Thermal tracking and conditional cooling of quantum computers

Abstract

A quantum system controller controls the operation of the components of the quantum system in order to cause the quantum system to perform a conditional cooling operation. To perform a conditional cooling operation, the controller identifies one or more quantum objects from a plurality of quantum objects confined by the confinement device, which are located within selected zones of the confinement device, such that the plurality of quantum objects are associated with their respective thermal accumulators stored in classical memory accessible to the controller; determines representative values ​​based on the respective thermal accumulator values ​​for the one or more quantum objects located within one or more selected zones; determines cooling operation parameters based at least in part on the representative values; and triggers the execution of a cooling operation in one or more selected zones of the confinement device according to the cooling operation parameters.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] Cross - reference to Related Applications This application claims priority to U.S. Application No. 63 / 486,083, filed on February 21, 2023, the content of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.

[0002] Various embodiments relate to the conditional cooling of quantum objects by a quantum system. For example, various embodiments relate to the execution of a cooling operation according to cooling operation parameters determined based on tracking the heating of a quantum object of a quantum system. In various embodiments, the quantum system is a quantum computer, such as a quantum charge - coupled device (QCCD) - based quantum computer.

Background Art

[0003] A quantum charge - coupled device (QCCD) is a quantum computing architecture in which quantum objects are confined within a quantum object confinement device and at least a portion of the quantum objects are used to perform quantum computing. The quantum objects can be transported between different locations of the quantum object confinement device. However, these transport operations heat the quantum objects. In order to cool the quantum objects to a desired level, cooling operations can be performed on the quantum objects. However, these cooling operations are slow compared to other operations performed by the quantum computer and thus represent a significant portion of the processing time of the quantum computer. Through applied effort, ingenuity, and innovation, many of the deficiencies of such conventional cooling systems have been solved by developing solutions configured according to embodiments of the present invention, and many of these examples are described in detail herein.

Prior Art Documents

Patent Documents

[0004]

Patent Document 1

[0005] Exemplary embodiments provide quantum computers, systems (e.g., quantum systems), apparatus, and / or similar devices, as well as corresponding methods, for performing conditional cooling of quantum objects confined by a quantum object confinement device. In various embodiments, heating amounts are assigned to a plurality of defined transport operations. A thermal accumulator associated with each quantum object is updated and / or iterated based on the assigned heating amount when a transport operation is performed for each quantum object. If it is determined that a cooling operation should be performed, thermal accumulator values ​​(e.g., each value indicated by each thermal accumulator) associated with the quantum objects located within a selected zone of the confinement device are identified. One or more cooling operation parameters are determined at least in part based on the thermal accumulator values. The cooling operation is then performed in the selected zone of the confinement device according to the cooling operation parameters. For example, in an exemplary embodiment, one or more cooling operation parameters include a cooling time (e.g., the length of time the cooling operation is performed), and performing a cooling operation according to such cooling parameters includes performing the cooling operation for the duration of the cooling time. After and / or during the cooling operation in the selected zone of the confinement device, the thermal accumulator associated with the quantum object placed within the selected zone is reset (for example, to a defined base value, initialization value, or zero value).

[0006] According to one embodiment, a method for performing a conditional cooling operation is provided. In an exemplary embodiment, the method includes the step of a controller of a quantum system identifying one or more quantum objects from a plurality of quantum objects confined by a confinement device, which are located within one or more selected zones of the confinement device. The plurality of quantum objects are associated with their respective thermal accumulators, which are stored in classical memory accessible to the controller. The method further includes the step of the controller determining a representative value based on the thermal accumulator value of each thermal accumulator associated with the one or more quantum objects located within one or more selected zones; the controller determining cooling operation parameters based at least in part on the representative value; and the controller causing the execution of a cooling operation in one or more selected zones of the confinement device according to the cooling operation parameters.

[0007] In an exemplary embodiment, the method further includes the steps of having a controller perform a transport operation on a first quantum object among a plurality of quantum objects, and having the controller update each thermal accumulator associated with the first quantum object with the amount of heat corresponding to the transport operation.

[0008] In an exemplary embodiment, the amount of heat corresponding to a transport operation is determined at least in part on an operation identifier or type of transport operation corresponding to the transport operation.

[0009] In an exemplary embodiment, the type of transport operation is one of the following: shift, join, swap, split, or junction traversal.

[0010] In an exemplary embodiment, the type of transport operation is a coupled transport operation, and the step of updating each thermal accumulator associated with a first quantum object by the amount of heat corresponding to the transport operation includes (a) adding the amount of heat corresponding to the coupled transport operation to each thermal accumulator in order to determine each preheat equalization value, and (b) updating each thermal accumulator value to be equal to the average of each preheat equalization value and the preheat equalization value corresponding to a second quantum object transported to the vicinity of the first quantum object via the coupled transport operation.

[0011] In an exemplary embodiment, multiple types of transport operations are defined, and each type of transport operation is assigned a specific amount of heat.

[0012] In an exemplary embodiment, a plurality of waveforms are defined, each of which is configured to perform its own transport operation and is indexed by its own operation identifier.

[0013] In an exemplary embodiment, the respective heat quantities assigned to a transport operation type or associated with an operation identifier are determined through a calibration process.

[0014] In an exemplary embodiment, if a coupled transport operation is performed so that two or more quantum objects are transported to be in close proximity to each other (e.g., entering the same potential well), a quadratic calculation is performed to account for the thermal equalization that physically occurs when the thermal accumulator values ​​of each of the two or more quantum objects are set to the average of the thermal accumulators of the two or more quantum objects. For example, the thermal accumulator values ​​of two quantum objects resulting from the thermal accumulator values ​​being updated based on the performance of a coupled transport operation on the two or more quantum objects will be equal to each other.

[0015] In an exemplary embodiment, the type of transport operation is a coupled transport operation, and the step of updating each thermal accumulator associated with a first quantum object by the amount of heat corresponding to the transport operation includes (a) adding the amount of heat corresponding to the coupled transport operation to each thermal accumulator in order to determine each preheat equalization value, and (b) updating each thermal accumulator value to be equal to the average of each preheat equalization value and the preheat equalization value corresponding to a second quantum object transported to the vicinity of the first quantum object via the coupled transport operation.

[0016] In an exemplary embodiment, the method further includes the step of resetting each thermal accumulator associated with one or more quantum objects located within one or more selected zones after or while a cooling operation is being performed.

[0017] In an exemplary embodiment, the step of inducing a cooling operation to be performed, and then inducing a post-cooling operation in at least one of the selected zones, is further included.

[0018] In an exemplary embodiment, the post-cooling operation is a two-qubit gate.

[0019] In an exemplary embodiment, for each quantum object of a plurality of quantum objects, each thermal accumulator comprises a thermal accumulator associated with the quantum object.

[0020] In an exemplary embodiment, for each quantum object of a plurality of quantum objects, each thermal accumulator comprises one or more mode-specific thermal accumulators, each associated with the corresponding motion mode of the quantum object.

[0021] In an exemplary embodiment, the representative value is the maximum heat accumulator value of each heat accumulator associated with one or more quantum objects disposed within one or more selected zones.

[0022] In an exemplary embodiment, the cooling operation parameters are determined based at least in part on a function that receives the representative value as an input.

[0023] In an exemplary embodiment, the cooling operation parameters are determined based at least in part on identifying at least one threshold requirement satisfied by the representative parameter.

[0024] In an exemplary embodiment, the cooling operation parameters are determined based at least in part on comparing the representative value with one or more thresholds.

[0025] In an exemplary embodiment, the cooling operation parameter is the cooling time, and the cooling operation is performed during the cooling time.

[0026] In an exemplary embodiment, each heat accumulator is stored as part of a respective quantum bit record that includes position information regarding the associated quantum object.

[0027] In another embodiment, a controller is provided configured to control the operation of one or more components of a quantum system. In an exemplary embodiment, the controller comprises at least one processor and a memory for storing computer-executable instructions. The computer-executable instructions, when executed by at least one processor, are configured to cause the controller to at least identify one or more quantum objects from a plurality of quantum objects confined by the confinement device, located within one or more selected zones of the confinement device. The plurality of quantum objects are associated with their respective thermal accumulators, which are stored in classical memory accessible to the controller. The computer-executable instructions, when executed by at least one processor, are further configured to cause the controller to at least determine representative values ​​based on the thermal accumulator values ​​of the respective thermal accumulators associated with the one or more quantum objects located within one or more selected zones; determine cooling operation parameters based at least in part on the representative values; and cause the execution of cooling operations in one or more selected zones of the confinement device according to the cooling operation parameters.

[0028] In an exemplary embodiment, the computer executable instruction, when executed by at least one processor, is further configured to cause a controller to perform at least a transport operation on a first quantum object among a plurality of quantum objects, and to update each thermal accumulator associated with the first quantum object with the amount of heat corresponding to the transport operation.

[0029] In an exemplary embodiment, the amount of heat corresponding to a transport operation is determined at least in part on an operation identifier or type of transport operation corresponding to the transport operation.

[0030] In exemplary embodiments, the type of transport operation is one of shift, join, swap, split, or join cross.

[0031] In an exemplary embodiment, the type of transport operation is a coupled transport operation, and updating each thermal accumulator associated with the first quantum object by the amount of heat corresponding to the transport operation includes (a) adding the amount of heat corresponding to the coupled transport operation to each thermal accumulator in order to determine each preheat equalization value, and (b) updating each thermal accumulator value to be equal to the average of each preheat equalization value and the preheat equalization value corresponding to the second quantum object transported to the vicinity of the first quantum object via the coupled transport operation.

[0032] In an exemplary embodiment, multiple types of transport operations are defined, and each type of transport operation is assigned a specific amount of heat.

[0033] In an exemplary embodiment, a plurality of waveforms are defined, each of which is configured to perform its own transport operation and is indexed by its own operation identifier.

[0034] In an exemplary embodiment, the respective heat quantities assigned to a transport operation type or associated with an operation identifier are determined through a calibration process.

[0035] In an exemplary embodiment, the computer executable instruction, once executed by at least one processor, is further configured to cause a controller to at least reset each thermal accumulator associated with one or more quantum objects located within one or more selected zones, after or while causing a cooling operation to be performed.

[0036] In an exemplary embodiment, the computer executable instruction, once executed by at least one processor, is further configured to cause a controller to perform at least a post-cooling operation in at least one of the selected zones, after having performed a cooling operation.

[0037] In an exemplary embodiment, the post-cooling operation is a two-qubit gate.

[0038] In an exemplary embodiment, for each quantum object of a plurality of quantum objects, each thermal accumulator comprises a thermal accumulator associated with the quantum object.

[0039] In an exemplary embodiment, for each quantum object of a plurality of quantum objects, each thermal accumulator comprises one or more mode-specific thermal accumulators, each associated with the corresponding motion mode of the quantum object.

[0040] In an exemplary embodiment, the representative value is the maximum thermal accumulator value of each thermal accumulator associated with one or more quantum objects located within one or more selected zones.

[0041] In an exemplary embodiment, the cooling operation parameters are determined at least in part on a function that takes representative values ​​as input.

[0042] In an exemplary embodiment, the cooling operation parameters are determined at least in part on identifying at least one threshold requirement that is satisfied by a representative parameter.

[0043] In an exemplary embodiment, the cooling operation parameters are determined at least in part based on comparing a representative value with one or more threshold values.

[0044] In an exemplary embodiment, the cooling operation parameter is the cooling time, and the cooling operation is performed for the duration of the cooling time.

[0045] In an exemplary embodiment, each thermal accumulator is stored as part of a respective qubit record containing positional information about the associated quantum object.

[0046] In yet another embodiment, a quantum system is provided. In an exemplary embodiment, the quantum system comprises a confinement device configured to confine one or more quantum objects, and a controller. The controller comprises at least one processor and a memory for storing computer-executable instructions, which, when executed by at least one processor, are configured to cause the controller to control one or more components of the quantum system to perform one or more quantum objects from a plurality of quantum objects confined by the confinement device of the quantum system, located within one or more selected zones of the confinement device. The plurality of quantum objects are associated with their respective thermal accumulators, which are stored in classical memory accessible to the controller. The computer-executable instructions, when executed by at least one processor, are further configured to cause the controller to control one or more components of the quantum system to perform the following actions: determine a representative value based on the thermal accumulator value of each thermal accumulator associated with one or more quantum objects located within one or more selected zones; determine cooling operation parameters based at least in part on the representative value; and perform cooling operations in one or more selected zones of the confinement device according to the cooling operation parameters.

[0047] In an exemplary embodiment, the computer executable instructions, when executed by at least one processor, are further configured to cause a controller to control one or more components of the quantum system to perform a transport operation on a first quantum object among a plurality of quantum objects, and to update each thermal accumulator associated with the first quantum object with the amount of heat corresponding to the transport operation.

[0048] In an exemplary embodiment, the amount of heat corresponding to a transport operation is determined at least in part on an operation identifier or type of transport operation corresponding to the transport operation.

[0049] In exemplary embodiments, the type of transport operation is one of shift, join, swap, split, or join cross.

[0050] In an exemplary embodiment, the type of transport operation is a coupled transport operation, and updating each thermal accumulator associated with the first quantum object by the amount of heat corresponding to the transport operation includes (a) adding the amount of heat corresponding to the coupled transport operation to each thermal accumulator in order to determine each preheat equalization value, and (b) updating each thermal accumulator value to be equal to the average of each preheat equalization value and the preheat equalization value corresponding to the second quantum object transported to the vicinity of the first quantum object via the coupled transport operation.

[0051] In an exemplary embodiment, multiple types of transport operations are defined, and each type of transport operation is assigned a specific amount of heat.

[0052] In an exemplary embodiment, a plurality of waveforms are defined, each of which is configured to perform its own transport operation and is indexed by its own operation identifier.

[0053] In an exemplary embodiment, the respective heat quantities assigned to a transport operation type or associated with an operation identifier are determined through a calibration process.

[0054] In an exemplary embodiment, a computer executable instruction, once executed by at least one processor, is further configured to cause a controller to control one or more components of the quantum system to cause the quantum system to reset the respective thermal accumulators associated with one or more quantum objects located within one or more selected zones, after or while causing a cooling operation.

[0055] In an exemplary embodiment, the computer executable instructions, once executed by at least one processor, are further configured to cause a controller to control one or more components of the quantum system to perform a post-cooling operation in at least one of the selected zones, after causing the quantum system to perform a cooling operation.

[0056] In an exemplary embodiment, the post-cooling operation is a two-qubit gate.

[0057] In an exemplary embodiment, for each quantum object of a plurality of quantum objects, each thermal accumulator comprises a thermal accumulator associated with the quantum object.

[0058] In an exemplary embodiment, for each quantum object of a plurality of quantum objects, each thermal accumulator comprises one or more mode-specific thermal accumulators, each associated with the corresponding motion mode of the quantum object.

[0059] In an exemplary embodiment, the representative value is the maximum thermal accumulator value of each thermal accumulator associated with one or more quantum objects located within one or more selected zones.

[0060] In an exemplary embodiment, the cooling operation parameters are determined at least in part on a function that takes representative values ​​as input.

[0061] In an exemplary embodiment, the cooling operation parameters are determined at least in part on identifying at least one threshold requirement that is satisfied by a representative parameter.

[0062] In an exemplary embodiment, the cooling operation parameters are determined at least in part based on comparing a representative value with one or more threshold values.

[0063] In an exemplary embodiment, the cooling operation parameter is the cooling time, and the cooling operation is performed for the duration of the cooling time.

[0064] In an exemplary embodiment, each thermal accumulator is stored as part of a respective qubit record containing positional information about the associated quantum object.

[0065] In yet another embodiment, a computer program product is provided. In an exemplary embodiment, the computer program product includes at least one non-temporary computer-readable storage medium for storing executable instructions. When executed by a processing element of a controller configured to control the operation of one or more components of a quantum system, the executable instructions are configured to cause the controller to identify one or more quantum objects from a plurality of quantum objects confined by the confinement device of a quantum system, located within one or more selected zones of the confinement device. The plurality of quantum objects are associated with their respective thermal accumulators, which are stored in classical memory accessible to the controller. When executed by a processing element of the controller, the executable instructions are further configured to cause the controller to determine representative values ​​based on the thermal accumulator values ​​of the respective thermal accumulators associated with the one or more quantum objects located within one or more selected zones, determine cooling operation parameters based at least in part on the representative values, and cause the execution of cooling operations in one or more selected zones of the confinement device according to the cooling operation parameters.

[0066] In an exemplary embodiment, the executable instruction, when executed by the controller's processing element, is further configured to cause the controller to perform a transport operation on a first quantum object among a plurality of quantum objects, and to update each thermal accumulator associated with the first quantum object with the amount of heat corresponding to the transport operation.

[0067] In an exemplary embodiment, the amount of heat corresponding to a transport operation is determined at least in part on an operation identifier or type of transport operation corresponding to the transport operation.

[0068] In exemplary embodiments, the type of transport operation is one of shift, join, swap, split, or join cross.

[0069] In an exemplary embodiment, the type of transport operation is a coupled transport operation, and updating each thermal accumulator associated with the first quantum object by the amount of heat corresponding to the transport operation includes (a) adding the amount of heat corresponding to the coupled transport operation to each thermal accumulator in order to determine each preheat equalization value, and (b) updating each thermal accumulator value to be equal to the average of each preheat equalization value and the preheat equalization value corresponding to the second quantum object transported to the vicinity of the first quantum object via the coupled transport operation.

[0070] In an exemplary embodiment, multiple types of transport operations are defined, and each type of transport operation is assigned a specific amount of heat.

[0071] In an exemplary embodiment, a plurality of waveforms are defined, each of which is configured to perform its own transport operation and is indexed by its own operation identifier.

[0072] In an exemplary embodiment, the respective heat quantities assigned to a transport operation type or associated with an operation identifier are determined through a calibration process.

[0073] In an exemplary embodiment, the executable instruction, when executed by the controller's processing element, is further configured to cause the controller to reset each thermal accumulator associated with one or more quantum objects located within one or more selected zones after or while inducing the execution of a cooling operation.

[0074] In an exemplary embodiment, the executable instruction, when executed by the controller's processing element, is further configured to cause the controller to perform a cooling operation, and then, after that, to perform a post-cooling operation in at least one of the selected zones.

[0075] In an exemplary embodiment, the post-cooling operation is a two-qubit gate.

[0076] In an exemplary embodiment, for each quantum object of a plurality of quantum objects, each thermal accumulator comprises a thermal accumulator associated with the quantum object.

[0077] In an exemplary embodiment, for each quantum object of a plurality of quantum objects, each thermal accumulator comprises one or more mode-specific thermal accumulators, each associated with the corresponding motion mode of the quantum object.

[0078] In an exemplary embodiment, the representative value is the maximum thermal accumulator value of each thermal accumulator associated with one or more quantum objects located within one or more selected zones.

[0079] In an exemplary embodiment, the cooling operation parameters are determined at least in part on a function that takes representative values ​​as input.

[0080] In an exemplary embodiment, the cooling operation parameters are determined at least in part on identifying at least one threshold requirement that is satisfied by a representative parameter.

[0081] In an exemplary embodiment, the cooling operation parameters are determined at least in part based on comparing a representative value with one or more threshold values.

[0082] In an exemplary embodiment, the cooling operation parameter is the cooling time, and the cooling operation is performed for the duration of the cooling time.

[0083] In an exemplary embodiment, each thermal accumulator is stored as part of a respective qubit record containing positional information about the associated quantum object.

[0084] Having described the present invention in general terms, we now refer to the attached drawings, which are not necessarily drawn to scale. [Brief explanation of the drawing]

[0085] [Figure 1] This is a block diagram of an exemplary QCCD-based quantum computer according to an exemplary embodiment. [Figure 2] This block diagram shows an exemplary transport operation performed on a quantum object in a part of a quantum object confinement device according to an exemplary embodiment. [Figure 3A] This figure provides a snapshot of an exemplary sequence of transport operations performed on two quantum objects in a part of a quantum object confinement device according to an exemplary embodiment. [Figure 3B] This figure provides a snapshot of an exemplary sequence of transport operations performed on two quantum objects in a part of a quantum object confinement device according to an exemplary embodiment. [Figure 3C] This figure provides a snapshot of an exemplary sequence of transport operations performed on two quantum objects in a part of a quantum object confinement device according to an exemplary embodiment. [Figure 3D] This figure provides a snapshot of an exemplary sequence of transport operations performed on two quantum objects in a part of a quantum object confinement device according to an exemplary embodiment. [Figure 4]This flowchart illustrates various processes, procedures, and / or operations of a conditional cooling operation according to an exemplary embodiment. [Figure 5] Figures 3A, 3B, 3C, and 3D provide an exemplary lookup table of heat quantities according to an exemplary embodiment, showing the changes in the thermal accumulator values ​​of two quantum objects undergoing the sequence of transport operations shown. [Figure 6] This flowchart shows various processes, procedures, and / or operations that allocate heat to transport operations according to exemplary embodiments. [Figure 7] This is a schematic diagram of an exemplary controller for a quantum computer, which includes a quantum object confinement device configured to confine quantum objects within itself, according to an exemplary embodiment. [Figure 8] This is a schematic diagram of an exemplary computing entity of a quantum computer system that may be used according to an exemplary embodiment. [Modes for carrying out the invention]

[0086] The present invention is fully described below with reference to the accompanying drawings, which show some, but not all, embodiments of the invention. In fact, the present invention can be embodied in many different forms and should not be construed as being limited to the embodiments described herein, but rather these embodiments are provided so as to satisfy the applicable legal requirements of this disclosure. In this specification, the terms “or” (also written as “ / ”) are used in both an alternative and a conjunctive sense unless otherwise indicated. The terms “exemplary” and “example” are used as examples and do not indicate a level of quality. The terms “generally” and “about” refer, unless otherwise indicated, to the range of applicable engineering and / or manufacturing tolerances, and / or the range of the user’s measuring ability. Throughout, similar numbers indicate similar elements.

[0087] In various scenarios, quantum objects are confined by a quantum object confinement device (also referred to herein as a confinement device). In various embodiments, the confinement device is an ion trap, such as a surface ion trap, a pole ion trap, and / or similar. In various embodiments, the quantum object is a neutral or ionic atom, a neutral, ionic, or multipolar molecule, and / or other quantum object that can be transported between different positions defined by the confinement device. In various embodiments, each quantum object is accompanied by a cooling object. In exemplary embodiments, the cooling object is an ion or other object that can be confined by the confinement device and can be used to perform co-cooling of the quantum object. In various embodiments, an object crystal is formed by one or more quantum objects and their respective accompanying cooling objects.

[0088] In various embodiments, quantum objects confined by a confinement device are used to perform experiments, controlled quantum state evolution, quantum computation, and / or similar operations. For example, in exemplary embodiments, quantum objects are used as qubits in a QCCD-based quantum computer. In various embodiments, for quantum objects confined by a confinement device to be used to perform experiments, controlled quantum state evolution, quantum computation, and / or similar operations, the quantum objects need to be cold and / or cooled to near the motion ground state of the quantum object (or object crystal containing the quantum object). For example, the motion states of the quantum object and / or object crystal need to be de-excited or cooled so that the quantum object is in its motion ground state so that the quantum object can be utilized to perform experiments, controlled quantum state evolution, quantum computation, and / or similar operations.

[0089] In various scenarios, during experiments, controlled quantum state evolution, quantum computation, and / or similar operations, various transport operations are performed on quantum objects and / or object crystals within a confinement device. During such transport operations, the quantum objects and / or object crystals are excited and / or heated so that they are no longer in a kinetic ground state. Cooling operations are then used to reduce the kinetic energy of the quantum objects and / or object crystals. For example, laser cooling may be used to co-cool the quantum objects through the use of an accompanying cooling object.

[0090] Laser cooling is a slow process compared to various other processes performed during experiments, controlled quantum state evolution, quantum computation, and / or similar operations. For example, the time required to perform transport and cooling operations has traditionally been considered a limiting factor in the computational speed of QCCD quantum computers. Furthermore, a significant portion of the execution time of the quantum circuits required to cool the quantum object and / or object crystal after the transport operation may contribute to memory errors. Therefore, there are technical problems regarding methods for rapidly and efficiently cooling quantum objects and / or object crystals, and / or rapidly and efficiently reducing the kinetic energy of quantum objects and / or object crystals.

[0091] Traditionally, cooling operations, such as laser cooling, are performed based on baseline scenarios for quantum objects. For example, a cooling operation is performed according to parameters determined by calibrating the operation as a function of the quantum computer's performance. Such parameters are configured to provide sufficient cooling regardless of the thermal state of the quantum object to be cooled. For example, each cooling operation performed is carried out using the same cooling operation parameters. However, in various scenarios, performing a cooling operation based on the worst-case scenario cooling operation parameters can result in overcooling of the quantum object and / or object crystal. For example, the cooling time determined based on the worst-case scenario may be longer than the time required to cool a particular quantum object. In another example, the power output of a cooling laser determined based on the worst-case scenario may be greater than the power output required to cool a particular quantum object.

[0092] In various embodiments, the heat accumulated by each quantum object and / or object crystal is tracked. Cooling operation parameters are then determined based on the heat accumulated by the quantum object and / or object crystal to be cooled. The cooling operation is performed according to the cooling operation parameters determined based on the heat accumulated by the quantum object and / or object crystal to be cooled. This conditional cooling of the quantum object and / or object crystal allows the cooling operation to be adjusted to the heat accumulated by the quantum object and / or object crystal to be cooled, rather than being adjusted to a hypothetical worst-case scenario. This allows for appropriate reductions in, for example, cooling time, applied laser power, and / or similar. Thus, the various embodiments provide technological improvements in the fields of quantum system control and quantum computing by reducing the proportion of execution time of the quantum circuit spent performing the cooling operation, enabling reductions in the power consumption of quantum systems such as QCCD-based quantum computers and / or similar. These improvements and / or technological advantages are realized by determining the cooling operation parameters based on the heat accumulated by the quantum object and / or object crystal to be cooled via a particular instance of (simultaneous) cooling operation.

[0093] Exemplary quantum computing system Conditional cooling of quantum objects and / or object crystals confined by a confinement device can be performed in a wide variety of situations and / or for a wide variety of applications. One exemplary situation is quantum charge-coupled device (QCCD) based quantum computing. Figure 1 provides a block diagram of an exemplary quantum computer system 100. In various embodiments, the quantum computer system 100 comprises a computing entity 10 and a quantum computer 110.

[0094] In various embodiments, the quantum computer 110 comprises a controller 30, a cryogenic and / or vacuum chamber 40 surrounding a confinement device 50 having quantum objects and / or object crystals confined thereby, and one or more manipulators 64 (e.g., 64A, 64B, 64C). In exemplary embodiments, one or more manipulators 64 may comprise one or more lasers (e.g., optical lasers, microwave sources, and / or masers, and / or similar) or another manipulator. In various embodiments, one or more manipulators 64 are configured to manipulate and / or induce controlled quantum state evolution of one or more quantum objects within the device 50. For example, the first operation source 64A is configured to generate and / or provide a first operation signal, and the second operation source 64B is configured to generate and / or provide a second operation signal, and the first and second operation signals are configured to collectively laser cool quantum objects and / or object crystals confined by the confinement device 50, execute quantum logic gates on one or more quantum objects, perform read operations on one or more quantum objects, and / or similar operations.

[0095] In various embodiments, the quantum object is a neutral or ionic atom, a neutral, ionic, or multipolar molecule, and / or other quantum object that can be transported between different positions defined by the confinement device. In various embodiments, the quantum object confinement device 50 is an ion trap, such as a surface ion trap, a pole ion trap, and / or similar. In an exemplary embodiment, the confinement device 50 is a light trap and / or other device configured to confine the quantum object.

[0096] In various embodiments, each quantum object is accompanied by a cooling object. In exemplary embodiments, the cooling object is an ion or other object that can be confined by a confinement device and used to perform co-cooling of the quantum objects. In various embodiments, an object crystal is formed by one or more quantum objects and their respective accompanying cooling objects. In various embodiments, the cooling objects are chemically different from the quantum objects (e.g., ions of two different chemical species / elements, and / or analogous ones) such that the energy structure of the cooling object is different from the energy structure of the quantum object.

[0097] In exemplary embodiments, one or more manipulators 64 each provide manipulator signals (e.g., laser beams and / or similar) to one or more regions of the quantum object confinement device 50 via corresponding beampaths 66 (e.g., 66A, 66B, 66C). In various embodiments, at least one beampath 66 includes a modulator configured to modulate the manipulator signals provided to the device 50 via the beampath 66. In various embodiments, the manipulators 64, modulators, and / or other components of the quantum computer 110 are controlled by a controller 30.

[0098] In various embodiments, the quantum computer 110 comprises one or more magnetic field generators 70 (e.g., 70A, 70B). For example, the magnetic field generators may be an internal magnetic field generator 70A located within a low-temperature and / or vacuum chamber 40, and / or an external magnetic field generator 70B located outside the low-temperature and / or vacuum chamber 40. In various embodiments, the magnetic field generators 70 are permanent magnets, Helmholtz coils, electromagnets, and / or similar. In various embodiments, the magnetic field generators 70 are configured to generate a magnetic field having a specific magnitude and a specific magnetic field direction in one or more regions of the confinement device 50.

[0099] In various embodiments, the quantum computer 110 includes a voltage source 80 configured to provide electrical signals to the electrode array of the confinement device 50, and / or to the radio frequency (RF) rail and / or electrodes of the quantum object confinement device. For example, the voltage source 80 may include an arbitrary waveform generator (AWG), a digital-to-analog converter (DAC), and / or similar, configured to generate and provide a variety of electrical signals. In exemplary embodiments, the voltage source 80 is electrically coupled to the corresponding potential generating elements of the confinement device 50 (e.g., electrodes of the electrode array, RF rail). For example, the voltage source 80 is configured to provide a periodic voltage signal to the RF rail and / or to provide voltage signals corresponding to one or more transport operation waveforms to confine quantum objects and / or object crystals and / or to trigger the execution of a variety of transport operations on each quantum object and / or object crystal. In various embodiments, the voltage source 80 is controlled by the respective driver controller elements of the controller 30.

[0100] In various embodiments, the quantum computer 110 includes an optical collection system 90 configured to collect and / or detect photons generated and / or scattered by quantum objects confined by the confinement device 50. The optical collection system 90 may comprise one or more optical elements (e.g., lenses, mirrors, waveguides, optical fiber cables, and / or similar) and one or more photodetectors. In various embodiments, the photodetectors may be photodiodes, photomultiplier tubes, charge-coupled device (CCD) sensors, complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) sensors, microelectromechanical system (MEMS) sensors, and / or other photodetectors that are sensitive to the light emitted by the quantum objects of the quantum computer 110 during a read operation and / or the frequency of the light. In various embodiments, the detectors may communicate electrically with the quantum system controller 30 via one or more A / D converters 725 (see Figure 7) and / or similar.

[0101] In various embodiments, the controller 30 is configured to control a voltage source 80, an electrical signal source, and / or a driver that controls the transport of the confinement device 50 and / or quantum objects and / or object crystals within the confinement device 50, a cryogenic system and / or a vacuum system that controls the temperature and pressure within the cryogenic and / or vacuum chamber 40, an operating source 64, a magnetic field generator 70, and / or other systems that control environmental conditions (e.g., temperature, humidity, pressure, and / or similar) within the cryogenic and / or vacuum chamber 40, and / or is configured to manipulate and / or evolve the controlled evolution of the quantum states of one or more quantum objects confined by the confinement device 50.

[0102] In various embodiments, the computing entity 10 is configured to allow a user to provide input to the quantum computer 110 (for example, through the user interface of the computing entity 10) and to receive, display, and / or similar outputs from the quantum computer 110. The computing entity 10 may communicate with the controller 30 of the quantum computer 110 via one or more wired or wireless networks 20 and / or directly via wired and / or wireless communication. In exemplary embodiments, the computing entity 10 may translate, compose, format, and / or similar information / data, quantum computing algorithms, quantum circuits, and / or similar into a computing language, executable instructions, command set, and / or similar that the controller 30 can understand and / or implement.

[0103] Exemplary confinement device Figure 2 shows a portion 200 of an exemplary confinement device 50 of an exemplary QCCD-based quantum computer system 100. A quantum object 5 is confined within the illustrated portion 200 of the illustrated confinement device 50.

[0104] In various embodiments, the confinement device 50 may be the confinement devices described in U.S. Patent Application No. 17 / 810,082 filed June 30, 2022, U.S. Patent Application No. 17 / 533,587 filed November 23, 2021, and / or U.S. Patent No. 11,037,776 filed June 15, 2021, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in whole.

[0105] Figure 2 provides a schematic top view of a portion 200 of an exemplary confinement device 50. The exemplary confinement device 50 may be a one-dimensional confinement device, a two-dimensional confinement device, a three-dimensional confinement device, a two-dimensional or three-dimensional (potentially periodic) array of one-dimensional trapping segments, and / or similar. In exemplary embodiments, the confinement device 50 is a multi-dimensional (e.g., two-dimensional or three-dimensional) surface ion trap, a surface pole trap, and / or similar. In various embodiments, the confinement device is configured to capture and / or confine multiple quantum objects and / or object crystals.

[0106] In exemplary embodiments, the confinement device 50 is manufactured as part of the confinement device chip and / or part of the confinement device package. For example, the confinement device 50 may be formed on a chip with multiple leads and / or wiring mounting points such that multiple voltage signals (e.g., periodic voltage signals, waveform voltage signals) can be supplied and / or applied to the RF rail 210 and the electrodes 204 of the electrode array, respectively.

[0107] In exemplary embodiments, the confinement device 50 is at least partially defined by several radio frequency (RF) rails 210 (e.g., 210A, 210B). In various embodiments, the quantum object confinement device 50 is at least partially defined by several electrode sequences 202 (e.g., 202A, 202B, 202C). For example, electrode sequence 202 forms an array of electrodes 204. In various embodiments, various shapes, arrangements, layouts, and / or similars of the electrodes 204 may be used. The illustrated geometric shapes, arrangements, layouts, and / or similars of the electrodes 204 are provided for illustrative purposes and, in various embodiments, are determined and / or configured based on the intended use of the confinement device 50. In various embodiments, the top surface of the confinement device 50 has a flattened topology. For example, the top surface of each RF rail 210 of several RF rails and the top surface of each electrode 204 of several electrode sequences 202 may be substantially coplanar. In an exemplary embodiment, the surface of the confinement device 50 is not a plane, but rather a plane is defined (for example, based on the surface of the RF rail 210 and / or one or more electrodes 204) on which the height of the quantum object on the “surface” of the quantum object confinement device 50 is measured.

[0108] In various embodiments, two adjacent and / or substantially parallel RF rails 210 may be separated (e.g., insulated) from each other by a longitudinal gap 215. For example, the longitudinal gap 215 may define a confinement channel or region (in one or two dimensions) of the quantum object confinement device 50, in which one or more quantum objects and / or object crystals may be confined and / or captured at various locations within the quantum object confinement device 50. In various embodiments, the longitudinal gap 215 thus defined may extend substantially parallel to the adjacent RF rails 210 along the length of the corresponding portion and / or leg. In exemplary embodiments, the longitudinal gap 215 may be at least partially filled with an insulating material (e.g., a dielectric material). In various embodiments, the dielectric material may be silicon dioxide (e.g., formed by thermal oxidation), and / or other dielectric and / or insulating materials. In various embodiments, the longitudinal gap has a width of about 40 μm to 500 μm (e.g., the distance between adjacent RF rails 210). In various embodiments, a sequence 202B of one or more electrodes is arranged and / or formed within the longitudinal gap 215.

[0109] In various embodiments, the confinement device 50 (and / or its legs and / or joints) may be at least partially defined by several electrode sequences 202, each comprising a plurality of electrodes 204. In exemplary embodiments, each electrode sequence 202 associated with and / or defining a leg is formed to extend substantially parallel to one or more RF rails 210 that at least partially define each leg along at least a portion of the leg's length. For example, three electrode sequences 202A, 202B, and 202C at least partially define a portion 200 of the quantum object confinement device 50 shown in Figure 2. Each of the three electrode sequences 202 comprises a plurality of electrodes 204. In various embodiments, the number of electrode sequences that at least partially define each leg may include two, three, four, and / or other number of electrode sequences. In exemplary embodiments, the quantum object confinement device 50 comprises a sequence 202 of electrodes, each sequence of electrodes at least partially defining the legs and / or junctions of the quantum object confinement device 50. In some embodiments, each of the electrodes 204 is formed having a substantially coplanar upper surface that is substantially coplanar with the upper surface of the RF rail 210.

[0110] In exemplary embodiments, a lateral gap may exist between adjacent and / or neighboring electrodes 204. In exemplary embodiments, the lateral gap may be an empty space and / or at least partially filled with dielectric material to prevent electrical conduction between adjacent and / or neighboring electrodes 204. In exemplary embodiments, the lateral gap between adjacent and / or neighboring electrodes 204 may be in the range of about 1 μm to 10 μm.

[0111] In exemplary embodiments, a longitudinal gap exists between the electrode sequence 202 and the adjacent and / or neighboring RF rail 210. In exemplary embodiments, the longitudinal gap may be at least partially filled with a dielectric and / or insulating material to prevent electrical conduction between electrode 204 of electrode sequence 202 and the RF rail 210. In exemplary embodiments, the longitudinal gap between electrode 204 and the adjacent and / or neighboring RF rail 210 may be in the range of about 1 μm to 10 μm.

[0112] In exemplary embodiments, several (e.g., a pair) RF rails 210 may be formed between a sequence of first electrodes 202A and a sequence of third electrodes 202C, with a sequence of second electrodes 202B extending along a longitudinal channel between the RF rails 210. For example, a sequence of electrodes 202 for each leg of a particular leg may extend along at least a portion of the length of that leg in a direction substantially parallel to the corresponding RF rail 210. In various embodiments, the upper surface of the electrode 204 is substantially coplanar with the upper surface of the RF rail 210.

[0113] In various embodiments, a periodic voltage signal (e.g., a voltage signal having radio frequency periodicity) may be applied to the RF rail 210 to generate an electric field and / or magnetic field that acts to maintain the quantum object and / or object crystal confined and / or captured by the confinement device 50. For example, the RF rail 210, which at least partially defines a particular leg, generates an electrical pseudopotential that confines and / or captures the quantum object and / or object crystal within the particular leg in a direction orthogonal to the corresponding one-dimensional segment and / or portion of the confinement device 50. For example, the RF rail 210 is configured, when a periodic voltage signal is applied, to generate a pseudopotential that confines and / or captures the quantum object and / or object crystal along a one-dimensional segment indicated by the dashed line 212 in Figure 2, which represents a null of the local pseudopotential. For example, a radio frequency null along a leg defines a transport path (e.g., transport path 230) along the leg, along which the quantum object 5 and / or object crystal can be transported along this transport path along at least a portion of the leg's length.

[0114] In various embodiments, an electrode 204 of an array of electrodes (e.g., formed by a sequence 202 of several electrodes) is configured to have a waveform voltage signal applied to it such that the electrode 204 generates a time-dependent potential field that causes each quantum object and / or object crystal to be transported along a transport path 230 (e.g., along an RF null) for the corresponding portion of the confinement device 50. For example, the electric and / or magnetic field at least partially generated by the waveform voltage signal applied to the electrode 204 (e.g., generated by a voltage source 80) can trap at least one quantum object and / or object crystal in a potential well above the upper surface of the sequence 202B of the second electrodes of each leg and / or portion 200 of the quantum object confinement device 50 and / or above the longitudinal gap 215.

[0115] Additionally, a waveform voltage signal applied to electrode 204 can cause quantum objects and / or object crystals confined and / or trapped in a potential well above the upper surface of sequence 202B of the second electrode and / or above the longitudinal gap 215 to travel through a trajectory and / or transport path that substantially follows and / or aligns with the RF null for the corresponding confinement device and / or portion of the confinement device. For example, the waveform voltage signal may be configured to cause one or more quantum objects and / or object crystals to experience one or more transport operations. Some exemplary transport operations that can be performed include shifting (e.g., transporting a quantum object and / or object crystal along one or more one-dimensional confinement regions determined by the RF rail 210 and the sequence 202 of their respective electrodes), coupling (e.g., coupling two or more quantum objects and / or object crystals into a single potential well), swapping (e.g., swapping or switching the relative positions of two or more quantum objects and / or object crystals), splitting (e.g., splitting two or more quantum objects and / or object crystals that were initially in a single potential well into separate potential wells), junction crossing (e.g., transporting a quantum object and / or crystal across a junction), and / or similar. In various embodiments, there may be multiple forms of junction crossing transport operations corresponding to each path through the junction (e.g., entering from the right and exiting from the top, entering from the right and exiting from the bottom, entering from the right and exiting from the left, etc.). As should be understood, various transport operations can be defined in various embodiments suitable for the application.

[0116] In various embodiments, the waveform voltage signal applied to electrode 204 and the periodic voltage signal applied to RF rail 210 are controlled by one or more connected devices (e.g., controller 30 and / or similar, as shown in Figure 7) via lead wires. For example, controller 30 may control voltage source 80 and / or other voltage drivers to apply a waveform voltage signal to electrode 204 in order to generate a time-dependent potential (e.g., a potential that changes over time) that causes each quantum object and / or object crystal trapped and / or confined within the confinement device 50 to be transported along a defined transport path, to experience each transport operation, and / or to be held in a defined position.

[0117] Exemplary execution of conditional cooling operation In various embodiments, the controller 30 controls one or more components of the quantum computer 110 to perform a conditional cooling operation configured to reduce the kinetic energy of one or more quantum objects and / or object crystals confined by the confinement device 50. In various embodiments, the conditional cooling operation is performed in parallel in selected zones of the confinement device 50. For example, in various embodiments, the confinement region of the confinement device 50 may be divided into multiple zones. In various embodiments, the zones are defined by the geometric shape of the electrodes 204, the alignment of one or more light beam paths 66, and / or similar. For example, Figure 3A shows portions of the confinement device 50 corresponding to three zones 240A, 240B, and 240C. Conditional cooling may be performed in parallel (e.g., simultaneously and / or temporally overlapping) in multiple selected zones. In various embodiments, conditional cooling may be performed in parallel (e.g., simultaneously or temporally overlapping) in one or more selected zones, and transport operations may be performed in one or more other zones (or possibly one or more selected zones). This could allow for overlapping the time required for transport operations and the time required for cooling operations, thereby reducing the overall time taken for transport and cooling operations.

[0118] In various embodiments, the controller 30 is configured to track the heat accumulated by various quantum objects and / or object crystals as a result of performing a particular transport operation on each quantum object. In exemplary embodiments, several types of transport operations are defined. In various embodiments, the effects of heating from other types of operations may also be tracked. For example, the controller 30 may be configured and / or programmed to cause the confinement device 50 to perform several types of transport operations with respect to each quantum object and / or object crystal confined by the confinement device.

[0119] In various embodiments, transport operations are performed by applying waveform voltage signals corresponding to specific waveforms to the electrodes of the confinement device 50. In various embodiments, a waveform is a data object that, when applied to each electrode 204 of the confinement device 50, represents a sequence of voltage signals (waveform voltage signals) that, when applied, cause a specific transport operation to occur. The waveform data object includes and / or is linked to an operation identifier configured to identify a specific transport operation and / or waveform.

[0120] For example, the controller 30 may store a plurality of waveforms that, when waveform voltage signals corresponding to the waveforms are applied to each electrode 204, cause a corresponding transport operation to be performed on the first quantum object. In various embodiments, each waveform is associated with an operation identifier. For example, the operation identifier is configured to identify a particular waveform configured to trigger the execution of a particular transport operation. For example, each waveform stored by the controller 30 (e.g., in the memory 710 in Figure 7) may be associated with its respective operation identifier. In various embodiments, the controller 30 may store the respective heat quantities associated with each operation identifier (e.g., in the memory 710).

[0121] In various embodiments, transport operations are classified as types of transport operations. For example, in exemplary embodiments, the types of transport operations considered include the categories of shift (also called linear transport), coupling, swap, split, and / or coupling crossing. For example, the controller 30 may store the respective heat quantities associated with each type or category of transport operation. In various embodiments, multiple waveforms stored by the controller 30 may correspond to each category of transport operations. For example, the controller 30 may store a first set of multiple waveforms configured to perform each type of transport operation of shift or linear transport, and a second set of multiple waveforms configured to perform reactive transport operations of coupling transport.

[0122] Figures 3A, 3B, 3C, and 3D illustrate some exemplary types or categories of transport operations for the first quantum object 5A and the second quantum object 5B. As should be understood, the first and second quantum objects 5A, 5B can be replaced by the first and second object crystals in various embodiments. FIG. 3A shows the first and second quantum objects 5A, 5B at the first time t1, and FIG. 3B shows the first and second quantum objects 5A, 5B at the second time t2 where t1 < t2. During the time between the first time t1 and the second time t2, respective shift transport operations are performed on the first and second quantum objects, and a combined transport operation is performed to bring the first and second quantum objects 5A, 5B into a single potential well. For example, at time t1, the first quantum object 5A is disposed within the first zone 240A and confined within the first potential well. Between the first time t1 and the second time t2, the first potential well, and the first quantum object confined therein, are transported via a shift transport operation to the second zone 240B of the confinement device 50. At time t1, the second quantum object 5B is disposed within the third zone 240C and confined within the second potential well. Between the first time t1 and the second time t2, the second potential well, and the second quantum object confined therein, are transported via a shift transport operation to the second zone 240B. Then, a combined transport operation is performed to merge the first and second potential wells so that the first quantum object 5A and the second quantum object 5B are disposed within a common potential well disposed within the second zone 240B at the second time t2.

[0123] At the second time t2, as shown in the figure, the first quantum object 5A is located on the left side of the second quantum object 5B. FIG. 3C shows the first and second quantum objects 5A, 5B confined within the second zone 240B at a third time t3 where t2 < t3. Between the second time t2 and the third time t3, a swap transport operation is performed such that at the third time T3, the first quantum object 5A is located on the right side of the second quantum object 5B. For example, the swap transport operation causes the relative positions of the first quantum object 5A and the second quantum object 5B to be swapped and / or switched.

[0124] FIG. 3D shows the first and second quantum objects 5A, 5B confined by the confinement device at a fourth time t4 where t3 < t4. A split transport operation is performed between the third time t3 and the fourth time t4, followed by respective linear transports. In various embodiments, the split transport operation is the reverse of the combined transport operation. In other words, at the third time t3, the first and second quantum objects 5A, 5B are arranged within a common potential well. The split transport operation splits the common potential well into a first potential well that confines the first quantum object 5A and a separate second potential well that confines the second quantum object 5B. The first potential well then transports from the second zone 240B to the third zone 240C while holding the first quantum object internally to perform a shift transport operation. The second potential well transports from the second zone 240B to the first zone 240A while holding the second quantum object 5B internally to perform another shift transport operation. As should be understood, the sequence of transport operations shown in FIGS. 3A, 3B, 3C, and 3D is provided as an illustrative example of some exemplary types or categories of transport operations and is not intended to be limiting.

[0125] In various embodiments, the execution of each type of transport operation may result in different heating effects on the quantum object and / or object crystal on which the transport operation is performed. For example, a shift transport operation may have a different heating effect on the quantum object and / or object crystal than a split transport operation. In another example, the application of a waveform voltage signal (to each electrode) with a first waveform that causes the execution of a transport operation in the shift transport operation category may have a different heating effect on the quantum object and / or object crystal than when caused by the application of a waveform voltage signal with a second waveform that causes the execution of a different transport operation in the shift transport operation category, or by the application of a waveform voltage signal with a third waveform that causes the execution of a transport operation in a different category of transport operation.

[0126] In various embodiments, each type of transport operation is assigned a heat quantity. Each heat quantity represents the heating experienced by the quantum object and / or object crystal as a result of each type of transport operation being performed on the quantum object and / or object crystal. In various embodiments, the controller 30 stores the heat quantity assigned to each type of transport operation. For example, each heat quantity may be stored in a database, a lookup table, and / or similar.

[0127] In exemplary embodiments, each heat quantity corresponds to the overall heating of the quantum object and / or object crystal (e.g., heating of all motion modes) as a result of the transport operation being performed. In exemplary embodiments, each type of transport operation is assigned a plurality of respective heat quantities, each heat quantity corresponding to a single motion model or group of motion models of the quantum object and / or object crystal. For example, an object crystal consisting of N (positive integer) quantum objects, cooling objects, and / or combinations thereof has N longitudinal modes corresponding to motion in a direction substantially parallel to the dashed line 212 (e.g., in the x-direction as shown in Figure 2) and 2N radial modes corresponding to motion in a direction substantially perpendicular to the dashed line 212 (e.g., in the y and / or z-directions as shown in Figure 2). In exemplary embodiments, each heat quantity assigned to each type of transport operation includes two respective heat quantities, the first of which each heat quantity represents the heating experienced by the longitudinal modes of the quantum object and / or object crystal as a result of the transport operation being performed, and the second of which each heat quantity represents the heating experienced by the radial modes of the quantum object and / or object crystal as a result of the transport operation being performed. In an exemplary embodiment, each heating amount assigned to each type of transport operation comprises three respective heating amounts: each first heating amount represents heating experienced by the longitudinal mode of the quantum object and / or object crystal as a result of the transport operation being performed; each second heating amount represents heating experienced by the radial mode of the quantum object and / or object crystal parallel to the plane of the confinement device (e.g., in the y-direction as shown in Figure 2) as a result of the transport operation being performed; and each third heating amount represents heating experienced by the radial mode of the quantum object and / or object crystal orthogonal to the plane of the confinement device (e.g., in the z-direction as shown in Figure 2) as a result of the transport operation being performed.In an exemplary embodiment, each heating amount assigned to each type of transport operation comprises 3N heating amounts, each heating amount corresponding to a specific mode of motion.

[0128] In various embodiments, when the controller 30 causes the quantum computer 110 to execute quantum circuits and / or programs, the controller 30 tracks the heat accumulated by each quantum object and / or object crystal. For example, the controller 30 stores (for example, in its classical memory 710 (see Figure 7)) a qubit record corresponding to each quantum object to be used as a qubit of the quantum computer 110 and / or an object crystal containing the quantum objects to be used as qubits of the quantum computer 110. The qubit record may store information about the position of the associated quantum object and / or object crystal in the confinement device, the phase of the qubit, one or more thermal accumulators associated with each quantum object and / or object crystal, and / or similar. For example, the qubit record for a particular quantum object and / or object crystal includes each thermal accumulator configured to be used when tracking the heat accumulated by the quantum object and / or object crystal as a result of a transport operation being performed on the quantum object and / or object crystal.

[0129] In various embodiments, each qubit record may include one or more thermal accumulators. For example, in an exemplary embodiment where each type of transport operation is assigned a heat quantity corresponding to all motion modes, each quantum object and / or object crystal is associated with one thermal accumulator. In various embodiments, the thermal accumulators are associated with a particular motion mode or group of motion modes of each quantum object and / or object crystal. For example, in an exemplary embodiment where each type of transport operation is assigned a longitudinal mode heat quantity and a radial mode heat quantity, each quantum object and / or object crystal may be associated with a longitudinal thermal accumulator for tracking the heat (e.g., kinetic energy) of the longitudinal motion modes and a radial thermal accumulator for tracking the heat (e.g., kinetic energy) of the radial motion modes. In an exemplary embodiment in which each type of transport operation is assigned a longitudinal mode heat quantity, a first radial mode heat quantity (for example, with respect to a radial mode parallel to the plane of the confinement device), and a second radial mode heat quantity (for example, with respect to a radial mode perpendicular to the plane of the confinement device), each quantum object and / or object crystal may be associated with a longitudinal thermal accumulator for tracking the heat (e.g., kinetic energy) of a longitudinal motion mode, a first radial thermal accumulator for tracking the heat (e.g., kinetic energy) of a first radial motion mode (e.g., a radial mode parallel to the plane of the confinement device), and a second radial thermal accumulator for tracking the heat (e.g., kinetic energy) of a second radial motion mode (e.g., a radial mode perpendicular to the plane of the confinement device). In an exemplary embodiment where multiple (e.g., 3N, where N is the number of objects (quantum objects and cooling objects) in the object crystal) motion mode-specific heat quantities are assigned to each type of transport operation, each quantum object and / or object crystal may be associated with multiple (e.g., 3N) mode-specific heat accumulators.

[0130] If a cooling operation is to be performed in a selected zone of the confinement device 50, the controller 30 identifies the quantum objects and / or object crystals placed within the selected zone and determines the value of each associated thermal accumulator. Based on the value of each associated thermal accumulator for the quantum objects and / or object crystals placed within the selected zone, one or more cooling operation parameters are determined. Some non-limiting examples of cooling operation parameters for laser cooling operations include cooling time (e.g., the length of time the cooling operation is performed), the laser power used to perform the cooling operation, detuning of the cooling operation from resonance, and / or similar. In an exemplary embodiment, one or more cooling operation parameters include cooling time.

[0131] In exemplary embodiments, one or more cooling operation parameters are determined at least in part on representative values ​​representing the determined values ​​for each thermal accumulator. In exemplary embodiments, the representative value is the maximum value of the determined values ​​for each thermal accumulator. In exemplary embodiments, the representative value is determined on a statistical description (e.g., mean, standard deviation, etc.) of the determined values ​​for each thermal accumulator.

[0132] In various embodiments, one or more cooling operation parameters are determined by evaluating a function that takes representative values ​​as input. In various embodiments, one or more cooling operation parameters are determined by comparing representative values ​​with one or more threshold values.

[0133] In various embodiments in which the thermal accumulator corresponds to a particular mode or group of modes of motion (e.g., longitudinal or radial motion modes, longitudinal, first radial, and second radial motion modes, and / or similar), cooling operation parameters specific to the motion mode or group of motion modes can be determined. For example, the cooling operation may include a plurality of parts, each configured to cool one or more particular modes of motion, and the cooling operation parameters corresponding to one or more of the plurality of parts of the cooling operation can be determined based on corresponding representative values ​​of the thermal accumulator. For example, representative values ​​of the thermal accumulator associated with longitudinal modes can be determined, and representative values ​​of the thermal accumulator associated with radial modes can be determined. In another example, representative values ​​for each mode of motion of a quantum object and / or object crystal can be determined based on the respective values ​​determined for the thermal accumulator associated with each mode of motion.

[0134] Next, the cooling operation is performed in the selected zone of the containment device according to one or more cooling parameters. If one or more cooling parameters include a cooling time, the cooling parameters are performed in the selected zone for the time indicated by the cooling time. In various embodiments, the cooling operation is performed in parallel, simultaneously, and / or temporally overlapping in each of the selected zones of the containment device.

[0135] As a result of the cooling operation performed in the selected zone, the quantum objects and / or object crystals placed within the selected zone are cooled to near their motion ground state. The thermal accumulator associated with the quantum objects and / or object crystals placed within the selected zone is reset during or after the cooling operation to indicate that the quantum objects and / or object crystals placed within the selected zone have been cooled. For example, the thermal accumulator associated with the quantum objects and / or object crystals placed within the selected zone may be reset to a defined base value, an initialization value, or zero.

[0136] In various embodiments, one or more post-cooling operations may be performed after a cooling operation has been carried out. For example, one or more post-cooling operations may be any operations on which it is desirable that the quantum object and / or object crystal acted upon by each post-cooling operation be in or near its motion ground state. For example, one or more post-cooling operations may include a single-qubit gate, a two-qubit gate, a qubit read operation, and / or similar. After the execution of one or more post-cooling operations, various transport operations may be performed, and each thermal accumulator may be updated based on the transport operations performed.

[0137] Figure 4 provides flowcharts illustrating various processes, procedures, operations, and / or similar actions that cause the quantum computer 110 to execute quantum circuits and / or programs using conditional cooling operations (for example, cooling operations in which one or more cooling operation parameters are determined based on the heat accumulated by one or more quantum objects and / or object crystals to be cooled through the cooling operation). In various embodiments, the processes, procedures, operations, and / or similar actions shown in Figure 4 are performed by the controller 30.

[0138] Initiating in step / operation 402, the controller 30 initializes each thermal accumulator. Each thermal accumulator is associated with a quantum object configured to be used as a qubit in the quantum computer 110. For example, the controller 30 stores a plurality of qubit records (e.g., in classical memory 710), and each qubit record is associated with each quantum object confined by the confinement device 50. Each qubit record comprises one or more thermal accumulators configured to track the heat accumulated by each quantum object (e.g., as a result of transport operations and / or other heating sources performed on each quantum object). In various embodiments, a single thermal accumulator is used to track the heat accumulated in all modes of motion of the quantum object. In various embodiments, multiple thermal accumulators are used to track the heat accumulated by the quantum object, with each thermal accumulator corresponding to one or more modes of motion of the quantum object and / or the object crystal containing the quantum object. Initializing each thermal accumulator involves setting the value of each thermal accumulator to a defined base value, initialization value, or zero value (e.g., equal to zero).

[0139] In step / operation 404, the controller 30 causes the quantum computer 110 to begin executing quantum circuits and / or quantum programs. For example, the controller 30 executes one or more executable instructions from the executable queue to operate one or more components of the quantum computer 110 (e.g., the operation source 64, the magnetic field generator 70, the voltage source 80, and / or similar) so that the quantum computer begins executing quantum circuits and / or programs.

[0140] In step / operation 406, for each transport operation that the controller 30 causes the quantum computer 110 to perform, the controller 30 updates the corresponding thermal accumulator accordingly. For example, if the controller 30 causes the voltage source 80 to generate and provide a waveform voltage signal that causes a transport operation to be performed on the first quantum object, the controller updates the thermal accumulator associated with the first quantum object based on the transport operation performed on the first quantum object. For example, the thermal accumulator associated with the first quantum object is updated to show the heat accumulated by the first quantum object and / or the object crystal containing the first quantum object as a result of the transport operation performed on the first quantum object.

[0141] In various embodiments, the thermal accumulator associated with a quantum object is updated based on the amount of heat associated with each operation identifier and / or type of transport operation. For example, the controller 30 may store lookup tables, databases, and / or similar items of heat amounts indexed by operation identifiers configured to identify specific transport operations and / or waveforms, and by the type of transport operation. For example, Figure 5 shows an exemplary lookup table 510 of heat amounts assigned to different types of transport operations. In the illustrated exemplary lookup table 510, the type of transport operation is a category of transport operation. For example, a shift transport operation is assigned a heat amount of W heat units per unit length of the shift transport operation, a split transport operation is assigned a heat amount of X heat units, a coupled transport operation is assigned a heat amount of Y heat units, thermal equalization of coupled quantum objects is considered by averaging the thermal accumulator of the coupled quantum objects, and a swap transport operation is assigned a heat amount of Z heat units.

[0142] In various embodiments, the thermal equalization function of coupled transport operations is used to influence the cooling of quantum objects. For example, one or more cooling objects maintained at specific locations within the confinement apparatus 50 (e.g., quantum objects used to co-cool other quantum objects and / or object crystals). The cooling objects may be laser-cooled (e.g., Doppler cooling, sideband cooling, electromagnetic induction transmission (EIT) cooling) while the quantum computer 110 performs various other operations. For example, the cooling objects may be laser-cooled in parallel with other operations performed by the quantum computer 110.

[0143] In an exemplary embodiment, the cooled object is maintained at locations where a quantum object passing through a corresponding confinement region must interact with the cooled object (e.g., through a series of coupling, swapping, and splitting operations) in order to pass through it. Thus, as the quantum object is transported along the confinement region, it is co-cooled through interaction (e.g., thermal equalization) with the cooled object, which has been laser-cooled to a thermal accumulator value of approximately zero.

[0144] In another exemplary embodiment, the cooled object may be stored in a dedicated cooling site similar to the cache confinement site disclosed in U.S. Patent Application No. 18 / 514,115 filed November 20, 2023. In such an embodiment, the controller 30 may determine that the quantum object should be transported by the dedicated cooling site (e.g., via a junction linked to the dedicated cooling site and / or via a junction that the dedicated cooling site can access), and a trigger for the cooling operation may be identified accordingly. For example, the cooling operation parameter (e.g., whether the quantum object should be moved to the dedicated cooling site and coupled with the cooling object to cause thermal equalization between the cooling object and the quantum object) may be determined based on a representative value of the quantum object's thermal accumulator value (e.g., the thermal accumulator value of the quantum object in an exemplary embodiment). If the representative value satisfies a threshold requirement (e.g., the representative value is less than the interaction cooling threshold), the quantum object is transported by the dedicated cooling site without interacting with the cooling object. If the representative value does not meet the threshold requirement (e.g., the representative value is greater than or equal to the interaction cooling threshold), the quantum object is transported to a dedicated cooling site to cool the quantum object and made to interact with a cooling object (e.g., via coupled transport operations). In various embodiments, the thermal accumulator value of the quantum object is updated based on interaction cooling operations (e.g., interaction between the quantum object and the cooling object via coupled operations) rather than being reset (e.g., set to zero).

[0145] In various cases, cooling quantum objects via interactional cooling operations cools them much faster than laser cooling, which can be performed to achieve a similar amount of cooling. Therefore, the use of triggered and / or timely executions of interactional cooling operations can significantly reduce the execution time of the quantum computer 110 spent on performing the cooling operations.

[0146] Referring to Figures 3A to 3D, Figure 5 provides a table 520 showing the respective thermal accumulator values ​​522A, 522B for the first and second quantum objects 5A, 5B at times t1, t2, t3, and t4 for the assigned heat quantities provided by the lookup table 510. For example, at the first time t1, the first thermal accumulator 522A associated with the first quantum object 5A has a first initial value V0A representing the heat accumulated by the first quantum object 5A before the first time t1. The second thermal accumulator 522B associated with the second quantum object 5B has a second initial value V0B representing the heat accumulated by the second quantum object 5B before the first time t1. Between the first time t1 and the second time t2, a shift transport operation using the length of LA1 is performed on the first quantum object 5A, a shift transport operation using the length of LB1 is performed on the second quantum object 5B, and a coupled transport operation is performed on the first and second quantum objects 5A and 5B in order to place them in a common potential well.

[0147] Before the coupled transport operation is performed, the first thermal accumulator associated with the first quantum object 5A has a value equal to the first initial value V0A plus the heating caused by a shift transport operation of length LA1, i.e., V0A + LA1 * W. Similarly, before the coupled transport operation is performed, the second thermal accumulator 552B associated with the second quantum object 5B has a value equal to the second initial value V0B plus the heating caused by a shift transport operation of length LB1, i.e., V0B + LB1 * W. The execution of the coupled transport operation increases both the first thermal accumulator 522A and the second thermal accumulator 522B by the amount of heat (Y heat units) allocated to the coupled transport operation. For example, the first thermal accumulator 522A is increased by the amount of heat (Y thermal units) allocated to the coupled transport operation to determine a first preheat equalization value, and the second thermal accumulator 522B is increased by the amount of heat (Y thermal units) allocated to the coupled transport operation to determine a second preheat equalization value. The thermal equalization of the coupled quantum object is then considered by averaging the values ​​of the first thermal accumulator 522A and the second thermal accumulator 522B. For example, the average of the first preheat equalization value and the second preheat equalization value is determined. In exemplary embodiments, both the first thermal accumulator 522A and the second thermal accumulator 522B are set to be equal to the average (e.g., arithmetic mean) of the first preheat equalization value and the second preheat equalization value. Therefore, at the second time t2, the first and second thermal accumulators 522A and 522B have the value [(V0A+LA1*W+Y)+(V0B+LB1*W+Y)] / 2. Thus, as a result of considering thermal equalization, the first and second thermal accumulators 522A and 522B have the same value as a result of updating based on the completion of the coupled transport operation.

[0148] In the case where the second quantum object 5B is a cooled object, the value of the second thermal accumulator 522B before the coupling operation is significantly smaller than the value of the first thermal accumulator 522A. Therefore, in various scenarios, the resulting value of [(V0A+LA1*W+Y)+(V0B+LB1*W+Y)] / 2 is smaller than the previous value of thermal accumulator 522A (for example, it may be about half of the previous value of thermal accumulator 522A).

[0149] It should be understood, and as described elsewhere in this specification, that each thermal accumulator is updated based on the transport operations performed on the associated quantum object and / or object crystal.

[0150] Continuing with Figure 4, in step / operation 408, in response to identifying a cooling operation trigger, the controller 30 determines a representative value of the thermal accumulator associated with the quantum object and / or object crystal located within the selected zone. For example, the controller 30 executes a queue of executable instructions that cause the controller 30 to control the operation of various components of the quantum computer 110 so that the quantum computer executes at least a portion of the quantum circuit and / or program. In various embodiments, the queue of executable instructions is received from and / or generated by the controller 30 based on the quantum circuit and / or program plan received from the computing entity 10. As the controller 30 is generating and / or executing the queue of executable instructions, the controller 30 determines that a cooling operation should be performed in the selected zone. In an exemplary embodiment, the queue of executable instructions is configured such that each executable instruction is associated with a time when each executable instruction should be executed. In such embodiments, the time when a cooling operation should be performed can be determined. In an exemplary embodiment, identifying a cooling operation trigger involves determining that the next time step of the quantum processor involves performing a cooling operation in the selected zone of the confinement device.

[0151] In various embodiments, the selected zone is defined at least partially based on the confinement device 50 and / or the quantum computer 110. For example, the selected zone may be defined at least partially by the geometric shape of the electrodes 204, the alignment of one or more light beam paths 66 with the selected zone, and / or similar factors.

[0152] In response to identifying a cooling operation trigger and / or determining that a cooling operation should be performed in a selected zone, representative values ​​of the thermal accumulator for quantum objects and / or object crystals located within the selected zone are determined. For example, the controller 30 uses a qubit record associated with each quantum object and / or object crystal to determine and / or identify quantum objects and / or object crystals located within the selected zone (or located within the selected zone when a cooling operation is performed in response to a cooling operation trigger). For example, each qubit record may store information about the location of the relevant quantum object and / or object crystal within the confinement device.

[0153] For quantum objects and / or object crystals identified and / or determined to be located within one of the selected zones of the confinement device, the controller 30 determines the respective values ​​of each thermal accumulator (stored, for example, as part of each qubit record). A representative value is determined based on the respective values ​​of each thermal accumulator associated with each quantum object and / or object crystal located within each selected zone of the confinement device. In an exemplary embodiment, the representative value is the best or maximum thermal accumulator value (in an exemplary embodiment, per motion mode or per group of motion modes) for each thermal accumulator associated with each quantum object and / or object crystal located within each selected zone of the confinement device. In an exemplary embodiment, the representative value is the average thermal accumulator value (in an exemplary embodiment, per motion mode or per group of motion modes) for each thermal accumulator associated with each quantum object and / or object crystal located within each selected zone of the confinement device. In exemplary embodiments, representative values ​​are determined based on a statistical description of the distribution of thermal accumulator values ​​(in exemplary embodiments, per motion mode or per group of motion modes) for each thermal accumulator associated with the quantum object and / or object crystal placed within each selected zone of the confinement device.

[0154] In step / operation 410, the controller 30 determines one or more cooling operation parameters based at least in part on representative values. For example, representative values ​​may be used as input to a function that provides one or more cooling operation parameters (e.g., cooling time, laser power, detuning of the cooling operation from resonance, and / or similar) as an output. For example, in an exemplary embodiment, the cooling time or other cooling operation parameters are determined or calculated based on representative values.

[0155] In exemplary embodiments, a representative value may be compared against one or more thresholds to determine one or more cooling operation parameters. For example, in exemplary embodiments, a representative value is compared against a threshold to determine whether a threshold requirement is met (e.g., the representative value is less than the threshold). If it is determined (e.g., by the controller 30) that the threshold requirement is not met (e.g., the representative value is greater than or equal to the threshold), the controller 30 determines that a first set of one or more cooling operation parameters should be used. If it is determined (e.g., by the controller 30) that the threshold requirement is met (e.g., the representative value is less than the threshold), the controller 30 determines that a second set of one or more cooling operation parameters should be used. At least one parameter in the first set of cooling operation parameters is different from the corresponding parameter in the second set of cooling operation parameters. In various embodiments, a plurality of thresholds, threshold requirements, and sets of cooling operation parameters may be defined such that one or more cooling operation parameters are determined based on which of the plurality of threshold requirements is met by the representative value.

[0156] In various embodiments, one or more threshold requirements used to determine cooling operation parameters are determined based on the type of identified cooling trigger. For example, if a cooling operation trigger corresponding to a Doppler cooling operation is identified, in an exemplary embodiment, a Doppler cooling threshold requirement may be used to determine whether a Doppler cooling operation should be performed on quantum objects and / or object crystals placed within each selected zone of the confinement device. In such an exemplary embodiment, if the representative value is below the threshold, no cooling operation (e.g., a Doppler cooling operation) is performed at that time (e.g., the set of cooling operation parameters is determined so that the cooling time is zero).

[0157] In another example, a sideband cooling operation is identified, and one or more sideband cooling threshold requirements are used to determine whether a sideband cooling operation should be performed, a partial sideband cooling operation, or a full sideband cooling operation. For example, if the representative value is less than the first sideband cooling threshold, no sideband cooling operation is performed at that time (e.g., the set of cooling operation parameters is set so that the cooling time is zero). If the representative value is less than the second sideband cooling threshold but greater than or equal to the first sideband cooling threshold (the second sideband cooling threshold is greater than the first sideband cooling threshold), a partial cooling operation is performed (e.g., the set of cooling operation parameters is determined so that the cooling time is less than the cooling time for a full cooling / worst-case scenario, the laser output is less than the laser output for a full cooling / worst-case scenario, and / or similar conditions). If the representative value is greater than or equal to a second sideband cooling threshold, full cooling operation is performed (for example, the set of cooling operation parameters is determined such that the cooling time becomes the cooling time for the full cooling / worst-case scenario, the laser output becomes the laser output for the full cooling / worst-case scenario, and / or similar states). In various embodiments, various levels of partial cooling can be defined for each type of cooling, such that each level of partial cooling is associated with its respective upper and / or lower limits (e.g., thresholds) and each set of cooling parameters.

[0158] In step / operation 412, the controller 30 controls the operation of one or more components of the quantum computer 110 (e.g., the operating source 64 and / or similar) to perform a cooling operation in a selected zone of the confinement device according to one or more determined cooling operation parameters. For example, if one or more cooling operation parameters include a cooling time, the controller 30 may control the operation of one or more components of the quantum computer 110 to perform a cooling operation (e.g., in parallel) in each of the selected zones during the cooling time. In another example, if one or more cooling operation parameters include a laser output, the controller 30 may control the operation of one or more components of the quantum computer 110 to ensure that a laser beam having the output indicated by one or more cooling operation parameters is delivered to the selected zone during the execution of a laser cooling operation. As should be understood, various cooling operation parameters can be defined and determined based at least in part on appropriate representative values ​​for the cooling operation to be performed (e.g., Doppler cooling, resolved sideband cooling, electromagnetically induced transmission (EIT) cooling, modulation of a potential well including a quantum object and / or object crystal to attenuate motion mode excitations, and / or similar).

[0159] As a result of a cooling operation performed on a selected zone of the confinement device, the heat of the quantum objects and / or object crystals located within the selected zone is reduced to a base value. For example, the cooling operation may bring the quantum objects and / or object crystals located within the selected zone closer to their ground state. To reflect this change in the accumulated heat of the quantum objects and / or object crystals located within the selected zone, the controller 30 resets the thermal accumulator associated with the quantum objects and / or object crystals located within the selected zone in step / operation 414. For example, after and / or during the cooling operation in the selected zone of the confinement device, the thermal accumulator associated with the quantum objects and / or object crystals located within the selected zone is reset (e.g., to a defined base value, initialization value, or zero value).

[0160] In step / operation 416, the controller 30 may cause one or more post-cooling operations to be performed in one or more selected zones. For example, the controller 30 may control the operation of one or more components of the quantum computer 110 to perform a single-qubit gate, a two-qubit gate, a read operation, or other operation in one or more of the selected zones. For example, a post-cooling operation may be any operation whose performance, reliability, noise, or fidelity is improved if the quantum object and / or object crystal on which the operation was performed has recently cooled to their moving ground state.

[0161] In step / operation 418, the controller 30 continues to control the operation of various components of the quantum computer 110 in order to keep the quantum circuit and / or program running. For example, the controller 30 continues to execute executable instructions from the queue of executable instructions in order to keep the quantum computer 110 running the quantum circuit and / or program.

[0162] For example, continuing with Figure 5, between the second time t2 and the third time t3, the controller performs a cooling operation in the second zone 240B, and then performs a swap transport operation on the first and second quantum objects 5A and 5B. Thus, the first and second thermal accumulators 522A and 522B are reset (e.g., returned to zero) to reflect the performance of the cooling operation on the first and second quantum objects 5A and 5B, and then updated to include the heat accumulated by the first and second quantum objects 5A and 5B as a result of the swap transport operation performed on them. For example, the first and second thermal accumulators 522A and 522B are updated to the value of Z heat units at the third time t3 as a result of the swap transport operation performed on the first and second quantum objects 5A and 5B after the cooling operation. Between the third time t3 and the fourth time t4, a partitioning transport operation is performed on the first and second quantum objects 5A and 5B, a shift transport operation of length LA2 is performed on the first quantum object 5A, and a shift transport operation of length LB2 is performed on the second quantum object 5B. For example, at the fourth time t4, the first thermal accumulator 522A is updated to indicate that the first quantum object 5A has accumulated heat from a partitioning transport operation (e.g., X thermal units) and a shift transport operation of length LA2 (e.g., LA2*W thermal units). At the fourth time t4, the second thermal accumulator 522B is updated to indicate that the second quantum object 5B has accumulated heat from a partitioning transport operation (e.g., X thermal units) and a shift transport operation of length LB2 (e.g., LB2*W thermal units).

[0163] As should be understood based on the disclosures provided herein, a cooling operation may include a plurality of parts configured to cool a particular mode of motion of a quantum object and / or object crystal, and / or a group of modes of motion of the quantum object and / or object crystal (longitudinal mode, first radial mode, second radial mode, and / or similar). One or more cooling operation parameters may include a plurality of cooling operation parameters, each comprising a set of one or more cooling operation parameters corresponding to a different part of the cooling operation. For example, a plurality of cooling operation parameters may indicate that a portion of the cooling operation configured to cool a first mode of motion of the quantum object and / or object crystal should be performed for a first cooling time, and a portion of the cooling operation configured to cool a second mode of motion of the quantum object and / or object crystal should be performed for a second cooling time.

[0164] Exemplary assignment of heat quantity In various embodiments, each heat quantity is assigned to each type of transport operation. For example, as shown in lookup table 510, each defined type of transport operation is assigned to its respective heat quantity. In various embodiments, one or more of the heat quantities may depend on parameters of the transport operation (e.g., the length of a shift transport operation), the position within the confinement device in which the transport operation is performed, and / or similar.

[0165] In various embodiments, each heat quantity is assigned to each type of transport operation / operation identifier (configured to identify each transport operation) based on prior information. In various embodiments, each heat quantity is assigned to each type of transport operation / operation identifier (configured to identify each transport operation) based on a calibration process. For example, a particular type of transport operation or a particular transport operation (identified by each operation identifier) ​​may be performed once or multiple times on a quantum object and / or object crystal, and a calibration process may be performed in which the (average) heat accumulated by the quantum object and / or object crystal during the execution of the particular type of transport operation or a particular transport operation (identified by each operation identifier) ​​may be measured, determined, and / or similar. The heat quantity assigned to a particular type of transport operation, or an operation identifier configured to identify a particular transport operation, is generated and / or determined based on the (average) heat accumulated by the quantum object and / or object crystal during the execution of the particular type of transport or particular transport operation (identified by each operation identifier) ​​which is measured, determined, and / or similar during the calibration process.

[0166] Figure 6 provides a flowchart illustrating various processes, procedures, operations, and / or similar that may be performed (e.g., via a controller 30 of the quantum computer 110 or other quantum system) to assign heat to a type of transport operation based on a calibration process. Starting in step / operation 602, the controller selects a particular transport operation or type of transport operation. For example, the controller 30 may select a particular transport operation or type of transport operation based on user input (e.g., received via a computing entity 10 and / or similar). In another example, the controller 30 is programmed to perform one or more calibration processes periodically, periodically, and / or similarly, and the particular transport operation and / or type of transport operation is selected via the execution of executable instructions configured to cause the controller 30 to control one or more components of the quantum computer 110 to perform the calibration process.

[0167] In various embodiments, multiple types of transport operations are defined such that the controller 30 can be programmed to trigger the execution of each of the multiple types of transport operations for one or more quantum objects and / or object crystals confined by the confinement device 50. In exemplary embodiments, the multiple types of transport operations include categories of transport operations such as shift transport operations, coupled transport operations, swap transport operations, split transport operations, and / or similar. In exemplary embodiments, the multiple types of transport operations may further include junction crossing operations (for example, through which the quantum object and / or object crystal is passed over the junction of the confinement device 50).

[0168] In various embodiments, the controller 30 is configured and / or programmed to store multiple waveforms (e.g., in memory 710) and to execute multiple waveforms. Each waveform is associated with and / or identified by its respective operation identifier. Each waveform is configured to perform a specific transport operation when a waveform voltage signal generated based on the waveform is applied to the electrode 204. In an exemplary embodiment, a heat quantity is determined for each of the multiple waveforms and stored in association with an operation identifier configured to identify each waveform.

[0169] In step / operation 604, the controller 30 controls one or more components of the quantum computer 110 to measure a pre-operation indicator of the motion of a quantum object. For example, a pre-operation indicator of the motion of a quantum object is measured before performing a selected type of transport operation on the quantum object (or object crystal). The pre-operation indicator of the motion of a quantum object is configured to provide an indicator of the temperature and / or kinetic energy of the quantum object (or object crystal) before performing a selected type of transport operation.

[0170] In exemplary embodiments, a pre-operation indicator of the motion of a quantum object is the fluorescence spectrum of the quantum object. For example, a light or laser beam may be irradiated / incident onto the quantum object (or object crystal), and the reflected light may be captured. Various other techniques for measuring indicators of the motion of a quantum object may be used as appropriate for the application. For example, in exemplary embodiments, a pre-operation indicator of the motion of a quantum object may be measured using one or more operating sources 64 and an optical collection system 90.

[0171] In various embodiments, a pre-operation indicator of the motion of a quantum object indicates the temperature of the quantum object (or object crystal) and / or the amount of kinetic energy in all of the motion modes of the quantum object (or object crystal). In various embodiments, a pre-operation indicator of the motion of a quantum object includes a plurality of indicators, each configured to indicate the kinetic energy in a group of motion modes (e.g., longitudinal and radial modes, longitudinal mode, a first radial mode (parallel to the plane of the confinement device), and a second radial mode (perpendicular to the plane of the confinement device), and / or similar). In various embodiments, a pre-operation indicator of the motion of a quantum object includes a plurality of indicators, each configured to indicate the kinetic energy in its respective motion mode.

[0172] In step / operation 606, the controller 30 controls the operation of one or more components of the quantum computer 110 to cause a selected specific transport operation and / or a transport operation of a selected type of transport operation to be performed on the quantum object (or object crystal). For example, the controller 30 may cause a transport operation (e.g., a transport operation of a specific category of transport operations such as shift, coupling, swap, splitting, junction crossing, and / or other transport operations, or a transport operation caused by the application of a waveform voltage signal according to a specific waveform to each electrode) to be performed on the quantum object (or object crystal).

[0173] In step / operation 608, the controller 30 controls one or more components of the quantum computer 110 to measure a post-operation indicator of the motion of a quantum object. For example, after performing a selected specific transport operation or type of transport operation on a quantum object (or object crystal), a post-operation indicator of the motion of the quantum object is measured. The post-operation indicator of the motion of the quantum object is configured to provide an indicator of the temperature and / or kinetic energy of the quantum object (or object crystal) after the performance of the selected type of transport operation.

[0174] In various embodiments, the post-operation indicator of the motion of a quantum object is the same type of measurement as the pre-operation indicator of the motion of a quantum object. For example, in an exemplary embodiment, if the pre-operation indicator of the motion of a quantum object is the fluorescence spectrum of the quantum object (or object crystal) acquired, measured, and / or captured before performing a selected type of transport operation on the quantum object (or object crystal), then the post-operation indicator of the motion of a quantum object is the fluorescence spectrum of the quantum object (or object crystal) acquired, measured, and / or captured after performing a selected type of transport operation.

[0175] In various embodiments, the post-operation indicator for the motion of a quantum object indicates the temperature of the quantum object (or object crystal) and / or the amount of kinetic energy in all of the motion modes of the quantum object (or object crystal) after performing a selected type of transport operation on the quantum object (object crystal). In various embodiments, the post-operation indicator for the motion of a quantum object includes a plurality of indicators, each configured to indicate the kinetic energy in a group of motion modes (e.g., longitudinal and radial modes, longitudinal mode, first radial mode (parallel to the plane of the confinement device), and second radial mode (perpendicular to the plane of the confinement device), and / or similar). In various embodiments, the post-operation indicator for the motion of a quantum object includes a plurality of indicators, each configured to indicate the kinetic energy in its respective motion mode.

[0176] In step / operation 610, the controller 30 (or computing entity 10) determines the amount of heating and / or increase in kinetic energy experienced by the quantum object (or object crystal) as a result of a selected specific transport operation and / or a transport operation of a selected type of transport operation being performed on the quantum object (or object crystal). For example, the controller 30 (or computing entity 10) may determine a change in the kinetic energy of the quantum object (or object crystal) as a result of a selected specific transport operation and / or a transport operation of a selected type of transport operation being performed on the quantum object (or object crystal). In an exemplary embodiment, the amount of heating and / or change in kinetic energy of the quantum object (or object crystal) is determined by comparing a post-operation indicator of the quantum object's motion with a pre-operation indicator of the quantum object's motion. For example, comparing a post-operation indicator of the quantum object's motion with a pre-operation indicator of the quantum object's motion may indicate an increase in the kinetic energy of the quantum object (or object crystal) after the transport operation has been performed. The amount of increase in kinetic energy is (directly) proportional to the amount of heating the quantum object (object crystal) is experienced as a result of the transport operation being performed on the quantum object (object crystal).

[0177] In various embodiments, the overall change in the kinetic energy of the quantum object (or object crystal) is determined. In various embodiments, the change in the kinetic energy of each group of motion modes of the quantum object (or object crystal) is determined. In each embodiment, the change in the kinetic energy of each motion mode of the quantum object (or object crystal) is determined.

[0178] In various embodiments, steps / operations 604-608 are repeated multiple times so that the distribution of the change in the kinetic energy of the quantum object (object crystal) is determined in step / operation 610.

[0179] Based on the result of step / operation 610, in step / operation 612, the controller 30 assigns a heat quantity to a selected specific transport operation or a selected type of transport operation (for example, identified by a corresponding operation identifier). For example, the heat quantity assigned to a selected specific transport operation or a selected type of transport operation (for example, identified by a corresponding operation identifier) ​​is assigned based on the change in the kinetic energy of the quantum object (or object crystal) measured and / or empirically determined as a result of the transport operation of the selected specific transport operation or the selected type of transport operation being performed on the quantum object (or object crystal). In exemplary embodiments, the heat quantity is provided and / or assigned in physical units (e.g., microjoules, microjoules per millimeter, and / or similar). In exemplary embodiments, the heat quantity is provided and / or assigned in arbitrary units (e.g., configured to reflect the amount of relative heating experienced by the quantum object (or object crystal) as a result of performing various transport operations and / or various types of transport operations on the quantum object (or object crystal).

[0180] The allocated heat quantities are then stored (for example, in classical memory 710) in association with an operation identifier configured to identify a specific selected transport operation and / or a type of selected transport operation. For example, the allocated heat quantities may be stored in a database of data determined by calibration in an exemplary embodiment. In an exemplary embodiment, the allocated heat quantities are stored as part of a lookup table similar to lookup table 510. In various embodiments, the allocated heat quantities are stored in association with an operation identifier configured to identify a specific selected transport operation and / or a type of selected transport operation in a format and / or data structure suitable for the application. For example, in an exemplary embodiment, the allocated heat quantities may be stored in a lookup table containing heat quantities indexed by operation identifiers.

[0181] Technical advantages In various scenarios, during experiments, controlled quantum state evolution, quantum computation, and / or similar operations, various transport operations are performed on quantum objects and / or object crystals within a confinement device. During such transport operations, the quantum objects and / or object crystals are excited and / or heated so that they are no longer in a kinetic ground state. Cooling operations are then used to reduce the kinetic energy of the quantum objects and / or object crystals. For example, laser cooling may be used to co-cool the quantum objects through the use of an accompanying cooling object.

[0182] Laser cooling is a slow process compared to various other processes performed during experiments, controlled quantum state evolution, quantum computation, and / or similar operations. For example, the time required to perform transport and cooling operations has traditionally been considered a limiting factor in the computational speed of QCCD quantum computers. Furthermore, a significant portion of the execution time of the quantum circuits required to cool the quantum object and / or object crystal after the transport operation may contribute to memory errors. Therefore, there are technical problems regarding methods for rapidly and efficiently cooling quantum objects and / or object crystals, and / or rapidly and efficiently reducing the kinetic energy of quantum objects and / or object crystals.

[0183] Traditionally, cooling operations, such as laser cooling, are performed based on baseline scenarios for quantum objects. For example, a cooling operation is performed according to parameters determined by calibrating the operation as a function of the quantum computer's performance. Such parameters are configured to provide sufficient cooling regardless of the thermal state of the quantum object to be cooled. For example, each cooling operation performed is carried out using the same cooling operation parameters. However, in various scenarios, performing a cooling operation based on the worst-case scenario cooling operation parameters can result in overcooling of the quantum object and / or object crystal. For example, the cooling time determined based on the worst-case scenario may be longer than the time required to cool a particular quantum object. In another example, the power output of a cooling laser determined based on the worst-case scenario may be greater than the power output required to cool a particular quantum object.

[0184] In various embodiments, the heat accumulated by each quantum object and / or object crystal is tracked. Cooling operation parameters are then determined based on the heat accumulated by the quantum object and / or object crystal to be cooled. The cooling operation is performed according to the cooling operation parameters determined based on the heat accumulated by the quantum object and / or object crystal to be cooled. This conditional cooling of the quantum object and / or object crystal allows the cooling operation to be adjusted to the heat accumulated by the quantum object and / or object crystal to be cooled, rather than being adjusted to a hypothetical worst-case scenario. This allows for appropriate reductions in, for example, cooling time, applied laser power, and / or similar. Thus, the various embodiments provide technological improvements in the fields of quantum system control and quantum computing by reducing the proportion of execution time of the quantum circuit spent performing the cooling operation, enabling reductions in the power consumption of quantum systems such as QCCD-based quantum computers and / or similar. These improvements and / or technological advantages are realized through the determination of cooling operation parameters based on the heat accumulated by the quantum object and / or object crystal to be cooled, via a particular instance of (simultaneous) cooling operation.

[0185] Example Controller In various embodiments, the quantum computer 110 includes a controller 30 configured to control various elements of the quantum computer 110. In various embodiments, the controller 30 may be configured to cause the quantum computer 110 to perform various operations (e.g., computational operations such as gate operations, cooling operations, transport operations, qubit interaction operations, qubit measurement operations, leakage suppression / conversion operations, and / or similar). For example, the controller 30 may be configured to perform one or more transport operations, one or more cooling operations, one or more post-cooling operations (e.g., two-qubit gates), and / or similar. For example, the controller 30 may be configured to control a cryogenic system and / or vacuum system that controls the temperature and pressure in the cryogenic and / or vacuum chamber 40, an operating source 64, a voltage source 80 configured to apply voltage signals (e.g., periodic voltage signals, waveform voltage signals) to electrodes of the confinement device 50 (e.g., RF rail 210, electrode 204), a magnetic field generator 70, and / or a system that controls environmental conditions (e.g., temperature, humidity, pressure, and / or similar) in the cryogenic and / or vacuum chamber 40, and / or may be configured to manipulate and / or induce the controlled evolution of the quantum state of one or more quantum objects confined by the confinement device 50.

[0186] As shown in Figure 7, in various embodiments, the controller 30 may comprise a variety of controller elements, including a processing element 705, a memory 710, a driver controller element 715, a communication interface 720, an analog-to-digital converter element 725, and / or similar. For example, the processing element 705 may comprise a programmable logic device (CPLD), a microprocessor, a coprocessing entity, an application-specific instruction set processor (ASIP), an integrated circuit, an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a field-programmable gate array (FPGA), a programmable logic array (PLA), a hardware accelerator, other processing devices and / or circuits, and / or similar, as well as a controller. In various embodiments, the processing element 705 is a classic (e.g., semiconductor-based) processing element. The term "circuit" may refer to an entirely hardware embodiment or a combination of hardware and computer program products. In an exemplary embodiment, the processing element 705 of the controller 30 comprises and / or communicates with a clock.

[0187] For example, memory 710 may include non-temporary memory such as volatile and / or non-volatile memory storage, such as one or more of the following: hard disk, ROM, PROM, EPROM, EEPROM, flash memory, MMC, SD memory card, memory stick, CBRAM, PRAM, FeRAM, RRAM, SONOS, racetrack memory, RAM, DRAM, SRAM, FPM DRAM, EDO DRAM, SDRAM, DDR SDRAM, DDR2 SDRAM, DDR3 SDRAM, RDRAM, RIMM, DIMM, SIMM, VRAM, cache memory, register memory, and / or similar. In various embodiments, memory 710 includes classic (e.g., semiconductor-based) memory. In various embodiments, the memory 710 may store qubit records corresponding to qubits of a quantum computer (e.g., in a qubit record datastore, qubit record database, qubit record table, and / or similar), allocated heat quantities (e.g., a heat quantity lookup table), executable queues, computer program code (e.g., in one or more computer languages, dedicated controller languages, and / or similar), and / or similar. In various embodiments, each qubit record includes one or more heat accumulators associated with each quantum object confined by a confinement device. In an exemplary embodiment, execution of at least a portion of the computer program code stored in the memory 710 (e.g., by a processing element 705) causes the controller 30 to perform one or more steps, operations, processes, procedures, and / or similar described herein.

[0188] In various embodiments, the driver controller element 715 may include one or more drivers and / or controller elements, each configured to control one or more drivers. In various embodiments, the driver controller element 715 may comprise drivers and / or driver controllers. For example, a driver controller may be configured to cause one or more corresponding drivers to operate according to executable instructions, commands, and / or similar actions scheduled and executed by the controller 30 (e.g., by the processing element 705). In various embodiments, the driver controller element 715 may enable the controller 30 to operate and / or control one or more operating sources 64, control one or more magnetic field generators 70, control one or more voltage sources 80 and / or drivers, operate vacuum systems and / or cryogenic systems, and / or similar actions. In various embodiments, the driver may be a laser driver, a vacuum component driver, a voltage source (e.g., an AC voltage source, an arbitrary waveform generator (AWG), a direct digital synthesizer (DSS), and / or similar), a cryogenic system and / or vacuum system component driver, and / or similar. In various embodiments, the controller 30 includes means for communicating and / or receiving signals from a camera, a MEM camera, a CCD camera, a photodiode, a photomultiplier tube, and / or similar. For example, the controller 30 may include one or more analog-to-digital converter elements 725 configured to receive signals from one or more optical receiver components, calibration sensors, and / or similar. For example, the controller 30 may receive measurements corresponding to the state in a particular area and / or part of the confinement device 50, and / or measurements corresponding to various things, via the analog-to-digital converter elements 725.

[0189] In various embodiments, the controller 30 may include a communication interface 720 for interfaceing with and / or communicating with the computing entity 10. For example, the controller 30 may include a communication interface 720 for receiving executable instructions, command sets, and / or similar from the computing entity 10 and for providing the computing entity 10 with outputs received from the quantum computer 110 (e.g., from an optical collection system or other measurement system) and / or the results of processing those outputs. In various embodiments, the computing entity 10 and the controller 30 may communicate directly via wired and / or wireless connections, and / or via one or more wired and / or wireless networks 20.

[0190] Exemplary Computing Entity Figure 8 provides a descriptive schematic representation of an exemplary computing entity 10 that may be used in conjunction with embodiments of the present invention. In various embodiments, the computing entity 10 is configured to allow a user to provide input to a quantum computer 110 (e.g., through the user interface of the computing entity 10), and to receive, display, analyze, and / or similar outputs from the quantum computer 110. For example, the user may operate the computing entity 10 to generate and / or program quantum algorithms and / or quantum circuits so that a controller 30 can receive quantum algorithms and / or quantum circuits and cause the quantum computer 110 to execute the quantum algorithms and / or quantum circuits.

[0191] As shown in Figure 8, the computing entity 10 may include an antenna 812, a transmitter 814 (e.g., wireless), a receiver 806 (e.g., wireless), and a processing device and / or element 808, respectively, which provides a signal to the transmitter 814 and receives a signal from the receiver 806. The signals provided to the transmitter 814 and received from the receiver 806 may include signaling information / data that conforms to applicable wireless system air interface standards for communicating with various entities such as the controller 30, other computing entities 10, and / or similar. In this regard, the computing entity 10 may be able to operate using one or more air interface standards, communication protocols, modulation types, and access types. For example, the computing entity 10 may be configured to receive and / or provide communications using wired data transmission protocols such as Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI), Digital Subscriber Line (DSL), Ethernet, Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM), Frame Relay, Data Services Interface Standard over Cable (DOCSIS), or any other wired transmission protocol.Similarly, Computing Entity 10 supports General-Purpose Packet Radio Services (GPRS), Universal Mobile Communications System (UMTS), Code Division Multiple Access 2000 (CDMA2000), CDMA2000 1X (1xRTT), Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (WCDMA®), Pan-European Digital Mobile Telephone System (GSM), GSM Evolution High Speed ​​Data Rate (EDGE), Time Division Synchronous Code Division Multiple Access (TD-SCDMA), Long-Term Evolution (LTE), Evolution Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN), Evolution Data Optimized (EVDO), High Speed ​​Packet Access (HSPA), High Speed ​​Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA), IEEE 802.11 (Wi-Fi), and Wi-Fi. Computing entity 10 may be configured to communicate over a wireless external communication network using any of the following protocols: Direct, 802.16 (WiMAX), Ultra Wideband (UWB), Infrared (IR) protocol, Near Field Communication (NFC) protocol, Wibree, Bluetooth protocol, Wireless Universal Serial Bus (USB) protocol, and / or any other wireless protocol. Computing entity 10 may use such protocols and standards to communicate using Boundary Gateway Protocol (BGP), Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP), Domain Name System (DNS), File Transfer Protocol (FTP), Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP), HTTP over TLS / SSL / Secure, Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP), Network Time Protocol (NTP), Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP), Telnet, Transport Layer Security (TLS), Secure Sockets Layer (SSL), Internet Protocol (IP), Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), User Datagram Protocol (UDP), Datagram Congestion Control Protocol (DCCP), Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP), Hypertext Markup Language (HTML), and / or similar.

[0192] Through these communication standards and protocols, it is possible to communicate with various other entities using concepts such as unstructured additional service information / data (USSD), short message service (SMS), multimedia messaging service (MMS), dual-tone multi-frequency signaling (DTMF), and / or subscriber identification module dialer (SIM dialer). Computing entity 10 can also download changes, add-ons, and updates to its firmware, software (including, for example, executable instructions, applications, and program modules), and operating system.

[0193] The computing entity 10 may also include a user interface device having one or more user input / output interfaces (e.g., a display 816 and / or speaker / speaker driver coupled to the processing device and / or element 808, as well as a touchscreen, keyboard, mouse, and / or microphone coupled to the processing device and / or element 808). For example, a user output interface may be configured to provide applications, browsers, user interfaces, dashboards, screens, web pages, pages, and / or similar words used herein interchangeably, which run on and / or are accessible through the computing entity 10, in order to trigger the display or audible presentation of information / data and / or to interact with that display or audible presentation via one or more user input interfaces. A user input interface may include any of several devices that enable the computing entity 10 to receive data, such as a keypad 818 (hard or soft), a touch display, a voice / speech or motion interface, a scanner, a reader, or other input device. In embodiments including a keypad 818, the keypad 818 may include (or trigger the display of) conventional numerals (0-9) and associated keys (#, *) and other keys used to operate the computing entity 10, and may include a complete set of alphanumeric keys, or a set of keys that can be activated to provide a complete set of alphanumeric keys. In addition to providing input, the user input interface may be used to activate or deactivate certain functions, such as a screen saver and / or sleep mode. Through such input, the computing entity 10 may collect information / data, user interaction / input, and / or similar.

[0194] The computing entity 10 may also include volatile storage or memory 822 and / or non-volatile storage or memory 824, which may be embedded and / or removable. For example, non-volatile memory may be ROM, PROM, EPROM, EEPROM, flash memory, MMC, SD memory card, memory stick, CBRAM, PRAM, FeRAM, RRAM, SONOS, racetrack memory, and / or similar. Volatile memory may be RAM, DRAM, SRAM, FPM DRAM, EDO DRAM, SDRAM, DDR SDRAM, DDR2 SDRAM, DDR3 SDRAM, RDRAM, RIMM, DIMM, SIMM, VRAM, cache memory, register memory, and / or similar. Volatile and non-volatile storage or memory may store databases, database instances, database management system entities, data, applications, programs, program modules, scripts, source code, object code, bytecode, compiled code, interpreted code, machine code, executable instructions, and / or similar for implementing the functions of the computing entity 10.

[0195] conclusion Many modifications and other embodiments of the invention described herein will be recalled by those skilled in the art who are interested in the invention and who benefit from the teachings presented in the foregoing description and the associated drawings. Therefore, it should be understood that the invention is not limited to the specific embodiments disclosed, and that modifications and other embodiments are intended to be included within the scope of the appended claims. Certain terms are used herein, but they are used in a general and descriptive sense only and not for limiting purposes. [Explanation of symbols]

[0196] 5A The First Quantum Object 5B The Second Quantum Object 10 Computing Entities 20. Wired or wireless network 30 Controllers, Quantum System Controllers 40 Low-temperature and / or vacuum chamber 50 Confinement devices, apparatus, quantum object confinement devices 64 Operation source 64A operation source 64B Operation source 64C operation source 66 Beam paths, optical beam paths 66A Beam Path 66B beam path 66C beam path 70 Magnetic field generator 70A magnetic field generator, internal magnetic field generator 70B Magnetic field generator, external magnetic field generator 80 Voltage source 90 Optical Acquisition System 100 Quantum Computer Systems 110 Quantum Computers 200 pieces 202 Electrode Sequence 202A electrode sequence 202B electrode sequence 202C electrode sequence 204 Electrode 210 RF rail, radio frequency (RF) rail 210A Radio Frequency (RF) Rail 210B Radio Frequency (RF) Rail 212 dashed line 215 Longitudinal gap 230 Transportation Routes 240A Zone 1 240B Second Zone 240C Third Zone 510 Look-up Table 520 table 522A Thermal accumulator value, thermal accumulator 522B Thermal accumulator value, thermal accumulator 705 Processing elements 710 memory, classic memory 715 Driver Controller Element 720 Communication Interfaces 725 A / D converter, analog-to-digital converter element 806 Receiver 808 Processing devices and / or elements 812 Antenna 814 Transmitter 818 Computing Entities 822 Volatile storage or memory 824 Non-volatile storage or memory

Claims

1. A method for performing a cooling operation, wherein the method is A step of identifying one or more quantum objects from a plurality of quantum objects confined by a confinement device, which are located within one or more selected zones of the confinement device, wherein the plurality of quantum objects are associated with their respective thermal accumulators stored in classical memory accessible to the controller. The controller determines a representative value based on the thermal accumulator value of each thermal accumulator associated with the one or more quantum objects located within the one or more selected zones, The controller determines the cooling operation parameters based at least partially on the representative values, The controller performs the steps of causing the cooling operation in one or more selected zones of the containment device according to the cooling operation parameters. Methods that include...

2. The controller performs a transport operation on a first quantum object among a plurality of quantum objects, The controller performs the steps of updating each thermal accumulator associated with the first quantum object with the amount of heat corresponding to the transport operation. The method according to claim 1, further comprising:

3. The method according to claim 2, wherein the amount of heat corresponding to the transport operation is determined at least in part on the type of transport operation or on an operation identifier configured to identify the transport operation.

4. The method according to claim 3, wherein the type of the transport operation is one of a category of transport operations or a transport operation corresponding to a specific waveform.

5. The method according to claim 3, wherein the type of transport operation is a coupled transport operation, and the step of updating each of the thermal accumulators associated with the first quantum object by the amount of heat corresponding to the transport operation includes (a) adding the amount of heat corresponding to the coupled transport operation to each of the thermal accumulators in order to determine each preheat equalization value, and (b) updating each of the thermal accumulator values ​​so that they are equal to the average of the preheat equalization value and the preheat equalization value corresponding to a second quantum object transported to the vicinity of the first quantum object via the coupled transport operation.

6. The method according to claim 3, wherein at least one of the following is: (a) a plurality of waveforms are stored in the memory of the controller, each of the plurality of waveforms is configured to perform its respective transport operation, is indexed by its respective operation identifier, and a respective heat quantity is assigned to the respective operation identifier; or (b) a plurality of types of transport operations are defined, and a respective heat quantity is assigned to each of the plurality of types of transport operations.

7. The method according to claim 6, wherein the respective operation identifier or the respective heat quantity assigned to the respective transport operation of the aforementioned type is determined through a calibration process.

8. The method according to claim 1, further comprising the step of resetting the respective thermal accumulator associated with the one or more quantum objects located within the one or more selected zones after or while the cooling operation is being performed.

9. The method according to claim 1, further comprising the step of causing a post-cooling operation in at least one of the selected zones after causing the cooling operation to be performed.

10. The method according to claim 9, wherein the post-cooling operation is a two-qubit gate.

11. The method according to claim 1, wherein for each of the plurality of quantum objects, the respective thermal accumulator comprises a thermal accumulator associated with the quantum object.

12. The method according to claim 1, wherein for each of the plurality of quantum objects, the respective thermal accumulator comprises one or more mode-specific thermal accumulators, each associated with a corresponding motion mode of the quantum object.

13. The method according to claim 1, wherein the representative value is the maximum thermal accumulator value of each thermal accumulator associated with the one or more quantum objects located within the one or more selected zones.

14. The method according to claim 1, wherein the cooling operation parameter is determined at least in part on a function that takes the representative value as input.

15. The method according to claim 1, wherein the cooling operation parameter is determined at least in part on identifying at least one threshold requirement that is satisfied by a representative parameter.

16. The method according to claim 1, wherein the cooling operation parameter is determined at least in part on the basis of comparing the representative value with one or more threshold values.

17. The method according to claim 1, wherein the cooling operation parameter is a cooling time, and the cooling operation is performed for the duration of the cooling time.

18. The method according to claim 1, wherein each of the thermal accumulators is stored as part of a respective qubit record containing positional information relating to the associated quantum object.

19. A controller configured to control the operation of one or more components of a quantum system, wherein the quantum system comprises a confinement device configured to confine a plurality of quantum objects, the controller comprises at least one processing element and at least one non-temporary memory, and the at least one non-temporary memory is connected to the controller, Identifying one or more quantum objects from a plurality of quantum objects confined by the confinement device, which are located within one or more selected zones of the confinement device, wherein the plurality of quantum objects are associated with their respective thermal accumulators stored in classical memory accessible by the controller. Determining a representative value based on the thermal accumulator value of each thermal accumulator associated with the one or more quantum objects located within the one or more selected zones, Determining the cooling operation parameters based at least partially on the aforementioned representative values, To cause the execution of a cooling operation in one or more selected zones of the containment device according to the aforementioned cooling operation parameters. Stores executable instructions configured to perform the following: controller.

20. A quantum system comprising a controller and a confinement device configured to confine a plurality of quantum objects, wherein the controller is configured to control the operation of one or more components of the quantum system in order to cause the quantum system to perform a conditional cooling operation, and the conditional cooling operation is performed Identifying one or more quantum objects from a plurality of quantum objects confined by the confinement device, which are located within one or more selected zones of the confinement device, wherein the plurality of quantum objects are associated with their respective thermal accumulators stored in classical memory accessible by the controller. Determining a representative value based on the thermal accumulator value of each thermal accumulator associated with the one or more quantum objects located within the one or more selected zones, Determining the cooling operation parameters based at least partially on the aforementioned representative values, To cause the execution of a cooling operation in one or more selected zones of the containment device according to the aforementioned cooling operation parameters. This includes performing Quantum systems.

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