Apparatus and method for detecting power grid failures

Abstract

A system (100) and method (600) for locating faults within a power grid are disclosed. The system includes a network management module (110) that receives information about the physical topology of the power grid and defines the network topology as block networks (300, 400, 500) with known dimensions based on this information. Multiple traveling wave fault recording units (130, 730) are installed at predefined locations in these block networks to detect and record the arrival times of traveling waves generated by faults and propagating through neutral lines, ground lines, or cables. The system also includes a processing module that determines the fault location using arithmetic and / or heuristic methods based on the arrival times recorded by the traveling wave fault recording units and the position coordinates of each unit in the block network.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The disclosure of the present application (hereinafter referred to as the present disclosure) relates to a system for identifying the location of a fault in a power grid. The present disclosure also relates to a method for identifying the location of a fault in a power grid. Background

[0002] The power grid is an important infrastructure that requires continuous monitoring and maintenance to ensure reliable power supply. Generally, the power grid is composed of transmission lines, power poles, transformers, switching circuits, protection circuits, etc. The power grid can be damaged by lightning strikes, wind, tree falls on wires, equipment failures, etc. For example, faults can cause overcurrent, low voltage, three-phase imbalance, high voltage surges, etc. These faults cause the voltage and current values in the power grid to deviate from the nominal range. Examples of faults include, but are not limited to, transient fluctuations, ground faults, arc faults, short circuit faults, open circuit faults, overload faults, conductor breaks, phase loss, partial discharges, etc. Most faults in the power grid are of a transient nature. For example, contact of trees (such as falling of trees on overhead lines), inadvertent excavation near underground cables, contact of birds or animals, lightning strikes, conductor collisions due to external forces (such as strong winds), cracks or impurities in insulators, etc. can cause transient faults. The management of the power grid includes accurately detecting faults or malfunctions in the power grid and / or the electrical equipment operating therein. However, such work is very complex and cumbersome.

[0003] Ground faults and short circuits in the power grid are usually managed by dividing the feeder into sections. When a fault is detected in a certain feeder section, that feeder section is powered off. The measured fault current may indicate candidates for the fault location because the topology of the power grid, cable impedance, and transformer characteristics are known. However, especially the phase-to-earth fault current depends greatly on the grounding impedance of the fault location, which can vary greatly. Also, in a dense and multi-branched urban network, when using impedance-based fault location identification, there can be dozens of potential candidates for the fault location.

[0004] Conventional methods compartmentalize the power grid with multiple protective devices. In this configuration, the protection is always configured to be more sensitive towards the ends of the power lines and branch lines. Therefore, when these protective devices activate circuit breakers and cut the lines, if it is confirmed that the fault disappeared while the breakers were off, it is highly likely that the fault occurred in that area. However, with these conventional methods, detecting and accurately locating some faults, especially infrequent but recurring ones, is extremely difficult. Furthermore, the process of switching off circuit breakers sometimes causes power outages, potentially inconveniencing power companies and their customers for extended periods. Moreover, if the power grid operates in a loop-like (grid-like) structure rather than a dendritic (radial) structure, locating the fault becomes even more difficult. In this case, it may be impossible to even determine the path the fault signal took, making it impossible to pinpoint the fault's location. Based on these discussions, there is a need to overcome the aforementioned limitations and shortcomings. Summary

[0005] The object of this disclosure is to provide a system and method for utilizing traveling wave fault signals that "jump over" open switches and gaps and propagate through neutral and ground wires at various voltage levels. The object of this disclosure is achieved by the system and method for fault location in a power grid, as described in the attached independent claims. Advantageous features are described in the attached dependent claims.

[0006] Throughout this specification and in its claims, phrases such as “equipped with,” “include,” and “possess” do not mean that they include a certain element but not that they include only that element. They do not preclude the existence of other components, items, numbers, or steps that are not expressly disclosed. Furthermore, unless otherwise specified in the context, singular expressions also include plural forms. In particular, where an indefinite article is used in the original text, this specification assumes both singular and plural forms unless otherwise required in the context. [Brief explanation of the drawing]

[0007] [Figure 1] A schematic block diagram of a system for locating faults in a power grid according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure is shown. [Figure 2] This is an illustrative diagram of the network topology of a power grid represented as a block network. [Figure 3] This is an illustrative diagram of a power grid network topology represented as a block network, for implementing an arithmetic method for locating fault locations, according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure. [Figure 4] This is an illustrative diagram of a power grid network topology represented as a block network, for implementing a heuristic method for locating faults according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure. [Figure 5] This is an illustrative diagram of a power grid network topology represented as a block network taking into account gaps in the physical topology, according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure. [Figure 6] A flowchart is shown enumerating the steps involved in a method for identifying a fault in a power grid according to one or more embodiments of this disclosure. [Figure 7A] This is an illustrative geographical map of an urban area showing a power grid network topology represented as a block network. [Figure 7B] This is an illustrative geographical map of an urban area showing a power grid network topology represented as a block network. [Figure 7C] This is an illustrative geographical map of an urban area, similar to Figure 7A, showing the forward wave signal path from the fault location and the calculated fault location in the theoretical case where the forward wave signal follows only the medium-voltage grid topology. [Figure 7D] This is another illustrative diagram of a geographical map of an urban area, similar to Figure 7A, showing the path of a traveling wave signal from a fault point when it "jumps over" open switches or gaps using neutral wires and grounding wiring paths. [Figure 8A]Figure 7A illustrates the calculation of obstacle locations based on arithmetic methods within a geographical urban area map. [Figure 8B] Figure 7A shows another illustration of fault location calculation based on arithmetic methods within a geographical urban area map. [Figure 8C] Figure 7A shows yet another illustration of the calculation of obstacle locations based on arithmetic methods within a geographical urban area map. Detailed description of the embodiment

[0008] The following detailed description illustrates embodiments of the disclosure and methods by which they may be implemented. While several forms for implementing the disclosure have been disclosed, those skilled in the art will recognize that other forms for implementing the disclosure are also possible.

[0009] In the first aspect, the present disclosure provides a system for locating faults in a power grid. This system is A network management module, • Receive information regarding the physical topology of the region corresponding to the aforementioned power grid, Based on the information regarding the physical topology, the network topology of the power grid is defined as a block network that complements it and has known dimensions. The network management module is configured in such a way; A plurality of traveling wave interference recording units installed at predefined position coordinates within the block network, each configured to detect and record the arrival time of a traveling wave generated by an interference in the power grid and propagating through one or more neutral lines, ground lines, or cables within the area corresponding to the power grid; It is a processing module, From the plurality of traveling wave interference recording units, the recorded arrival time of the detected traveling wave and the information regarding the predefined position coordinates are received. Based on the recorded arrival time information and the predefined position coordinates, the location of the obstruction within the block network is determined by performing arithmetic and / or heuristic methods. A processing module configured in such a way; Equipped with, When implementing the aforementioned arithmetic method, the processing module further: Based on the difference in recorded arrival times for each of at least one pair of traveling wave interference recording units among the plurality of traveling wave interference recording units, the relative straight-line distance from each of the pair of traveling wave interference recording units is calculated. Based on the calculated relative straight-line distance and the known dimensions of the block network, the location of the obstruction is determined. It is configured in such a way, When the aforementioned heuristic method is implemented, the processing module further: Based on the difference in recorded arrival times for each of the multiple sets of traveling wave interference recording units among the multiple traveling wave interference recording units, the relative path from each of the multiple sets of traveling wave interference recording units is calculated. Based on the calculated relative distance and the known dimensions of the block network, the location of the obstacle is determined. It is configured in this way.

[0010] This system defines the network topology of the power grid as a block network that complements the physical topology and utilizes fault recording units that detect traveling waves generated by faults, thereby providing accurate fault location estimation even in complex power grids. The network management module simplifies the network topology, making it easier for the processing module to analyze the block network and locate faults. By placing multiple traveling wave fault recording units at predefined locations within the block network, coverage and accuracy in detecting traveling wave fault signals are improved. The processing module may determine the fault location using arithmetic and / or heuristic methods. This increases the overall accuracy and flexibility of the system in adapting to various power grid configurations and fault conditions.

[0011] In a second aspect, the present disclosure provides a method for locating a fault in a power grid. This method is • Receiving information regarding the physical topology of the region corresponding to the aforementioned power grid; Based on the information regarding the physical topology, the network topology of the power grid is defined as a complementary block network having known dimensions; - By configuring a plurality of traveling wave fault recording devices installed at predefined position coordinates within the block network, the arrival time of traveling waves generated by faults in the power grid, which propagate through one or more neutral lines, grounding lines, or cables within the area corresponding to the power grid, is detected and recorded; The location of the obstruction within the block network is determined by performing arithmetic and / or heuristic methods based on the recorded arrival time information and the predefined position coordinates; Includes, When the aforementioned arithmetic method is implemented, the method further, - Calculate the relative straight-line distance from each of the traveling wave interference recording units based on the difference in recorded arrival times for each of the traveling wave interference recording units, at least one set of traveling wave interference recording units among the plurality of traveling wave interference recording units; · determining the position of the obstacle based on the calculated relative linear distance and the known dimensions of the block network; comprising; when implementing the heuristic approach, the method further comprises · calculating a relative path from each of the plurality of sets of traveling wave fault recording units based on the recorded time difference of arrival for each of the plurality of sets of traveling wave fault recording units among the plurality of traveling wave fault recording units; · determining the position of the obstacle based on the calculated relative path and the known dimensions of the block network; including.

[0012] According to this method, advantages such as improved accuracy in detecting the position of a fault, real-time fault detection and response, and flexibility of the estimation technique are achieved. By defining a network topology as a block network that complements the physical topology and using a plurality of traveling wave fault recording units to detect and record traveling waves caused by a fault, this method enables accurate and real-time fault detection. The ability of this method to identify the fault position using arithmetic and / or heuristic approaches provides flexibility in adapting to power grids of various configurations and fault conditions. These features act synergistically to enable a comprehensive and efficient approach to fault position identification in a power grid, ultimately contributing to reduced downtime and efficient power grid maintenance.

[0013] For the purposes of this specification, the network management module and the processing module may be components integrated into a processing system, such as a server associated with a utility company that manages the power grid. The network management module and the processing module may be implemented as software modules operating on a processing system consisting of one or more servers, cloud-based infrastructure, or distributed computing resources. The network management module is responsible for overseeing the configuration, maintenance, and control of the entire power grid. The network management module interacts with various components within the power grid, including sensors, switches, transformers, and other devices, to collect data on the current state of the power grid (including its physical topology) and to help the utility company optimize the performance and efficiency of the power grid. The processing module, on the other hand, focuses on analyzing and processing data collected from various sources, including traveling wave fault recording units. The processing module may be responsible for applying algorithms and techniques to the collected data to extract useful information, such as fault locations and potential issues that could cause problems in the power grid. Depending on the embodiment, the processing module may employ advanced analytics, machine learning, or artificial intelligence techniques to improve the accuracy and effectiveness of the analysis.

[0014] In this specification, the power grid refers to a complex network of interconnected electrical equipment that generates, transmits, distributes, and manages electricity to meet the diverse needs of consumers. The power grid includes power sources such as power plants, substations that step up or step down voltage levels, high-voltage transmission lines that transport electricity over long distances, and medium-voltage and low-voltage distribution lines that supply electricity to end users. Electricity is transmitted within the power grid using a combination of overhead lines, underground cables, and various other facilities. The power grid plays a vital role in modern society, ensuring a reliable and safe supply of electricity to homes, businesses, and industries. The efficient operation and maintenance of the power grid depend on the rapid identification and resolution of potential failures caused by equipment malfunctions, weather phenomena, and human error.

[0015] In some embodiments, the power grid is an urban power grid, in which the neutral wire, ground wire, phase conductor, and cables are arranged in a substantially intersecting manner within the area corresponding to the power grid. The urban power grid may have a tree-like branching structure, including medium voltage distributed as overhead lines along the roads in the city center, as in, for example, a typical small city in the United States. In this urban power grid, the neutral wire, ground wire, and cables corresponding to the power grid are arranged in a substantially intersecting manner. The intersecting pattern of the neutral wire, ground wire, and cables arises from the need to supply power to urban areas where various types of consumers, such as residential, commercial, and industrial, are densely concentrated. This specification leverages the high-density and intersecting arrangement of neutral wires, ground wires, and cables in urban power grids to improve the accuracy of fault location.

[0016] This specification leverages the high-density and cross-sectional arrangement of neutral lines, ground lines, and cables in urban power grids to improve the accuracy of fault location. Field tests have shown that such a high-density arrangement of neutral lines, ground lines, and cables in urban networks is advantageous for fault location. In particular, in such urban power grids, interconnected neutral and ground lines function as paths for high-frequency traveling wave fault signals, allowing these signals to bypass open switches and gaps within the network. In other words, traveling wave fault signals efficiently propagate by jumping over open switches and gaps and utilizing neutral and ground lines. This phenomenon allows the neutral line and the actual ground (soil) to function as radio wave transmission paths, propagating fault signals throughout the entire network. Furthermore, the neutral or ground line transmitting the traveling wave fault signal can belong to any of the low-voltage, medium-voltage, or high-voltage networks. Due to this characteristic, the fault location detection system of this application exhibits versatility and effectiveness in diverse power grid configurations.

[0017] The physical topology of a region corresponding to a power grid refers to the spatial arrangement and configuration of the various components and infrastructure that make up the power grid within a specific geographical area. The physical topology of a region varies greatly depending on factors such as population density, geographical characteristics, the presence or absence of natural resources, and the availability of renewable energy sources. For example, densely populated urban areas have a complex physical topology due to the high density of electrical equipment and infrastructure, while rural areas may have a simpler and more dispersed topology due to the longer distances between equipment.

[0018] The regional physical topology corresponding to a power grid specifically includes the arrangement of power lines such as feeder lines, neutral lines, grounding lines, and cables, and is a complex arrangement of interconnected components that enable the supply of power to consumers. The spatial arrangement of these components is crucial for the efficient operation and management of the power grid. Here, feeder lines are the main distribution lines that supply power from substations to various distribution points such as transformers. Transformers then supply power to end users. These feeder lines are usually medium-voltage lines branching from substations, and are either overhead lines or underground cables. Neutral lines function as the return path for current in single-phase and three-phase electrical systems, and are designed to maintain the voltage balance of the entire system and minimize potential differences that could cause electrical hazards. Neutral lines are usually connected to grounding lines at specific points in the transmission grid to ensure safety and system stability. Grounding lines (also called earth wires) provide a path for fault currents to flow to the earth in the event of a short circuit or equipment failure, preventing electric shock and damage to transmission grid equipment. Cables are insulated conductors, either overhead or underground, used to transmit power throughout the power grid. Cables are designed to accommodate specific voltage levels and carry power from transmission lines through distribution lines to end users.

[0019] Information regarding the physical topology of a region corresponding to a power grid may be received by the network management module from various sources, depending on the available data sources and communication infrastructure. For example, Geographic Information Systems (GIS) are powerful tools for collecting, storing, and analyzing spatial data related to power grids. Power companies often maintain GIS databases containing the locations and characteristics of transmission lines, distribution lines, substations, transformers, and other power grid infrastructure. Furthermore, power companies maintain records and documents containing information about the power grid infrastructure, such as layout plans, circuit diagrams, and equipment specifications. By scrutinizing these records, the necessary data regarding the physical topology of the power grid in a particular region can be obtained. Another example is using satellite imagery or aerial photographs to collect information about the physical topology of the power grid.

[0020] In urban power grids, electrical equipment tends to be densely packed, with numerous power lines, neutral lines, grounding lines, and cables located in close proximity. This characteristic allows for a simplified network topology, enabling more efficient fault detection and location. In such cases, the network topology may be defined as a grid that encompasses all lines at various voltage levels and fills all small gaps. The basis for this simplification lies in the behavior of traveling fault signals. These signals are known to efficiently propagate by jumping over open switches and gaps, utilizing neutral and grounding lines. The dense arrangement of electrical equipment in urban power grids allows fault signals to propagate even if there are tiny gaps or breaks in the lines.

[0021] In this disclosure, physical topology is used as the basis for defining a simplified network topology of the power grid. This enables effective fault detection and localization within the power grid. To achieve this, the network management module utilizes physical topology information for the region corresponding to the power grid. This includes the spatial arrangement and organization of various components and infrastructure, as well as geographical features and land-use characteristics. Based on the physical topology information, the network management module defines the network topology of the power grid as a block network that complements the actual power grid layout. Typically, the block network is assumed to be a square block network, and the distance between any two points within the block network follows the laws of trigonometry. That is, if a and b are the distances in the north-south and east-west directions, respectively, the distance between any two points within the block network is √(a² + b²). This block network is an abstraction that simplifies the complex structure of the power grid as a grid with known dimensions. Each block also corresponds to a specific area within the region. This block network is designed to capture the essential characteristics of the power grid, such as the layout of power lines, neutral lines, grounding lines, and cables, while ignoring details that do not significantly affect the fault detection and location process. The use of this block network can provide accurate and reliable results while reducing the complexity and computational requirements of the fault detection and location process.

[0022] Here, "block" refers to, for example, a city block or residential area—that is, a space or area surrounded by roads, or a group of buildings surrounded by roads. Blocks can be further divided into smaller spaces or areas within each block. Therefore, in contrast to rural grids, block networks are inherently quite dense. This is because cables or overhead lines are installed along almost all roads, or alternative propagation paths exist, such as neutral conductors, ground conductors, low-voltage lines, cable television, traffic signals, and street light cables. In rural grids, the possibility of reverse transmission is extremely rare, and usually, apart from switching devices, there are almost no situations where neutral lines, ground conductors, low-voltage lines, cable television, traffic signals, or street light cables form alternative paths for traveling wave signals.

[0023] As mentioned above, traveling wave signals propagate effectively using neutral wires, ground wires, or cables, making them function as "radio signal transmission lines." In particular, the neutral wire and the actual ground (soil) serve as the primary conduction paths for these signals. Regardless of whether the neutral wire or ground wire belongs to a low-voltage, medium-voltage, or high-voltage network, traveling wave signals can still propagate effectively. This characteristic is utilized for the detection and recording of traveling wave signals because it allows the signal to propagate across a wide range of voltage levels within the power grid.

[0024] By using two or more traveling wave fault recording units installed at predefined location coordinates within a block network, the location of faults in this system can be identified. These traveling wave fault recording units are strategically placed at intervals of typically 0.5 km to 1 km in high-density urban power grids to accurately capture the location and path of traveling wave fault signals generated by faults in the power grid. The traveling wave fault recording units are designed to detect and record the arrival time of traveling waves propagating through neutral lines, ground lines, and cables in the area corresponding to the power grid. High-frequency traveling wave signals exhibit unique characteristics that facilitate detection by recording devices. In this embodiment, the traveling wave fault recording units may incorporate a GPS time synchronization function to assign accurate timestamps to the detected traveling wave signals. This ensures accurate time correlation between signals received by different traveling wave fault recording units. This is essential for identifying the location of faults, as described later. For example, in a block network, or in a corresponding high-density urban or suburban power grid, it is possible to install two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, or nine or more traveling wave fault recording units at predefined location coordinates.

[0025] Here, the processing module is connected via signal communication to multiple traveling wave fault recording units to receive information regarding the recorded arrival time of detected traveling waves. This is achieved by wired or wireless communication methods such as fiber optic cables, radio frequency communication, or cellular networks. Furthermore, the processing module may receive information from the network management module regarding the predefined position coordinates of multiple traveling wave fault recording units within the block network. The processing module processes the data from the traveling wave fault recording units, including the recorded arrival time of detected traveling waves and the predefined position coordinates of these units within the block network. The processing module integrates the recorded arrival time data from multiple traveling wave fault recording units, taking into account the predefined position coordinates of these traveling wave fault recording units within the block network, to triangulate the fault location in the power grid. Depending on the embodiment, the processing module may also consider other factors such as the physical topology of the power grid and the characteristics of the traveling wave signals in order to more accurately estimate the fault location. This comprehensive approach allows the processing module to provide reliable and accurate fault location information, which is essential for the efficient management and maintenance of the power grid. For example, this information is essential for power companies to quickly identify, assess, and address problems within the power grid, ultimately enabling its reliability and efficient operation.

[0026] In some embodiments, multiple traveling wave fault recording units are configured to detect traveling waves propagating through one or more neutral lines, ground lines, or cables, bypassing open switches and gaps within the area corresponding to the power grid. When a fault occurs in the power grid, high-frequency traveling wave signals are generated. These signals may not physically pass through but "skip" open switches and gaps through alternative paths such as the neutral line common to high-voltage, medium-voltage, and low-voltage lines and cables, or through inductive or capacitive coupling between two lines. Therefore, even if gaps or breaks exist in the electrical infrastructure, traveling wave fault signals continue to propagate throughout the power grid. This unique property allows these traveling wave signals to circumvent the constraints of conventional network topologies and reach the traveling wave fault recording units. The traveling wave fault recording units are designed to capture and analyze high-frequency signals and can identify traveling wave fault signals from other signals and noise present in the power grid.

[0027] Depending on the embodiment, the traveling wave fault recording unit may be equipped with advanced detection technology to accurately detect traveling waves propagating through various conductor paths. Suitable sensors may include voltage sensors or Rogowski coils, which may effectively capture high-frequency signals even in the presence of low-frequency power signals. Furthermore, the traveling wave fault recording unit may be installed at strategic locations within the urban power grid, close to neutral and ground lines with multiple different voltage levels. The traveling wave fault recording unit may be positioned to capture traveling wave fault signals even when they jump over open switches or gaps. In addition, the traveling wave fault recording unit may be equipped with filtering functions to isolate high-frequency traveling wave signals from other background signals and noise in the neutral and ground lines. For example, a bandpass filter tuned to a frequency band of interest may be used to facilitate the isolation of the traveling wave signal.

[0028] When implementing the aforementioned arithmetic method, the processing module further: Based on the difference in recorded arrival times for each of at least one pair of traveling wave interference recording units among the plurality of traveling wave interference recording units, the relative straight-line distance from each of the pair of traveling wave interference recording units is calculated. Based on the calculated relative straight-line distance and the known dimensions of the block network, the location of the obstruction is determined. It is configured in this way.

[0029] When the aforementioned arithmetic method is implemented, the processing module is configured to perform a series of calculations to identify the location of a fault in the power grid. First, using the recorded arrival times of forward waves detected from at least one pair of forward wave fault recording units, the processing module calculates the arrival time differences between the units belonging to that pair. Using these time differences, the processing module calculates the relative straight-line distance from each forward wave fault recording unit in the pair to the fault location. These distances are derived based on the known velocity of the forward waves and the time difference between the recorded arrival times of each recording unit in the pair. Finally, the processing module uses the calculated relative straight-line distances and the known dimensions of the block network to determine the location of the fault within the block network. This is done using various techniques, such as triangulation or trilateration. These involve the intersection of multiple lines or circles drawn from the predefined position coordinates of multiple forward wave fault recording units. By incorporating the arithmetic method, the processing module can systematically and accurately calculate the location of faults within the block network.

[0030] For example, if a fault occurs at a specific location within the power grid, all of the traveling wave fault recording units A, B, C, and D, whose precise location coordinates within the block network are already known, detect and record the arrival time of the traveling wave fault signal generated by the fault. These traveling wave fault recording units assign accurate timestamps to the detected traveling wave fault signals, for example, by using GPS time synchronization. The recorded arrival time information is provided to the processing module. Upon receiving the timestamps and location information from traveling wave fault recording units A, B, C, and D, the processing module applies arithmetic methods to determine the fault location. Based on the difference in recorded arrival times, the processing module calculates the relative straight-line distance between the fault location and each recording device. By combining this distance information with the known dimensions of the block network and the location coordinates of the traveling wave fault recording units, the processing module can accurately pinpoint the fault location within the power grid.

[0031] When implementing the aforementioned heuristic method, the processing module further: Based on the difference in recorded arrival times for each of the multiple sets of traveling wave interference recording units among the multiple traveling wave interference recording units, the relative path from each of the multiple sets of traveling wave interference recording units is calculated. Based on the calculated relative distance and the known dimensions of the block network, the location of the obstacle is determined. It is configured in this way.

[0032] When the heuristic method described above is implemented, the processing module is configured to perform a series of steps that utilize a more intuitive approach to determine the location of a fault in the power grid. The processing module calculates the difference in recorded arrival times for each of several pairs of traveling wave fault recording units among the multiple traveling wave fault recording units. The processing module then uses these time differences to calculate the relative path from each of the multiple pairs of traveling wave fault recording units to the fault location. These paths are calculated considering the known velocity of the traveling wave and the time difference between the recorded arrival times from each of the multiple pairs of recording units. The processing module determines the location of the fault in the block grid by analyzing the calculated paths and the known dimensions of the block grid. This may be achieved using a heuristic method that considers various combinations of line distance and block grid dimensions to generate a set of candidate fault locations. The processing module may select the most plausible fault location from this set based on additional criteria such as consistency of results and the presence of physical barriers in the grid. By employing heuristic methods, processing modules may be able to effectively estimate fault locations within the power grid using a more flexible and adaptable approach. This method is particularly useful in situations where network complexity or incomplete information may hinder the application of more rigorous arithmetic methods. The heuristic approach allows processing modules to incorporate multiple factors and compare them with each other in order to generate a reliable fault location estimate.

[0033] For example, if we consider a 6x6 block network supplementing the power grid, and place traveling wave fault recording units A, B, C, and D at the four corners of the block network (A: bottom right, B: bottom left, C: top left, D: top right), then for a fault occurring at (4.5,4) from the top corner, the traveling wave will travel 6.5 units to reach traveling wave fault recording unit B and 3.5 units to reach traveling wave fault recording unit A. Since this time difference corresponds to a distance of 3 units, the fault location is found to be 4.5 units from traveling wave fault recording unit B and 1.5 units from traveling wave fault recording unit A. Similarly, the processing module can also process other pairs of traveling wave fault recording units along the corners of the block network. For example, in the case of a diagonal pair of traveling wave fault recording units B and D, the fault signal will travel 6.5 units to traveling wave fault recording unit B and 5.5 units to traveling wave fault recording unit D. Diagonally, this corresponds to a distance of 6.5 / √2 units from traveling wave fault recording unit B and a distance of 5.5 / √2 units from traveling wave fault recording unit D. Therefore, the diagonal distance from traveling wave fault recording unit B is 0.707 units longer than the distance from traveling wave fault recording unit A. These calculations provide six clues for determining the fault location. These can be found mathematically, for example, using trigonometric techniques. The processing module utilizes heuristic methods to combine these clues with known dimensions of the block network and the position coordinates of the traveling wave fault recording units to accurately pinpoint the fault location within the power grid.

[0034] Depending on the embodiment, the processing module may use a combination of arithmetic and heuristic methods to improve the accuracy and reliability of the fault location process. For example, an initial estimate of the fault location may be generated using an arithmetic method, and then a heuristic method may be used to refine the estimate based on additional information and contextual factors. This combined approach allows the processing module to leverage the strengths of both methods, resulting in more accurate and robust fault location.

[0035] Depending on the embodiment, the network management module may further include: • Receive information about the physical topology, including details about sections where propagation of traveling waves through the neutral wire, ground wire, or cable is impossible. Define a network topology that includes the gap corresponding to the aforementioned interval. It is configured in such a way, The processing module is further configured to determine the fault location taking into account the network topology, including gaps within the block network.

[0036] In this embodiment, the network management module enhances its ability to better define the network topology by considering sections where the propagation of traveling waves through neutral lines, ground lines, and cables is impossible. In this embodiment, the network management module is configured to receive information about the physical topology, which includes details about sections where the propagation of traveling waves may be hindered. These sections may be characterized by obstacles, such as lakes, parks, or fields. Based on such received information about the physical topology and the identified sections, the network management module refines the network topology by incorporating gaps corresponding to these sections. This results in a more accurate representation of the network topology that recognizes the limitations on traveling wave propagation due to the presence of gaps. The processing module is also configured to consider the refined network topology, including gaps, when identifying fault locations within the block network. By considering the network topology with gaps, the processing module can generate more accurate fault location estimation information that reflects the actual conditions and constraints present in the power grid.

[0037] This method ensures that the analysis and calculations reflect the realistic constraints of the power grid, such as areas where forward-wave fault signals cannot pass through neutral, grounding, and cables due to physical barriers or lack of electrical connections. By incorporating these actual gaps into the network topology representation, the processing module can more accurately pinpoint fault locations by considering the actual conditions and limitations present in the power grid. This enhancement of fault location methods not only improves the accuracy of fault location estimation but also enables a more comprehensive understanding of the power grid's behavior in response to faults. As a result, power companies can better plan maintenance and repair strategies, ensuring the efficient and reliable operation of the power grid.

[0038] Depending on the embodiment, the processing module may further include: • Receive information about the location determined for past failures in the block network. • Receive information regarding the precise location of past faults in the aforementioned block network, Based on the determined location and the precise location of the past fault in the block network, an adjustment coefficient is calculated. Based on the adjustment coefficient, adjust the location of the fault within the block network. It is configured in this way.

[0039] In other words, the processing module may receive information about the previously determined location of past faults within the block network, calculated using the same method as the current fault location. Furthermore, the processing module may acquire information about the precise location of the past fault within the block network, which may have been determined by field surveys or other accurate localization means. The processing module may then calculate an adjustment coefficient based on a comparison between the previously determined location and the precise location. This adjustment coefficient represents the difference between the calculated fault location and the actual fault location, taking into account discrepancies in methodology and grid characteristics. The processing module may then apply this adjustment coefficient to the currently determined fault location within the block network. This results in an adjusted fault location that takes into account the system's past capabilities. This adjustment improves the accuracy of the fault location and enhances the overall fault detection and localization performance of the system by incorporating historical data and refining calculations based on past experience.

[0040] For example, to improve accuracy due to an imperfect grid shape, the system may adapt and learn from past faults once the exact location of the fault is verified by a power company representative. Specifically, the traveling wave fault location method assumes a constant velocity for the traveling wave signal. Typically, this is 0.9 to 0.99 times the speed of light for overhead lines and approximately 0.5 times the speed of light for cables. By adjusting the signal velocity parameter and the geometric distance between the verified fault location and the sensor location, the system may be able to improve the accuracy of subsequent fault location calculations in the same area. This adaptive learning approach takes into account the actual conditions and unique characteristics of the power grid, allowing the system to refine its calculations and provide more accurate fault location estimates in the future.

[0041] This disclosure also relates to the method described above. Various embodiments and modifications disclosed above relating to the aforementioned system are applicable to this method.

[0042] Depending on the embodiment, the method further includes configuring a plurality of traveling wave interference recording units to detect traveling waves that propagate through one or more neutral wires, ground wires, conductors, or cables, jumping over open switches or gaps in an area corresponding to a power grid.

[0043] When the aforementioned arithmetic method is implemented, the method further, - Calculate the relative straight-line distance from each of the traveling wave interference recording units based on the difference in recorded arrival times for each of the traveling wave interference recording units, at least one set of traveling wave interference recording units among the plurality of traveling wave interference recording units; The location of the obstruction is determined based on the calculated relative straight-line distance and the known dimensions of the block network; Includes.

[0044] When implementing the heuristic method described above, the method further includes: - Calculating the relative distance from each of the multiple sets of traveling wave interference recording units based on the difference in recorded arrival times for each of the multiple sets of traveling wave interference recording units among the multiple sets of traveling wave interference recording units; Based on the calculated relative distance and the known dimensions of the block network, the location of the obstacle is determined; Includes.

[0045] Depending on the embodiment, the method may further be: • Receiving information about the physical topology, including details about sections where propagation of traveling waves through the neutral wire, ground wire, or cable is impossible, • Define a network topology that includes the gap corresponding to the aforementioned interval, • Determining the fault location by considering the network topology, including gaps within the block network, Includes.

[0046] Depending on the embodiment, the method may further be: • Receiving information about the physical topology, including details about sections where propagation of traveling waves through the neutral wire, ground wire, or cable is impossible, • Define a network topology that includes the gap corresponding to the aforementioned interval, • Determining the fault location by considering the network topology, including gaps within the block network, Includes.

[0047] In some embodiments, the power grid is an urban power grid, and in the area corresponding to the power grid, the neutral wire, ground wire, phase conductor, and cables are arranged in a substantially intersecting manner.

[0048] The systems and methods of this disclosure enable accurate detection of faults and their location in the power grid, even when fault currents are compensated by arc suppression coils or other grounding impedances. This disclosure improves fault detection accuracy for both short-circuit and ground faults by incorporating a current sensing unit in conjunction with a traveling wave fault recording unit. This disclosure utilizes a traveling wave fault recording unit with fault indicators (sensors) incorporated into at least one, and possibly all, outgoing feeders. When a fault occurs, it is detected between at least two sensors positioned along the feeder line. Multiple sensors would likely be required per feeder to ensure comprehensive coverage. These sensors are typically located several kilometers from the substation. Placing additional high-frequency sensors at strategic locations within the substation increases sensitivity to transient signals induced by faults, improving the performance and reliability of the traveling wave fault location system. This leads to more accurate detection and identification of faults in the power grid.

[0049] For example, in urban power grids with a branching structure like street trees, such as those in typical small cities in the United States, medium-voltage power lines are laid as overhead lines along roads in the city center, covering an area of ​​approximately 0.5 km x 0.5 km. In this case, it may be necessary to use more than 10 traveling wave sensors to pinpoint faults with an accuracy of approximately one block. The system and method of this disclosure offer several advantages, particularly in densely populated urban and suburban power grids. By utilizing neutral or grounding wires connected between low-voltage, medium-voltage, and high-voltage lines, and interconnected cable shields, the system and method of this application can avoid the need for detailed switching information in the network topology. The presence of neutral / grounding wires co-located with overhead lines further enhances the accuracy and effectiveness of fault location. Furthermore, the system and method of this application enables accurate fault location detection with a relatively small number of traveling wave fault location detection units compared to conventional installation methods that strictly adhere to the network topology and switching state. Furthermore, the system and method of this application take into account large gaps in the power grid and prevent the short signal path between two traveling wave fault location detection units from traversing these gaps. This enables more accurate and efficient fault location in complex power grids such as urban power grids. Detailed description of the drawings

[0050] Referring to Figure 1, a schematic block diagram of a system (indicated by reference numeral 100) for locating faults in a power grid, according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure, is shown. System 100 includes a network management module 110 configured to receive information about the physical topology of an area corresponding to the power grid. Based on the information about the physical topology, the network management module 110 is configured to define the network topology of the power grid as a complementary block network with known dimensions. System 100 also includes a plurality of traveling wave fault recording units 130 installed at predefined position coordinates within the block network. The traveling wave fault recording units 130 are configured to detect and record the arrival time of traveling waves generated by faults in the power grid. These traveling waves pass through one or more of the neutral line, ground line, or cable within the area corresponding to the power grid. System 100 further includes a processing module 120. The processing module 120 receives information regarding the recorded arrival time of the detected traveling wave and the predefined position coordinates within the block network from the plurality of traveling wave fault recording units, and determines the fault location within the block network by performing arithmetic and / or heuristic methods based on the information and the predefined position coordinates.

[0051] Referring to Figure 2, an illustrative diagram of the network topology of a power grid, represented as Block Network 200, is shown. Block Network 200 can represent an urban power grid with a dendritic branching pattern, typical of a small city. Medium voltage is often distributed as overhead lines along roads in the city center, with a substation (represented by a circle) located in the upper left corner. In Figure 2, examples of fault locations are shown by lightning bolts. Each block represents an area of ​​0.5 km × 0.5 km. To pinpoint a fault location with an accuracy of approximately one block, about 10 traveling wave sensors (represented by pins), as shown in the diagram, would be required.

[0052] Referring to Figure 3, an exemplary diagram of a network topology of a power grid, represented as a block network 300, is shown, which is a network topology according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure. The block network 300 has a substation in its upper left corner (represented by a circle). The block network 300 also has four traveling wave fault recording units (e.g., traveling wave fault recording unit 130) located at each of its four corners. These are shown in the figure as A, B, C, and D. A processing module (e.g., processing module 120) is configured to use the block network 300 and an arithmetic method to calculate the relative linear distances X1 to X4 from each traveling wave fault recording unit A to D in at least one pair of units to fault locations (represented by lightning bolts). This calculation is based on the time difference between the recorded arrival times of traveling waves detected in each unit in the pair. Once these relative linear distances X1 to X4 are calculated, the processing module can determine the fault location, taking into account both the calculated relative linear distances X1 to X4 and the known dimensions of the block network 300.

[0053] Referring to Figure 4, an exemplary diagram of a network topology of a power grid, represented as a block network 400, is shown, which is a network topology according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure. The block network 400 has a substation in its upper left corner (represented by a circle). The block network 400 also has four traveling wave fault recording units (e.g., traveling wave fault recording unit 130) located at each of its four corners. These are shown in the figure as A, B, C, and D. A processing module (e.g., processing module 120) is configured to use the block network 400 and heuristic techniques to calculate the path from each traveling wave fault recording unit A-D to the fault location (represented by lightning bolts). This is based on the time difference between the arrival times of the recorded traveling waves detected by each unit in a plurality of pairs (AD). For example, if there is a time difference of 3 units between the signals received by units A and B, the fault location is determined to be 4.5 units from B and 1.5 units from A. Other pairs of devices along the sides are processed similarly. Using diagonally placed device pairs (e.g., BD, BC, CA, CD), the processing module calculates the fault location based on the difference in diagonal distances. This process generates multiple clues about the fault location, allowing for precise fault identification using mathematical methods such as trigonometry.

[0054] Referring to Figure 5, an exemplary diagram of a network topology of a power grid, represented as a block network 500, is shown, which is a network topology according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure. The block network 500 has a substation in its upper left corner (represented by a circle). The block network 500 also has four traveling wave fault recording units (e.g., traveling wave fault recording unit 130) located at each of its four corners. These are shown in the figure as A, B, C, and D. To generate such a block network 500, a network management module (e.g., network management module 110) is configured to receive information about the physical topology of the power grid. This information includes details about sections where traveling waves cannot pass through neutral lines, ground lines, or cables. Based on this information, the network management module defines a network topology that includes gaps (e.g., gap G in the illustration) corresponding to these sections. A processing module (e.g., processing module 120) takes this network topology, including these gaps, into consideration when identifying fault locations (e.g., faults represented by lightning) within the block network 500. This comprehensive approach ensures more accurate fault location, taking into account the constraints and limitations of the power grid's physical topology.

[0055] Referring to Figure 6, a flowchart is shown listing the steps of a fault location method 600 in a power grid according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. Step 602 includes receiving information about the physical topology of a region corresponding to the power grid. Step 604 includes defining the network topology of the power grid as a complementary block network based on the information about the physical topology of the region corresponding to the power grid. This block network has known dimensions. Step 606 includes detecting and recording the arrival time of a traveling wave generated by a fault in the power grid, which propagates through one or more neutral lines, ground lines, or cables in the region corresponding to the power grid, by configuring a plurality of traveling wave fault recording units installed at predefined position coordinates within the block network. Step 608 includes determining the location of the fault in the block network by performing arithmetic and / or heuristic methods based on the information from the plurality of traveling wave fault recording units regarding the recorded arrival time of the detected traveling wave and the predefined position coordinates. The steps described above are merely illustrative, and embodiments are possible in which one or more steps can be added or removed without departing from the technical concept of this disclosure, or in which one or more steps are performed in a different order.

[0056] Referring to Figures 7A and 7B, a geographical map of an urban area is shown, and the network topology of the power grid is represented as a block network. An urban area typically includes blocks and roads 702, and each urban block is at least partially surrounded by or borders one or more roads. Roads 702 (see Figure 7A) may have (underground) cables, overhead lines, or alternative propagation paths such as neutral lines, ground lines, low-voltage lines, cable television, traffic signals, and street light cables running along them.

[0057] Referring to Figure 7B, the block network 700 has multiple blocks (denoted here as A, B, and C). The block network may also include other blocks in addition to blocks A, B, and C, such as a block surrounding blocks A, B, and C. Each block may be a collection of one or more buildings surrounded by roads. The power grid includes power sources (not shown in Figure 7B) that supply electricity to various end users (e.g., buildings within a block). The power grid further includes a branch network of power lines. This includes underground cables and / or overhead transmission lines (shown as solid black lines in Figure 7B), neutral or grounding wires connected to the power source, or conductors 704 (shown as dashed lines in Figure 7B), through which electricity is supplied to end users. The branch network of power lines also includes multiple switchable switches 703, such as circuit breakers, blade switches, and terminal insulators with bypass devices. The power line network has line sections, at least some of which are divided by multiple switches 703 and located within the power lines. For example, they are located between blocks or along road 702 and supply power to those sections of power lines. The power grid also has one or more traveling wave recording units 730 (four shown in Figure 7B) installed at predefined position coordinates within the block network 700. One or more traveling wave recording units 730 are configured to detect and record the arrival time of traveling waves generated by a fault in the power grid and propagating through one or more of the neutral line, ground line, one or more phase conductors, or cables within the area corresponding to the power grid.

[0058] Referring to Figure 7C, a geographical urban map and an example of a traveling wave signal path from the fault location are shown, as in Figure 7A. Assume that a fault occurs at the location indicated by the lightning bolt (see Figure 7C), and that all of the switches 703 are open (i.e., the switches are blocking power from the line section). In this case, all traveling wave recording units 730, whose precise locations are already known, receive the traveling wave fault signal propagating along the propagation path (shown as a thick solid black line in Figure 7C). These units accurately timestamp the signal using, for example, GPS time, and provide the signal to the central processing unit. Upon receiving the signal, the central processing unit combines the received timestamp and distance information to identify the fault location by implementing arithmetic operations and / or heuristic methods. In this case in Figure 7C, when the switch 703 is open, it is recognized that the traveling wave signal is received by one or more traveling wave recording units 730 through one or more phase conductors. This recognition is made using heuristic methods and follows only the topology of the distribution (medium voltage) grid. In other words, it is assumed that the signal does not pass through a path that does not have an open switch 703 or a medium-voltage conductor 704. Because different sensor pairs provide contradictory information, the resulting fault location is neither accurate nor reliable.

[0059] Referring to Figure 7D, the geographical urban area map shown in Figure 7A is illustrated with another example of the forward wave signal path from the fault location. When a fault occurs at the location indicated by the lightning bolt (see Figure 7D), the forward wave recording unit 730 receives the fault signal through an alternative path compared to the scenario in Figure 7C. This is because the fault location determination method assumes that the forward wave signal "jumps over" open switches and termination insulators using the neutral, ground, and low-voltage signal paths. Here, the fault signal propagates to the forward wave recording unit 730' via path 704', i.e., the low-voltage lines of the power grid and potentially open switches. In this case, the moving wave signal "jumps over" open switches and gaps using the neutral and ground wiring paths. On the other hand, the fault signal received by the forward wave recording unit 730'' propagates through one or more phase conductors. Therefore, in the above case, the fault location calculated by heuristic calculation using the actual forward wave signal path, not just the medium-voltage topology map, may be located at different coordinates and can be identified more accurately and reliably by method 7D. To utilize alternative signal paths (neutral wire, ground wire, low-voltage cable) as medium-voltage conductors, it is generally necessary to improve signal sensitivity and suppress noise. Figures 7C and 7D show fault locations exemplified by the "x" marks.

[0060] Referring to Figure 8A, since the sensor locations are known and a dense grid of forward wave signal paths exists within the area enclosed by sensors that capture forward wave signals, it is possible to accurately identify faults even without detailed knowledge of the grid topology map and even if the sensor coverage (detection range) is not dense. Two examples of these arithmetic methods are shown in Figures 8B and 8C.

[0061] Referring to Figure 8B, the calculation of fault locations based on a purely arithmetic method is shown, without knowledge of a detailed geographical urban area map like that shown in Figure 7A. Candidate fault locations calculated by the sensor pair using the arrival time difference of the moving wave form a hyperbola. This is because (in this method,) it is assumed that the moving wave propagates along a straight path from the event site to the sensor. Multiple hyperbolas intersect in a small area, and this intersection can be identified as a candidate fault location. Figure 8B shows how the corrected sensor hyperbolas intersect at the event location. The x-axis is the x-coordinate in meters, and the y-axis is the y-coordinate in meters.

[0062] Referring to Figure 8C, the calculation of fault location based on a purely arithmetic method is shown, without knowledge of a detailed geographical urban area map as shown in Figure 7A. However, instead of assuming linear propagation between the event location and the sensor, a block network path (e.g., the signal can only propagate along vertical or horizontal lines) is used. The block network path is essentially 1.41 times longer when the event location is oblique (45 degrees) to the sensor, but equal to a straight line path when the event location is horizontal or vertical on the map to the sensor. Candidate fault locations calculated by the sensor pair using the arrival time difference of the traveling wave form lines or regions that satisfy the arrival time difference equation for the traveling wave signal. When lines or regions representing multiple candidate fault locations intersect in a small area, that intersection is identified as the candidate fault location. Figure 8C shows candidate event locations based on the time difference between sensors and a simple rectangular block network. The x-axis is the x-coordinate in meters, and the y-axis is the y-coordinate in meters.

Claims

1. A system for identifying the location of a fault in a power grid, wherein the system is • A network management module, Receiving information regarding the physical topology of the region corresponding to the aforementioned power grid, Based on the information regarding the physical topology, the network topology of the power grid is defined as a supplementary block network, by representing the network topology as a block network having known dimensions, where each block corresponds to a specific area within the region corresponding to the power grid. The network management module is configured as follows: - A plurality of traveling wave interference recording units installed at predefined position coordinates within the block network, each configured to detect and record the arrival time of a traveling wave generated by an interference in the power grid and propagating through one or more neutral lines, ground lines, or cables within the area corresponding to the power grid; - A processing module, - From the plurality of traveling wave interference recording units, receive the recorded arrival time of the detected traveling wave and the information regarding the predefined position coordinates. - The location of the obstruction within the block network is determined by performing arithmetic and / or heuristic methods based on the recorded arrival time information and the predefined position coordinates. A processing module configured as follows: Equipped with, When implementing the aforementioned arithmetic method, the processing module further: Based on the difference in recorded arrival times for each of at least one pair of traveling wave interference recording units among the plurality of traveling wave interference recording units, the relative straight-line distance from each of the pair of traveling wave interference recording units is calculated. Based on the calculated relative straight-line distance and the known dimensions of the block network, the location of the obstacle is determined. It is configured in such a way, When the aforementioned heuristic method is implemented, the processing module further: Based on the difference in recorded arrival times for each of the multiple sets of traveling wave interference recording units among the multiple traveling wave interference recording units, the relative path from each of the multiple sets of traveling wave interference recording units is calculated. Based on the calculated relative distance and the known dimensions of the block network, the location of the obstacle is determined. It is configured in such a way. system.

2. The system according to claim 1, wherein the plurality of traveling wave interference recording units are configured to detect traveling waves that propagate through one or more neutral wires, ground wires, or cables, skipping over open switches or gaps within the area corresponding to the power grid.

3. The aforementioned network management module further: We receive information about the physical topology, including details about sections where propagation of traveling waves through the neutral wire, ground wire, or cable is impossible. Define a network topology that includes gaps corresponding to the aforementioned intervals. It is configured in such a way, The processing module is further configured to determine the fault location taking into account the network topology, including gaps within the block network. The system described in any of the preceding claims.

4. The aforementioned processing module further: Receive location information determined for past failures in the block network. Information regarding the precise location of past faults in the aforementioned block network is received. Based on the determined location and the precise location of the past fault in the aforementioned block network, an adjustment coefficient is calculated. Based on the adjustment coefficient, the location of the fault within the block network is adjusted. A system according to any of the preceding claims, configured as follows.

5. The system according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the power grid is an urban power grid, and in the area corresponding to the power grid, the neutral wire, ground wire, and cables are arranged in a substantially intersecting manner.

6. A method for identifying the location of a fault in a power grid, wherein the method is: - Receiving information regarding the physical topology of the region corresponding to the aforementioned power grid; Based on the information regarding the physical topology, the network topology of the power grid is defined as a supplementary block network, by representing the network topology as a block network having known dimensions, where each block corresponds to a specific area within the region corresponding to the power grid; - By configuring a plurality of traveling wave fault recording devices installed at predefined position coordinates within the block network, the arrival time of traveling waves generated by faults in the power grid and propagating through one or more neutral lines, grounding lines, or cables within the area corresponding to the power grid is detected and recorded; - Determining the location of the obstruction within the block network by performing arithmetic and / or heuristic methods based on the recorded arrival time information and the predefined position coordinates; Includes, When the aforementioned arithmetic method is implemented, the method further, - Calculating the relative straight-line distance from each of the traveling wave interference recording units based on the difference in recorded arrival times for each of the traveling wave interference recording units, at least one set of traveling wave interference recording units among the plurality of traveling wave interference recording units; - Determining the location of the obstacle based on the calculated relative straight-line distance and the known dimensions of the block network; Includes, When implementing the heuristic method described above, the method further includes: - Calculating the relative distance from each of the multiple sets of traveling wave interference recording units based on the difference in recorded arrival times for each of the multiple sets of traveling wave interference recording units among the multiple sets of traveling wave interference recording units; - Determining the location of the obstacle based on the calculated relative distance and the known dimensions of the block network; Methods that include...

7. The method according to claim 6, comprising configuring the plurality of traveling wave interference recording units to detect a traveling wave that propagates through one or more of the neutral wire, ground wire, or cable, skipping over open switches or gaps in the area corresponding to the power grid.

8. Receiving information about the physical topology, including details about sections where propagation of traveling waves through the neutral wire, ground wire, or cable is impossible, Define a network topology that includes the gap corresponding to the aforementioned interval, Determining the fault location by considering the network topology, including gaps within the block network, The method according to claim 6 or 7, including the method described in claim 6 or 7.

9. Receiving information about the location of past failures in the block network; Receiving information regarding the precise location of past failures in the aforementioned block network; To calculate an adjustment coefficient based on the determined location and the precise location of the past fault in the aforementioned block network; Based on the adjustment coefficient, the determination location of the fault within the block network is adjusted; The method according to any one of claims 6 to 8, including the method described above.

10. The method according to any one of claims 6 to 9, wherein the power grid is an urban power grid, and in the area corresponding to the power grid, the neutral wire, ground wire, and cables are arranged in a manner that substantially intersects.

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