more preferably 0.01 to 0.50 parts by mass, and even more preferably 0.01 to 0.30 parts by mass, per 100 parts by mass of the liquid crystal compound.

[0156] (Orientation control agent) In addition to the liquid crystal compounds described above, the liquid crystal composition may optionally contain an alignment control agent. Orientation control agents can create various orientation states, including homogeneous orientation, homeotropic orientation (vertical orientation), tilted orientation, hybrid orientation, and cholesteric orientation. Furthermore, specific orientation states can be controlled more uniformly and precisely.

[0157] As orientation control agents that promote homogeneous orientation, for example, low-molecular-weight orientation control agents or high-molecular-weight orientation control agents can be used. For low molecular weight orientation control agents, for example, reference can be given to paragraphs

[0009] to

[0083] of Japanese Patent Publication No. 2002-20363, paragraphs

[0111] to

[0120] of Japanese Patent Publication No. 2006-106662, and paragraphs

[0021] to

[0029] of Japanese Patent Publication No. 2012-211306, and this information is incorporated into the present specification. Furthermore, as polymer orientation control agents, for example, paragraphs

[0021] to

[0057] of Japanese Patent Publication No. 2004-198511 and paragraphs

[0121] to

[0167] of Japanese Patent Publication No. 2006-106662 can be referenced, and this content is incorporated into the present specification.

[0158] Furthermore, examples of orientation control agents that form or promote homeotropic orientation include boronic acid compounds and onium salt compounds. Specifically, reference can be given to compounds described in paragraphs

[0023] to

[0032] of Japanese Patent Publication No. 2008-225281, paragraphs

[0052] to

[0058] of Japanese Patent Publication No. 2012-208397, paragraphs

[0024] to

[0055] of Japanese Patent Publication No. 2008-026730, and paragraphs

[0043] to

[0055] of Japanese Patent Publication No. 2016-193869, and this information is incorporated into the present specification.

[0159] On the other hand, cholesteric orientation can be achieved by adding a chiral agent to a polymerizable liquid crystal composition, and the direction of rotation of the cholesteric orientation can be controlled by the direction of the chirality. Furthermore, the pitch of cholesteric orientation can be controlled according to the orientation-regulating power of the chiral agent.

[0160] When an orientation control agent is included, its content is preferably 0.01 to 10% by mass, and more preferably 0.05 to 5% by mass, relative to the total solid content in the composition. Within this content range, a uniform and highly transparent cured product can be obtained without precipitation, phase separation, or orientation defects, while achieving the desired orientation state. (Other ingredients) The liquid crystal composition may contain components other than those described above, such as surfactants, tilt angle control agents, alignment aids, plasticizers, crosslinking agents, and amine compounds.

[0161] The method for manufacturing the liquid crystal layer is not particularly limited, but one example is to apply a liquid crystal composition to a predetermined substrate (for example, a support described later or an alignment layer provided thereon) to form a coating film, perform an alignment treatment on the coating film to bring the liquid crystal compound into a predetermined orientation state, and then perform a curing treatment on the coating film.

[0162] The above coating can be carried out by known methods (for example, wire bar coating method, extrusion coating method, direct gravure coating method, reverse gravure coating method, and die coating method).

[0163] Orientation treatment can be carried out by drying at room temperature (e.g., 20-25°C) or by heating. In the case of thermotropic liquid crystal compounds, the liquid crystal phase formed by orientation treatment can generally be transitioned by changes in temperature or pressure. In the case of lyotropic liquid crystal compounds, the transition can also be caused by changes in the composition ratio of the solvent. When the orientation treatment is performed at a heating temperature, the heating time (heating and maturation time) is preferably 10 seconds to 5 minutes, more preferably 10 seconds to 3 minutes, and even more preferably 10 seconds to 2 minutes.

[0164] The curing treatment of the coating film (irradiation with active energy rays (photoirradiation treatment) and / or heat treatment) can also be described as an immobilization treatment to fix the orientation of specific liquid crystal compounds. In particular, it is preferable to perform a light irradiation treatment. In polymerization by light irradiation, it is preferable to use ultraviolet light. The irradiation dose is 10 mJ / cm². 2 ~50J / cm 2 Preferably, 20 mJ / cm 2 ~5J / cm 2 More preferably, 30 mJ / cm 2 ~3J / cm 2 More preferably, 50-1000 mJ / cm² 2 That is particularly preferable. Furthermore, to accelerate the polymerization reaction, light irradiation may be performed under heating conditions. Furthermore, while there are no particular restrictions on the nitrogen concentration in the system during the above polymerization, from the viewpoint of adhesion to the adhesive layer, 95% to 65% is preferred, 85% to 70% is more preferred, and 80% to 75% is even more preferred. The nitrogen concentration under atmospheric conditions is approximately 78%.

[0165] The orientation state of the liquid crystal compound in the liquid crystal layer may be any of the following: horizontal orientation, vertical orientation, tilted orientation, or torsional orientation. Here, when the liquid crystal compound is a rod-shaped liquid crystal compound, vertical orientation is also called homeotropic orientation, and it means an orientation in which the angle between the surface (main surface) of the liquid crystal layer and the director of the rod-shaped liquid crystal compound is in the range of 70 to 90°, with an orientation in the range of 80 to 90° being preferred, and an orientation in the range of 85 to 90° being more preferred. Furthermore, when the liquid crystal compound is a disc-shaped liquid crystal compound, vertical orientation means an orientation in which the angle between the surface (main surface) of the liquid crystal hardened layer and the disc surface of the disc-shaped liquid crystal compound is within the range of 70 to 90°, with orientations in the range of 80 to 90° being preferred, and orientations in the range of 85 to 90° being more preferred.

[0166] The liquid crystal layer is preferably a positive A plate or a positive C plate, and more preferably a positive C plate.

[0167] Here, positive A plates and positive C plates are defined as follows: When the refractive index in the slow axis direction within the film plane (the direction in which the refractive index is maximum within the plane) is nx, the refractive index in the direction perpendicular to the slow axis within the plane is ny, and the refractive index in the thickness direction is nz, a positive A plate satisfies the relationship in equation (A1), and a positive C plate satisfies the relationship in equation (C1). Note that a positive A plate shows a positive value for Rth, and a positive C plate shows a negative value for Rth. Formula (A1) nx>ny≒nz Formula (C1) nz>nx≒ny Furthermore, the above "≒" encompasses not only cases where the two are completely identical, but also cases where they are substantially identical. "Substantially identical" means that, for positive A plates, for example, when (ny-nz)×d (where d is the film thickness) is -10 to 10 nm, preferably -5 to 5 nm, it is included in "ny≒nz", and when (nx-nz)×d is -10 to 10 nm, preferably -5 to 5 nm, it is included in "nx≒nz". Also, for positive C plates, for example, when (nx-ny)×d (where d is the film thickness) is 0 to 10 nm, preferably 0 to 5 nm, it is included in "nx≒ny".

[0168] When the liquid crystal layer is a positive A plate, from the viewpoint of functioning as a λ / 4 plate, Re(550) is preferably 100-180 nm, more preferably 120-160 nm, even more preferably 130-150 nm, and particularly preferably 130-140 nm. Here, a "λ / 4 plate" refers to a plate that has λ / 4 functionality, specifically a plate that has the function of converting linearly polarized light of a certain wavelength into circularly polarized light (or circularly polarized light into linearly polarized light).

[0169] In the present invention, the thickness of the liquid crystal layer is not particularly limited, but it is preferably 0.1 to 10 μm, and more preferably 0.5 to 5 μm.

[0170] <Support> The liquid crystal layer may be formed on a support. Furthermore, such a support is preferably transparent, and more specifically, preferably has a light transmittance of 80% or more. The support may be a positive A plate.

[0171] Examples of such supports include glass substrates and polymer films. Examples of polymer film materials include cellulose polymers; acrylic polymers having acrylic acid ester polymers such as polymethyl methacrylate and lactone ring-containing polymers; thermoplastic norbornene polymers; polycarbonate polymers; polyester polymers such as polyethylene terephthalate and polyethylene naphthalate; styrene polymers such as polystyrene and acrylonitrile-styrene copolymer (AS resin); polyolefin polymers such as polyethylene, polypropylene, and ethylene-propylene copolymer; vinyl chloride polymers; amide polymers such as nylon and aromatic polyamides; imide polymers; sulfone polymers; polyethersulfone polymers; polyetheretherketone polymers; polyphenylene sulfide polymers; vinylidene chloride polymers; vinyl alcohol polymers; vinyl butyral polymers; arylate polymers; polyoxymethylene polymers; epoxy polymers; or polymers that are mixtures of these polymers. Commercially available polymer films can also be used. Specifically, Mitsui Chemicals, Inc. sells APL under the trade name APL, and there are grades with different glass transition temperatures (Tg), such as APL8008T (Tg 70℃), APL6013T (Tg 125℃), or APL6015T (Tg 145℃). In addition, Polyplastics Co., Ltd. sells pellets such as TOPAS8007, TOPAS6013, and TOPAS6015. Furthermore, Ferrania sells Appear3000. Also, JSR Corporation sells Arton G or Arton F, and Zeon Corporation sells Zeonor ZF14, ZF16, Zeonex 250, or Zeonex 280, which can also be used. Furthermore, the polarizer described above may also serve as such a support.

[0172] The thickness of the support is not particularly limited, but it is preferably 5 to 60 μm, and more preferably 5 to 40 μm.

[0173] <Orientation film> When the liquid crystal layer has any of the above-mentioned supports, it is preferable that there is an alignment film between the support and the liquid crystal layer. In addition, the above-mentioned support may also serve as the alignment film.

[0174] Alignment films are generally composed primarily of polymers. Numerous polymer materials for alignment films are described in various publications, and many commercially available products are available. The polymer material is preferably polyvinyl alcohol or polyimide, and its derivatives. Modified or unmodified polyvinyl alcohol is particularly preferred. Examples of alignment films usable in the present invention include the alignment film described on page 43, line 24 to page 49, line 8 of International Publication No. 01 / 88574; the modified polyvinyl alcohol described in paragraphs

[0071] to

[0095] of Japanese Patent Publication No. 3907735; and the liquid crystal alignment film formed by the liquid crystal alignment agent described in Japanese Patent Application Publication No. 2012-155308.

[0175] It is also preferable to use a photo-alignment film as the alignment film because it is possible to prevent deterioration of the surface by avoiding contact with the surface of the alignment film during its formation. The photo-alignment film is not particularly limited, but polymer materials such as polyamide compounds and polyimide compounds described in paragraphs

[0024] to

[0043] of International Publication No. 2005 / 096041; liquid crystal alignment films formed by liquid crystal alignment agents having photo-aligning groups described in Japanese Patent Application Publication No. 2012-155308; and Rolic Technologies' trade name LPP-JP265CP can be used.

[0176] Furthermore, while the thickness of the alignment film is not particularly limited, from the viewpoint of mitigating surface irregularities that may exist on the support and forming a liquid crystal layer with a uniform film thickness, it is preferably 0.01 to 10 μm, more preferably 0.01 to 1 μm, and even more preferably 0.01 to 0.5 μm.

[0177] [Image display device] The image display device of the present invention is an image display device having the polarizing plate of the present invention. The display elements used in the image display device of the present invention are not particularly limited, and examples include liquid crystal cells, organic electroluminescent (hereinafter abbreviated as "EL") display panels, plasma display panels, and the like. Of these, liquid crystal cells and organic EL display panels are preferred, and liquid crystal cells are more preferred. In other words, the image display device of the present invention is preferably a liquid crystal display device using a liquid crystal cell as a display element, and preferably an organic EL display device using an organic EL display panel as a display element, and more preferably a liquid crystal display device.

[0178] [Liquid crystal display device] An example of an image display device of the present invention is a liquid crystal display device having the polarizing plate and liquid crystal cell described above. In this invention, it is preferable to use the polarizing plate of the present invention as the front polarizing plate among the polarizing plates provided on both sides of the liquid crystal cell, and it is more preferable to use the polarizing plate of the present invention as both the front and rear polarizing plates. The following provides a detailed description of the liquid crystal cells that make up a liquid crystal display device.

[0179] <Liquid crystal cell> The liquid crystal cells used in liquid crystal display devices are preferably in VA (Vertical Alignment) mode, OCB (Optically Compensated Bend) mode, IPS (In-Plane-Switching) mode, FFS (Fringe-Field-Switching) mode, or TN (Twisted Nematic) mode, but are not limited to these. In TN mode liquid crystal cells, when no voltage is applied, the rod-shaped liquid crystal molecules are substantially horizontally oriented and further twisted to a 60-120° angle. TN mode liquid crystal cells are the most widely used in color TFT liquid crystal display devices and are described in numerous publications. In VA mode liquid crystal cells, rod-shaped liquid crystalline molecules are substantially oriented vertically when no voltage is applied. VA mode liquid crystal cells include (1) narrowly defined VA mode liquid crystal cells in which rod-shaped liquid crystalline molecules are substantially oriented vertically when no voltage is applied and substantially oriented horizontally when voltage is applied (described in Japanese Patent Publication No. 2-176625), (2) multi-domain liquid crystal cells (MVA mode) in which the VA mode is multi-domain to expand the viewing angle (described in SID97, Digest of tech.Papers (Proceedings) 28 (1997) 845), (3) liquid crystal cells in a mode (n-ASM mode) in which rod-shaped liquid crystalline molecules are substantially oriented vertically when no voltage is applied and twisted multi-domain orientation when voltage is applied (described in the Proceedings of the Japan Liquid Crystal Symposium 58-59 (1998)), and (4) SURVIVAL mode liquid crystal cells (presented at LCD International 98). Furthermore, it may be any of the following types: PVA (Patterned Vertical Alignment), Optical Alignment, or PSA (Polymer-Sustained Alignment). Details of these modes are described in detail in Japanese Patent Publication No. 2006-215326 and Japanese Patent Publication No. 2008-538819. In IPS mode liquid crystal cells, rod-shaped liquid crystal molecules are oriented substantially parallel to the substrate, and when an electric field parallel to the substrate surface is applied, the liquid crystal molecules respond in a planar manner. In IPS mode, black is displayed when no electric field is applied, and the absorption axes of the upper and lower polarizers are orthogonal. Methods for reducing light leakage when displaying black at an oblique angle and improving the viewing angle using an optical compensation sheet are disclosed in Japanese Patent Publication No. 10-54982, Japanese Patent Publication No. 11-202323, Japanese Patent Publication No. 9-292522, Japanese Patent Publication No. 11-133408, Japanese Patent Publication No. 11-305217, and Japanese Patent Publication No. 10-307291, among others.

[0180] [Organic EL display device] As an example of an organic EL display device, which is an image display device of the present invention, a preferred configuration is one in which, from the viewing side, a polarizer, a λ / 4 plate (positive A plate) containing the above-mentioned liquid crystal layer, and an organic EL display panel are arranged in this order. Furthermore, an organic EL display panel is a display panel constructed using an organic EL element in which an organic light-emitting layer (organic electroluminescent layer) is sandwiched between electrodes (between the cathode and the anode). The configuration of the organic EL display panel is not particularly limited, and known configurations can be adopted.

[0181] [Second Embodiment] The second embodiment will now be described. In the second embodiment, when a hydroxyl group, carboxyl group, or epoxy group is present at a position 5 nm from the interface of the liquid crystal layer on the adhesive layer side, a polarizing plate can be produced that has excellent adhesion between the liquid crystal layer and adjacent layers, as well as excellent durability. Although this is not entirely clear, the inventors speculate the following: When the adhesive composition for forming the adhesive layer contains a cationic polymerizable compound, the composition generally has high viscosity, making physical crosslinking by penetration difficult. On the other hand, if the functional group, such as a hydroxyl group, carboxyl group, or epoxy group, is located 5 nm from the surface of the liquid crystal layer, it is considered that there are also sufficient amounts of the functional group on the surface side of the liquid crystal layer beyond that location. Therefore, it is thought that cationic polymerization reacts the adhesive composition with the functional group on the surface of the liquid crystal layer, promoting chemical crosslinking and improving the adhesion between the liquid crystal layer and the adhesive layer. The following provides a detailed explanation of each component. <Polarizer> The polarizer can be the same as that described in the first embodiment, and the preferred range is also the same.

[0182] <Adhesive layer> The adhesive layer contains a cationic polymerizable compound. The adhesive layer can be formed from an adhesive composition, and the adhesive composition is not particularly limited as long as it contains a cationic polymerizable compound, but it is preferably an active energy ray curing type adhesive composition such as electron beam curing type, ultraviolet curing type, or visible light curing type, and more preferably an ultraviolet curing type adhesive composition.

[0183] <Cationic polymerizable compounds> Examples of cationic polymerizable compounds included in adhesive compositions include conventionally known cationic polymerizable compounds.

[0184] Cationic polymerizable compounds include monofunctional cationic polymerizable compounds having one cationic polymerizable functional group in the molecule, and polyfunctional cationic polymerizable compounds having two or more cationic polymerizable functional groups in the molecule. Examples of cationic polymerizable functional groups include epoxy groups, oxetanyl groups, and vinyl ether groups.

[0185] Examples of compounds having an epoxy group include phenylglycidyl ether, p-tert-butylphenylglycidyl ether, butylglycidyl ether, 2-ethylhexylglycidyl ether, allylglycidyl ether, 1,2-butylene oxide, 1,3-butadiene monooxide, 1,2-epoxydodecane, epichlorohydrin, 1,2-epoxydecane, styrene oxide, cyclohexene oxide, 3-methacryloyloxymethylcyclohexene oxide, 3-acryloyloxymethylcyclohexene oxide, 3-vinylcyclohexene oxide, and 4-vinylcyclohexene oxide. Examples of compounds having an oxetanyl group include 3-ethyl-3-hydroxymethyloxetane, 1,4-bis[(3-ethyl-3-oxetanyl)methoxymethyl]benzene, 3-ethyl-3-(phenoxymethyl)oxetane, di[(3-ethyl-3-oxetanyl)methyl]ether, 3-ethyl-3-(2-ethylhexyloxymethyl)oxetane, and phenol novolac oxetane. Examples of compounds having a vinyl ether group include 2-hydroxyethyl vinyl ether, diethylene glycol monovinyl ether, 4-hydroxybutyl vinyl ether, diethylene glycol monovinyl ether, triethylene glycol divinyl ether, cyclohexanedimethanol divinyl ether, cyclohexanedimethanol monovinyl ether, tricyclodecane vinyl ether, cyclohexyl vinyl ether, methoxyethyl vinyl ether, ethoxyethyl vinyl ether, and pentaerythritol-type tetravinyl ether.

[0186] <Polymerization initiator> The adhesive composition may further contain a polymerization initiator. Conventional photocationic polymerization initiators can be appropriately used as the polymerization initiator included in the adhesive composition.

[0187] (Photocationic polymerization initiator) Photocationic polymerization initiators generate cationic species or Lewis acids upon irradiation with active energy rays such as visible light, ultraviolet light, X-rays, and electron beams, thereby initiating the polymerization reaction of epoxy groups and oxetanyl groups. As photocationic polymerization initiators, for example, known sulfonium salts, ammonium salts, iodonium salts (e.g., diaryliodonium salts), triarylsulfonium salts, diazonium salts, iminium salts, etc., can be used as component (e). More specifically, for example, photocationic polymerization initiators represented by formulas (25) to (28) shown in paragraphs 0050 to 0053 of Japanese Patent Publication No. Hei 8-143806, and those exemplified as cationic polymerization catalysts in paragraph 0020 of Japanese Patent Publication No. Hei 8-283320, etc.

[0188] <Sensitizer> The adhesive composition preferably contains a sensitizer for the reason that the durability of the polarizing plate is further improved, and more preferably contains a sensitizer whose maximum absorption wavelength is at a longer wavelength than the maximum absorption wavelength of the polymerization initiator contained in the adhesive composition, and in a wavelength region where the transmittance of the optical film is 1% or more. The sensitizer can be the same as that described in the first embodiment, and the preferred range is also the same.

[0189] The thickness of the adhesive layer is preferably 0.1 μm to 100 μm, more preferably 0.5 μm to 60 μm, and even more preferably 1 μm to 40 μm.

[0190] <Liquid crystal layer> The liquid crystal layer is a liquid crystal layer formed by fixing the orientation state of a liquid crystal composition containing a liquid crystal compound. Preferably, the liquid crystal layer has one or more layers formed using a liquid crystal composition containing a liquid crystal compound, and more preferably, it has one or more layers formed using a polymerizable liquid crystal composition containing a polymerizable liquid crystal compound. The liquid crystal compound can be the same as that described in the first embodiment, and the preferred range is also the same. <Polymerization initiator for the liquid crystal layer> The liquid crystal composition preferably contains a polymerization initiator in addition to the liquid crystal compound described above. The polymerization initiator can be the same as that described in the first embodiment, and the preferred range is also the same.

[0191] (solvent) In addition to the liquid crystal compounds described above, the liquid crystal composition preferably contains a solvent, from the viewpoint of ease of forming the liquid crystal layer. The same solvent as described in the first embodiment can be used, and the preferred range is also the same.

[0192] [Analysis of hydroxyl groups, carboxyl groups, and epoxy groups] Similar to the first embodiment described above, by irradiating the adhesive layer toward the liquid crystal layer with an ion beam, the ion beam can be drilled down to the interface L1 between the adhesive layer and the liquid crystal layer. From that point, the presence or absence of hydroxyl groups, carboxyl groups, and epoxy groups can be determined by performing XPS measurements on the interface 5 nm further toward the liquid crystal layer. The method for imparting hydroxyl groups, carboxyl groups, and epoxy groups to the interface is not particularly limited, but examples include (1) introducing units having hydroxyl groups, carboxyl groups, and epoxy groups into the liquid crystal compound or surfactant, and (2) subjecting the liquid crystal layer to pretreatment such as corona treatment, plasma treatment, or saponification treatment before adhesive application.

[0193] [Surfactants] In the present invention, it is preferable that a surfactant having silicon atoms be present in the liquid crystal layer for the reason that the adhesion between the adhesive layer and the liquid crystal layer is further improved. The surfactant having silicon atoms preferably has repeating units having a group represented by any of the above formulas (S1) to (S4), and more preferably has repeating units represented by the above formula (B). The same surfactant as described in the first embodiment can be used, and the preferred range is also the same.

[0194] (Orientation control agent) In addition to the liquid crystal compounds described above, the liquid crystal composition may optionally contain an alignment control agent. The orientation control agent can be the same as that described in the first embodiment, and the preferred range is also the same. (Other ingredients) The liquid crystal composition may contain components other than those described above, such as surfactants, tilt angle control agents, orientation aids, plasticizers, crosslinking agents, and amine compounds. These components may be the same as those described in the first embodiment, and the preferred ranges are also the same.

[0195] <Support> The liquid crystal layer may be formed on a support. Furthermore, such a support is preferably transparent, and more specifically, preferably has a light transmittance of 80% or more.

[0196] Such a support can be the same as that described in the first embodiment, and the preferred range is also the same.

[0197] <Orientation film> When any of the above-described support structures are present, it is preferable that an alignment film is provided between the support structure and the liquid crystal layer. The support structure may also serve as the alignment film. The orientation film can be the same as that described in the first embodiment, and the preferred range is also the same.

[0198] [Image display device] The image display device of the present invention is an image display device having the polarizing plate of the present invention. The same image display device as described in the first embodiment can be used. [Examples]

[0199] The present invention will be described in more detail below based on the following examples. The materials, amounts used, proportions, processing content, and processing procedures shown in the following examples can be modified as appropriate without departing from the spirit of the present invention. Therefore, the scope of the present invention should not be interpreted as being limited by the following examples.

[0200] [Example 1] [Preparation of protective film 1] <Preparation of Core Layer Cellulose Acrylate Dope 1> The following compositions were added to a mixing tank and stirred to dissolve each component, thereby preparing Core Layer Cellulose Acrylate Dope 1. -------------------------------------------------- Core layer cellulose acylate dope 1 -------------------------------------------------- • 100 parts by mass of cellulose acetate with an acetyl substitution degree of 2.88 • Ester oligomer (compound 1-1 below) 10 parts by mass • Durability enhancer (compounds 1-2 listed below): 4 parts by mass • UV absorber (compounds 1-3 listed below): 3 parts by mass • Methylene chloride (first solvent) 438 parts by mass • Methanol (second solvent) 65 parts by mass --------------------------------------------------

[0201] Compound 1-1 [ka]

[0202] Compound 1-2 [ka]

[0203] Compound 1-3 [ka]

[0204] <Preparation of outer layer cellulose acylate dope 1> To 90 parts by mass of the above-mentioned core layer cellulose acylate dope 1, 10 parts by mass of the following mat agent dispersion 1 was added to prepare the outer layer cellulose acylate dope 1. -------------------------------------------------- Mat solution -------------------------------------------------- • Silica particles with an average particle size of 20 nm (AEROSIL R972, manufactured by Nippon Aerosil Co., Ltd.) 2 parts by mass • Methylene chloride (first solvent) 76 parts by mass • Methanol (second solvent) 11 parts by mass • Core layer cellulose acylate doped 1 1 part by mass --------------------------------------------------

[0205] <Preparation of protective film 1> The three layers of the above-mentioned core layer cellulose acylate doped 1 and outer layer cellulose acylate doped 1 on both sides were simultaneously cast from the casting port onto a drum at 20°C. With the solvent content of the film on the drum at approximately 20% by mass, the film was peeled off the drum, and both ends of the obtained film in the width direction were fixed with tenter clips. With the residual solvent in the film at 3-15% by mass, the film was dried while being stretched 1.2 times in the transverse direction. Subsequently, the obtained film was conveyed between the rolls of a heat treatment device to produce a cellulose acylate film 1 with a thickness of 25 μm, which was used as the protective film 1.

[0206] [Preparation of protective film 1 with hard coat layer] As a coating solution for forming a hard coat layer, a hard coat curable composition (Hard Coat 1) as described in Table 4 below was prepared.

[0207] [Table 4]

[0208] The structure of UV initiator 1 in Table 4 above is shown below. [ka]

[0209] The hard coat curable composition 1 described above is applied to the surface of the protective film 1 prepared above, then dried at 100°C for 60 seconds, and UV light is applied at 1.5 kW and 300 mJ / cm² under conditions of 0.1% or less nitrogen. 2 A protective film 1 with a hard coat layer having a thickness of 5 μm was fabricated by irradiating and curing it. The thickness of the hard coat layer was adjusted by adjusting the coating amount using a slot die in a die coating method.

[0210] [Fabrication of polarizing plate 1 with protective film on one side] (1) Saponification of film The prepared hard-coat protective film 1 was immersed for 1 minute in a 4.5 mol / L sodium hydroxide aqueous solution (saponification solution) heated to 37°C, then the film was washed with water, and subsequently immersed in a 0.05 mol / L sulfuric acid aqueous solution for 30 seconds, and then passed through a water washing bath. The resulting film was then subjected to three repeated water removals using an air knife, and after removing the water, it was dried in a 70°C drying zone for 15 seconds to produce a saponified hard-coat protective film 1. (2) Fabrication of polarizers According to the examples in Japanese Patent Publication No. 2016-148724, a polarizer with a film thickness of 15 μm was prepared by applying a peripheral speed difference between two pairs of nip rolls and stretching in the longitudinal direction. The polarizer thus prepared was designated as polarizer 1. (3) Bonding The polarizer 1 obtained in this manner and the protective film 1 with a saponified hard coat layer were bonded together using a 3% aqueous solution of PVA (manufactured by Kuraray Co., Ltd., PVA-117H) as an adhesive, in a roll-to-roll manner, so that the polarization axis and the longitudinal direction of the film were perpendicular to each other, to produce a polarizing plate 1 with a protective film on one side (hereinafter also simply referred to as "polarizing plate 1"). At this time, the cellulose acylate film side of the protective film was bonded to the polarizer side.

[0211] [Preparation of optical film 1] <Preparation of liquid crystal composition 1> A liquid crystal composition 1 with the following composition was prepared.

[0212] -------------------------------------------------- Liquid crystal composition 1 -------------------------------------------------- • 100.0 parts by mass of the following liquid crystal compound R1 • 5.0 parts by mass of the following photopolymerization initiator S2 • 2.0 parts by mass of the following photopolymerization initiator S3 • 2.0 parts by mass of the following orientation aid A1 • 4.5 parts by mass of the following boronic acid monomer B1 • The following A-TMMT (manufactured by Shin-Nakamura Chemical Industry Co., Ltd.) 8.0 parts by mass Acetone 426.0 parts by mass ·PGMEA 49.0 parts by mass • Methanol 14.7 parts by mass • 0.2 parts by mass of the following surfactant P2-1 • 0.2 parts by mass of the following surfactant P2-2 --------------------------------------------------

[0213] Liquid crystal compound R1 [A mixture of the following liquid crystal compounds (RA), (RB), and (RC) in a mass ratio of 83:15:2, where Me represents a methyl group.] [ka]

[0214] Photopolymerization initiator S2 [ka]

[0215] Photopolymerization initiator S3 [ka]

[0216] Orientation aid A1 [ka]

[0217] Boronic acid monomer B1 [ka]

[0218] A-TMMT (manufactured by Shin-Nakamura Chemical Industry Co., Ltd.) [ka]

[0219] [ka]

[0220] <Preparation of optical film 1> On the side of the cycloolefin polymer (hereinafter also referred to as "COP") film (Re=134nm, Rth=67nm, manufactured by JSR) formed on a protective film, a discharge rate of 125W·min / m was applied. 2 Corona treatment was performed, and the previously prepared liquid crystal composition 1 was applied to the corona-treated surface using a #3 wire bar. Next, the composition was heated with 70°C hot air for 90 seconds to dry the solvent and allow the liquid crystal compound to be oriented and matured. Under nitrogen purging, ultraviolet irradiation (300 mJ / cm²) was performed at 40°C with an oxygen concentration of 0.1%. 2 The orientation of the liquid crystal compound was fixed by performing the following procedure, and an optical film 1 was obtained. The optical film 1 has a layer structure consisting of a support and a liquid crystal layer in that order. The thickness of the obtained liquid crystal layer was 0.9 μm. Furthermore, the resulting liquid crystal layer's thickness-direction retardation Rth2(550) was -100nm, and Re was 0nm, confirming that the liquid crystal layer is a positive C plate (nz>nx=ny).

[0221] <Preparation of adhesive composition 1-1> Adhesive composition 1-1 was prepared by mixing the following compounds in the proportions described. ------------------------------------------------------------------ Adhesive composition 1-1 ------------------------------------------------------------------ • Polymerizable compounds (Arronix M-220, (Manufactured by Toagosei Co., Ltd.): 20 parts by mass • Polymerizable compounds (N-(2-hydroxyethyl)acrylamide, (Manufactured by Tokyo Chemical Industry Co., Ltd.): 40 parts by mass • Polymerizable compounds (4-acryloylmorpholine, Manufactured by Tokyo Chemical Industry Co., Ltd.: 40 parts by mass · Radical polymerization initiator (Irgacure 907, manufactured by BASF): 1.5 parts by mass · Sensitizer (KAYACURE DETX-S, manufactured by Nippon Kayaku Co., Ltd.): 0.5 parts by mass ――――――――――――――――――――――――――――――――― The polymerizable compound used in the adhesive composition 1-1 is a radical polymerizable compound.

[0222] <Fabrication of the first polarizing plate> The adhesive composition 1-1 was coated on the surface of the liquid crystal layer side of the optical film 1 to a thickness of 2.0 μm to form an adhesive layer. Thereafter, it was laminated with the surface of the polarizer side of the polarizing plate 1 with a single-sided protective film, and ultraviolet rays were irradiated from the support side of the laminate at 50 °C in an air atmosphere at 800 mJ / cm 2 and then dried at 70 °C for 3 minutes to fabricate the first polarizing plate of Example 1. As a result of analyzing the components in the depth direction of the laminate by time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry while irradiating an ion beam from the polarizer of the first polarizing plate toward the liquid crystal layer side, d was 60 nm.

[0223] 〔Fabrication of the second polarizing plate〕 <Fabrication of PMMA (polymethyl methacrylate) dope> The following dope composition was put into a mixing tank and stirred to dissolve each component to prepare a PMMA dope. ――――――――――――――――――――――――――――――― PMMA dope ――――――――――――――――――――――――――――――― · PMMA resin 100 parts by mass · Sumilizer GS (manufactured by Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd.) 0.1 parts by mass · Dichloromethane 426 parts by mass · Methanol 64 parts by mass ―――――――――――――――――――――――――――――――

[0224] <Preparation of protective film 3> The aforementioned PMMA dope was uniformly cast from a casting die onto a stainless steel band (casting support) (band casting machine). The film was peeled off when the solvent content in the cast film was approximately 20% by mass, and both ends of the film in the width direction were fixed with tenter clips. The film was then dried while being stretched transversely at a stretching ratio of 1.1 times. The obtained film was then further dried by being transported between rolls in a heat treatment apparatus to produce a PMMA film with a thickness of 20 μm, which was designated as protective film 3.

[0225] <Preparation of Adhesive Composition 2> Adhesive composition 2 was prepared by mixing the following compounds in the proportions described. ------------------------------------------------------------------ Adhesive composition 2 ------------------------------------------------------------------ • Polymerizable compounds (Arronix M-220, (Manufactured by Toagosei Co., Ltd.): 20 parts by mass • Polymerizable compounds (4-hydroxybutyl acrylate, (Manufactured by Nippon Kasei Co., Ltd.): 40 parts by mass • Polymerizable compounds (2-ethylhexyl acrylate, (Manufactured by Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation): 40 parts by mass • Polymerization initiator (Irgacure 907, manufactured by BASF): 1.5 parts by mass • Sensitizer (KAYACURE DETX-S, (Manufactured by Nippon Kayaku Co., Ltd.): 0.5 parts by mass ------------------------------------------------------------------

[0226] <Fabrication of the second polarizing plate> The polarizer-laminated surface of protective film 3 is discharged at a rate of 150 W·min / m 2 After corona treatment, adhesive composition 2 was applied to a film thickness of 0.5 μm. Subsequently, the adhesive-coated surface is bonded to the polarizer surface of the polarizing plate 2 with a protective film on one side, and ultraviolet light at 300 mJ / cm² is applied from the substrate side of the protective film 3 at 40°C in an atmospheric environment. 2 The plate was irradiated. Then, it was dried at 60°C for 3 minutes to produce the second polarizing plate of Example 1.

[0227] [Fabrication of liquid crystal display devices] The polarizing plates on both sides were peeled off from a commercially available liquid crystal display device (iPad®, manufactured by Apple Inc.) (a liquid crystal display device including a liquid crystal cell in FFS mode). The first polarizing plate containing the prepared liquid crystal layer was placed on the viewing side, and the second polarizing plate was placed on the backlight side. These plates were bonded together with a 20 μm acrylic adhesive so that the absorption axes of the polarizers in each polarizing plate were perpendicular to each other, and the orientation direction of the liquid crystals in the liquid crystal cell was perpendicular to the absorption axis of the polarizers in the first polarizing plate. This created the liquid crystal display device of Example 1. The liquid crystal cell in the liquid crystal display device contained a color filter layer on the substrate on the first polarizing plate side and a TFT layer on the substrate on the second polarizing plate side, with their respective Rth(550) values ​​being 10 nm and 2 nm. Furthermore, the Δn·d of the liquid crystal compound within the liquid crystal cell was 340, and the tilt angle of the liquid crystal compound relative to the substrate surface was 0.1°.

[0228] [Example 2] The first polarizing plate and the liquid crystal display device were manufactured in the same manner as in Example 1, except that the first polarizing plate was changed to the following configuration. <Fabrication of the first polarizing plate> Adhesive composition 1-1 was applied to the polarizer side of a polarizing plate 1 with a protective film on one side to a thickness of 2.0 μm, forming an adhesive layer. Subsequently, the laminate is bonded to the liquid crystal layer side of optical film 1, and exposed to ultraviolet light at 800 mJ / cm² from the support side of the laminate at 50°C in an atmospheric environment. 2 The first polarizing plate of Example 2 was fabricated by irradiating it and then drying it at 70°C for 3 minutes. Furthermore, while irradiating the laminate from the polarizer of the first polarizing plate toward the liquid crystal layer, the components in the depth direction were analyzed by time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry, and the value of d was found to be 60 nm.

[0229] [Example 3] A first polarizing plate and a liquid crystal display device were prepared in the same manner as in Example 1, except that the liquid crystal composition 1 of the optical film was replaced with the liquid crystal composition 2 described below. Furthermore, while irradiating the laminate from the polarizer of the first polarizing plate toward the liquid crystal layer, the components in the depth direction were analyzed by time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry, and the value of d was found to be 60 nm. -------------------------------------------------- Liquid crystal composition 2 -------------------------------------------------- • 100.0 parts by mass of the above liquid crystal compound R1 • 5.0 parts by mass of the above photopolymerization initiator S2 • 2.0 parts by mass of the above photopolymerization initiator S3 • 2.0 parts by mass of the above-mentioned orientation aid A1 • 4.5 parts by mass of the above boronic acid monomer B1 • The above A-TMMT (manufactured by Shin-Nakamura Chemical Industry Co., Ltd.) 8.0 parts by mass Acetone 426.0 parts by mass ·PGMEA 49.0 parts by mass • Methanol 14.7 parts by mass • 0.2 parts by mass of the polymer P2-3 below --------------------------------------------------

[0230] Polymer P2-3 [ka]

[0231] [Example 4] A first polarizing plate and a liquid crystal display device were prepared in the same manner as in Example 1, except that the liquid crystal composition 1 of the optical film was replaced with the liquid crystal composition 3 described below. Furthermore, while irradiating the laminate from the polarizer of the first polarizing plate toward the liquid crystal layer, the components in the depth direction were analyzed by time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry, and the value of d was found to be 60 nm. -------------------------------------------------- Liquid crystal composition 3 -------------------------------------------------- • 100.0 parts by mass of the above liquid crystal compound R1 • 5.0 parts by mass of the above photopolymerization initiator S2 • 2.0 parts by mass of the above photopolymerization initiator S3 • 2.0 parts by mass of the above-mentioned orientation aid A1 • The above A-TMMT (manufactured by Shin-Nakamura Chemical Industry Co., Ltd.) 8.0 parts by mass Acetone 426.0 parts by mass ·PGMEA 49.0 parts by mass • Methanol 14.7 parts by mass • 0.2 parts by mass of the following surfactant P2-4 --------------------------------------------------

[0232] Surfactant P2-4 [ka]

[0233] [Example 5] The first polarizing plate and the liquid crystal display device were manufactured in the same manner as in Example 1, except that the first polarizing plate was changed to the following configuration. <Fabrication of the first polarizing plate> Adhesive composition 1-1 was applied to the liquid crystal layer side of optical film 1 to a thickness of 2.0 μm to form an adhesive layer. Afterward, the polarizer side of the polarizing plate 1 with a protective film on one side is bonded to it, and after being kept warm at 50°C in an atmospheric environment for 5 minutes, ultraviolet light at 800 mJ / cm² is applied from the substrate side of the laminate. 2 The first polarizing plate of Example 5 was fabricated by irradiating it and then drying it at 70°C for 3 minutes. Furthermore, while irradiating the laminate from the polarizer of the first polarizing plate toward the liquid crystal layer, the components in the depth direction of the laminate were analyzed by time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry, and the value of d was found to be 280 nm.

[0234] [Example 6] The first polarizing plate and the liquid crystal display device were manufactured in the same manner as in Example 1, except that the first polarizing plate was changed to the following configuration. <Preparation of adhesive compositions 1-2> Adhesive compositions 1-2 were prepared by mixing the following compounds in the proportions described. ------------------------------------------------------------------ Adhesive composition 1-2 ------------------------------------------------------------------ • Polymerizable compounds (Celoxide 2021P, (Manufactured by Daicel Corporation): 65.4 parts by mass ·Polymerizable compounds (Recaresin DME100, (Manufactured by Shin-Nippon Rika Co., Ltd.): 18.7 parts by mass • Polymerizable compounds (2-ethylhexylglycidyl ether, (Manufactured by Tokyo Chemical Industry Co., Ltd.): 9.3 parts by mass • Polymerization initiator (Irgcure 290, BASF Japan Ltd.): 3.7 parts by mass • Sensitizer (isopropylthioxanthone, (Manufactured by Tokyo Chemical Industry Co., Ltd.): 0.9 parts by mass ------------------------------------------------------------------ Furthermore, the polymerizable compounds used in the above adhesive compositions 1-2 are cationic polymerizable compounds.

[0235] <Fabrication of the first polarizing plate> The liquid crystal layer side of the fabricated optical film 1 was discharged at a discharge rate of 100 W·min / m 2 After corona treatment, adhesive composition 1-2 was applied to a thickness of 3.0 μm to form an adhesive layer. Subsequently, the adhesive-coated surface is bonded to the polarizer surface of polarizing plate 1 with a protective film on one side, and ultraviolet light at 150 mJ / cm² is applied from the support side of the laminate at room temperature in an atmospheric environment. 2 The first polarizing plate of Example 6 was fabricated by irradiating and drying at 100°C for 60 seconds. Furthermore, XPS measurements taken at a position 5 nm from the interface between the adhesive layer and the liquid crystal layer on the liquid crystal layer side revealed the presence of hydroxyl and carboxyl groups.

[0236] [Example 7] A first polarizing plate and a liquid crystal display device were prepared in the same manner as in Example 6, except that the liquid crystal composition 1 of the optical film was replaced with the liquid crystal composition 2 described above. Furthermore, XPS measurements taken at a position 5 nm from the interface between the adhesive layer and the liquid crystal layer on the liquid crystal layer side revealed the presence of hydroxyl and carboxyl groups.

[0237] [Example 8] A first polarizing plate and a liquid crystal display device were prepared in the same manner as in Example 6, except that the liquid crystal composition 1 of the optical film was replaced with the liquid crystal composition 3 described above. Furthermore, XPS measurements taken at a position 5 nm from the interface between the adhesive layer and the liquid crystal layer on the liquid crystal layer side revealed the presence of hydroxyl and carboxyl groups.

[0238] [Comparative Example 1] The first polarizing plate and the liquid crystal display device were manufactured in the same manner as in Example 1, except that the first polarizing plate was manufactured in the form described below. [Fabrication of the first polarizing plate] <Fabrication of the first polarizing plate> Adhesive composition 1-1 was applied to the liquid crystal layer side of optical film 1 to a thickness of 2.0 μm to form an adhesive layer. Subsequently, the polarizer side of the polarizing plate 1 with a protective film on one side is bonded to it, and 800 mJ / cm² of ultraviolet light is applied from the support side of the laminate at 25°C in an atmospheric environment. 2 Irradiation was performed to fabricate the first polarizing plate of Comparative Example 1. Furthermore, while irradiating the laminate from the polarizer of the first polarizing plate toward the liquid crystal layer, the components in the depth direction were analyzed by time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry, and the value of d was found to be 5 nm.

[0239] [Comparative Example 2] The first polarizing plate and the liquid crystal display device were manufactured in the same manner as in Example 1, except that the first polarizing plate was changed to the following configuration. <Fabrication of the first polarizing plate> Adhesive composition 1-1 was applied to the liquid crystal layer side of optical film 1 to a thickness of 2.0 μm to form an adhesive layer. Afterward, the polarizer side of the polarizing plate 1 with a protective film on one side is bonded to it, and after being kept warm at 50°C in an atmospheric environment for 15 minutes, ultraviolet light of 800 mJ / cm² is applied from the support side of the laminate. 2 The first polarizing plate of Comparative Example 2 was fabricated by irradiating it and then drying it at 70°C for 3 minutes. Furthermore, while irradiating the laminate from the polarizer of the first polarizing plate toward the liquid crystal layer, the components in the depth direction were analyzed by time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry, and the value of d was found to be 350 nm.

[0240] [Comparative Example 3] The first polarizing plate and the liquid crystal display device were manufactured in the same manner as in Example 6, except that the first polarizing plate was changed to the following configuration. <Fabrication of the first polarizing plate> Adhesive composition 1-2 was applied to the liquid crystal layer side of the fabricated optical film 1 to a thickness of 3.0 μm to form an adhesive layer. Subsequently, the adhesive-coated surface is bonded to the polarizer surface of polarizing plate 1 with a protective film on one side, and ultraviolet light at 150 mJ / cm² is applied from the support side of the laminate at room temperature (25°C) in an atmospheric environment. 2 The first polarizing plate of Comparative Example 3 was fabricated by irradiating and drying at 100°C for 60 seconds. Furthermore, XPS measurements taken at a position 5 nm from the interface between the adhesive layer and the liquid crystal layer on the liquid crystal layer side revealed that no hydroxyl groups, carboxyl groups, or epoxy groups were present.

[0241] [evaluation] The first polarizing plates and liquid crystal display devices prepared in Examples 1-8 and Comparative Examples 1-3 were evaluated as follows. The results are summarized in Table 5.

[0242] [Evaluation of the first polarizing plate] <Adhesiveness> The first polarizing plate was cut to 150 mm x 25 mm along the length of the polarizer's absorption axis. Only the 80 mm x 25 mm portion was bonded to a glass substrate using adhesive (SK1478, manufactured by Soken Chemical Co., Ltd.), and the peel strength when peeled at a 90° angle was measured using a Tensilon universal material tester (manufactured by Orientec Co., Ltd.) and evaluated according to the following criteria. The results are shown in Table 5 below. (Evaluation Criteria) A: 0.60N / 25mm or more B: 0.35N / 25mm or more, less than 0.60N / 25mm C: 0.35N / less than 25mm

[0243] [Evaluation of liquid crystal display devices] <Durability> Black luminance was measured in a darkroom while the liquid crystal display was showing black using a measuring instrument (EZ-Contrast XL88, ELDIM). The average luminance at azimuth angles of 45°, 135°, 225°, and 315° at an extreme angle of 60° was defined as light leakage Y, and the change in light leakage ΔY after holding at 65°C and 90% humidity for 500 hours was evaluated according to the following criteria. The results are shown in Tables 5 and 6 below. Regarding azimuth angles, the azimuth angle was defined so that the absorption axis direction of the polarizer on the viewing side (first polarizer) was 0° (and 180°), and the absorption axis direction of the polarizer on the backlight side (second polarizer) was 90° (and 270°). The results are shown in Table 5 below. A:ΔY<0.2(cd / m 2 ) B:0.2(cd / m 2 )≦ΔY<0.6(cd / m 2 ) C:0.6(cd / m 2 )≦ΔY

[0244] [Table 5]

[0245] Examples 1-5 correspond to the first embodiment, and Examples 6-8 correspond to the second embodiment. The polarizing plates of Examples 1-8 were confirmed to have excellent adhesion and durability.

Claims

1. The laminate has a polarizer, an adhesive layer, and a liquid crystal layer adjacent to each other in this order. The aforementioned liquid crystal layer is a liquid crystal layer in which the orientation state of a liquid crystal composition containing a liquid crystal compound is fixed. The adhesive layer comprises a radical polymerizable compound, A polarizing plate that satisfies the following condition 1 when the components in the depth direction of the laminate are analyzed by time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry while irradiating the laminate from the surface of the polarizer toward the liquid crystal layer side. Condition 1: Position L1 is defined as the depth position at which detection of the secondary ion intensity derived from the liquid crystal compound begins, and position L2 is defined as the depth position at which the secondary ion intensity I derived from the radical polymerizable compound at position L1 becomes 1 / 6, such that the difference d between position L2 and position L1 is 20 nm ≤ d ≤ 300 nm.

2. The laminate has a polarizer, an adhesive layer, and a liquid crystal layer adjacent to each other in this order. The aforementioned liquid crystal layer is a liquid crystal layer in which the orientation state of a liquid crystal composition containing a liquid crystal compound is fixed. The adhesive layer contains a cationic polymerizable compound, A polarizing plate in which a hydroxyl group, a carboxyl group, or an epoxy group is present at a position 5 nm from the interface of the liquid crystal layer on the adhesive layer side.

3. The polarizing plate according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the liquid crystal layer contains a surfactant having silicon atoms.

4. The polarizing plate according to claim 3, wherein the surfactant comprises a repeating unit having a group represented by any one of formulas (S1) to (S4). 【Chemistry 1】 In formula (S1), * indicates the joining position. n represents an integer between 2 and 140. R Ｓ１ ~R Ｓ５ Each of these independently represents a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group, an alkenyl group, an aryl group, or an alkylenearyl group. Ｓ１ Each of them may be the same or different, and there may be multiple R Ｓ２ These may be the same or different. In formula (S2), * indicates the joining position. R Ｓ６ ~R Ｓ９ each independently represents a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group, an alkenyl group, an aryl group or an alkylene aryl group. A plurality of R Ｓ６ may be the same or different from each other, and a plurality of R Ｓ７ may be the same or different from each other, and a plurality of R Ｓ８ may be the same or different from each other. m1 represents 2 or 3, m2 represents 0 or 1, and m1 + m2 equals 3. In formula (S3), * indicates the joining position. R Ｓ１０ ~R Ｓ１２ Each of these independently represents a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group, an alkenyl group, an aryl group, or an alkylenearyl group. R Ｓ１３ and R Ｓ１４ Each of these independently represents either a bond position (*) or a hydrogen atom. In equation (S4), * indicates the joining position. R Ｓ１５ ~R Ｓ１８ Each of these independently represents a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group, an alkenyl group, an aryl group, or an alkylenearyl group. Ｓ１５ Each of them may be the same or different, and there may be multiple R Ｓ１６ Each of them may be the same or different, and there may be multiple R Ｓ１７ These may be the same or different. n1 represents 2 or 3, n2 represents 0 or 1, and n1 + n2 is 3.

5. The polarizing plate according to claim 4, wherein the surfactant further comprises a repeating unit represented by formula (B). 【Chemistry 2】 In the above formula (B), R ｂ１ This represents a hydrogen atom, a fluorine atom, a chlorine atom, or an alkyl group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms. L ｂ１ This represents a single bond or a divalent linking group. U ｂ１ and U ｂ２ Each of these independently represents -O-, -S-, -COO-, -OCO-, -CONH-, -NHCOO-, or -NH-. R ｂ２ and R ｂ３ Each of these independently represents a hydrogen atom, a substituted or unsubstituted aliphatic hydrocarbon group, a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group, or a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl group. However, R ｂ２ and R ｂ３ These may be bonded to each other via linking groups.

6. The polarizing plate according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the liquid crystal layer is a positive C plate.

7. An image display device having a polarizing plate according to claim 1 or 2.

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