Joints that allow rotation of the pipe element along its longitudinal axis

Abstract

The coupling, which allows rotation of the pipe elements about their longitudinal axes, includes a first ring attachable to a first of the pipe elements. The first ring has a first collar protruding outwardly therefrom and defining a low-friction bearing surface. A housing defines a bore therethrough and surrounds a longitudinal axis coaxial with the bore. The housing has a first end and a second end oppositely disposed from each other. The first end is adapted to receive the first ring coaxially within the bore. The housing includes a first shoulder and a first channel. When the first ring is received within the bore at the first end, the first collar is positionable between the first shoulder and the first channel. A bearing surface is engageable with the first shoulder. Engagement between the bearing surface and the first shoulder allows rotation of the first ring relative to the housing.

Description

[Technical Field]

[0001] (CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS) This application is based on and claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. US63 / 448,363, filed February 27, 2023, U.S. Provisional Application No. US63 / 448,364, filed February 27, 2023, U.S. Provisional Application No. US63 / 448,366, filed February 27, 2023, U.S. Provisional Application No. US63 / 600,392, filed November 17, 2023, and U.S. Provisional Application No. US63 / 600,400, filed November 17, 2023, which applications are incorporated herein by reference.

[0002] FIELD OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to a mechanical joint for joining pipe elements and a method for pipeline maintenance. [Background technology]

[0003] Large diameter pipelines are complex, expensive, and dangerous to assemble and deploy on site. In some industries, particularly mining, the media (such as slurry) transported in pipelines can be abrasive and / or abrasive, causing accelerated wear on the interior portions of the pipe elements that come into contact with the media. The lowest areas inside the pipe elements typically experience the greatest wear as the abrasive particles layer in the flow under gravity, with the majority of the abrasive particles in the fluid contacting the lowest areas and causing them to wear away most rapidly.

[0004] The life of such pipelines can be significantly increased by periodically rotating the pipe elements so that a different, less worn portion of the pipe element's interior is positioned lowest (bottom), while rotating the worn portion to the side or top. Depending on the medium and wear rate, the pipe element can be rotated (called "clocking") at 90, 120, or 180 degree intervals. Once the pipe element has been clocked a sufficient number of times so that all interior surfaces experience roughly equal wear, the pipe element is replaced.

[0005] Rotating pipelines, especially large-diameter pipelines, also involves complex, expensive, and dangerous labor, often requiring the same heavy equipment used to initially lay the pipeline. Because it is impractical to individually rotate each pipe element of a pipeline, it is common to rotate long sections of pipeline, which may include hundreds of feet of pipe elements and several joints (the joints remain intact). A common method for rotating pipeline sections uses a series of specialized tracked vehicles called "side booms," although lifting equipment such as cranes and other machinery known in the art can also be employed. Each side boom has a lifting crane boom that extends to the side of the tracked vehicle to lift the pipe elements out of a trench or lower them from an elevated support. If the pipe elements of a pipeline are joined by bolted flanges, the flanges at the opposite end of the pipeline section to be rotated are unbolted. Special slings, which allow the rotation of the pipe elements about their longitudinal axes, are placed around the pipeline section at spaced intervals along its length. Multiple side booms are then deployed, connected to slings, and used to lift the pipe element. Additionally, one or more side booms are deployed and connected to different slings, which are arranged taut around the pipeline. These slings are positioned eccentrically with respect to the pipe element diameter so that, as the slings are lifted, the lifting axis of each sling pulls tangentially against the pipe element. As the side booms lift the pipe element, each eccentric sling rotates that pipe element, resulting in the entire pipeline section rotating. Only a limited amount of rotation may be generated with each lift of the eccentric slings; therefore, they may need to be reset several times during the lift; the rotation process is repeated while the lifting side booms hold the pipeline section in a raised position until the desired amount of rotation is achieved.

[0006] Once the pipeline section has been sufficiently rotated, the eccentric sling is disengaged, and the lifting side boom lowers the pipeline section back into position for reconnection of the pipeline section's end flange with the pipeline. When flanged pipe elements are used, the rotation of the pipeline section must be carefully controlled to ensure that the bolt holes on the flange at the section's end line up with the pipeline's mating flange. Pipe-to-pipe element joints formed by mechanical bonds engaging grooved pipe elements ("grooved joints") may be employed in place of flanged pipe elements, eliminating the need for rotational alignment of the pipeline section and the pipeline because grooved joints are independent of the rotational position of the pipe elements being joined. However, grooved joints have lower rotational resistance than flanged joints around the longitudinal axis of the pipe elements. Pipe elements joined by grooved joints may slip, allowing individual pipe elements to rotate relative to one another. Therefore, all pipe elements within a pipe section may not rotate the same amount as the pipe element rotated by the eccentric sling. Pipe elements that slide relative to the joints reduce the number of fittings that can be included in the pipeline sections being rotated together, resulting in shorter pipeline sections being rotated at one time. Whether grooved or flanged fittings are used, the need to disconnect pipe elements at the end of each pipeline section can allow for loss of fluid from the pipeline. This loss may not be economically practical or environmentally sound, depending on the fluid in the pipeline.

[0007] There is clearly an opportunity to improve the process for lifting and rotating large diameter pipeline joints and large diameter pipeline sections that do not suffer from the disadvantages of prior art processes. Summary of the Invention [Means for solving the problem]

[0008] The present disclosure relates to a coupling that allows pipe elements to rotate about their longitudinal axes. In one exemplary embodiment, the coupling includes a first ring that is attachable to a first of the pipe elements. The first ring includes a first collar that extends circumferentially around the first ring and projects outward from the first ring. The first collar defines a bearing surface and a retaining surface that are opposite each other. The surfaces are oriented transversely relative to a first ring axis that is coaxial with the first ring. A housing defines a bore therethrough and surrounds a longitudinal axis that is coaxial with the bore. The housing has a first end and a second end that are opposite each other. The first end is adapted to receive the first ring coaxially within the bore. The housing includes a first shoulder positioned distal to the first end of the housing. The first shoulder projects toward the longitudinal axis and is oriented transversely relative thereto. A first channel extends circumferentially around the housing and faces the longitudinal axis. The first channel is positioned proximate a first end of the housing in spaced relation to the first shoulder. A first retaining ring is positionable within the first channel. The first retaining ring protrudes into the bore toward the longitudinal axis. When the first ring is received within the bore at the first end, the first collar is positionable between the first shoulder and the first channel, and the first retaining ring is then positionable within the first channel, the bearing surface engageable with the first shoulder, and the retaining surface engageable with the first retaining ring, thereby retaining the first ring within the housing.

[0009] In an exemplary embodiment, the coupling further includes a seal positioned between the housing and the first ring. By way of example, the seal is positioned distal to the first end of the housing. As a further example, the seal includes an O-ring received in a circumferential groove positioned in one of the first ring or the housing. By way of example, the seal is positioned between the housing and the first collar. By way of further example, the seal includes an O-ring received in a circumferential groove in one of the first collar or the housing.

[0010] In an exemplary embodiment, the coupling further includes a first bearing positioned between the housing and the first ring. For example, the first bearing is positioned distal to the first end of the housing. For a further example, the first bearing includes a first bearing ring extending circumferentially around the bore. The first bearing ring is formed from a material having a lower coefficient of friction than either the first ring or the housing. For a further example, the first bearing ring includes polytetrafluoroethylene.

[0011] In an exemplary embodiment, the coupling further includes a second bearing positioned between the housing and the first ring. For example, the second bearing is positioned between the first collar and the housing. For a further example, the second bearing includes a second bearing ring extending circumferentially around the first collar. The second bearing ring is formed from a material having a lower coefficient of friction than either the first ring or the housing. For a further example, the second bearing ring includes polytetrafluoroethylene.

[0012] For example, the first ring may include a first external groove extending circumferentially around the first ring, the external groove being positioned outside the bore.

[0013] In an exemplary embodiment, the coupling further includes a second ring attachable to a second one of the pipe elements. The second ring includes a second collar extending circumferentially around the second ring and projecting outward therefrom. The second collar defines a bearing surface and a retaining surface disposed opposite each other. The second ring surface is oriented laterally relative to the second ring, and the second ring is disposed coaxially with the axis. The second end of the housing is adapted to coaxially receive the second ring within the bore. The housing further includes a second shoulder positioned distal to the second end. The second shoulder projects toward the longitudinal axis and is oriented laterally relative thereto. A second channel extends circumferentially around the housing and faces the longitudinal axis. The second channel is positioned proximate the second end of the housing in a spaced relationship with the second shoulder. A second retaining ring is positionable within the second channel. A second retaining ring projects into the bore toward the longitudinal axis. When the second ring is received in the bore at the second end of the housing, a second collar is positionable between the second shoulder and the second channel, and the second retaining ring is then positionable in the second channel, with the bearing surface of the second collar engageable with the second shoulder and the retaining surface of the second collar engageable with the second retaining ring, thereby retaining the second ring in the housing.

[0014] In a further exemplary embodiment, the coupling further includes a seal positioned between the housing and the second ring. Illustratively, the seal is positioned distal to the first end of the housing. Illustratively, the seal includes an O-ring received in a circumferential groove positioned in one of the second ring or the housing. Illustratively, the seal is positioned between the housing and the second collar. Illustratively, the seal includes an O-ring received in a circumferential groove in one of the second collar or the housing.

[0015] In a further exemplary embodiment, the coupling further comprises a first bearing positioned between the housing and the second ring. Illustratively, the first bearing is positioned distal to the second end of the housing. As a further example, the first bearing comprises a first bearing ring extending circumferentially around the bore. The first bearing ring is formed of a material having a lower coefficient of friction than either the second ring or the housing. Illustratively, the first bearing ring comprises polytetrafluoroethylene. In an exemplary embodiment, the coupling further comprises a second bearing positioned between the housing and the second ring. Illustratively, the second bearing is positioned between the second collar and the housing. As a further example, the second bearing comprises a second bearing ring extending circumferentially around the second collar. The second bearing ring is formed of a material having a lower coefficient of friction than either the second ring or the housing. Illustratively, the second bearing ring comprises polytetrafluoroethylene.

[0016] By way of example, the first ring may include an outer groove extending circumferentially around its periphery, the outer groove being positioned outside the bore.

[0017] In an exemplary embodiment, the first ring includes a locking surface positioned outside the bore in spaced relation to the retaining surface. The locking surface faces away from the longitudinal axis. The housing includes a locking tab protruding from a first end thereof. The locking tab defines a jamming surface facing the locking surface in spaced relation thereto. A locking body is insertable between the locking surface and the jamming surface. The locking body engages the locking surface and the jamming surface when positioned therebetween to prevent relative rotation between the first ring and the housing. Illustratively, the locking surface includes a flat surface extending through a chord of the first ring. Illustratively, the jamming surface includes a flat surface on the locking tab. Illustratively, the locking body includes a rod body.

[0018] In another exemplary embodiment, the first ring includes a first locking surface positioned outside the bore in a spaced relationship with the retaining surface. The first locking surface faces away from the longitudinal axis. The second locking surface is positioned outside the bore in a spaced relationship with the retaining surface. The second locking surface faces away from the longitudinal axis. The housing includes a first locking tab protruding from a first end thereof. The first locking tab is in a spaced relationship with the first locking surface and defines a first jamming surface facing it. A second locking tab protrudes from the first end thereof. The second locking tab is in a spaced relationship with the second locking surface and defines a second jamming surface facing it. A locking body is insertable between the first locking surface and the first jamming surface, and between the second locking surface and the second jamming surface. The locking body engages the first and second locking surfaces and the first and second jamming surfaces when positioned between the first ring and the housing to prevent relative rotation therebetween. For example, the locking surfaces include respective flat surfaces extending through respective chords of the first ring. For example, the jamming surfaces include respective flat surfaces on the first and second locking tabs. For example, the locking body includes a fork having a first tine positionable between the first locking surface and the first jamming surface and a second tine positionable between the second locking surface and the second jamming surface.

[0019] In another exemplary embodiment, the first ring includes a notch positioned outside the bore in spaced relation to the retention surface. The notch faces away from the longitudinal axis. The housing includes a slot extending into the housing from the first end thereof. A locking body is insertable into the notch of the first ring and the slot of the housing. The locking body engages with the notch and the slot to prevent relative rotation between the first ring and the housing. [Brief explanation of the drawings]

[0020] [Figure 1]FIG. 1 is an isometric view of an exemplary joint according to the present invention, the joint being shown joining pipe elements.

[0021] [Figure 1A] FIG. 1A is a cross-sectional view of the joint shown in FIG.

[0022] [Figure 2] FIG. 2 is an isometric view of an exemplary coupling according to the present invention.

[0023] [Figure 3] FIG. 3 is a side view of the coupling shown in FIG.

[0024] [Figure 4] FIG. 4 is a front view of the coupling shown in FIG.

[0025] [Figure 4A] 4A is a front view of the coupling shown in FIG. 2. FIG.

[0026] [Figure 5] FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view taken along section line 5-5 in FIG.

[0027] [Figure 6] FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional view taken along section line 6-6 in FIG.

[0028] [Figure 7] FIG. 7 is an isometric view of an exemplary first ring.

[0029] [Figure 8] FIG. 8 is an isometric view of an exemplary second ring.

[0030] [Figure 9] FIG. 9 is a side view of the exemplary first ring shown in FIG.

[0031] [Figure 10] FIG. 10 is a side view of the exemplary second ring shown in FIG.

[0032] [Figure 11] FIG. 11 is a front view of the exemplary first ring shown in FIG.

[0033] [Figure 12] FIG. 12 is a front view of the exemplary second ring shown in FIG.

[0034] [Figure 13] FIG. 13 is an isometric view of an exemplary first segment.

[0035] [Figure 14] FIG. 14 is an isometric view of an exemplary second segment.

[0036] [Figure 15] FIG. 15 is a front view of the exemplary first segment shown in FIG.

[0037] [Figure 16] FIG. 16 is a front view of the exemplary second segment shown in FIG.

[0038] [Figure 17] FIG. 17 is a side view of the exemplary first segment shown in FIG.

[0039] [Figure 18] FIG. 18 is a side view of the exemplary second segment shown in FIG.

[0040] [Figure 19] 19-24 illustrate an exemplary method of assembling a joint according to the present invention. [Figure 20] 19-24 illustrate an exemplary method of assembling a joint according to the present invention. [Figure 21]19-24 illustrate an exemplary method of assembling a joint according to the present invention. [Figure 22] 19-24 illustrate an exemplary method of assembling a joint according to the present invention. [Figure 23] 19-24 illustrate an exemplary method of assembling a joint according to the present invention. [Figure 24] 19-24 illustrate an exemplary method of assembling a joint according to the present invention.

[0041] [Figure 25] FIG. 25 is an isometric view of an exemplary joint for joining pipe elements according to the present invention.

[0042] [Figure 26] FIG. 26 is a plan view of the coupling shown in FIG.

[0043] [Figure 26A] FIG. 26A is a cross-sectional view of a segment with the joint shown in FIG.

[0044] [Figure 26B] FIG. 26B is a plan view of a segment with the joint shown in FIG.

[0045] [Figure 27] FIG. 27 is an exploded isometric view of a segment with the joint shown in FIG.

[0046] [Figure 28] 28 and 29 are isometric views of the components of the coupling shown in FIG. [Figure 29] 28 and 29 are isometric views of the components of the coupling shown in FIG.

[0047] [Figure 30] FIG. 30 is a longitudinal cross-sectional view of the joint and pipe element shown in FIG.

[0048] [Figure 31] FIG. 31 is an isometric view of an exemplary joint that allows rotation of pipe elements about their longitudinal axes.

[0049] [Figure 32] 32 is a longitudinal cross-sectional view of the pipe joint shown in FIG.

[0050] [Figure 33] FIG. 33 is an isometric view of an exemplary pipeline with pipe elements connected to each other using the joints shown in FIG.

[0051] [Figure 34] FIG. 34 is an isometric cross-sectional view of a portion of the coupling shown in FIG. 31 connected to a pipe element.

[0052] [Figure 35] FIG. 35 shows an isometric view of an exemplary coupling connected to pipe elements according to the present invention.

[0053] [Figure 35A] FIG. 35A shows an isometric view of an exemplary joint connected to a pipe element according to the present invention.

[0054] [Figure 36] FIG. 36 shows an isometric view of an exemplary first type of non-rotating joint connecting two pipe elements.

[0055] [Figure 36A] FIG. 36A shows an isometric view of an exemplary second type of non-rotating joint connecting two pipe elements.

[0056] [Figure 37] FIG. 37 is an isometric view of an exemplary coupling having locking features in accordance with the present invention.

[0057] [Figure 38]FIG. 38 is an isometric view of an exemplary coupling having locking features in accordance with the present invention.

[0058] [Figure 38A] FIG. 38A is an isometric view of an exemplary coupling having locking features in accordance with the present invention.

[0059] [Figure 39] FIG. 39 is a plan schematic view of a pipeline having a section to be rotated according to an exemplary method of the present invention.

[0060] [Figure 40] FIG. 40 is an axial view of a point on a pipeline, a section of which is supported by a side boom.

[0061] [Figure 41] FIG. 41 is an axial view of a point on a pipeline where torque is applied to a section by a side boom using a sling.

[0062] [Figure 42] FIG. 42 is an axial view of a point on a pipeline where torque is applied to a section by a side boom using a sling connected to a torsion resistant joint.

[0063] [Figure 42A] FIG. 42A is an axial view of a point on a pipeline where torque is being applied to a section by a side boom using a wrench. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0064] Torsion-resistant or anti-rotational joints are disclosed herein with reference to Figures 1-30. Advantageously, these joints can join pipe elements of various sizes, including large diameter pipe elements, while preventing rotation of the pipe elements relative to one another along a longitudinal axis extending the length of the pipe elements. Advantageously, the joints can be designed to reduce rotational slippage at the pipe joint between the pipe elements and the joint.

[0065] 31-38A, a rotary coupling is also disclosed that can join pipe elements of various sizes, including large diameter pipe elements, while allowing the pipe elements to rotate relative to one another along a longitudinal axis extending the length of the pipe elements. The rotary coupling can include locking features to selectively prevent the pipe elements joined by the rotary coupling from rotating relative to one another.

[0066] The torsion-resistant couplings and rotary couplings disclosed herein can be used together to join pipelines and form pipeline sections. For example, a pipeline section can include a rotary coupling at either end of the section, and the rotary coupling can be configured to join the pipeline section to an adjacent pipeline section. The torsion-resistant coupling can join pipe elements together between the rotary couplings. Additionally, the torsion-resistant coupling can join pipe elements within the pipeline section to the rotary coupling. A pipeline section joined by a torsion-resistant coupling and a rotary coupling can rotate relative to the adjacent joined pipeline section without disconnecting from the adjacent joined pipeline section.

[0067] A method for rotating a pipeline section is also disclosed herein with reference to Figures 39-42A. The pipeline section may include pipe elements coupled together via torsion-resistant couplings as disclosed herein, with each end of the pipeline section coupled to a rotary coupling as disclosed herein. The method may provide an efficient way to rotate the pipeline section without uncoupling or disconnecting the rotating pipeline section from adjacent joined pipeline sections, thereby extending the life of the pipeline section.

[0068] (torsion-resistant joint) Disclosed herein is an exemplary torsion-resistant joint configured to join pipe elements and prevent the pipe elements from rotating relative to one another. The joint includes two rings, each of which is attachable to the pipe elements to be joined by a segment. The segments are attached via adjustable fasteners around the rings and the pipe elements. The segments include working surfaces configured to engage with receiving surfaces of the rings. The working and receiving surfaces are designed such that engagement between the surfaces prevents rotation between the joined rings and pipe elements. Optionally, the receiving surfaces extend along a chord of each ring.

[0069] FIG. 1 illustrates an exemplary joint 10 for joining first and second pipe elements 12 and 14 while also preventing relative rotation of the pipe elements 12, 14 about a coaxial longitudinal axis 16. As shown in FIG. 1, the joint 10 includes a first ring 18 attachable to the end of the first pipe element 12 and a second ring 20 attachable to the end of the second pipe element 14. Attachment of the rings 18 and 20 to the respective pipe elements 12 and 14 can be effected by welding, although other attachment means are also possible. As shown in FIGS. 1A and 2, the joint 10 encloses a central space 40. As shown in FIG. 1A, the ends of the pipe elements 12, 14 can abut one another within the central space 40. During rotation of the pipe elements 12, 14, the end-to-end contact of the pipe elements 12, 14 can provide frictional resistance to twisting. Torsional friction resistance may prevent or limit rotational slippage between the pipe elements 12, 14. Additionally, end-to-end contact of the pipe elements 12, 14 may provide a smooth internal transition between the pipe elements 12, 14, thereby minimizing turbulence and leading edge wear.

[0070] As shown in Figures 7 and 9, the first ring 18 defines a first groove 22 extending circumferentially around the ring 18. As shown in Figure 11, the first ring 18 also defines one or more notches, in this example, four notches 24, 25, 26, and 27, adjacent the first groove 22. The notches 24, 25, 26, and 27 may be disposed 90° from one another around the first ring 18. Each notch 24, 25, 26, and 27 may include first and second receiving surfaces 28, 29 extending inwardly toward the central space 40 and a third receiving surface 37 extending laterally between the first and second receiving surfaces 28, 29. Optionally, the third receiving surface 37 may extend perpendicular or substantially perpendicular (e.g., within 10 degrees of perpendicular) to the first and second receiving surfaces 28, 29. Optionally, the first and second receiving surfaces 28, 29 may extend along respective chords of the first ring 18, the chords extending through the central space 40. Optionally, the first and second receiving surfaces 28, 29 may taper inwardly toward each other as they approach the third receiving surface 37.

[0071] In this exemplary embodiment, the second ring 20 is identical to the first ring 18 and defines a second groove 30 extending circumferentially around the second ring, as shown in Figures 8 and 10. Like the first ring 18, the second ring 20 defines one or more notches 32, 33, 34, and 35 adjacent the second groove 30 (see Figure 12), which may be disposed 90 degrees from one another around the second ring 20. The notches 32, 33, 34, and 35 again include first and second receiving surfaces 28, 29 extending inwardly toward the central space 40, and a third receiving surface 37 extending laterally between the first and second receiving surfaces 28, 29. Optionally, the third receiving surface 37 may extend perpendicular or substantially perpendicular (e.g., within 10 degrees of perpendicular) to the first and second receiving surfaces 28, 29. Optionally, the first and second receiving surfaces 28, 29 may extend along respective chords of the second ring 20, the chords extending through the central space 40. Optionally, the first and second receiving surfaces 28, 29 may taper inward toward each other as they approach the third receiving surface 37. The rings 18 and 20 are not limited to four notches; more or fewer notches arranged in pairs at angular intervals around the rings are both feasible. Optionally, the rings 18, 20 may include flat portions 21 to provide flat reference points for the pipe elements 12, 14 for consistent horizontal placement during assembly. In this example, flat portion 21 may be positioned directly adjacent notches 32, 33, 34, 35, as shown in FIGS.

[0072] As shown in FIGS. 1-6, coupling 10 also includes first and second segments 36 and 38 that are attachable end-to-end and surround a central space 40. As shown in FIG. 13, first segment 36 includes first and second keys 42 and 44, which in this example take the form of arcuate projections that extend longitudinally along the first segment and project toward central space 40. First and second keys 42 and 44 are in a spaced apart relationship and are spaced to engage first and second grooves 22 and 30 defined in first and second rings 18 and 20 when the rings are positioned within central space 40, as shown in FIGS.

[0073] The second segment 38 may be identical to the first segment 36, as in the exemplary joint embodiment 10 shown in FIG. 1, and includes first and second keys 46, 48 extending longitudinally along the second segment 38 and projecting toward the central space 40, as shown in FIGS. 3 and 6. The first and second keys 46 and 48 on the second segment 38 are in a spaced apart relationship and are spaced to engage first and second grooves 22 and 30 defined in the first and second rings 18 and 20 when the rings are positioned within the central space 40, as shown in FIGS. 5 and 6.

[0074] As shown in FIGS. 13, 15, and 17, the first segment 36 includes first and second protrusions 60, 62 extending transversely relative to the first and second keys 42, 44. Optionally, the first and second protrusions 60, 62 extend perpendicular or substantially perpendicular (e.g., within 10 degrees of perpendicular) relative to the first and second keys 42, 44. As shown in FIGS. 2 and 5, the first and second protrusions 60, 62 are positioned to engage first notches 24, 32 defined in the first and second rings 18 and 20 when the rings are positioned within the central space 40. As shown in FIGS. 14, 16, and 18, the second segment 38 includes first and second protrusions 64, 66 extending transversely relative to the first and second keys 46, 48. Optionally, the first and second protrusions 64, 66 extend perpendicular or substantially perpendicular (e.g., within 10 degrees of perpendicular) to the first and second keys 46, 48. As shown in FIG. 5 , the first and second protrusions 64, 66 of the second segment 38 are positioned to engage second notches 25, 33 defined in the first and second rings 18 and 20 when the rings are positioned within the central space 40. As shown in FIGS. 13-18 , each of the protrusions 60, 62, 64, 66 may include first and second working surfaces 72, 74 extending outwardly away from the respective first and second keys 42, 44, 46, 48 and a third working surface 76 extending laterally between the first and second working surfaces 72, 74. Optionally, the third working surface 76 may extend perpendicular or substantially perpendicular (e.g., within 10 degrees of perpendicular) between the first and second working surfaces 72, 74. As shown in Figures 2, 4, and 5, the first and second working surfaces 72, 74 may be configured to engage the first and second receiving surfaces 28, 29, respectively. Advantageously, the first and second working surfaces 72, 74 are oriented to match the orientation of the first and second receiving surfaces 28, 29, respectively, and to optimize contact and engagement between the working surfaces 72, 74 and the receiving surfaces 28, 29. Optionally, the third working surface 76 may be configured to engage the third receiving surface 37.Engagement between the first and second working surfaces 72, 74 and the first and second receiving surfaces 28 and 29, respectively, prevents rotation of the first and second pipe elements 12 and 14 relative to one another about the longitudinal axis 16. Engagement between the first and second working surfaces 72, 74 and the first and second receiving surfaces 28 and 29 may transmit torque through the pipe elements 12, 14 with reduced relative slippage.

[0075] Each notch 24, 25, 26, 27 in the first ring 18 may be configured to receive a first protrusion 60 of the first segment 36 and a first protrusion 64 of the second segment 38, and each notch 32, 33, 34, 35 in the second ring 20 may be configured to receive a second protrusion 62 of the first segment 36 and a second protrusion 66 of the second segment 38. The use of multiple paired notches on each ring 18 and 20 allows for effective mechanical engagement between the segments 36 and 38 and the rings 18, 20 and also allows the pipe elements 12, 14 to which the rings 18, 20 are attached to be rotated or "clocked" relative to the segments 36 and 38 through an angular interval about the pipe element longitudinal axis 16 as defined by the number of paired notches. In this example, the pipe elements may be clocked through 90° intervals consistent with the 90° angular separation between the paired notches. The ability to clock the pipe elements allows the pipe elements to be rotated while maintaining the orientation of the joint segments 36 and 38, distributing abrasive wear more evenly on their inner surfaces (thereby increasing the useful life of the pipe elements). This can be advantageous if the joint 10 is disconnected at the end of the section to be clocked, as it allows convenient access to the fasteners connecting the segments after repeated clocking of the pipe elements, which may not be possible if the segments are rotated along with the pipe elements as they are clocked.

[0076] 1 and 2, the first segment 36 includes first and second mounting members 50 and 52 positioned at opposite ends thereof. The second segment 38 also includes first and second mounting members 54 and 56 positioned at opposite ends thereof. The first mounting member 50 on the first segment 36 is engageable with the first mounting member 54 on the second segment 38. Similarly, the second mounting member 52 on the first segment 36 is engageable with the second mounting member 56 on the second segment 38. The mounting members attach the first segment 36 and the second segment 38 to one another.

[0077] In the exemplary embodiment, each mounting member 50, 52, 54, 56 includes a lug 80 (see FIGS. 13 and 14 ) that defines first and second holes 82 and 84 in spaced-apart relationship. Each hole is adapted to receive an adjustable fastener 61 for attaching the first mounting member 50 on the first segment 36 to the first mounting member 54 on the second segment 38, and for attaching the second mounting member 52 on the first segment 36 to the second mounting member 56 on the second segment 38. As shown in FIGS. 2 and 4 , at least one adjustable fastener 61 may extend through the first mounting members 50, 54 of the first and second segments 36, 38, and at least one adjustable fastener 61 may extend through the second mounting members 52, 56 of the first and second segments 36, 38. Tightening of the adjustable fastener 61 may draw the segments 36, 38 together around the pipe elements 12, 14, as shown in Figures 1 and 1A. As shown in Figure 2, upon tightening of the adjustable fastener 61, a space may remain between the stop surface 53 of the first segment 36 and the stop surface 53 of the second segment 38. As shown in Figure 1A, tightening of the adjustable fastener 61 results in engagement of the first keys 42, 46 of the first and second segments 36, 38 with the first grooves 22 and engagement of the second keys 44, 48 of the first and second segments 36, 38 with the second grooves 30.

[0078] Optionally, in the exemplary embodiment, engagement of the first keys 42, 46 with the first groove 22 and the second keys 44, 48 with the second groove may provide a wedge effect on the ends of the pipe elements 12, 14, driving the ends of the pipe elements 12, 14 toward each other. Advantageously, the wedge effect may pre-compress the pipe ends, thereby creating a rigid joint 10 with no gap between the rings 18, 20 and the segments 36, 38, clamping the butt ends of the pipe elements 12, 14 together. The pre-compressed pipe-to-pipe interface may remain closed (i.e., zero gap between the pipe elements 12, 14) even under the influence of axial pressure. Optionally, the interface may remain closed even under axial pressure and / or other loads up to at least 750 psi. A coupling 10 according to the present disclosure may include structural components that prevent rotation of the pipe elements relative to one another, create a wedge effect on the ends of the pipe elements, or both.

[0079] As shown in FIG. 4 , the first and second mounting members 50, 52 of the first segment 36 may be positioned on the first segment 36 at a distance L1 from the top of the first segment 36. The first and second mounting members 54, 56 of the second segment 38 may be positioned on the second segment 38 at a distance L2 from the top of the second segment 38. As shown in FIG. 4 , the holes 82, 84 in the lugs 80 of the first and second segments 36, 38 are coaxially disposed with the respective adjustable fasteners 61 extending along a first axis 85. The first axis 85 is positioned a distance L3 from a first plane 102. The first plane 102 includes the longitudinal axis 16 and extends perpendicular to a second plane 103, which includes the longitudinal axis 16 and extends perpendicular to the first axis 85. Each of distances L1 and L2 can be between 8 inches and 20 inches, depending on the diameter of the joint. It is advantageous to minimize L1 and L2 and reduce L3, thereby reducing bending in attachment members 50, 52, 54, 56 and adjustable fastener 61. Optionally, with reference to FIGS. 4A and 6, to reduce bending in attachment members 50, 52, 54, 56 and fastener 61, at least a portion of each first axis 85 can be positioned no more than the diameter of fastener 61 from a point on the circumference of circle 110 defined by center of gravity 106 of first segment 36 and center of gravity 108 of second segment 38. As shown in FIG. 6, center of gravity 106 of first segment 36 and center of gravity 108 of second segment 38 are the area centroids of the exposed surfaces of segments 36, 38 resulting from cutting plane line 6-6 shown in FIGS. 4 and 4A. The cutting plane line 6-6 extends through the longitudinal axis 16. The cutting plane line 6-6 may extend through the longitudinal axis 16, through the first segment 36 between the first and second protrusions 60, 62 and the first mounting member 50, and through the second segment 38 between the first and second protrusions 64, 66 and the second mounting member 56. The cutting plane line 6-6 may extend through the longitudinal axis 16, through the first segment 36 between the first and second mounting members 50, 52, and through the second segment 38 between the first and second mounting members 54, 56 at a location that provides a minimum area of ​​exposed surface of the segments 36, 38.The angle 105 between the first plane 102 and the cutting plane line 6-6 can range from 5 to 80 degrees. Optionally, to reduce bending in the mounting members 50, 52, 54, 56 and fasteners 61, at least a portion of each first axis 85 can be positioned a distance equal to or less than the diameter of the respective hole 82, 84 from a point on the circumference of a circle 110 defined by the centroid 106 of the first segment 36 and the centroid 108 of the second segment 38. Optionally, to reduce bending in the mounting members 50, 52, 54, 56 and fasteners 61, the distance between a point on each first axis 85 and the longitudinal axis 16 is equal to or less than the radius plus the diameter of the respective hole 82, 84, where the radius is equal to the radius of the circle 110 defined by the centroid 106 of the first segment 36 and the centroid 108 of the second segment 38. Optionally, to reduce bending in the mounting members 50, 52, 54, 56 and fasteners 61, the distance between a point on each first axis 85 and the longitudinal axis 16 is less than or equal to the radius plus the diameter of the fasteners 61, where the radius is equal to the radius of a circle 110 defined by the center of gravity 106 of the first segment 36 and the center of gravity 108 of the second segment 38. Optionally, to reduce bending in the mounting members 50, 52, 54, 56 and fasteners 61, each first axis 85 is a first distance from an inner edge of the respective lug 80 closest to the central space 40 and a second distance from an outer edge of the respective lug 80 farthest from the central space 40. The ratio of the first distance to the second distance may be between 0.333 and 0.5.

[0080] As shown in FIGS. 15 and 16 , each segment 36, 38 may include a stop surface 53 at each end. When the adjustable fastener 61 is tightened, at least a portion of the stop surface 53 of the first segment 36 may abut at least a portion of the stop surface 53 of the second segment 38. Alternatively, when the adjustable fastener 61 is tightened, a gap may exist between the stop surface 53 of the first segment 36 and the stop surface 53 of the second segment 38. As shown in FIGS. 15 and 16 , each stop surface 53 may include a recessed portion 55. As shown in FIG. 4 , when the segments 36, 38 are pulled together, the recessed portion 55 of each of the stop surfaces 53 may define a slot 57 adapted to receive a tool, such as a crowbar or flange spreader, that can be used to pry open the joint 10, if needed. Optionally, a tool, such as a gauge, may be used to measure the slot 57 and verify proper installation.

[0081] As shown in FIGS. 15 and 16 , each segment 36, 38 may include multiple openings 94 a-c, which may be used to assemble the coupling 10 as described herein. In this example shown in FIGS. 15 and 16 , the openings 94 a-c may extend through one or more gussets 96 connected to the segments 36, 38. The openings 94 a-c may be located at different locations around the circumference of the segments 36, 38 and provide attachment points for equipment to lift the coupling 10 and rotate the pipeline section. The standard lifting openings 94 a may be located where they are advantageous for lifting the segments 36, 38 in an orientation that allows the fasteners 61 to be inserted vertically into the holes 82, 84. The rotation openings 94 b may be located on thicker sections of the segments 36, 38 and may be of larger diameter than the lifting openings 94 a so that they may be used to rotate the pipeline segment once the coupling 10 is fully installed. A clamshell opening 94c may advantageously be located between the stop surface 53 and the mounting members 50, 52, 54, 56 to aid in the installation of the coupling 10 using a sling and to allow the fastener 61 to be inserted horizontally into the holes 82, 84. The clamshell opening 94c may be positioned such that the fastener 61 can be easily inserted into the holes 82, 84 while attached to the lifting equipment and without interference from the lifting equipment, such as shackles and / or slings.

[0082] As shown in FIG. 13 , the first segment 36 defines a first channel 88 positioned between the first and second keys 42 and 44 on the first segment. The channel 88 extends longitudinally along the first segment 36. As shown in FIG. 14 , the second segment 38 defines a second channel 90 positioned between the first and second keys 46, 48 on the second segment 38. The second channel 90 extends longitudinally along the second segment 38. As shown in FIG. 6 , a seal 92 is received in the first and second channels 88 and 90. The seal 92 is engageable with the first and second rings 18 and 20 to provide a fluid-tight joint between the pipe elements 12 and 14.

[0083] 19-24 illustrate an exemplary method of assembling the coupling 10 disclosed herein. The method of assembling the coupling 10 disclosed herein may also be referred to as a "clamshelling" or "clamshell" method. As shown in FIG. 19, the method includes positioning a first ring 18 and a second ring 20 (first ring 18 is shown) end-to-end. The method may further include installing a seal 92 around the first and second rings 18, 20 such that the seal 92 covers a seam formed between the end-to-end facing first and second rings 18, 20 (shown in FIGS. 5 and 6). As shown in FIG. 19, the method includes elevating the first and second segments 36, 38 adjacent the first mounting member 50 of the first segment 36 and the first mounting member 54 of the second segment 38 so that they are positioned end-to-end and surrounding the central space 40. Optionally, the first and second segments 36, 38 may be lifted at a location between the first attachment member 50 of the first segment 36 and the stop surface 53 of the first segment 36, and at a location between the first attachment member 54 of the second segment 38 and the stop surface 53 of the second segment 38. The first and second segments 36, 38 may be lifted at a point between the first attachment member 50 of the first segment 36 and the first attachment member 54 of the second segment 38. Optionally, the first and second segments 36, 38 may be lifted via a sling 100 attached to a shackle connected to the first and second segments 36, 38 through the clamshell opening 94c. The sling 100 may be connected to a lifting device, such as a crane. As shown in FIG. 19, the location of the clamshell opening 94c may advantageously cause the opposite ends of the first and second segments 36, 38 proximate the second mounting members 52, 56 to hang closer together than the ends proximate the lifting location. Optionally, as shown in FIG. 19, the second mounting members 52, 56 The ends of the first and second segments 36, 38 closest to each other may contact each other.

[0084] 20 and 21 , the method includes pulling the first and second segments 36, 38 away from each other and lowering the first and second segments 36, 38 over the first and second rings 18, 20 until the first and second rings 18, 20 are positioned within the central space 40. As shown in FIG. 21 , once the first and second segments 36, 38 are fully lowered over the rings 18, 20 and the rings 18, 20 are positioned within the central space 40, the opposite ends of the first and second segments 36, 38 proximate the second mounting members 52, 56 may return to their position close together or substantially return to their position close together, thereby allowing for easy insertion of the fastener 61. Due to the location of the lift point, and more specifically, the location of the clamshell opening 94c, the opposite ends may return to a relatively close together position without having to manually force the segments 36, 38 together to insert the fastener 61.

[0085] 22 , the method includes attaching the second attachment member 52 of the first segment 36 and the second attachment member 56 of the second segment 38 via fasteners 61. The method includes attaching the first attachment member 50 of the first segment 36 and the first attachment member 54 of the second segment 38 via fasteners 61. Optionally, after the second attachment members 52, 56 are attached, the sling 100 can again be lifted, forcing the ends proximate the lifting point together, allowing the fasteners 61 to be simply installed to attach the first attachment members 50, 54. After the fasteners 61 are installed, the sling 100 can be removed.

[0086] 23 and 24 , the method includes rotating the attached first and second segments 36, 38 about the first and second rings 18, 20 until the first and second protrusions 60, 62 of the first segment 36 align with the first notch 24 in the first ring 18 and the first notch 32 in the second ring 20, respectively. The method may include rotating the attached first and second segments 36, 38 about the first and second rings 18, 20 until the first and second protrusions 64, 66 of the second segment 38 align with the second notch 25 in the first ring 18 and the second notch 33 in the second ring 20, respectively. The partially assembled coupling 10 may be rotated about the rings 18, 20 to advantageously orient the fastener 61 vertically. In this position, the fasteners 61 can be more easily fully tightened. During rotation, the third working surfaces 76 can slide on the outer surfaces 19 of the rings 18, 20. The outer surfaces 19 of the rings 18, 20, which extend between the notches, can provide pilot surfaces for the third working surfaces 76 of the protrusions to ride on and stabilize and guide the segments 36, 38, providing space between the segments and the seals 92 as they are rotated relative to the rings 18, 20 and pipe elements. The outer surfaces 19 have a diameter larger than the outer diameter of the seals 92, thereby creating a gap or space between the channels 88, 90 and the seals 92. The gap or space between the channels 88, 90 and the seals 92 can prevent rotation of the segments 36, 38 from damaging or displacing the seals 92. Additionally, the gap or space may reduce friction between the seal 92 and the segments 36,38, allowing the segments 36,38 to rotate more easily around the rings 18,20.

[0087] As shown in FIG. 4 , once the protrusions 60, 62, 64, 66 are in place, the method may include tightening the fastener 61 until the first and second protrusions 60, 62 of the first segment 36 engage the first notch 24 in the first ring 18 and the first notch 32 in the second ring 20, respectively. Upon tightening the fastener 61, the first and second protrusions 64, 66 of the second segment 38 engage the second notch 25 in the first ring 18 and the second notch 33 in the second ring 20, respectively. Tightening the fastener 61 may also result in engagement of the keys 42, 44, 46, 48 of the segments 36, 38 with the grooves 22, 30 in the rings 18, 20. Upon tightening the fastener 61, the first channel 88 and the second channel 90 may receive the seal 92. Upon tightening of fastener 61, first channel 88 and second channel 90 are drawn toward rings 18, 20 and seal 92 is positioned around rings 18, 20. As channels 88, 90 are drawn toward rings 18, 20 and seal 92, seal 92 may be positioned within channels 88, 90.

[0088] 25 and 26 illustrate an exemplary coupling 210 for joining first and second pipe elements 212 and 214 while also preventing relative rotation of the pipe elements about a coaxial longitudinal axis 216. As shown in FIG. 25, the coupling 210 includes a first ring 218 attachable to an end of the first pipe element 212 and a second ring 220 attachable to an end of the second pipe element 214. Attachment of the rings 218 and 220 to the respective pipe elements 212 and 214 can be effected by welding, although other attachment means are also possible. As shown in FIGS. 28 and 30, the first ring 218 defines a first groove 222 extending circumferentially around the ring. As shown in FIG. 28, the first ring 218 also defines one or more receiving surfaces, in this example, four receiving surfaces 224, 225, 226, and 227. Each receiving surface 224, 225, 226, and 227 extends across a respective portion of first ring 218 adjacent first groove 222. In this exemplary embodiment, receiving surfaces 224, 225, 226, and 227 include a flat surface 228, with each flat surface extending along a chord of ring 218. The receiving surfaces are disposed 90° from each other around first ring 218. In this exemplary embodiment, second ring 220 is identical to first ring 218 and defines a second groove 230 extending circumferentially around the second ring, as shown in FIGS. 29 and 30 . Similar to ring 218, four receiving surfaces 232, 233, 234, and 235 extend across respective portions of second ring 220 (see FIG. 28), again each comprising a flat surface 228 extending along a chord of ring 220. The receiving surfaces are arranged at 90° from each other around second ring 220. Rings 218 and 220 are not limited to four receiving surfaces; either more or fewer surfaces arranged in pairs at angular intervals around the ring are feasible.

[0089] As shown in Figures 25 and 26, the coupling portion 210 also includes first and second segments 236 and 238, which are attachable end-to-end to surround a central space 240. As shown in Figures 27 and 30, the first segment 236 includes first and second keys 242 and 244, which in this example take the form of arcuate projections that extend lengthwise along the first segment and project toward the central space 240. The first and second keys 242 and 244 are in a spaced apart relationship and are spaced to engage first and second grooves 222 and 230 defined in the first and second rings 218 and 220 when the rings are positioned within the central space 240, as shown in Figure 30.

[0090] The second segment 238 is connected to the first segment 238 as in the exemplary joint embodiment 210 shown in FIG. 236 27 and 30, with first and second keys 246, 248 extending longitudinally along second segment 238 and projecting toward central space 240. First and second keys 246 and 248 on second segment 238 are in a spaced apart relationship and are spaced to engage first and second grooves 222 and 230 defined in first and second rings 218 and 220 when the rings are positioned within central space 240, as shown in FIG.

[0091] 25 and 26, the first segment 236 includes first and second mounting members 250 and 252 positioned at opposite ends thereof. The second segment 238 also includes first and second mounting members 254 and 256 positioned at opposite ends thereof. The first mounting member 250 on the first segment 236 is engageable with the first mounting member 254 on the second segment 238. Similarly, the second mounting member 252 on the first segment 236 is engageable with the second mounting member 256 on the second segment 238, the mounting members attaching the first segment 236 and the second segment 238 to one another. 25 and 27 , the first mounting member 250 on the first segment 236 defines a first working surface 258 engageable with a first one of the receiving surfaces 224 on the first ring 218 when the first and second rings 218 and 220 are within the central space 240, and a second working surface 260 in a spaced-apart relationship with the first working surface 258 and engageable with a second one of the receiving surfaces 232 (not visible) on the second ring 220. The engagement between the working surfaces 258, 260 and the receiving surfaces 224 and 232, respectively, prevents rotation of the first and second pipe elements 212 and 214 relative to one another about the longitudinal axis 216.

[0092] It may be advantageous to have multiple working surfaces that engage respective receiving surfaces. Thus, as shown in Figures 25, 26, and 27, in an exemplary embodiment, the first mounting member 254 on the second segment 238 includes a third working surface 262 engageable with the first receiving surface 224 on the first ring 218 and a fourth working surface 264 in a spaced-apart relationship with the third working surface 262 and engageable with the second receiving surface 232 (not visible) on the second ring 220. It may also be advantageous if the working surfaces engage receiving surfaces on opposite sides of the rings 218 and 220. Thus, as shown in Figures 28 and 29, a third one of the receiving surfaces 226 extends over a portion of the first ring 218 adjacent the first groove 222, and a fourth one of the receiving surfaces 234 extends over a portion of the second ring 220 adjacent the second groove 230. 26 and 27, the second mounting member 252 on the first segment 236 includes a fifth working surface 266 that is engageable with the third receiving surface 226 on the first ring 218 shown in FIGS. 26 and 28. As shown in FIG. 27, a sixth working surface 268 is in a spaced-apart relationship with the fifth working surface 266 and is engageable with a fourth one of the receiving surfaces 234 on the second ring 220 shown in FIG. 29. As shown in FIGS. 26 and 27, the second mounting member 256 on the second segment 238 includes a seventh working surface 270 that is engageable with the third receiving surface 226 on the first ring 218 and an eighth working surface 272 that is in a spaced-apart relationship with the seventh working surface 270 and is engageable with the fourth receiving surface 234 on the second ring 220 (see FIG. 29).

[0093] For compatibility and effective engagement between the working surface and the receiving surface, as mentioned above, the receiving surface 2 24, 225, 226, and 227, and 232, 233, 234, andIt is advantageous if 235 comprises a flat surface 228, each flat surface extending along a chord of rings 218 and 220. For advantageous mating engagement to prevent relative rotation between pipe elements 212 and 214 about longitudinal axis 216, in this exemplary embodiment, first to eighth working surfaces 258, 260, 262, 264, 266, 268, 270, and 272 also comprise flat surfaces 274 capable of mating engagement with their respective receiving surfaces.

[0094] 26 and 27, in this exemplary embodiment, for each working surface, a first portion 276 of the working surface is oriented at an angle relative to a second portion 278 of the working surface. The angular orientation of first portion 276 serves as a lead-in for guiding rings 218 and 220 into segments 236 and 238 when coupling 210 is assembled.

[0095] The receiving surfaces on each ring 218 and 220 work in opposing pairs to engage the eight working surfaces of segments 236 and 238. It is advantageous to include multiple paired receiving surfaces on each ring 218 and 220. In this example, two sets of paired receiving surfaces are on ring 218 (i.e., paired receiving surfaces 224 and 226, paired receiving surfaces 225 and 227). Similarly, ring 220 includes paired receiving surfaces 232 and 234 and paired receiving surfaces 233 and 235. The use of multiple paired receiving surfaces on each ring 218 and 220 allows for effective mechanical engagement between segments 236 and 238 and the rings, and also allows the pipe element to which the rings are attached to be rotated or "clocked" relative to segments 236 and 238 about the pipe element longitudinal axis over an angular interval defined by the number of paired receiving surfaces. In this example, the pipe elements can be clocked over 90° intervals consistent with the 90° angular separation between the paired receiving surfaces. The ability to clock the pipe elements allows them to be rotated while maintaining the orientation of the joint segments 236 and 238, distributing abrasive wear more evenly on their inner surfaces (thereby increasing the useful life of the pipe elements). This is advantageous because it allows convenient access to the fasteners connecting the segments after repeated clocking of the pipe elements, which may not be possible if the segments are rotated along with the pipe elements when clocked.

[0096] In the exemplary embodiment, each mounting member 250, 252, 254, and 256 includes a lug 280 (see FIGS. 25 and 26 ) that defines first and second holes 282 and 284 in spaced apart relation. Each hole is adapted to receive an adjustable fastener 286 for attaching the first mounting member 250 on the first segment 236 to the first mounting member 254 on the second segment 238, and the second mounting member 252 on the first segment 236 to the second mounting member 256 on the second segment 238.

[0097] It is considered advantageous to minimize the distance between the neutral axis of the cross section of the segments and a point, such as the centerline, on the cross section of the fastener used to attach the segments to one another. Minimizing this distance reduces the bending moment exerted on the fastener due to internal pressure within the ring, which tends to separate the segments forming the pipe joint. A smaller bending moment allows for various design tradeoffs, such as the use of smaller diameter fasteners, less expensive fasteners made of lower strength material, or increased pressure load capacity for a given fastener and joint combination. Prior art connections are limited in their ability to locate the fastener centerline near the neutral axis of the connection segment due to the size of the fasteners and their heads (such as bolt heads or nuts) and the need to provide clearance access for the fasteners and the tools used to install the fasteners.

[0098] Figure 26A illustrates another way of defining advantageous attachment configurations. In this example, the relationship between the radius of a convenient point on the key and the distance from that point on the key to a convenient point on the fastener, measured along the diameter of one of the rings (18, 20), is used as a surrogate measure for minimizing the distance between the neutral axis of the segment and the fastener, independent of the specific cross-section of the joint. As shown by example in Figure 26A, the distance K (measured along the diameter line of the ring 218) is toThe distance K (measured along the axis 239 between point 289 midway between root 291 on key 246 and free end 293 of key 246 and point 295 on centerline 297 of fastener 286) can be compared to distance R by dividing distance K by distance R (between point 289 and the center of curvature of key 246 at axis 239). This ratio represents the relative proximity of the bolt to the key in terms of the radius of the key (and therefore, generally, the pipes to be joined). This is expected to provide an advantage when the ratio of R / K is greater than 23, and even when the ratio is greater than 5, such as 5-6.

[0099] Another example of defining an advantageous configuration for pipe joint segments is shown in Figure 26B. In this example, the attachment members on segments 236 and 238 (attachment members 256 and 258 on segment 238 are shown) span a relatively large angular portion of each segment (the angle is determined by the key 242, 244 (segment 236), 246 , and 248 (Segment 238 but axis that is the center of curvature for 239 (Measured from the center of the key 246). The flared angle 241 for mounting members 250, 252, 254, and 256 (254 and 256 are shown) ranges from 15° to about 35° (a flared angle of 25° is considered advantageous). In this example, the relatively large flared angle provided by mounting members 256 and 258 allows centerline 283 of fastener 286 to be positioned relatively close to key 246 because bearing surfaces 257 on mounting members 256 and 258 are advantageously located away from mating plane 245. This positioning is advantageous because the clearance between the outer surface of segment 238 and nut 247 of fastener 286 increases as bearing surface 257 moves further away from plane 245.

[0100] As shown in Figures 27 and 30, the first segment 236 defines a first channel 288 positioned between the first and second keys 242 and 244 on the first segment. The channel 288 extends longitudinally along the first segment 236. The second segment 238 defines a second channel 290 positioned between the first and second keys 246, 248 on the second segment 238. The second channel 290 extends longitudinally along the second segment 238. As shown in Figure 30, a seal 292 is received within the first and second channels 288 and 290. The seal 292 is engageable with the first and second rings 218 and 220 to provide a fluid-tight joint between the pipe elements 212 and 214.

[0101] It is anticipated that a pipe connection in accordance with the present invention may eliminate various disadvantages associated with rotating pipeline sections, thereby improving the efficiency and safety of such operations.

[0102] (Rotary joint) Also disclosed herein are exemplary rotational couplings configured to join pipe elements together and allow rotation of the pipe elements relative to one another.

[0103] 31-33 illustrate an exemplary embodiment of a coupling 310 that allows rotation of pipe elements 312, 314 about their longitudinal axis 316 in accordance with the present invention. As shown in detail in FIG. 32 , the exemplary coupling 310 includes a first ring 318 that is attachable to a first one of the pipe elements and includes a first collar 320 that extends circumferentially around the first ring and projects outwardly therefrom. The first collar 320 defines a bearing surface 322 and a retaining surface 324 that are disposed opposite each other. The surfaces 322 and 324 are oriented transversely relative to a first ring axis 326 that is coaxial with the first ring 318. Optionally, the surfaces 322 and 324 are oriented perpendicular or substantially perpendicular (e.g., within 10 degrees of perpendicular) to the first ring axis 326. The first ring 318 may also include a liner 319 that acts as a sacrificial wear surface and protects the first ring against abrasion. The liner 319 may be formed from or include an abrasion-resistant material such as steel, chromium carbide, and urethane, to name a few, and the liner is replaceable, allowing the ring to be reused.

[0104] The housing 328 defines a through bore 330 surrounding a longitudinal axis 332 that is coaxial with the bore. The housing 328 has a first end 334 and a second end 336 that are oppositely disposed from one another. The housing 328 has a length extending along the longitudinal axis 332 between the first end 334 and the second end 336. The first end 334 of the housing 328 is adapted to coaxially receive the first ring 318 within the housing bore 330. In this exemplary embodiment, the housing includes a first shoulder 338 positioned distal to the first end 334 of the housing (e.g., spaced from the first end 334 in a direction moving toward the second end 336 of the housing 328). A first shoulder 338 may be positioned between the first end 334 and a midpoint of the housing 328 between the first and second ends 334 and 336. The first shoulder 338 projects toward the longitudinal axis 332 and is oriented transversely thereto. Optionally, the first shoulder 338 is oriented perpendicular or substantially perpendicular (e.g., within 10 degrees of perpendicular) to the longitudinal axis 332. A first channel 340 extends circumferentially around the housing 328 and faces the longitudinal axis 332. The first channel 340 is positioned proximate the first end 334 of the housing 328 in spaced-apart relationship to the first shoulder 338 (e.g., the first channel 340 may be positioned within 10-15% of the length of the housing from the first end 334). Optionally, first channel 340 may be positioned between first shoulder 338 and first end 334. A first retaining ring 342 may be positionable within first channel 340. An exemplary retaining ring 342 suitable for use in the present invention is commercially available from Smalley USA, located in Lake Zurich, Illinois. Retaining ring 342 operates similarly to a snap ring, fitting within bore 330 and then expanding radially outward to engage channel 340. First retaining ring 342 protrudes into bore 330 toward housing longitudinal axis 332.

[0105] As shown in FIG. 32 , when the first ring 318 is received at its first end 334 within the bore 330 of the housing 328, the first collar 320 of the first ring 318 is positionable between the first shoulder 338 and the first channel 340 of the housing 328. A first retaining ring 342 is then positionable within the first channel 340. The bearing surface 322 of the collar 320 is engageable with the first shoulder 338, and the retaining surface 324 of the first collar is engageable with the first retaining ring 342. The first ring 318 is thereby axially retained within the housing 328, with the only resistance to relative rotation between the first ring 318 and the housing 328 about the housing longitudinal axis 332 being friction between the housing 328 and the first ring 318.

[0106] Because the coupling 310 according to the present invention is intended to allow relative rotation between the first ring 318 and the housing 328 (along with any pipe elements attached to the first ring (see FIG. 33 )), it is advantageous to position a first bearing 344 between the housing 328 and the first ring 318. In this example, the first bearing 344 is positioned distal to the first end 334 of the housing 328 (e.g., spaced from the first end 334 in a direction moving toward the second end 336 of the housing 328). The first bearing 344 may be positioned between the first shoulder 338 and a midpoint of the housing 328 between the first and second ends 334 and 336. To provide the ring 318 with two-point support for smooth rotation, a second bearing 346 is advantageously positioned between the housing 328 and the first ring 318. In this example, second bearing 346 is positioned between first collar 320 and the housing. By way of example, both first and second bearings 344 and 346 include first and second bearing rings 348 and 350, respectively, that extend circumferentially around bore 330. Both first and second bearing rings 348 and 350 are formed from a material having a lower coefficient of friction than either first ring 318 or housing 328. In a practical design, bearing rings 348 and 350 are formed from or include polytetrafluoroethylene due to the low-friction interface between housing 328 and first ring 318.

[0107] Additionally, one or more seals 352 are attached to the housing 328 and the first ring. 318 and a fluid-tight joint is provided between the first ring 318 and the housing. 32832, multiple seals are used, positioned not only distal to the first end 334 of the housing 328 but also between the housing and the first collar 320 (e.g., spaced from the first end 334 in a direction moving toward the second end 336 of the housing 328). Optionally, multiple seals may be positioned between the first shoulder 338 and a midpoint of the housing 328 between the first and second ends 334 and 336. In a practical design, the seals 352 may comprise O-rings or similar engineered seals 354 that are received in respective circumferential grooves 356 positioned in either the first ring 318 (including the first collar 320) or the housing 328 (shown). O-rings or similar engineered seals may be considered advantageous because they allow for relative rotation between the housing and the ring.

[0108] 31 and 32, to allow the first ring 318 to be conveniently coupled to the pipe element, the first ring includes a first external groove 358 extending circumferentially therearound. The external groove 358 is positioned outside the bore 330 of the housing 328 and receives a mating key from the mechanical coupling 360, as shown in FIG. 34, to join the first ring 318, and thus the coupling 310, to the first pipe element 312. Alternatively, the first ring 318 may include a flange and couple to a flanged pipe element, or may be joined to the first pipe element 312 by other means known in the art.

[0109] 32, the example coupling 310 may further include a second ring 362 attachable to a second one of the pipe elements. The second end 336 of the housing 328 is adapted to coaxially receive the second ring 362 within its bore 330 and is a mirror image of the first ring 318. The second ring 362 includes the same elements as the first ring 318, namely, a second ring axis 364 disposed coaxially with the second ring 362, and a second collar 366 extending circumferentially around the second ring 362 and projecting outwardly therefrom, the second collar 366 defining a bearing surface 368 and a retaining surface 370 disposed opposite one another, the surfaces 368 and 370 being in contact with the second ring 362 The first end 334 of the housing 328 is oriented transversely relative to the second ring axis 364, which is coaxially disposed with the first end 334 of the housing 328. Optionally, surfaces 368 and 370 are oriented perpendicular or substantially perpendicular (e.g., within 10 degrees of perpendicular) relative to the second ring axis 364. The second ring 362 may also include a sacrificial wear surface, such as liner 319 described above. Similarly, the housing 328 further includes a second shoulder 372 positioned distal to the second end 336 of the housing, the second shoulder projecting toward the longitudinal axis 332 of the housing and oriented transversely therewith (e.g., spaced from the second end 336 in a direction moving toward the first end 334 of the housing 328). Optionally, the second shoulder 372 is oriented perpendicular or substantially perpendicular (e.g., within 10 degrees of perpendicular) relative to the longitudinal axis 332 of the housing. A second shoulder 372 may be positioned between the second end 336 and a midpoint of the housing 328 between the first and second ends 334 and 336. A second channel 374 extends circumferentially around the housing 328 and faces the longitudinal axis 332, the second channel being positioned proximate the second end 336 of the housing 328 in spaced-apart relationship with the second shoulder 372 (e.g., the second channel 374 may be positioned within 10-15% of the length of the housing from the second end 336). Optionally, the second channel 374 may be positioned between the second shoulder 372 and the second end 336. A second retaining ring 376 may be positioned around the second channel 374. 3743. As with first ring 318, when second ring 362 is received in bore 330 at second end 336 of housing 328, second collar 366 is positionable between second shoulder 372 and second channel 374, second retaining ring 376 is then positionable in second channel 374, bearing surface 368 of second collar 366 is engageable with second shoulder 372, and retaining surface 370 of second collar 366 is engageable with second retaining ring 376, thereby retaining second ring 362 within housing 328.

[0110] An exemplary coupling 310 according to the present invention may include one or more additional seals 378 positioned between the housing 328 and the second ring 362. As shown in FIG. 32 , the seal 378 is positioned not only distal to the second end 336 of the housing 328, but also between the housing and the second collar 366 (e.g., spaced from the second end 336 in a direction moving toward the first end 334 of the housing 328). Optionally, the seal 378 may be positioned between the second shoulder 372 and a midpoint of the housing 328 between the first and second ends 334 and 336. The seal 378 may include an O-ring 380 received in a circumferential groove 382 positioned in one of the second ring 362 (including the second collar 366) or the housing 328 (shown).

[0111] To provide support and minimize friction between the second ring 362 and the housing 328, first and second bearings are positioned between the housing and the second ring. In this example, the first bearing 384 is positioned distal to the second end 336 of the housing 328, and the second bearing 386 is positioned between the second collar 366 and the housing 328 (e.g., spaced from the second end 336 in a direction moving toward the first end 334 of the housing 328). The first bearing 384 may be positioned between the second shoulder 372 and a midpoint of the housing 328 between the first and second ends 334 and 336. The bearings 384 and 386 may comprise first and second bearing rings 388 and 390, respectively, which extend circumferentially around the bore 330. Bearing rings 388 and 390 are advantageously formed from a material that has a lower coefficient of friction than either second ring 362 or housing 328. In a practical design, bearing rings 388 and 390 may be formed from or comprise polytetrafluoroethylene.

[0112] Like the first ring 318, the second ring 362 includes an external groove 392 extending circumferentially around its periphery. The external groove 392 of the second ring 362 is positioned outside the bore 330 of the housing 328, similar to the fitting shown in FIG. 34, and receives a mating key from a mechanical coupling similar to 360 to join the second ring 362, and thus the coupling 310, to the second pipe element 314 (see FIG. 33). Alternatively, the second ring 362 may include a flange and be joined to a flanged pipe element, or may be joined to the second pipe element 314 by other means known in the art.

[0113] FIG. 33 shows two example sections 396 and 398 of a pipeline 400. Sections 396 and 398 include pipe elements 312, 402, 404, 406, 408, and 314, 410, 412, 414, 416, respectively. Each pipe element may be as long as 50 feet, known as a "double random" length of pipe. Couplings 310 allow sections 396 and 398 to be rotated about their longitudinal axes 316 without disconnecting sections 396 and 398 from the pipeline 400 or each other. Couplings 310 that enable rotation about axis 316 are located at opposite ends of each section 396 and 398; a rotary joint using couplings 310 is shown in FIGS. 35 and 35A. Pipe elements 312 and 314 are joined to first and second rings 318 and 362, respectively, that make up coupling 310 using mechanical coupling 360, which prevents relative rotation between pipe element 312 and first ring 318, and between pipe element 314 and second ring 362. Connection between pipe elements 312, 314 and rings 318, 362 is effected when keys 420 of coupling 360 engage with outer grooves 358 (shown) and 392 of rings 318 (shown) and 362 (see also FIG. 31 ), and similar grooves 422 in pipe elements 312 (shown) and 314, as shown in FIG. 34. Non-rotational coupling 360 is also used to connect pipe elements of sections 396 and 398 to each other between coupling 310 for pipe elements 312 and 402, as shown in FIGS. 33 and 36. An exemplary first type of non-rotating coupling 361 is shown in Figures 35 and 36. An exemplary second type of non-rotating coupling 363 is shown in Figures 35A and 36A. Optionally, non-rotating coupling 361 can be coupling 10 or 210 shown in Figures 1-30. Note that pipe elements 312 and 314 cannot rotate relative to first and second rings 318 and 362, but the rings can rotate relative to housing 328. Thus, all five pipe elements making up each section 396 and 398 are rotationally fixed relative to each other, but each section 396, 398 can rotate as a single pipe between couplings 310.The coupling 310 thus allows the entire pipeline section comprising multiple pipe elements to be rotated or "clocked" as one, ensuring uniform wear on the inner surfaces of the pipe elements as abrasive media is transported.

[0114] FIG. 37 illustrates another coupling embodiment 424 according to the present invention. Coupling 424 differs from coupling 310 in that first ring 318 also includes a locking surface 426 positioned outside bore 330 of housing 328 in spaced relation to retention surface 324 (see FIG. 32 ). Locking surface 426 faces outward from bore axis 332. In a further difference, housing 328 includes a locking tab 428 projecting from first end 334 of the housing. Locking tab 428 is in spaced relation to locking surface 426 and defines a jamming surface 430 facing it. The locking body 432 is insertable between the locking surface 426 and the jamming surface 430 such that when the locking body 432 is positioned therebetween, the locking body 432 engages with both the locking surface 426 and the jamming surface 430, preventing relative rotation between the first ring 318 and the housing 328.

[0115] In the exemplary embodiment shown, locking surface 426 comprises a flat surface extending through the chord of first ring 318, and jamming surface 430 also comprises a flat surface on locking tab 428. In a practical exemplary embodiment, the locking body comprises a rod body with a flat surface and can engage the flat surfaces of jamming surface 430 and locking surface 426.

[0116] FIG. 38 illustrates another coupling embodiment 434, in which the first ring 318 includes a first locking surface 436 positioned outside the bore 330 in spaced-apart relation with the retention surface 324 (see FIG. 32 ). The first locking surface 436 faces away from the bore axis 332. The second locking surface 438 is positioned outside the bore 330 in spaced-apart relation with the retention surface 324, with the second locking surface also facing away from the bore axis 332. Similarly, the housing 328 includes a first locking tab 440 projecting from its first end 334. The first locking tab 440 is in spaced-apart relation with the first locking surface 436 and defines a first jamming surface 442 facing it. A second locking tab 444 projects from the first end 334 of the housing 328, the second locking tab being in a spaced relationship with and defining a second jamming surface 446 facing the second locking surface 438. A locking body 448 is insertable between the first locking surface 436 and the first jamming surface 442 and between the second locking surface 438 and the second jamming surface 446, such that when the locking body 448 is positioned therebetween, the locking body 448 engages the first and second locking surfaces 436, 438 and the first and second jamming surfaces 442, 446 to prevent relative rotation between the first ring 318 and the housing 328.

[0117] In the exemplary coupling embodiment 434, the locking surfaces 436, 438 comprise respective flat surfaces extending through respective chords of the first ring 318, and the jamming surfaces 442, 446 comprise respective flat surfaces on the first and second locking tabs 440 and 444. In this example, the locking tabs 440 and 444 are positioned opposite one another on the housing 328. This configuration allows the locking body 448 to comprise a fork 450 having a first tine 452 positionable between the first locking surface 436 and the first jamming surface 442, and a second tine 454 positionable between the second locking surface 438 and the second jamming surface 446.

[0118] 38A illustrates another coupling embodiment 464 in accordance with the present invention. Coupling 464 differs from coupling 310 in that first ring 318 also includes at least one notch 466 positioned outside bore 330 of housing 328 in spaced-apart relationship with retention surface 324 (see FIG. 32 ). Notch 466 faces away from bore axis 332. A locking body 468 is insertable into slot 470 in housing 328 and engages notch 466 such that locking body 468 engages both housing 328 and notch 466 to prevent relative rotation between first ring 318 and housing 328.

[0119] For all coupling embodiments 424, 434, 464, the housing and ring are substantially similar to the housing and ring of embodiment 310, except as described above. While the description is drawn, for example, to a first end of the housing of embodiments 424, 434, and 464, it should be understood that the opposite end of the housing may also have locking features as described herein (and shown in FIGS. 37, 38, and 38A). Additionally, coupling embodiments 424, 434, and 464 may have multiple locking surfaces that allow ring 318 to be repeatedly clocked about axis 332, more evenly distributing wear around the inner surface of the ring and the pipe element connected to it.

[0120] (Method of rotating a pipeline section) Further disclosed herein are methods for rotating pipeline segments. FIG. 39 illustrates a portion of an example pipeline 510 including multiple segments, with example segment 512 shown in detail. The methods disclosed herein allow for rotation of each segment, e.g., segment 512, without disconnecting the ends of each segment from adjacent segments. Segment 512 has a longitudinal axis 514 that is coaxial with the bore of the segment. Each segment 512 includes multiple pipe elements—in this example, three pipe elements 516, 518, and 520—joined end-to-end. The three elements comprising segment 512 are shown by way of example only; more or fewer pipe elements may comprise a segment. In a practical example, each pipe element may be on the order of 50 feet long; such an element is known as a “double random” length of pipe.

[0121] Segment 512 has a first end 522 connected to pipeline 510 by a first coupling 524. First coupling 524 allows rotation of segment 512 relative to pipeline 510 about longitudinal axis 514. Segment 512 has a second end 526 connected to pipeline 510 by a second coupling 528, which also allows rotation of segment 512 relative to pipeline 510 about longitudinal axis 514. In this exemplary embodiment, the first and second couplings are known as "couplings that allow rotation" (hereinafter "rotation couplings"). Rotation couplings 524 and 528 are identical to one another in this example and define the extent of segment 512. Optionally, rotation couplings 524 and 528 may be ... 528 can be the rotational couplings 310, 424, 434, or 464 disclosed herein and shown in Figures 31-38A.

[0122] In example section 512, pipe elements 516, 518, and 520 are connected to one another using "torsion resistant joints," two of which are shown in FIG. 39 and numbered as 530 and 532. Optionally, torsion resistant joints 530 and 532 can be torsion resistant joints 10 or 210 disclosed herein and shown in FIGS. 1-30. Torsion Resistant Joints 530 and 532 (described further herein) prevent relative rotation about longitudinal axis 514 between the pipe elements they connect. In this example, relative rotation about axis 514 is prevented between pipe elements 516, 518, and 520. When mechanical couplings having keys are used to connect pipe elements having circumferential grooves engaged by the keys, it is considered advantageous to prevent relative rotation between the pipe elements that make up the section. Grooved pipe elements connected by mechanical couplings rely heavily on friction between the coupling and the pipe elements to prevent relative rotation, and such mechanical couplings may not generate sufficient friction to prevent relative rotation of one pipe element with respect to another in all circumstances. Therefore, when torque is applied to one pipe element to rotate section 512, it cannot be guaranteed that all of the pipe elements will rotate, or that all of the pipe elements will rotate by the same amount as the pipe element to which torque is applied, unless torsion-resistant joints are used to connect all of the pipe elements 516, 518, and 520 that make up section 512.

[0123] 39-42A illustrate an example method for rotating a section 512 of a pipeline 510, the example method comprising: supporting the section 512 at a plurality of points 534, 536, 538 (FIGS. 39 and 40); Applying a first torque to the segment 512 about the longitudinal axis 514 at at least one point 540 between the first and second ends 522 and 526 of the segment 512 (FIGS. 39 and 41), thereby rotating the segment 512 through a first angular displacement 542 about the longitudinal axis 514 that is disposed coaxially with the bore 544 of the segment 512.

[0124] In practice, the method may be performed while the first and / or second ends 522, 526 of the section 512 are connected to the adjacent pipeline 510 via a rotary coupling.

[0125] In practice, the number and location of support points for section 512 will, of course, depend on the length of the section, along with other factors such as pipe diameter and topography, and may require other than those shown in the figure. In any event, support points should be located adjacent the first and second ends of the section (e.g., points 536), as well as between ends 522 and 526, as shown in FIG. 534 and 538 Optionally, the support points proximate the first and second ends of the segment may be located between the ends on the pipeline 510 and within 30 feet of the ends on the pipeline 510.

[0126] As illustrated in FIG. 40 , the supporting step can include lifting the section 512, for example, from a plurality of support scaffoldings 546. Lifting is an optional operation in the supporting step and may or may not be required depending on the size of the pipe elements comprising the section, the terrain on which the section is located, and the manner in which it is supported on-site. A specially tracked vehicle known as a “side boom” 548 is typically used to support, lift (when necessary), and torque the section 512, although the use of a crane or other lifting equipment known in the art is also feasible. As shown in FIGS. 39 and 40 , the step of lifting and supporting the section 512 includes using the plurality of side booms 548 to pull a plurality of lifting slings 550. Each of the lifting slings 550 is positioned at a respective one of the plurality of lifting / support points 534, 536, and 538. To lift and support the segments 512, each of the lifting slings 550 has a line of action 552 (see FIG. 40 ) aligned or substantially aligned with (e.g., aligned within 10 degrees of) the longitudinal axis 514. To minimize friction between the segments 512 and the lifting slings 550, the lifting slings may have rollers 554 aligned to support the segments 512 while allowing rotation about the longitudinal axis 514.

[0127] As shown in Figures 39 and 41, torque is applied to section 512 at point 540 using a side boom 548 that pulls on a clamping sling 556 that surrounds section 512. The clamping sling 556 is designed to contract around and grip a pipe element (in this example, pipe element 518). The clamping sling 556 also has a line of action 558 that is offset from and transverse to the longitudinal axis 514. Thus, when tension is applied to the clamping sling 556, the clamping sling 556 grips the pipe element 518 and, due to the offset line of action 558, applies a torque about the longitudinal axis 514, causing the pipe element 518 and its attached components (pipe elements 516 and 520) to rotate through an angular displacement 542. Rotation of segment 512 relative to pipeline 510 is enabled by the use of rotational couplings 524 and 528 at opposite ends of the segment, and all rotation of the pipe elements making up segment 512 is ensured by the use of torsion-resistant couplings 530 and 532 connecting pipe element 518 with pipe elements 516 and 520. Rollers 554 on support sling 550 (see FIG. 40) allow segment 512 to rotate with minimal friction while being supported by side boom 548 at support points 534, 536, and 538 (see FIG. 39).

[0128] One purpose of rotating segment 512 is to extend the segment's useful life by ensuring that all interior surfaces of the pipe elements that make up the segment experience roughly the same degree of wear. For example, pipe elements carrying an abrasive slurry wear unevenly, with the majority of wear occurring over the lowest areas of the interior surface, where the abrasive particles of the slurry concentrate and contact the interior surface of the pipe element, causing the most wear over the lowest areas. Rotating (or "clocking") the segment moves new, unabraded areas inside the pipe element to the lowest position to experience abrasion and wear. Various factors, such as the nature of the slurry and the pipe diameter, will determine the degree of angular displacement required to move the worn area from the lowest position and replace it with an unabraded area. However, it may not be possible for the tightening sling 556 to rotate segment 512 through the entire required angular displacement in a single pull. Thus, an exemplary method according to the present invention provides for applying a second torque at at least one point 540 between the first and second ends 522 and 526 of the segment 512, thereby rotating the segment through a second angular displacement 560 about the longitudinal axis 514. This step may be repeated until the desired angular displacement is achieved. The first, second, and subsequent angular displacements may be equal to or different from one another, as required to achieve the desired displacement.

[0129] 39, for a long, heavy section 512, it may be necessary to use multiple side booms 548 to apply torque at multiple points (540, 562) between the first and second ends of the section 512 to effect rotation of the section through various angular displacements 542, 560 about the longitudinal axis 514. Multiple applications of torque may be necessary to achieve the desired angular displacement, and thus this step may be repeated in the method.

[0130] As shown in FIG. 42 , a method according to the present invention also contemplates connecting a sling 557 to segment 512 at at least one point 540 instead of offset tightening sling 556. Alternatively, segment 512 may be connected to sling 557 at at least one point 540, and offset tightening sling 556 may be connected to segment 512 at another point. As shown in FIG. 42 , sling 557 may be connected to torsion resistant joints 530, 532 (torsion resistant joint 530 is shown). Sling 557 may be connected to torsion resistant joint 530 via a shackle 559 connected to rotation opening 594b of torsion resistant joint 530, which may comprise the components and embodiments described herein with respect to joint 10. A sling 557 connected to rotation opening 594b has a line of action 561 that is offset from longitudinal axis 514 in a direction transverse to the longitudinal axis 514. When tension is applied to sling 557, the offset line of action 561 causes sling 557 to apply torque to the longitudinal axis 514. 514 , causing a torsion-resistant joint 530 and, therefore, the connected pipe elements 516, 518, 520 to rotate about the axis of the torsion-resistant joint 530.

[0131] 42A , instead of an offset tightening sling, a method according to the present invention contemplates fitting a wrench 564 to the segment 512 at at least one point 540. The wrench 564 has a jaw 566 that receives the segment 512 and an arm 568 that extends from the jaw 566 transversely to the longitudinal axis 514 of the segment 512. Thus, applying a force to the arm 568 at a point distal to the segment 512 (e.g., spaced outward away from the outer periphery of the pipeline) applies a torque to the segment about the axis 514. Optionally, the force can be applied to the arm 568 at a location spaced outward away from the outer periphery of the pipeline. Providing a flat surface 569 on segment 512 (e.g., a flat surface associated with torsion resistant joints 530 and 532) may be advantageous to allow for a positive mechanical engagement between jaw 566 of wrench 564 and segment 512, ensuring rotation of the segment when force is applied to arm 568 by side boom 548. Alternatively, providing a notch on segment 512 (e.g., a notch associated with torsion resistant joints 530 and 532) and a pin on jaw 566 of wrench 564 extending parallel to axis 514 may allow for a positive mechanical engagement between jaw 566 of wrench 564 and segment 512, ensuring rotation of the segment. 564 It may be advantageous to allow a positive mechanical engagement between the jaws 566 of the wrench 564 and the segment 512 via engagement between a pin and a notch on the segment 512 to ensure rotation of the segment when force is applied to the arm 568 by the side boom 548.

[0132] It is anticipated that rotating a pipeline section using exemplary methods according to this invention can provide an efficient and safe method for extending the life of the pipeline, which does not require the pipeline to be shut down and the section to be disconnected to effect the rotation.

[0133] All embodiments of the claimed invention described herein are expressly provided as examples only. Numerous variations and modifications may be made to the exemplary embodiments described herein without departing from the concepts of the disclosure. Additionally, the scope of the disclosure is intended to encompass all modifications and combinations of all elements, features, and aspects described in the specification and claims and shown in the drawings. All such modifications and combinations are intended to be within the scope of the disclosure.

Claims

1. A coupling that allows rotation of the pipe elements about their longitudinal axis, said coupling comprising: a first ring attachable to a first one of the pipe elements, the first ring including a first collar extending circumferentially around the first ring and projecting outwardly therefrom, the first collar defining a bearing surface and a retaining surface disposed opposite each other, the surfaces oriented transversely relative to a first ring axis disposed coaxially with the first ring; Housing and Equipped with the housing defining a bore therethrough, the housing surrounding a longitudinal axis coaxially disposed with the bore, the housing having a first end and a second end oppositely disposed from one another, the first end adapted to coaxially receive the first ring within the bore; The housing includes: a first shoulder located distally of the first end of the housing, the first shoulder projecting toward the longitudinal axis and oriented transversely relative to the longitudinal axis; a first channel extending circumferentially around the housing and facing the longitudinal axis, the first channel being positioned proximate the first end of the housing in spaced-apart relation to the first shoulder; and a first retaining ring positionable within the first channel, the first retaining ring projecting toward the longitudinal axis and into the bore; Equipped with When the first ring is received in the bore at the first end, the first collar is positionable between the first shoulder and the first channel, the first retaining ring is then positionable in the first channel, the bearing surface is engageable with the first shoulder, and the retaining surface is engageable with the first retaining ring, thereby retaining the first ring in the housing.

2. The coupling of claim 1 , further comprising a seal positioned between the housing and the first ring.

3. The coupling of claim 2 , wherein the seal is positioned distal to the first end of the housing.

4. The coupling of claim 2 , wherein the seal comprises an O-ring received in a circumferential groove positioned in one of the first ring or the housing.

5. The coupling of claim 2 , wherein the seal is positioned between the housing and the first collar.

6. The coupling of claim 5 , wherein the seal comprises an O-ring received in a circumferential groove in one of the first collar or the housing.

7. The coupling of claim 1 , further comprising a first bearing positioned between the housing and the first ring.

8. The coupling of claim 7 , wherein the first bearing is positioned distal to the first end of the housing.

9. 8. The coupling of claim 7, wherein the first bearing comprises a first bearing ring extending circumferentially around the bore, the first bearing ring being formed from a material having a lower coefficient of friction than either the first ring or the housing.

10. The joint of claim 9 wherein the first bearing ring comprises polytetrafluoroethylene.

11. The coupling of claim 7 further comprising a second bearing positioned between the housing and the first ring.

12. The coupling of claim 11 , wherein the second bearing is positioned between the first collar and the housing.

13. 13. The coupling of claim 12, wherein the second bearing comprises a second bearing ring extending circumferentially around the first collar, the second bearing ring being formed from a material having a lower coefficient of friction than either the first ring or the housing.

14. The joint of claim 13 wherein the second bearing ring comprises polytetrafluoroethylene.

15. The coupling of claim 1 , wherein the first ring includes a first external groove extending circumferentially therearound, the external groove being positioned outside the bore.

16. a second ring attachable to a second one of the pipe elements, the second ring having a second collar extending circumferentially around the second ring and projecting outwardly therefrom, the second collar defining a bearing surface and a retaining surface disposed opposite each other, the surfaces of the second ring oriented transversely to a second ring axis disposed coaxially with the second ring; The second end of the housing is adapted to coaxially receive the second ring within the bore, the housing comprising: a second shoulder located distally of the second end of the housing, the second shoulder projecting toward the longitudinal axis and oriented transversely relative to the longitudinal axis; and a second channel extending circumferentially around the housing and facing the longitudinal axis, the second channel positioned proximate the second end of the housing in spaced-apart relation to the second shoulder; and a second retaining ring positionable within the second channel, the second retaining ring projecting into the bore toward the longitudinal axis; and Furthermore, 2. The coupling of claim 1, wherein when the second ring is received in the bore at the second end of the housing, the second collar is positionable between the second shoulder and the second channel, the second retaining ring is then positionable in the second channel, the bearing surface of the second collar is engageable with the second shoulder, and the retaining surface of the second collar is engageable with the second retaining ring, thereby retaining the second ring in the housing.

17. The coupling of claim 16 further comprising a seal positioned between the housing and the second ring.

18. The coupling of claim 17 , wherein the seal is positioned distal to the first end of the housing.

19. The coupling of claim 17 , wherein the seal comprises an O-ring received in a circumferential groove positioned in one of the second ring or the housing.

20. The coupling of claim 17 , wherein the seal is positioned between the housing and the second collar.

21. The coupling of claim 20 , wherein the seal comprises an O-ring received in a circumferential groove in one of the second collar or the housing.

22. The coupling of claim 16 further comprising a first bearing positioned between the housing and the second ring.

23. 23. The coupling of claim 22, wherein the first bearing is positioned distal to the second end of the housing.

24. 23. The coupling of claim 22, wherein the first bearing comprises a first bearing ring extending circumferentially around the bore, the first bearing ring being formed from a material having a lower coefficient of friction than either the second ring or the housing.

25. 25. The joint of claim 24, wherein the first bearing ring comprises polytetrafluoroethylene.

26. 23. The coupling of claim 22, further comprising a second bearing positioned between the housing and the second ring.

27. 27. The coupling of claim 26, wherein the second bearing is positioned between the second collar and the housing.

28. 28. The coupling of claim 27, wherein the second bearing comprises a second bearing ring extending circumferentially around the second collar, the second bearing ring being formed from a material having a lower coefficient of friction than either the second ring or the housing.

29. 30. The joint of claim 28, wherein the second bearing ring comprises polytetrafluoroethylene.

30. 17. The coupling of claim 16, wherein the first ring includes an outer groove extending circumferentially therearound, the outer groove being positioned outside the bore.

31. The first ring comprises: a locking surface positioned outside the bore in spaced relation to the retention surface, the locking surface facing away from the longitudinal axis, the housing including a locking tab projecting from the first end of the housing, the locking tab in spaced relation to the locking surface and defining a jamming surface facing the locking surface; a locking body insertable between the locking surface and the jamming surface; Equipped with 2. The coupling of claim 1, wherein the locking body engages the locking surface and the jamming surface when the locking body is positioned between the locking surface and the jamming surface to prevent relative rotation between the first ring and the housing.

32. 32. The coupling of claim 31, wherein the locking surface comprises a flat surface extending through a chord of the first ring.

33. 33. The coupling of claim 32, wherein the jamming surface comprises a flat surface on the locking tab.

34. 32. The coupling of claim 31, wherein the locking body comprises a rod.

35. The first ring comprises: a first locking surface positioned outside the bore in spaced relation to the retention surface, the first locking surface facing away from the longitudinal axis; and a second locking surface positioned outside the bore in spaced relation to the retention surface, the second locking surface facing away from the longitudinal axis; Equipped with The housing includes: a first locking tab protruding from the first end of the housing, the first locking tab being in a spaced relationship with the first locking surface and defining a first jamming surface facing the first locking surface; a second locking tab projecting from the first end of the housing, the second locking tab being in spaced relation to the second locking surface and defining a second jamming surface facing the second locking surface; and a locking body insertable between the first locking surface and the first jamming surface and between the second locking surface and the second jamming surface; Equipped with 2. The coupling of claim 1, wherein the locking body engages the first and second locking surfaces and the first and second jamming surfaces when the locking body is positioned between the first and second locking surfaces and the first and second jamming surfaces to prevent relative rotation between the first ring and the housing.

36. 36. The coupling of claim 35, wherein the locking surfaces comprise respective flat surfaces extending through respective chords of the first ring.

37. 37. The coupling of claim 36, wherein the jamming surface comprises a respective flat surface on the first and second locking tabs.

38. 32. The coupling of claim 31 , wherein the locking body comprises a fork having a first tine positionable between the first locking surface and the first jamming surface and a second tine positionable between the second locking surface and the second jamming surface.

39. The first ring comprises: a notch positioned outside the bore in spaced relation to the retention surface, the notch facing away from the longitudinal axis, the housing including a slot extending into the housing from the first end thereof; a locking body insertable into the notch of the first ring and the slot of the housing; Equipped with The coupling of claim 1 , wherein the locking body engages the notch and the slot to prevent relative rotation between the first ring and the housing.

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