Battery cell evaluation device

Abstract

The present invention relates to a battery cell evaluation device, and more particularly to a jig including a housing with a space, a holder portion comprising a first connecting member and a second connecting member housed in the space and fixing the electrode leads of a battery cell, and a first lifting adjustment member for adjusting the height of the second connecting member, wherein the first lifting adjustment member has the function of measuring the force pressed by the second connecting member when the second connecting member and the first connecting member are in close contact, or when the second connecting member and the electrode leads are in close contact.

Description

[Technical Field]

[0001] This application claims priority under Korean Patent Application No. 10-2023-0129864 dated September 26, 2023, and all content disclosed in said Korean Patent Application is incorporated herein as part of this specification.

[0002] The present invention relates to a battery cell evaluation device, and more specifically, to a battery cell evaluation device having a structure that can improve the reliability of evaluation results. [Background technology]

[0003] As technological development and demand for mobile devices increase, rechargeable secondary batteries are being used as an energy source for a variety of mobile devices. Secondary batteries are also attracting attention as an energy source for electric vehicles and hybrid electric vehicles, which are being presented as alternatives to existing gasoline and diesel vehicles that use fossil fuels.

[0004] Rechargeable batteries are classified into cylindrical and rectangular batteries, in which the electrode assembly is housed in a cylindrical or rectangular metal can, and pouch-type batteries, in which the electrode assembly is housed in a pouch-type case made of aluminum laminate sheet, depending on the shape of the battery case.

[0005] On the other hand, lithium-ion batteries undergo many processes for production and shipment, including aging, charging and discharging, OCV (Open Circuit Voltage) testing, and IR (Internal Resistance) testing. Among these, the charging and discharging process, which involves repeatedly charging and discharging the produced secondary battery, is a crucial process that determines the quality of the secondary battery.

[0006] In this setup, to charge and discharge the secondary battery, electrode leads or electrode tabs and a charge / discharge jig for applying current are used. The secondary battery is fastened to the jig, and the electrode leads or electrode tabs of the secondary battery are in contact with the current terminals of the jig. Current is then applied to charge and discharge the secondary battery.

[0007] In this regard, Figure 1 is a cross-sectional view of a conventional charging and discharging jig. As shown in Figure 1, the jig 30, which is electrically connected to the battery cell, includes a lower member 31 and an upper member 32 for fixing the electrode leads 12 on the upper and lower surfaces, and a screw 33 for lowering the upper member 32.

[0008] On the other hand, the resistance of a battery cell can change depending on the contact force between the electrode leads and the connecting member, so it is necessary to always connect the electrode leads and the connecting member with a constant force. However, the jig shown in Figure 1 only moves the upper member 32 by rotating the screw 33, making it difficult to adjust the force applied to the electrode leads to be constant, whether by different operators or even by the same operator. This has been pointed out as a cause of reduced reliability in the evaluation results of battery cells.

[0009] Furthermore, when the electrode leads of a battery cell are connected to a connecting member, it is preferable that the electrode leads are fastened to the jig while remaining horizontal without bending. However, recent battery cells have a wide range of capacities, which in turn changes their overall size, so there is a demand for jigs that can fasten the electrode leads in a way that minimizes deformation. [Prior art documents] [Patent Documents]

[0010] [Patent Document 1] Korean Published Patent No. 10-2022-0040647 [Overview of the project] [Problems that the invention aims to solve]

[0011] To solve the aforementioned problems, the present invention aims to provide a battery cell evaluation device equipped with a jig that has the function of adjusting the pressing force of a connecting member fastened to an electrode lead in order to improve the reliability of the evaluation results.

[0012] Furthermore, the present invention aims to provide a battery cell evaluation device that can fasten electrode leads to a jig while maintaining a parallel state, even when the volume of the battery cell changes. [Means for solving the problem]

[0013] As a technical means for achieving the above-mentioned objectives, the battery cell evaluation device according to the present invention includes a jig (100) comprising: a housing (110) having a space (S); a holder portion (120) housed in the space (S) and consisting of a first connecting member (121) and a second connecting member (122) for fixing the electrode leads (12) of a battery cell (10); and a first lifting adjustment member (130) for adjusting the height of the second connecting member (122), wherein the first lifting adjustment member (130) has the function of being able to measure the force pressed by the second connecting member (122) when the second connecting member (122) and the first connecting member (121) are in close contact, or when the second connecting member (122) and the electrode leads (12) are in close contact.

[0014] Furthermore, in the battery cell evaluation device according to the present invention, the first lifting adjustment member (130) is a torque wrench.

[0015] Furthermore, in the battery cell evaluation device according to the present invention, the first lifting adjustment member (130) is characterized by including a screw-type first vertical member (131) that penetrates the housing (110) and has one end connected to the second connecting member (122), a handle (132) that is positioned exposed to the outside of the housing (110) and connected to the other end of the first vertical member (131), and a pressure gauge (133) provided on the handle (132).

[0016] Furthermore, the battery cell evaluation apparatus according to the present invention is characterized by further including a die section on which the battery cell (10) or the jig (100) is mounted.

[0017] Further, in the battery cell evaluation device according to the present invention, the die part includes a main die part (200) having a certain area, a first die part (300) located above the main die part (200) and on which the battery cell (10) is mounted, and a second die part (400) located above the main die part (200) and on which the jig (100) is mounted.

[0018] Further, in the battery cell evaluation device according to the present invention, at least one of the first die part (300) and the second die part (400) is height-adjustable.

[0019] Further, in the battery cell evaluation device according to the present invention, the first die part (300) includes a first plate (310) having a certain area and provided with one or more second holes (311) on the side surface, one or more second vertical members (320) penetrating the first plate (310) in the vertical direction and having one end fixed to the main die part (200), and one or more first fixing members (330) screwed and fastened to the second holes (311). The second vertical member (320) is exposed by the second hole (311), and the vertical movement of the first plate (310) is restricted by the first fixing member (330).

[0020] Further, in the battery cell evaluation device according to the present invention, a scale is provided on the outer surface of the second vertical member (320).

[0021] Also, in the battery cell evaluation device according to the present invention, the second die part (400) includes a second plate (410) having a certain area and provided with one or more third holes (411) on its side surface, one or more third vertical members (420) that penetrate the second plate (410) in the vertical direction and one end of which is fixed to the main die part (200), and one or more second fixing members (430) screwed and fastened to the third holes (411). The third vertical member (420) is exposed by the third hole (411), and the vertical movement of the second plate (410) is restricted by the second fixing member (430).

[0022] Also, in the battery cell evaluation device according to the present invention, a graduation is provided on the outer surface of the third vertical member (420).

[0023] Also, in the battery cell evaluation device according to the present invention, there are two second die parts (400), which are respectively located on both sides of the first die part (300).

[0024] Also, in the battery cell evaluation device according to the present invention, there are two jigs (100), which are respectively located on each of the second die parts (400).

Advantages of the Invention

[0025] As described above, the battery cell evaluation device according to the present invention uses a jig having a function of checking the force applied to the connecting member in close contact with the electrode lead, so there is an advantage that the measurement results of the battery cell such as the resistance value are accurate.

[0026] Also, the battery cell evaluation device according to the present invention includes a die part capable of adjusting the height of the battery cell and / or the jig, so there is an advantage that the electrode lead can always be fastened to the jig in a parallel state regardless of the volume change of the battery cell.

Brief Description of the Drawings

[0027] [Figure 1] This is a cross-sectional view of a conventional charging and discharging jig. [Figure 2] This is a perspective view of the battery cell evaluation device according to the present invention. [Figure 3] Figure 2 is a front view of the battery cell evaluation device. [Figure 4] Figure 2 is a plan view of the battery cell evaluation device shown. [Figure 5] This is a perspective view of a jig that constitutes the battery cell evaluation apparatus according to the present invention. [Modes for carrying out the invention]

[0028] Hereinafter, embodiments that allow a person with ordinary skill in the art to carry out the present invention will be described in detail based on the attached drawings. However, in describing the operating principle of a preferred embodiment of the present invention in detail, if it is determined that a specific description of a related known function or configuration may unnecessarily obscure the gist of the present invention, such detailed description will be omitted.

[0029] Furthermore, the same reference numerals shall be used throughout the drawings for parts that have similar functions and operations. Throughout the specification, when it is stated that one part is connected to another part, this includes not only direct connections but also indirect connections through other elements in between. Also, when it is stated that a component is included, unless otherwise specified, it does not mean that other components are excluded, but rather that other components may be included.

[0030] The following describes the battery cell evaluation apparatus according to the present invention.

[0031] Figure 2 is a perspective view of the battery cell evaluation apparatus according to the present invention, Figure 3 is a front view of the battery cell evaluation apparatus shown in Figure 2, and Figure 4 is a plan view of the battery cell evaluation apparatus shown in Figure 2. Figure 5 is a perspective view of the jig that constitutes the battery cell evaluation apparatus according to the present invention.

[0032] As shown in Figures 2 to 5, the battery cell evaluation apparatus according to the present invention may include a jig 100 electrically connected to the battery cell 10, a main die section 200, a first die section 300, and a second die section 400.

[0033] First, the battery cell 10 includes a cell case 11 that houses an electrode assembly, and a pair of electrode leads 12 that protrude from both sides of the cell case 11, with three or four sides of the cell case 11 being sealed.

[0034] The cell case 11 can be formed using a laminate sheet consisting of an outer coating layer, a metal layer, and an inner coating layer.

[0035] Since the internal coating layer is in direct contact with the electrode assembly, it must have insulating and electrolytic resistance properties. Furthermore, for sealing against the outside, it must have sealing properties; that is, the sealing areas where the internal layers are heat-bonded must have excellent thermal bonding strength.

[0036] The material for such an internal coating layer can be selected from polyolefin resins such as polypropylene, polyethylene, polyethylene acrylic acid, and polybutylene, polyurethane resins, and polyimide resins, which have excellent chemical resistance and good sealing properties, but are not limited to these. Polypropylene is the most preferred material because it has excellent mechanical properties such as tensile strength, rigidity, surface hardness, and impact strength, as well as excellent chemical resistance.

[0037] The metal layer in contact with the internal coating layer acts as a barrier layer that prevents moisture and various gases from penetrating into the battery from the outside. A preferred material for such a metal layer is a thin aluminum film that is lightweight yet has excellent formability.

[0038] Furthermore, the other side of the metal layer is provided with an external coating layer, and such an external coating layer can be made of a heat-resistant polymer with excellent tensile strength, moisture permeability, and air permeability so as to protect the electrode assembly while ensuring heat resistance and chemical resistance. For example, nylon or polyethylene terephthalate can be used, but is not limited to these.

[0039] The electrode assembly may consist of, but is not limited to, a jelly roll type electrode assembly having a structure in which a separation membrane is interposed between a long sheet-like negative electrode and a positive electrode before it is wound up, a stack type electrode assembly consisting of unit cells in which rectangular positive and negative electrodes are stacked with a separation membrane in between, a stack folding type electrode assembly in which the unit cells are wound up by a long separation film, or a lamination stack type electrode assembly in which the unit cells are stacked with a separation membrane in between and adhere to each other.

[0040] The negative electrode is manufactured by applying a slurry containing a negative electrode active material and a binder to the negative electrode current collector.

[0041] The negative electrode current collector generally has a thickness of 3 to 500 μm. Such a negative electrode current collector is not particularly limited as long as it is conductive without causing a chemical change in the battery, and for example, copper, stainless steel, aluminum, nickel, titanium, calcined carbon, copper or stainless steel surface-treated with carbon, nickel, titanium, silver, etc., and aluminum-cadmium alloy can be used.

[0042] Examples of negative electrode active materials include carbon such as non-graphitizable carbon and graphite-based carbon; Li x Fe2O3 (0 ≤ x ≤ 1), Li x WO2(0≦x≦1), Sn x Me 1-x Me' y O zMetal composite oxides such as (Me: Mn, Fe, Pb, Ge; Me’: Al, B, P, Si, Group 1, Group 2, Group 3 elements of the periodic table, halogen; 0 < x ≤ 1; 1 ≤ y ≤ 3; 1 ≤ z ≤ 8), lithium metal, lithium alloys, silicon-based alloys, tin-based alloys, metal oxides such as SnO, SnO2, PbO, PbO2, Pb2O3, Pb3O4, Sb2O3, Sb2O4, Sb2O5, GeO, GeO2, Bi2O3, Bi2O4, Bi2O5, conductive polymers such as polyacetylene, Li-Co-Ni-based materials, Si-based materials which are Si, SiO, SiO2 alone or mixtures thereof, etc. can be used, but are not limited thereto only.

[0043] Of course, a conductive material and a binder can be further mixed with the negative electrode active material and coated on the negative electrode current collector.

[0044] The positive electrode is manufactured by applying a slurry in which a positive electrode active material and a binder are mixed to a positive electrode current collector.

[0045] The positive electrode current collector can generally have a thickness of 3 to 500 μm. It is not particularly limited as long as it has high conductivity while not causing chemical changes in the battery. For example, stainless steel, aluminum, nickel, titanium, fired carbon, or those surface-treated with carbon, nickel, titanium, silver, etc. on the surface of aluminum or stainless steel can be used. Also, in order to enhance the adhesive force of the positive electrode active material, it is possible to form fine irregularities on the surface, or various forms such as films, sheets, foils, nets, porous bodies, foams, non-woven fabrics, etc.

[0046] As the positive electrode active material, layered compounds such as lithium cobalt oxide (LiCoO2), lithium nickel oxide (LiNiO2), or compounds substituted with one or more transition metals; chemical formula Li 1+x Mn 2-xO4 (where x is from 0 to 0.33), lithium manganese oxides such as LiMnO3, LiMn2O3, LiMnO2; lithium copper oxide (Li2CuO2); vanadium oxides such as LiV3O8, V2O5, Cu2V2O7; chemical formula LiNi 1-x M x O2 (where M = Co, Mn, Al, Cu, Fe, Mg, B or Ga and x = 0.01 to 0.3), Ni-site type lithium nickel oxides represented by; chemical formula LiMn 2-x M x O2 (where M = Co, Ni, Fe, Cr, Zn or Ta and x = 0.01 to 0.1) or lithium manganese composite oxides represented by Li2Mn3MO8 (where M = Fe, Co, Ni, Cu or Zn); LiMn2O4 in which part of the Li in the chemical formula is substituted with alkaline earth metal ions; disulfide compounds; Fe2(MoO4)3, etc. can be mentioned, but it is not limited to only these.

[0047] A conductive material and a binder can be mixed with the positive electrode active material, and a filler can be further added if necessary.

[0048] The separator prevents a short between the negative electrode and the positive electrode described above and allows only the movement of lithium ions. As a material for such a separator, any one selected from polyethylene, polypropylene, polyethylene / polypropylene bilayer, polyethylene / polypropylene / polyethylene trilayer, polypropylene / polyethylene / polypropylene trilayer, and organic fiber filter paper is preferable, but it is not limited thereto.

[0049] On the other hand, the negative electrode current collector and the positive electrode current collector are composed of a portion where the slurry mixed with the active material is applied and a plain portion where the slurry is not applied. The plain portion is cut to form, or a separate conductive member is connected to the plain portion by ultrasonic welding or the like to form an electrode tab, and such electrode tabs are collected to form a tab bundle.

[0050] Then, the pair of electrode leads, consisting of a positive electrode lead and a negative electrode lead, are electrically connected to the tab bundle of the electrode assembly described above, and are exposed to the outside of the cell case 11.

[0051] More specifically, the jig 100 may include a housing 110 having a space S, a holder portion 120 housed in the space S and consisting of a first connecting member 121 and a second connecting member 122 for fixing the electrode leads 12 of the battery cell 10, and a first lifting adjustment member 130 for adjusting the height of the second connecting member 122.

[0052] The first connecting member 121, housed in the space S of the housing 110, is fixed to the housing 110, while the second connecting member 122 is connected to the first lifting adjustment member 130 so as to be vertically movable, allowing it to fasten or detach the electrode leads 12 of the battery cell 10 to be measured.

[0053] In order to evaluate the battery cell, the electrode leads 12 must be electrically connected to the terminals (not shown) of a charge / discharge device after passing through the first connecting member 121 and the second connecting member 122. Therefore, the first connecting member 121 and the second connecting member 122 can be made of a metallic material, such as bronze.

[0054] The first lifting adjustment member 130 includes a screw-type first vertical member 131 that penetrates the first hole 111 of the housing 110 and has one end connected to a second connecting member 122, a handle 132 that is exposed to the outside of the housing 110 and connected to the other end of the first vertical member 131, and a pressure gauge 133 provided on the handle 132.

[0055] Therefore, when the handle 132 is grasped and rotated with the electrode lead 12 positioned between the first connecting member 121 and the second connecting member 122, the second connecting member 122 descends and fixes the electrode lead 12 in place.

[0056] When evaluating various performance characteristics of battery cells, such as resistance, temperature, or electrolyte leakage, in conjunction with a charge / discharge device, it is necessary to evaluate them under the same conditions.

[0057] In particular, if the contact resistance generated at the contact surface between the electrode lead and the first and second connecting members is high, heat is generated at the contact site, making accurate evaluation impossible. Therefore, it is necessary to minimize the contact resistance.

[0058] The pressure gauge 133 provided on the handle 132 is a gauge that displays the force applied to the second connecting member 122, in other words, the pressure received by the electrode lead 12 if the electrode lead 12 is interposed between the first connecting member 121 and the second connecting member 122, or the pressure received by the second connecting member 122 if the electrode lead 12 is not interposed.

[0059] The first lifting adjustment member 130 is not particularly limited as long as it can perform the function described above, that is, press with a specific force and display the pressed force; for example, it could be a torque wrench. The function and measurement principle of a torque wrench are known technologies, so a detailed explanation will be omitted.

[0060] Next, I will explain the die section. The die section is where the battery cell 10 and the aforementioned jig 100 are mounted, and consists of a roughly plate-shaped main die section 200 having a certain area and thickness, and a first die section 300 and a second die section 400 located above the main die section 200.

[0061] The first die section 300 is where the battery cell 10 is mounted and is located in the center of the die section 200, while the second die section 400 is where the jig 100 is mounted and is located one on each side of the first die section 300.

[0062] Here, it is preferable that one or more of the first die section 300 and the second die section 400 are height adjustable, and it is more preferable that both the first die section 300 and the second die section 400 are height adjustable.

[0063] When connecting the electrode leads 12 of the battery cell 10 to the jig 100, the electrode leads 12 must be interposed between the first connecting member 121 and the second connecting member 122 of the jig 100 while maintaining a horizontal position without bending.

[0064] However, the battery cells 10 have varying capacities, and therefore the thickness of the battery cells 10, in other words, the thickness of the cell case 11, can vary. Therefore, it is preferable that the first die section 300 on which the battery cells 10 are mounted and / or the second die section 400 on which the jig 100 is mounted are movable vertically, so that the electrode leads 12 remain horizontal while being connected to the jig 100, regardless of the thickness of the cell case 11.

[0065] More specifically, the first die section 300 may include a first plate 310 having a certain area and having one or more second holes 311 on its side, one or more second vertical members 320 that penetrate the first plate 310 vertically and have one end fixed to the main die section 200, and one or more first fixing members 330 that are fastened to the second holes 311 with screws.

[0066] Here, the second vertical member 320 is exposed by the second hole 311, and the vertical movement of the first plate 310 is restricted by the first fixing member 330.

[0067] As a result, the first plate 310 is slidable up and down along the second vertical member 320 that penetrates near each corner, and is also fixed in a specific position by the first fixing member 330.

[0068] On the other hand, it is preferable that each of the four second vertical members 320 has a groove on its outer surface, and such grooves make it easy to maintain the first plate 310 in a precisely horizontal position.

[0069] Next, the second die section 400 is to which the jig 100 is attached, and there is one on each side of the first die section 300, which is the edge of the main die section 200.

[0070] The second die section 400 may include a second plate 410 having a certain area and having one or more third holes 411 on its side, one or more third vertical members 420 that penetrate the second plate 410 vertically and have one end fixed to the main die section 200, and one or more second fixing members 430 that are fastened to the third holes 411 with screws.

[0071] Here, the third vertical member 420 is exposed by the third hole 411, and the vertical movement of the second plate 410 is restricted by the second fixing member 430.

[0072] As a result, the second plate 410 is slidable up and down along the third vertical member 420 that penetrates the vicinity of each corner, and is also fixed in a specific position by the second fixing member 430.

[0073] On the other hand, it is preferable to provide a groove on the outer surface of the third vertical member 420, which is positioned to penetrate the second plate 410, as such a groove makes it easy to maintain the second plate 410 in a precisely horizontal position.

[0074] When evaluating a battery cell using the evaluation device having the configuration described above, the negative electrode lead and the positive electrode lead are connected to each of the pair of jigs. Here, the connections are made so that the result of the pressure gauge of the first lifting adjustment member is always within the same range. Of course, it is preferable to secure in advance the pressure at which the contact resistance is minimized.

[0075] Furthermore, each of the pair of jigs is connected to a charge / discharge terminal so that the battery cells can be charged and discharged by a charge / discharge device (not shown).

[0076] On the other hand, a charge / discharge device performs the function of driving the charging and discharging of electrically connected battery cells and includes a power supply unit, a load unit, and a switching circuit. The power supply unit adjusts and applies voltage and / or current to the battery cells to charge them, the load unit discharges the energy stored in the battery cells, and the power supply unit and load unit can be selectively electrically connected to the battery cells by the switching circuit. Since such a charge / discharge device is in line with known technology, no further explanation is provided.

[0077] Of course, it is clear that during the charging and discharging process, it is possible to monitor the resistance of the battery cells, temperature, or electrolyte leakage.

[0078] Although specific parts of the present invention have been described in detail above, to a person with ordinary skill in the art, such specific descriptions are merely preferred modes of implementation and do not limit the scope of the present invention. It will be obvious to a person skilled in the art that various changes and modifications are possible within the scope of the present invention and the technical concept, and it goes without saying that such variations and modifications fall within the scope of the appended claims. [Explanation of Symbols]

[0079] 10 battery cells 11 Cell Case 12 electrode leads 100 jigs 110 Housing 111 Hole 1 120 Holder section 121 First connecting member 122 Second connecting member 130 First lifting adjustment member 131 First vertical member 132 Handle 133 gauge 200 Main die section 300 First die section 310 Plate 1 311 Hole 2 320 Second vertical member 330 First fixing member 400 Second die section 410 Second Plate 411 Third Hole 420 Third vertical member 430 Second fixing member S space part

Claims

1. A housing with an internal space, A holder portion comprising a first connecting member and a second connecting member housed in the aforementioned space and used to secure the electrode leads of a battery cell, The jig includes a first lifting adjustment member for adjusting the height of the second connecting member, A battery cell evaluation device having a function that allows the first lifting adjustment member to measure the force applied by the second connecting member when the second connecting member and the first connecting member are in close contact, or when the second connecting member and the electrode lead are in close contact.

2. The battery cell evaluation apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the first lifting adjustment member is a torque wrench.

3. The battery cell evaluation apparatus according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the first lifting adjustment member includes a screw-type first vertical member that penetrates the housing and has one end connected to the second connecting member, a handle that is positioned exposed to the outside of the housing and connected to the other end of the first vertical member, and a pressure gauge provided on the handle.

4. The battery cell evaluation apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising a die portion on which the battery cell or the jig is mounted.

5. The die portion is A main die section having a certain area, A first die section located above the main die section, on which the battery cell is mounted, The battery cell evaluation apparatus according to claim 4, further comprising a second die portion located above the main die portion and on which the jig is attached.

6. The battery cell evaluation apparatus according to claim 5, wherein one or more of the first die section and the second die section are height adjustable.

7. The first die section is, A first plate having a certain area and having one or more second holes on its side, One or more second vertical members that penetrate the first plate vertically and have one end fixed to the main die portion, The invention includes one or more first fixing members fastened to the second hole with a screw type, The battery cell evaluation apparatus according to claim 6, wherein the second vertical member is exposed by the second hole, and the vertical movement of the first plate is restricted by the first fixing member.

8. The battery cell evaluation apparatus according to claim 7, wherein the outer surface of the second vertical member is provided with a degree marking.

9. The second die section is, A second plate having a certain area and having one or more third holes on its side, One or more third vertical members that penetrate the second plate vertically and have one end fixed to the main die portion, The invention includes one or more second fixing members fastened to the third hole with a screw type, The battery cell evaluation apparatus according to claim 6, wherein the third vertical member is exposed by the third hole, and the vertical movement of the second plate is restricted by the second fixing member.

10. The battery cell evaluation apparatus according to claim 9, wherein the outer surface of the third vertical member is provided with a degree marking.

11. The battery cell evaluation apparatus according to claim 6, wherein the second die portion consists of two dies, each located on either side of the first die portion.

12. The battery cell evaluation apparatus according to claim 11, wherein there are two jigs, one of which is located in each of the second die sections.

Images