Integrating rock weathering acceleration methods and turf management to sequester carbon dioxide from the atmosphere

Abstract

Embodiments of the present disclosure relate to compositions comprising at least one type of basalt sand in the form of crushed particulate matter. Further embodiments of the present disclosure relate to a method for modifying a surface by applying the composition of the present disclosure to the surface. Further embodiments of the present disclosure relate to a modified surface comprising the composition of the present disclosure, a method for capturing carbon dioxide (CO2) from the environment by bringing the environment into contact with the composition of the present disclosure, and a method for producing the basalt sand composition of the present disclosure.

Description

[Technical Field]

[0001] Cross-reference with related applications

[0001] This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63 / 449,791, filed on 3 March 2023. The entire foregoing application is incorporated by reference in this disclosure. [Background technology]

[0002]

[0002] Current methods for capturing carbon dioxide (CO2) have numerous limitations in terms of effectiveness, efficiency, cost, and capacity for capturing CO2 on a large scale. Numerous embodiments of this disclosure address the aforementioned limitations. [Overview of the Initiative]

[0003]

[0003] In some embodiments, the disclosure relates to compositions comprising at least one type of basalt sand in the form of ground particulate matter. In some embodiments, the basalt sand is in a purified form. In some embodiments, the basalt sand comprises pre-treated basalt sand. In some embodiments, the basalt sand comprises several different types of basalt sand. In some embodiments, the basalt sand of the disclosure may be coarse, medium, coarse, fine, ultrafine, nanoparticle, microparticle, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the basalt sand may be mixed with other sands and / or soil additives.

[0004]

[0004] The basaltic sand of the present disclosure may contain various compounds. For example, in some embodiments, the compounds may include, but are not limited to, CaAl2Si2O8, (Ca,Mg)2Si2O6, (Mg,Fe)2SiO4, NaAlSi3O8, (Ca,Mg)SiO3, (Fe,Mg,Ca)2SiO4, or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the basaltic sand composition of the present disclosure may include, but is not limited to, plagioclase-feldspar-containing basalt, pyroxene-containing basalt, tholeiite, Holyoke basalt, Blue Ridge basalt, Butner basalt, or combinations thereof.

[0005]

[0005] A further embodiment of the present disclosure relates to a method of modifying a surface by applying the composition of the present disclosure to the surface. In some embodiments, the composition of the present disclosure is disposed on the outer layer of the surface. In some embodiments, the method of the present disclosure may also include the step of removing the outer layer of the surface before applying the composition of the present disclosure to the surface. In some embodiments, the method of the present disclosure may also include the step of incorporating the composition of the present disclosure into the surface (e.g., within topsoil and / or the root zone of turf).

[0006]

[0006] A further embodiment of the present disclosure relates to a modified surface comprising the composition of the present disclosure. A further embodiment of the present disclosure relates to a method of capturing carbon dioxide (CO2) from an environment by contacting the environment with the composition of the present disclosure.

[0007]

[0007] A further embodiment of the present disclosure relates to a method of producing the basaltic sand composition of the present disclosure. In some embodiments, the method includes the step of grinding at least one type of basaltic sand to form crushed basaltic sand particles. In some embodiments, the method of the present disclosure may also include the steps of removing the basaltic sand, filtering it, and / or drying it.

Brief Description of the Drawings

[0008] [Figure 1]

[0008] Figure 1A illustrates an exemplary process for applying the composition of the present disclosure to a surface to form a modified surface. In some embodiments, the process is also referred to as a complete root zone basalt sand incorporation process. Figure 1B illustrates an exemplary process for applying the composition of the present disclosure to a surface to form a modified surface. In some embodiments, the process is also referred to as a complete root zone basalt sand incorporation process. Figure 1C illustrates an exemplary process for applying the composition of the present disclosure to a surface to form a modified surface. In some embodiments, the process is also referred to as a complete root zone basalt sand incorporation process. [Figure 2]

[0009] Figure 2A illustrates another exemplary process for applying the composition of the present disclosure to a surface to form a modified surface. In some embodiments, the process is also referred to as a basalt sand incorporation process with only top sand. Figure 2B illustrates another exemplary process for applying the composition of the present disclosure to a surface to form a modified surface. In some embodiments, the process is also referred to as a basalt sand incorporation process with only top sand. [Figure 3]

[0010] Figure 3A illustrates another exemplary process for applying the compositions of the present disclosure to a surface to form a modified surface. In some embodiments, the process is also referred to as a basalt-reinforced top sanding and aeration process and can be used as part of an ongoing aeration and top sanding program to form a modified surface. Figure 3B illustrates another exemplary process for applying the compositions of the present disclosure to a surface to form a modified surface. In some embodiments, the process is also referred to as a basalt-reinforced top sanding and aeration process and can be used as part of an ongoing aeration and top sanding program to form a modified surface. Figure 3C illustrates another exemplary process for applying the compositions of the present disclosure to a surface to form a modified surface. In some embodiments, the process is also referred to as a basalt-reinforced top sanding and aeration process and can be used as part of an ongoing aeration and top sanding program to form a modified surface. [Figure 4]

[0011] Figure 4A illustrates another exemplary process for applying the composition of the present disclosure to a surface to form a modified surface. In some embodiments, this process is also referred to as a complete root zone basalt sand incorporation process. Figure 4B illustrates another exemplary process for applying the composition of the present disclosure to a surface to form a modified surface. In some embodiments, this process is also referred to as a complete root zone basalt sand incorporation process. Figure 4C illustrates another exemplary process for applying the composition of the present disclosure to a surface to form a modified surface. In some embodiments, this process is also referred to as a complete root zone basalt sand incorporation process. [Figure 5]

[0012] Figure 5 illustrates the locations of the top 99 golf courses in the United States, associated with the three major basalt geological states. [Figure 6]

[0013] Figure 6 shows the particle size distribution of Pioneer Valley basalt from Rock Dust Local (rockustlocal.com). [Figure 7A]

[0014] Figure 7A shows the experimental setup. [Figure 7B] Figure 7B presents experimental results showing that soil improved with basalt powder releases six times more alkali than control soil. [Modes for carrying out the invention]

[0009]

[0015] Please understand that the above general explanation and the following detailed explanation are for illustrative and explanatory purposes only and do not limit the subject matter of the inventions described in the claims. In this application, the use of singular forms includes plural forms, the words "a" or "an" mean "at least one (kind)", and the use of "or" means "and / or" unless otherwise specified. Furthermore, the use of the term "including", as well as other forms such as "includes" and "included", is not limiting. Also, the terms "element" and "component" include both elements or components consisting of one unit and elements or components containing multiple units, unless otherwise specified.

[0010]

[0016] The section headings used herein are for organizational purposes only and should not be interpreted restrictively to the subject matter of the inventions described herein. All documents, or any part thereof, cited herein, including but not limited to patents, patent applications, articles, books, and professional works, are expressly incorporated herein by reference in whole for any purpose. If any definitions given in one or more cited documents or similar materials conflict with those given herein, the definitions in this application shall prevail.

[0011]

[0017] Climate change fundamentally threatens the security and stability of modern civilization. To avoid the increasing catastrophic and costly impacts of climate change, net concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere must be reduced. This reduction can be achieved through improved production efficiency (e.g., reducing CO2 emissions while maintaining productivity) and carbon dioxide (CO2) removal (CDR).

[0012]

[0018] Accelerated rock weathering (ERW) is an example of a CDR-based approach that aims to extract atmospheric carbon (CO2) from the air and store it as bicarbonates or carbonates. While ERW has been investigated in agricultural land, it has not been investigated in golf courses or other controlled turf. Several different types of materials, such as peridotite, basalt, slag, and tailings, have been used in ERW. Furthermore, ERW has beneficial effects on soil health by releasing beneficial mineral nutrients such as calcium, potassium, phosphorus, and magnesium into the soil.

[0013]

[0019] However, ERW-based CDR processes using basalt other than peridotite, tailings, slag, and tholeite face numerous limitations. The most prominent are the potential release of heavy metals into the environment and the slow weathering kinetics. Furthermore, producing large quantities of basalt powder (e.g., mining, grinding, sorting, and shipping) can be an energy-intensive process. Additionally, applying basalt powder multiple times throughout the growing season, typically using specialized gas-driven spraying equipment, requires further energy. These ERW costs and the methods of product application are particularly challenging in areas where spraying is not customary. This leads to increased development costs and energy consumption. Such limitations can make ERW-based CDR processes inefficient and impractical for large-scale CO2 capture from vast surface areas.

[0014]

[0020] In contrast, golf course greens and courses in a broader sense, while generally well-maintained, already undergo this top sanding process. They possess and have the technical expertise to spread large amounts of sand on the turf surface and root zone. There is a wealth of research on turf, grass, and golf course maintenance practices to support the development and introduction of basalt sand within existing maintenance and structures. Furthermore, golf courses have many characteristics that make them ideal for causing CDR through ERW due to three parameters that increase the rate of weathering: they are often located in warm and hot climates, and they have a high level of primary productivity, leading to turf that receives sediment and generates large amounts of organic matter due to frequent watering.

[0015]

[0021] In short, current methods for capturing CO2 have numerous limitations in terms of effectiveness, efficiency, cost, and capacity for capturing CO2 from vast surface areas. Many embodiments of this disclosure address these limitations.

[0016]

[0022] Basalt sand composition

[0023] In some embodiments, the disclosure relates to compositions comprising at least one type of basalt sand. Basalt is the name of a mafic non-monocrystalline volcanic rock, including, but not limited to, tholeites. Basalt is exposed on continents worldwide and on the ocean floor. The basalt sand of the disclosure may be in various forms. For example, in some embodiments, the basalt sand exists in an extracted form (i.e., basalt sand extracted from its natural environment). In some embodiments, the basalt sand is in the form of crushed particulate matter. In some embodiments, the basalt sand is in a refined form. In some embodiments, the basalt sand comprises pre-treated basalt sand. In some embodiments, the basalt sand of the disclosure may be coarse-grained, medium-grained, coarse-grained, fine-grained, ultrafine-grained, nanoparticles, microparticles, or a combination thereof.

[0017]

[0024] The basalt sand of this disclosure may contain a variety of compounds. For example, in some embodiments, the compounds may include, but are not limited to, CaAl2Si2O8, (Ca,Mg)2Si2O6, (Mg,Fe)2SiO4, NaAlSi3O8, (Ca,Mg)SiO3, (Fe,Mg,Ca)2SiO4, or combinations thereof.

[0018]

[0025] The compositions of the present disclosure may include various types of basalt sand. In some embodiments, the basalt sand includes several different types of basalt sand. In some embodiments, the basalt sand includes, but is not limited to, plagioclase-feldspar-containing basalt, pyroxine-containing basalt, tholeite, Holyoke basalt, Blue Ridge basalt, Butner basalt, or combinations thereof.

[0019]

[0026] In some embodiments, the basalt sand compositions of the present disclosure include plagioclase-feldspar-containing basalt and pyroxine-containing basalt. In some embodiments, the basalt sand compositions of the present disclosure include plagioclase-feldspar-containing basalt and pyroxine-containing basalt that are visible under a microscope or to the naked eye, and which contain little to no olivine and small amounts of iron spinel and phosphate.

[0020]

[0027] In some embodiments, the basalt sand composition of the present disclosure contains tholeite. In some embodiments, the basalt sand composition of the present disclosure contains tholeite with a low heavy metal concentration.

[0028] In some embodiments, the basalt sand compositions of this disclosure include Holyoke basalt. In some embodiments, the Holyoke basalt is derived from Massachusetts (MA). In some embodiments, the average concentrations of Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, and Pb in the Holyoke basalt are 13 ppm, 33 ppm, 78 ppm, 86 ppm, and 4 ppm, respectively. In some embodiments, the average concentrations of Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, and Pb in the Holyoke basalt are 384 ppm, 75 ppm, 145 ppm, 88 ppm, and 1.5 ppm, respectively. In some embodiments, the Holyoke basalt is substantially free of crystals visible to the naked eye. In some embodiments, the Holyoke basalt is amorphous. In some embodiments, the Holyoke basalt contains the following elements: SiO2, TiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3, FeO, CaO, MgO, MnO, K2O, Na2O, and P2O5.

[0021]

[0029] In some embodiments, the basalt sand composition of the Disclosure comprises Butner basalt. In some embodiments, Butner basalt originates from North Carolina (NC). In some embodiments, Butner basalt is substantially free of visible crystals. In some embodiments, Butner basalt is amorphous.

[0022]

[0030] In some embodiments, Holyoke basalt and Butner basalt contain the following elements: SiO2, TiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3, FeO, CaO, MgO, MnO, K2O, Na2O, and P2O5, respectively. In some embodiments, the aforementioned elements are present in the average weight percentages listed in Table 1.

[0023] [Table 1]

[0024]

[0031] The basalt sand of this disclosure may include a variety of particle shapes. For example, in some embodiments, the basalt sand particles of this disclosure may be angular or rounded depending on their intended use. In some embodiments, different ratios of basalt sand particle size and composition may be used to best suit the specific conditions of the region. For example, in some embodiments, finer sand may retain more moisture in the root zone above the soil. In some embodiments, the sand may also include a reduced moisture content achieved through various treatment methods (e.g., kiln drying) to allow for more effective application to surfaces (e.g., golf course sand spreading and more efficient spreading using aeration equipment).

[0025]

[0032] The compositions of the present disclosure may also contain additional components. For example, in some embodiments, the compositions of the present disclosure may also contain one or more additives. In some embodiments, one or more additives may include, but are not limited to, silicates, microorganisms, fungi, bacteria, actinomycetes, biochar, golf course additives, peat moss, top sand, quartz-based top sand, lime, or a combination thereof.

[0026]

[0033] In some embodiments, the additives include one or more golf course additives. In some embodiments, the golf course additives include, but are not limited to, peat moss, quartz-based top sand, lime, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, quartz-based top sand is used to dilute the basalt. In some embodiments, the basalt sand composition of the present disclosure can be treated with the additives as needed for the surface (e.g., local soil).

[0027]

[0034] Surface modification method

[0035] Further embodiments of the present disclosure relate to methods for modifying surfaces. In some embodiments, the methods include the step of applying compositions of the present disclosure to the surface. Preferred compositions are as described above and are incorporated herein by reference.

[0028]

[0036] The compositions of the Disclosure may be applied to a surface by a variety of methods. For example, in some embodiments, the compositions of the Disclosure may be applied by methods including, but are not limited to, spraying, injecting, scattering, atomizing, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the compositions of the Disclosure are placed as an outer layer on the surface. In some embodiments, the compositions of the Disclosure become incorporated into the surface. In some embodiments, the method of the Disclosure may also include the step of removing the outer layer of the surface before applying the compositions of the Disclosure to the surface.

[0029]

[0037] Figures 1A to 1C, 2A to 2B, 3A to 3C, and 4A to 4C illustrate exemplary processes for applying the compositions of the present disclosure to a surface. For example, Figures 1A to 1C illustrate exemplary processes for applying the compositions of the present disclosure (i.e., basalt sand 14) to a surface 10 having an outer layer 12. In this example, the outer layer 12 is first removed from the surface 10 (Figure 1A). Then, the basalt sand 14 is applied to the surface 10 (Figure 1B) to form a new outer layer 16 on the surface 10, which contains the basalt sand 14 (Figure 1C).

[0030]

[0038] Figures 2A to 2B illustrate an example of a more specific process of incorporating an existing surface (i.e., the top sand 30 of a golf course) into the composition of the Disclosure (i.e., basalt sand 34) to construct a new outer layer 36 in which the basalt sand 34 is incorporated into the top sand 30 and turf surface of the green in a conventional manner. As illustrated in Figure 2A, the basalt sand 34 is applied to the top sand 30 of a golf course having an outer layer (i.e., turf and root zone 32). In some embodiments, the basalt sand 34 can be applied to the top sand 30 using an agricultural spreading device, for example, device 35. As illustrated in Figure 2B, the application of the basalt sand 34 forms a new outer layer 36 on the surface 30, which contains the composition 34 incorporated into the surface 30 (Figure 2B).

[0031]

[0039] Figures 3A to 3C illustrate another specific method for incorporating the composition of the present disclosure (i.e., basalt sand 44) ​​into the surface (i.e., topsand 40 with topsoil 42) by utilizing aeration, thereby rapidly incorporating a large amount of basalt sand 44 deep into the root zone of the topsand 40. In this embodiment, the apparatus 43 is used to create holes 45 in the surface 40 of the turf. In some embodiments, the above process can remove approximately 10% of the root zone and topsoil 42 (Figures 3A to 3B) which are rich in organic matter. The holes 45 can then be backfilled with basalt sand 44 using the same spreading apparatus 43 (Figures 3B to 3C). This process is not only beneficial for managing organic matter in the surface and the overall health of the turf, but can also allow the basalt sand to penetrate deep into the surface of the green.

[0032]

[0040] Figures 4A to 4C illustrate another specific method for incorporating the composition of the present disclosure (i.e., basalt sand 54) into a surface (i.e., top sand 50 having an outer layer 52). In this example, the outer layer 52 is first removed from the surface 50 (Figure 4A). The composition 54 is then applied to the surface 50 (Figure 4B) to form a new outer layer 56 on the surface 50, which contains the composition 54 (Figure 4C). In some embodiments, this option allows for the use of large amounts of basalt sand, as the entire soil profile may be rebuilt as a whole, and the basalt sand may be included in the blend as well as the sand, which is spread in the root zone, as the turf will grow back.

[0033]

[0041] The compositions of this disclosure can be applied to surfaces at various concentrations. For example, in some embodiments, the compositions of this disclosure can be applied to a surface of 4046.9 m per year. 2 It is applied at a concentration of at least about 0.1 tons per acre. In some embodiments, the composition of the present disclosure is applied to a surface area of ​​4046.9 m² per year. 2 It is applied at a concentration of at least about 0.5 tons per acre. In some embodiments, the composition of the present disclosure is applied to a surface area of ​​4046.9 m² per year. 2Applied at a concentration of at least about 1 ton per (1 acre). In some embodiments, the compositions of the present disclosure are applied to a surface area of 4046.9 m per year 2 Applied at a concentration of at least about 2 tons per (1 acre). In some embodiments, the compositions of the present disclosure are applied to a surface area of 4046.9 m per year 2 Applied at a concentration of at least about 2.5 tons per (1 acre). In some embodiments, the compositions of the present disclosure are applied to a surface area of 4046.9 m per year 2 Applied at a concentration of at least about 5 tons per (1 acre). In some embodiments, the compositions of the present disclosure are applied to a surface area of 4046.9 m per year 2 Applied at a concentration of at least about 7.5 tons per (1 acre). In some embodiments, the compositions of the present disclosure are applied to a surface area of 4046.9 m per year 2 Applied at a concentration of at least about 10 tons per (1 acre). In some embodiments, the compositions of the present disclosure are applied to a surface area of 4046.9 m per year 2 Applied at a concentration of at least about 25 tons per (1 acre). In some embodiments, the compositions of the present disclosure are applied to a surface area of 4046.9 m per year 2 Applied at a concentration of at least about 50 tons per (1 acre). In some embodiments, the compositions of the present disclosure are applied to a surface area of 4046.9 m per year 2 Applied at a concentration of at least about 75 tons per (1 acre). In some embodiments, the compositions of the present disclosure are applied to a surface area of 4046.9 m 2 Applied at a concentration of at least about 100 tons per (1 acre).

[0034]

[0042] The compositions of the present disclosure can be applied to the surface at various levels of frequency. For example, in some embodiments, the compositions of the present disclosure may be applied to the surface from 1 to 20 times per year. In some embodiments, the compositions of the present disclosure may be applied to the surface from 1 to 5 times per year.

[0035]

[0043] In some embodiments, complete aeration and backfilling of surface holes may only be performed once to five times per year. Because aeration can remove a large amount of soil, more top sand may be required between aeration periods than with normal top sanding.

[0036]

[0044] The compositions of this disclosure can be applied to a variety of surfaces. For example, in some embodiments, the surface is related to the ground. In some embodiments, the ground includes farmland, residential areas, golf courses, parks, sports facilities, gardens, highways, residential areas, or a combination thereof.

[0037]

[0045] In some embodiments, the ground includes controlled turf. In some embodiments, the controlled turf is a monoculture. In some embodiments, the controlled turf may require regular attention and maintenance, as well as large amounts of nutrients and agricultural additives, to keep the turf growing steadily.

[0038]

[0046] In some embodiments, the ground includes a golf course. In some embodiments, the golf course includes, for example, a USGA-certified golf course, but is not limited to the certified golf courses summarized in Figure 5.

[0039]

[0047] In some embodiments, the surface includes soil. In some embodiments, the soil includes, but is not limited to, topsand, topsoil, turf, managed turf, soil layers beneath the turf, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the surface includes soil layers beneath the turf. In some embodiments, the surface includes soil layers beneath the turf and their root zone.

[0040]

[0048] In some embodiments, the methods of this disclosure also improve soil quality. For example, in some embodiments, improved soil quality includes at least one of the following, or a combination thereof: nutrient enhancement, enhanced CO2 capture, enhanced soil fertility, enhanced soil health, and optimization of soil pH. As an example, the pH of soils developed on Holyoke basalt and Blue Ridge basalt is higher than that of soils developed on the surrounding rocks. They also contain more nutrients, particularly exchangeable Ca and Mg, than the soils. Table 2 compares the soil pH, organic matter (OM), and cations of soils developed on the north and south sides of the ridge composed of Holyoke basalt in Massachusetts. Here, concentrations are in ppm and uncertainties are given in parentheses. Soils developed on Holyoke basalt have lower concentrations of heavy metals.

[0041] [Table 2]

[0042]

[0049] In some embodiments, improved soil quality offers various advantages. For example, in some embodiments, improved soil quality reduces or eliminates the need to use one or more soil nutrients, one or more soil fertilizers, additives (e.g., lime), or combinations thereof.

[0043]

[0050] Modified surface

[0051] Further embodiments of the present disclosure relate to modified surfaces. In some embodiments, the modified surfaces of the present disclosure include compositions of the present disclosure. Preferred compositions are as described above and are incorporated herein by reference.

[0044]

[0052] The compositions of this disclosure can be incorporated into a surface in various ways. For example, in some embodiments, the compositions of this disclosure are placed in an outer layer of the surface. Figure 1C illustrates an example of a modified surface 20. In this example, the modified surface 20 includes a surface 10 having an outer layer 16 containing the composition 14 of this disclosure. Figure 2B illustrates another example of a modified surface 39. In this example, the modified surface 39 includes a surface 30 having an outer layer 36. In this example, the composition 34 of this disclosure is incorporated into the surface 30 and the outer layer 36. Figure 3C illustrates another example of a modified surface 49. In this example, the modified surface 49 includes a surface 40 containing the composition 44 of this disclosure incorporated into the surface. Figure 4C illustrates another example of a modified surface 60. In this example, the modified surface 60 includes a surface 50 having an outer layer 56 containing the composition 54 of this disclosure incorporated into the surface.

[0045]

[0053] The modified surfaces of the present disclosure may contain the compositions of the present disclosure at various concentrations. For example, in some embodiments, the concentration of the composition is 4046.9 m on the surface. 2 The concentration is at least about 0.1 tons per acre. In some embodiments, the concentration of the composition is such that it covers a surface area of ​​4046.9 m 2 The concentration of the composition is at least about 0.5 tons per acre. In some embodiments, the concentration of the composition is such that the surface area is 4046.9 m 2 The concentration is at least about 1 ton per acre. In some embodiments, the concentration of the composition is such that it covers a surface area of ​​4046.9 m 2 The amount is at least about 2 tons per acre. In some embodiments, the concentration of the composition is such that it covers a surface area of ​​4046.9 m 2 The concentration is at least about 2.5 tons per acre. In some embodiments, the concentration of the composition is such that it covers a surface area of ​​4046.9 m 2 The amount is at least about 5 tons per acre. In some embodiments, the concentration of the composition is such that it covers a surface area of ​​4046.9 m 2 The amount is at least about 7.5 tons per acre. In some embodiments, the concentration of the composition is such that it covers a surface area of ​​4046.9 m 2The concentration of the composition is at least about 10 tons per acre. In some embodiments, the concentration of the composition is such that the surface area is 4046.9 m 2 The concentration of the composition is at least about 25 tons per acre. In some embodiments, the concentration of the composition is such that it covers a surface area of ​​4046.9 m 2 The concentration is at least about 50 tons per acre. In some embodiments, the concentration of the composition is such that it covers a surface area of ​​4046.9 m 2 The amount is at least about 75 tons per acre. In some embodiments, the concentration of the composition is such that it covers a surface area of ​​4046.9 m 2 That's at least about 100 tons per acre.

[0046]

[0054] In some embodiments, the modified surfaces of this disclosure relate to the ground. In some embodiments, the ground includes farmland, residential areas, golf courses, parks, sports facilities, gardens, highways, housing developments, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the ground includes a golf course. In some embodiments, the golf course includes a USGA-certified golf course.

[0047]

[0055] In some embodiments, the modified surface of the Disclosure includes soil. In some embodiments, the soil includes, but is not limited to, topsand, topsoil, turf, managed turf, soil layers beneath a turf, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the surface includes soil layers beneath a turf. In some embodiments, the surface includes soil layers beneath a turf and their root zone.

[0048]

[0056] In some embodiments, the composition improves soil quality. For example, in some embodiments, improved soil quality includes at least one of the following, or a combination thereof: enhanced nutrients, enhanced CO2 capture, enhanced soil fertility, enhanced soil health, and optimized soil pH. In some embodiments, improved soil quality reduces or eliminates the need to use one or more soil nutrients, one or more soil fertilizers, additives (e.g., lime), or a combination thereof.

[0049]

[0057] CO2 from the environment 2 How to capture

[0058] Further embodiments of the present disclosure relate to methods for capturing carbon dioxide (CO2) from the environment. In some embodiments, the method includes the step of bringing the environment into contact with a composition of the present disclosure. Preferred compositions are as described above and are incorporated herein by reference. In some embodiments, basalt sand in the composition of the present disclosure captures CO2.

[0050]

[0059] The methods disclosed herein can be used to capture CO2 from a variety of environments. For example, in some embodiments, the environment may include, but is not limited to, airflow, gasflow, industrial plants, atmosphere, ambient air, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the environment may include ambient air.

[0051]

[0060] Furthermore, various methods can be used to bring the environment into contact with the composition of this disclosure. For example, in some embodiments, the contact step is carried out by a step of circulating the environment to the composition. In some embodiments, the contact step is carried out by a step of placing the composition in or near the environment.

[0052]

[0061] In some embodiments, the contact step occurs by applying the composition to a surface. Various methods can be used to apply the compositions of this disclosure to a surface. For example, in some embodiments, the application occurs by methods including, but not limited to, spraying, injecting, scattering, atomizing, or a combination thereof.

[0053]

[0062] In some embodiments, the method of the present disclosure also includes the step of removing the outer layer of a surface before applying the composition to the surface. In some embodiments, the composition is placed on the outer layer of the surface.

[0054]

[0063] The methods of this disclosure can capture CO2 from various surfaces. For example, in some embodiments, the surface includes soil. In some embodiments, the soil includes, but is not limited to, topsand, topsoil, turf, managed turf, soil layers beneath a lawn, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the surface includes soil layers beneath a lawn. In some embodiments, the surface includes soil layers beneath a lawn and their root zone.

[0055]

[0064] In some embodiments, the surface includes the ground. In some embodiments, the ground includes farmland, residential areas, golf courses, parks, sports facilities, gardens, highways, residential areas, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the ground includes a golf course. In some embodiments, the golf course includes a USGA-certified golf course.

[0056]

[0065] The compositions of this disclosure can be applied to surfaces at various concentrations for CO2 capture. For example, in some embodiments, the composition can cover 4046.9 m of surface per year. 2 The composition is applied at a concentration of at least about 0.1 tons per acre. In some embodiments, the composition is applied to a surface area of ​​4046.9 m² per year. 2 The composition is applied at a concentration of at least about 0.5 tons per acre. In some embodiments, the composition is applied to a surface area of ​​4046.9 m² per year. 2 The composition is applied at a concentration of at least about 1 ton per acre. In some embodiments, the composition is applied to a surface area of ​​4046.9 m² per year. 2 The composition is applied at a concentration of at least about 2 tons per acre. In some embodiments, the composition is applied to a surface area of ​​4046.9 m² per year. 2 The composition is applied at a concentration of at least approximately 2.5 tons per acre. In some embodiments, the composition is applied to a surface area of ​​4046.9 m² per year. 2 The composition is applied at a concentration of at least about 5 tons per acre. In some embodiments, the composition is applied to a surface area of ​​4046.9 m² per year. 2 The composition is applied at a concentration of at least about 7.5 tons per acre. In some embodiments, the composition is applied to a surface area of ​​4046.9 m² per year. 2The composition is applied at a concentration of at least about 10 tons per acre. In some embodiments, the composition is applied to a surface area of ​​4046.9 m² per year. 2 The composition is applied at a concentration of at least approximately 25 tons per acre. In some embodiments, the composition is applied to a surface area of ​​4046.9 m² per year. 2 The composition is applied at a concentration of at least about 50 tons per acre. In some embodiments, the composition is applied to a surface area of ​​4046.9 m² per year. 2 It is applied at a concentration of at least about 75 tons per acre. In some embodiments, the composition of the present disclosure is applied to a surface of 4046.9 m 2 This is applied at a concentration of at least approximately 100 tons per acre.

[0057]

[0066] The methods of this disclosure can be used to capture various types of CO2. For example, in some embodiments, the captured CO2 includes CO2 from the atmosphere. In some embodiments, the captured CO2 includes CO2 embedded in a surface.

[0058]

[0067] While not bound by theory, CO2 capture can occur through various mechanisms. For example, in some embodiments, CO2 capture can occur through at least one of the following, or a combination thereof: sequestration, direct capture, adhesion, bonding, adsorption, electrostatic interaction.

[0059]

[0068] Furthermore, although not bound by theory, CO2 capture can occur through various chemical reactions. For example, in some embodiments, CO2 capture occurs through a reaction between at least one type of basalt sand, CO2, and water. In some embodiments, the reaction involves one or more types of alkaline ions and mineralized bicarbonate (HCO3). - ) releases. In some embodiments, the reaction is HCO3 - Ca 2+ It is combined with ions to produce stable CaCO3 minerals.

[0060]

[0069] Furthermore, although not bound by theory, CO2 capture can occur through various reactions between silicate minerals, CO2, and H2O. For example, in some embodiments where basalt sand contains CaAl2Si2O8, a CO2 capture reaction may occur through the reaction shown in reaction equation 1. (Reaction Equation 1) CaAl2Si2O8 + CO2 + H2O → Al2Si2O5(OH)2 + Ca 2+ +2HCO3 -

[0070] In some embodiments where the basalt sand contains NaAlSi3O8, a CO2 capture reaction may occur via the reaction shown in reaction formula 2. (Reaction equation 2) NaAlSi3O8 + 2CO2 + 6H2O → Al2Si2O5(OH)2 + Na + +2HCO3 -

[0071] In some embodiments where the basalt sand contains (Ca,Mg)2Si2O6, a CO2 capture reaction may occur via the reaction shown in reaction formula 3. (Reaction Equation 3) (Ca,Mg)2Si2O6 + 4CO2 + 6H2O → 2Ca 2- +2Mg 2+ +2H4SiO4+4HCO3 -

[0072] In some embodiments where the basalt sand contains (Mg,Fe)2SiO4, a CO2 capture reaction may occur via the reaction shown in reaction formula 4. (Reaction Equation 4) (Mg,Fe)2SiO4 + 4CO2 + 4H2O → 2Mg 2+ +2Fe 2+ +H4SiO4+4HCO3 -

[0073] In some embodiments, the CO2 removed from the atmosphere by the CO2 capture reaction is converted into long-lived HCO3. - Alternatively, they are retained as CaCO3 precipitates. In some embodiments, the formation of these compounds leads to the removal of net atmospheric CO2.

[0074] In some embodiments, Ca 2+ and HCO -3 reacts according to reaction equation 5, causing CaCO3 to precipitate. (Reaction Equation 5) Ca 2+ +2HCO3 - +5H2O → CaCO3 + CO2↑ + H2O

[0061]

[0075] Method for preparing a basalt sand composition

[0076] Further embodiments of the present disclosure relate to methods for preparing the basalt sand compositions of the present disclosure. In some embodiments, the method includes the step of grinding at least one type of basalt sand to form pulverized basalt sand particles.

[0062]

[0077] In some embodiments, the method of the present disclosure also includes the steps of extracting basalt sand, filtering it, and / or drying it. In some embodiments, the method of the present disclosure includes the step of filtering the basalt sand based on the particle size of the basalt sand. In some embodiments, the extraction step occurs before the grinding step. In some embodiments, the extraction step includes the step of purifying at least one type of basalt sand.

[0063]

[0078] The methods of this disclosure can be used to grind various types of basalt sand. Preferred basalt sands are as described above and are incorporated herein by reference. For example, in some embodiments, the basalt sand includes, but is not limited to, plagioclase-feldspar-containing basalt, pyroxine-containing basalt, tholeite, Holyoke basalt, Blue Ridge basalt, Butner basalt, or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, at least one type of basalt sand includes, but is not limited to, compounds containing CaAl2Si2O8, (Ca,Mg)2Si2O6, (Mg,Fe)2SiO4, NaAlSi3O8, (Ca,Mg)SiO3, (Fe,Mg,Ca)2SiO4, or combinations thereof.

[0064]

[0079] Various methods can be used to pulverize basalt sand. For example, in some embodiments, the pulverization step may be carried out by methods including, but are not limited to, grinding, ultrasonic treatment, pounding, compression, milling (e.g., ball mill and / or hammer mill), or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the pulverized particles may exist as fine particulate, coarse particulate, medium particulate, coarse particulate, ultrafine particulate, nanoparticle, microparticulate, or a combination thereof.

[0065]

[0080] In some embodiments, the method of the present disclosure also includes the step of adding one or more additives to the basalt sand composition. In some embodiments, one or more additives include, but are not limited to, silicates, microorganisms, fungi, bacteria, actinomycetes, biochar, golf course additives, peat moss, top sand, quartz-based top sand, lime, or a combination thereof.

[0066]

[0081] The method disclosed herein can take numerous embodiments. For example, depending on the moisture content of the sand, a kiln or other drying method may be required to produce spreadable top sand.

[0067]

[0082] Further embodiments

[0083] More specific embodiments of this disclosure and experimental results supporting these embodiments are described below. However, the applicant notes that the following disclosure is for illustrative purposes only and is not intended to limit in any way the subject matter of the claimed invention.

[0068]

[0084] Example 1: Incorporation of accelerated rock weathering (ERW) into a golf course

[0085] This embodiment describes the implementation of accelerated rock weathering (ERW) practices in parallel with an existing turf management program to demonstrate the feasibility of ERW as a CO2 sequestration strategy for golf courses. This ERW strategy replaces conventional topsand with basalt sand for CO2 capture.

[0069]

[0086] Golf course construction typically involves a combination of underground drainage systems, irrigation, and the formation of artificial topsoil consisting of a sand-soil mixture to ensure proper drainage from the root zone and base layer. Often, a “push-up green” is constructed with a customary mixture of sand, peat moss (or other organic matter), and other additives. In some cases, a “sand-cap” is constructed on top of existing subsoil when permeability is particularly low. This is followed by a layer of special soil improved with sand to reduce the concentration of organic matter (OM). Artificial topsoil may be necessary when existing natural topsoil is excessively thin, lacking in nutrients, and / or excessively compacted. Complete green construction standards are provided by “USGA (2018). USGA Recommendations for a Method of Putting Green Construction.”

[0070]

[0087] After the topsoil is prepared, sowing takes place and the "construction period" begins. The grass starts to grow and its root structure develops.

[0088] Basalt sand can be incorporated into existing golf course management programs. Furthermore, when constructing a new course (or completely renovating an old one), designers can consider local conditions (e.g., climate, soil conditions, drainage, and / or local pests) when incorporating basalt sand.

[0071]

[0089] Basalt sand can be used to lay the foundation for the entire course, introducing tons of crushed basalt into the sand-based root zone and providing nutritional benefits to the surrounding soil and turf. Furthermore, fine-grained basalt sand can be used in multiple ways during the development process, particularly in large quantities during root zone construction, in addition to top sanding practices. Both cases offer opportunities to effectively incorporate basalt.

[0072]

[0090] Integrating basalt sand into golf course turf management programs can be an optimal way to maximize the isolation potential of golf courses. The highly controlled soil structure of managed turf contributes to the high net primary productivity of golf turf (estimated 1,100.5 g carbon / m³). 2 The high volume of water flow from frequent irrigation (per year), coupled with existing systems for monitoring soil health, composition, and pH, makes it ideally suited for accelerated rock weathering. (Wu, J., & Bauer, M. (2012). Estimating Net Primary Production of Turfgrass in an Urban-Suburban Landscape with QuickBird Imagery. Remote Sensing, Vol. 4, Issue 4, Pp. 849-866, 4, 849-866. https: / / doi.org / 10.3390 / rs4040849).

[0073]

[0091] Depending on the level of implementation, this process, through sanding the greentops and the entire course each year, has the potential to sequester an estimated 26 to 340 metric tons of carbon dioxide per golf course. With over 15,000 golf courses distributed across the United States, topdressing alone could sequester between 391,000 and 5.15 million metric tons of CO2 annually.

[0074]

[0092] These figures are calculated in Table 3. The sand application rate is derived from (Whitlark & ​​Thompson, 2019; USGA Green Section Record, 57(9). https: / / www.usga.org / content / usga / home-page / course-care / green-section-record / 57 / 9 / light-and-frequent-topdressing-programs.html), and the 20% sequestration rate is a rounded estimate based on the current CDR potential value of basalt used in scientific literature, e.g., the journal Reershemius, which is 183.56 kgCO2t -1 It shows a capture potential of 18.3%. The journal also describes a possible method for measuring weathering based on a mass balance approach known as TiCAT. However, the effectiveness of this methodology remained questionable (Reershemius, T., Kelland, ME, Davis, IR, D'Ascanio, R., Kalderon-Asael, B., Asael, D., Epihov, DE, Beerling, DJ, Reinhard, CT and Planavsky, NJ, 2023. A new soil-based approach for empirical monitoring of enhanced rock weathering rates. arXiv preprint arXiv:2302.05004.).

[0075]

[0093] Additional simulations performed using a MatLab weathering model from the Leverhulme Institute yielded similar capture potential estimates between 15% and 20% when parameters similar to those used for the golf course soil profile were employed. (Beerling et al., 2020, Nature, 583(7815), 242-248. https: / / doi.org / 10.1038 / s41586-020-2448-9; P. Renforth, 2012, International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control, 10, 229-243). These estimates differ from results obtained in laboratory experiments conducted by the applicants using basalt from Pioneer Valley.

[0076]

[0094] Despite the above, a highly reliable measurement system must be developed to effectively measure and verify the amount of CO2 captured when basalt sand is introduced into the ground. This verification process may include various tests on separate courses. The various measurement methods, though not limited to these, may include soil sampling, testing, other analyses, chemical tests, other laboratory or ground-based tests, as well as sampling of water from existing drainage pipes and other water sources around existing courses for testing and analysis to verify weathering and CO2 sequestration.

[0077]

[0095] Tables 3 and 4 show estimated values ​​of carbon captured at golf courses.

[0078] [Table 3]

[0079] [Table 4]

[0080]

[0096] The introduction of basalt sand into golf course turf management practices can be achieved within existing infrastructure through the placement of green top sanding and aeration programs, or through fairway top sanding. While fairway top sanding and aeration are less common, recent golf turf research highlights the benefits of more frequent and finer top sand application to both greens and fairways. The adoption of top sanding across the entire course significantly increases the opportunity to sequester approximately 340 metric tons of CO2 per year. Depending on the course, basalt sand can also be used during construction or renovation to sequester even larger amounts of CO2, once its effectiveness can be demonstrated.

[0081]

[0097] To assess the extent to which alkali is released by the weathering of basalt, the applicant purchased Pioneer Valley basalt rock powder from Rock Dust Local (rockustlocal.com). The chemical composition of this basalt is nearly identical to that of Holyoke basalt, with a maximum enhanced weathering CO2 capture potential of 203 kg CO2t. -1 The rock powder was dried and sieved. The particle size distribution of the rock powder is shown in Figure 6.

[0082]

[0098] Basalt powder was mixed with sieved and dried soil from Dartmouth Organic Farm at a ratio of 10g basalt to 170g soil, and packed into a Biorad® column approximately 6cm high. The soil used was Windsor loam, which was quite poor and not composted. The column area was 23.76cm². 2 This means that the additional amount of basalt was equal to 19 US tons / acre. Furthermore, as a control, 180 g of the same soil was packed into the column as shown in Figure 7. The water that passed through the column was weighed and its Na, K, Ca, and Mg were measured. The alkalinity of the solution was also calculated.

[0083]

[0099] The experiment, conducted over three months, showed that soil improved with basalt powder released five times more alkalinity than the control (Figure 7B). The data showed that basalt-improved soil consumed 1.94 g of CO2 per 10 g of basalt (19.4% consumption) compared to the soil control. This is equivalent to 194 kg of CO2 per 10 g of basalt. -1 This is equivalent to the consumption of CO2 and approaches the maximum theoretical enhanced weathering CO2 scavenging potential of this rock. Furthermore, the results are summarized in Table 5.

[0084] [Table 5]

[0085]

[0100] The applicant's assessment of basalt's CO2 consumption per metric ton is in good agreement with the assessment of a recently reported experiment conducted over four years at an Illinois farm (Beerling, DJ et al. (2024) Enhanced weathering in the US Corn Belt delivers carbon removal with agronomic benefits, Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci.,121(9), e2319436121, https: / / doi.org / 10.1073 / pnas.2319436121). However, the applicant anticipates that the total amount of CO2 consumed will be higher at the golf course, and that the theoretical CO2 capture potential may be achieved due to the high temperature and the large amount of organic matter present in the soil.

[0086]

[0101] Tables 6 and 7 provide the standard and USGA-recommended root zone standards for topsand, respectively. Tables 6 and 7 also provide the recommended particle size distribution for USGA-certified green root zone structures, as well as finer topsand formulations based on root zone sand but with lower coarseness, finer particles, ultrafine particles, and other smaller particle sizes. Recent literature has provided the following additional standards (Whitlark & ​​Thompson, 2019; USGA Green Section Record, 57(9). https: / / www.usga.org / content / usga / home-page / course-care / green-section-record / 57 / 9 / light-and-frequent-topdressing-programs.html). "The general standard is to select sand where at least 50 percent of the particles are medium-sized (0.25 to 0.50 mm in diameter) and 15 to 40 percent are coarse (0.5 to 1.0 mm in diameter). The fine sand fraction (0.15 to 0.25 mm) should not exceed 25 percent, and the very fine fraction (0.05 to 0.15 mm) should not exceed 5 percent. Ideally, the material should not have particles larger than 1.0 mm in diameter, as these larger particles have difficulty penetrating the turf canopy. It is recommended to use material with a uniformity coefficient (CU) of 1.8 or higher. If the sand is graded into an excessively narrow range, it can result in a lower CU, which can make it softer and unstable on the surface. However, CU is not the only determinant of stability; the shape of the sand also plays a role, with angular sand being more stable. Using coarser sand during aeration can lead to greater stability."

[0087] [Table 6]

[0088] [Table 7]

[0089]

[0102] It is expected that those skilled in the art can make the most of this disclosure using the descriptions herein without further detailed explanation. The embodiments described herein are illustrative and should not be construed as limiting the remainder of this disclosure in any way. While these embodiments are illustrated and described, those skilled in the art can make many changes and modifications without departing from the spirit and teachings of the invention. Accordingly, the scope of protection is not limited by the foregoing descriptions but only by the claims and all equivalents of the subject matter of the claims. All patents, patent applications and publications cited herein are incorporated herein by reference to the extent that they are consistent with and supplement the information herein, in terms of procedural or other details.

Claims

1. A method comprising the step of bringing the environment into contact with the composition, from which carbon dioxide (CO2) is removed from the environment. ２ A method for capturing ) The composition comprises at least one type of crushed particulate basalt sand, and the at least one type of basalt sand is used to form CO ２ The above method captures it.

2. The method according to claim 1, wherein at least one type of basalt sand is in a refined form.

3. The method according to claim 1, wherein at least one type of basalt sand comprises a plurality of different types of basalt sand.

4. The method according to claim 1, wherein at least one type of basalt sand is selected from the group consisting of plagioclase-feldspar-containing basalt, pyroxine-containing basalt, tholeite, Holyoke basalt, Blue Ridge basalt, Butner basalt, or a combination thereof.

5. The method according to claim 1, wherein at least one type of basalt sand comprises Holyoke basalt.

6. At least one basalt sand contains CaAl ２ Si ２ O ８ , (Ca, Mg) ２ Si ２ O ６ , (Mg, Fe) ２ SiO ４ , NaAlSi ３ O ８ , (Ca, Mg)SiO ３ , (Fe, Mg, Ca) ２ SiO ４ , or a compound selected from the group consisting of combinations thereof, the method according to claim 1.

7. The method according to claim 1, wherein the composition further comprises one or more additives.

8. The method according to claim 7, wherein one or more additives are selected from the group consisting of silicate, microorganisms, fungi, bacteria, actinomycetes, biochar, golf course additives, peat moss, top sand, quartz-based top sand, lime, or a combination thereof.

9. The method according to claim 1, wherein the contact step occurs by applying the composition to a surface.

10. The method according to claim 9, further comprising the step of removing the outer layer of a surface before applying the composition to the surface.

11. The method according to claim 9, wherein the composition is disposed on the outer layer of the surface.

12. The composition covers 4046.9 m of surface per year. ２ The method according to claim 9, applied at a concentration of at least about 25 tons per acre.

13. The method according to claim 9, wherein the surface includes soil.

14. The method according to claim 13, wherein the soil is selected from the group consisting of topsand, topsoil, turf, managed turf, soil layer beneath the lawn, or a combination thereof.

15. The method according to claim 13, wherein the soil includes the soil layer beneath the turf.

16. The method according to claim 9, wherein the surface includes the ground.

17. The method according to claim 16, wherein the ground includes farmland, residential areas, golf courses, parks, sports facilities, gardens, highways, residential subdivisions, or a combination thereof.

18. The method according to claim 16, wherein the ground includes a golf course.

19. CO ２ CO in the atmosphere ２ The method according to claim 1, including the method described in claim 1.

20. CO ２ The capture of at least one type of basalt sand, CO ２ , and are produced by a reaction between water and one or more alkaline ions and mineralized bicarbonates (HCO3). ３ － The method according to claim 1, wherein the substance is released.

21. A method for modifying a surface, comprising the step of applying a composition containing at least one type of basalt sand to the surface, wherein at least one type of basalt sand is in the form of crushed particles.

22. The method according to claim 21, wherein at least one type of basalt sand is in a refined form.

23. The method according to claim 21, wherein at least one type of basalt sand comprises a plurality of different types of basalt sand.

24. The method according to claim 21, wherein at least one type of basalt sand is selected from the group consisting of plagioclase-feldspar-containing basalt, pyroxine-containing basalt, tholeite, Holyoke basalt, Blue Ridge basalt, Butner basalt, or a combination thereof.

25. The method according to claim 21, wherein at least one type of basalt sand comprises Holyoke basalt.

26. At least one type of basalt sand contains CaAl ２ Si ２ O ８ (Ca, Mg) ２ Si ２ O ６ (Mg, Fe) ２ SiO ４ NaAlSi ３ O ８ , (Ca,Mg)SiO ３ , (Fe, Mg, Ca) ２ SiO ４ The method according to claim 21, comprising a compound selected from the group consisting of, or combinations thereof.

27. The method according to claim 21, wherein the composition further comprises one or more additives.

28. The method according to claim 27, wherein one or more additives are selected from the group consisting of silicate, microorganisms, fungi, bacteria, actinomycetes, biochar, golf course additives, peat moss, top sand, quartz-based top sand, lime, or a combination thereof.

29. The method according to claim 21, wherein the contact step occurs by applying the composition to the surface.

30. The method according to claim 29, further comprising the step of removing the outer layer of a surface before applying the composition to the surface.

31. The method according to claim 29, wherein the composition is disposed on the outer layer of the surface.

32. The composition covers 4046.9 m of surface per year. ２ The method according to claim 29, applied at a concentration of at least about 25 tons per acre.

33. The method according to claim 29, wherein the surface includes soil.

34. The method according to claim 33, wherein the soil is selected from the group consisting of topsand, topsoil, turf, managed turf, soil layer beneath the lawn, or a combination thereof.

35. The method according to claim 33, wherein the soil includes the soil layer beneath the turf.

36. The method according to claim 29, wherein the surface includes the ground.

37. The method according to claim 36, wherein the ground includes farmland, residential areas, golf courses, parks, sports facilities, gardens, highways, residential subdivisions, or a combination thereof.

38. The method according to claim 36, wherein the ground includes a golf course.

39. A modified surface comprising a composition, The composition comprises at least one type of basalt sand, wherein the at least one type of basalt sand is in the form of crushed particles, and is a modified surface.

40. The modified surface according to claim 39, wherein at least one type of basalt sand is in a refined form.

41. The modified surface according to claim 39, wherein at least one type of basalt sand comprises a plurality of different types of basalt sand.

42. The modified surface according to claim 39, wherein at least one type of basalt sand is selected from the group consisting of plagioclase-feldspar-containing basalt, pyroxine-containing basalt, tholeite, Holyoke basalt, Blue Ridge basalt, Butner basalt, or a combination thereof.

43. The modified surface according to claim 39, wherein at least one type of basalt sand comprises Holyoke basalt.

44. At least one type of basalt sand contains CaAl ２ Si ２ O ８ (Ca, Mg) ２ Si ２ O ６ (Mg, Fe) ２ SiO ４ NaAlSi ３ O ８ , (Ca,Mg)SiO ３ , (Fe, Mg, Ca) ２ SiO ４ The modified surface according to claim 39, comprising a compound selected from the group consisting of, or a combination thereof.

45. The modified surface according to claim 39, wherein the composition further comprises one or more additives.

46. The modified surface according to claim 45, wherein one or more additives are selected from the group consisting of silicate, microorganisms, fungi, bacteria, actinomycetes, biochar, golf course additives, peat moss, top sand, quartz-based top sand, lime, or a combination thereof.

47. The modified surface according to claim 39, wherein the composition is disposed on the outer layer of the surface.

48. The concentration of the composition is 4046.9 m on the surface. ２ The modified surface according to claim 39, wherein the amount is at least about 25 tons per acre.

49. The modified surface according to claim 39, wherein the surface includes soil.

50. The modified surface according to claim 49, wherein the soil is selected from the group consisting of topsand, topsoil, turf, managed turf, soil layer beneath the lawn, or a combination thereof.

51. The modified surface according to claim 49, wherein the soil includes the soil layer beneath the grass.

52. The modified surface according to claim 39, wherein the surface is in relation to the ground.

53. The modified surface according to claim 52, wherein the ground includes farmland, residential areas, golf courses, parks, sports facilities, gardens, highways, residential developments, or a combination thereof.

54. The modified surface according to claim 52, wherein the ground includes a golf course.

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