Bioreactor system and method

Abstract

A bioreactor system and process for biomass production are provided. The system comprises at least one bioreactor unit having at least one liquid-containing compartment. The liquid-containing compartment comprises (i) a first wall, the first wall comprising a composite membrane that allows the movement of gases passing through, the composite membrane comprising at least one barrier layer and at least one reinforcing layer; and (ii) a second wall, the second wall comprising a material that is optically transparent to visible light and has substantially lower gas permeability than the first wall, the first wall and the second wall working together to define the liquid-containing compartment within the bioreactor unit.

Description

[Technical Field]

[0001] The present invention relates particularly to the field of biomass production through the use of microbial bioreactors or cellular bioreactors, and more specifically to the field of photobioreactor systems. [Background technology]

[0002] The growing global demand for bio-products such as specialty molecules, chemicals, or food ingredients has led to increased interest in microbial sources for such materials. Population growth, coupled with evolving consumption patterns and the threat of climate change, is collectively placing unparalleled pressure on the global food, pharmaceutical, and chemical production systems. By 2100, the population is projected to exceed 11 billion, and modern agriculture already has a significant environmental footprint in terms of greenhouse gas emissions, freshwater use, eutrophication, topsoil degradation, and biodiversity loss. The necessary expansion of the global food production system over the next few decades will only increase environmental pressures if it relies on conventional agricultural and food production methods.

[0003] Photobioreactors (PBRs) are typically used to cultivate microalgae, cyanobacteria, and macroalgae. Many conventional photobioreactors have several limitations, particularly poor light distribution, inefficient gas transport, inefficient mixing, inefficient biomass extraction, and high water and energy consumption. For example, microalgae have traditionally been cultivated in open photobioreactors, such as "open raceway" systems, due to the simplicity of this type of design and the obviously lower operating costs. Unjustifiably, these open photobioreactors only allow for limited control of operating conditions. Furthermore, the cultures can easily become contaminated. Therefore, there is a need to move towards improved photobioreactors that are closed systems and can provide optimal growth conditions, thus enabling biomass production from microalgae and other photosynthetic organisms.

[0004] The transfer of gas to biomass production systems, such as photobioreactors (closed or open systems), is typically achieved using aeration techniques, such as compressing CO2, O2, or air and delivering the compressed gas to the liquid culture medium through a nozzle, or by bubbling or aerating the gas into the liquid culture medium (see, e.g., US2015 / 0230420, WO2015 / 116963). These techniques can be used to add desired gases or to remove unwanted excess gases (see, e.g., US2015 / 0093924).

[0005] This type of technology can be inefficient in terms of both energy requirements and infrastructure costs. When soluble gases are bubbled in a liquid, only a small portion of the gas dissolves properly, resulting in wasted gas and inefficient gas uptake. Furthermore, the soluble gases must be delivered under pressure, and therefore the soluble gases must be pressurized, thus increasing the energy consumption for pressurizing the soluble gases or increasing the cost of supplying pressurized gases. Gas removal by this technology is limited by the amount of gas that can be trapped in the generated bubbles, which provide only a limited surface area for effective gas exchange.

[0006] Furthermore, in countries with warmer climates, problems may arise with the accumulation of moisture and condensate within the photobioreactor assembly components, which are primarily filled with gas or exposed to liquid. This can lead to reduced operational performance and heat buildup throughout the system, stressing the organisms being grown for biomass. It would be desirable to improve the system to allow for better handling of moisture and heat, resulting in higher operational efficiency.

[0007] While photobioreactors using photosynthetic microorganisms offer several advantages, including high biomass productivity, the ability to grow them in non-agricultural areas, and carbon capture potential, these photobioreactors also face several challenges that limit their scalability. Some of these obstacles include: 1. High capital and operating costs: The cost of building a dedicated system can be several times that of a conventional open-pond system. In addition, the energy required for pumping and mixing the culture medium, as well as for lighting, can also be expensive. 2. Risk of contamination: Microbial cultures are susceptible to contamination by rotifers, amoebas, bacteria, fungi, and / or other microorganisms that reduce biomass yield or quality. Furthermore, contamination can occur during the culture process or during the handling and processing of harvested microorganisms. 3. Difficulties in scaling up: Photobioreactor systems are currently limited in size, which can hinder their scalability. Due to the economic and technical complexity of the system, scaling up production requires considerable effort. 4. Light attenuation: Photosynthetic microorganisms require sufficient light, but light transmission to the culture medium is limited, which can lead to reduced growth rates or biomass productivity. Furthermore, the use of high-density cultures can exacerbate this problem. 5. Energy Consumption: Prior-technical photobioreactor systems require energy for mixing and circulating the culture medium, as well as for providing illumination to the culture. The energy required for these processes is very high and can lead to increased greenhouse gas emissions and overall energy costs.

[0008] Some of the most widely used photobioreactor systems in the prior art now face several technical and economic challenges that need to be addressed to make these photobioreactor systems viable alternatives to conventional energy sources and other products. Specifically, some of the significant drawbacks of prior art photobioreactor systems, such as flat-panel photobioreactors, glass-panel photobioreactors, tubular photobioreactors, open-cascade raceways, or conventional open-pond systems, can be limited control over environmental conditions or operational parameters, including, but not limited to, pH and dissolved gases. Furthermore, existing prior art solutions require a relatively large land area or footprint.

[0009] Aeration is a critical aspect of prior art photobioreactor systems because it provides the gases necessary for algal growth, mass transport, and nutrient cycling. There can be several challenges associated with aeration, such as the possibility of bubbles collapsing and forming large bubbles, which can disrupt the flow within the system and ultimately lead to bubble formation once bubbles are introduced into the culture medium. Bubbles can accumulate on the surface of the culture, reducing the amount of light transmitted through the culture, which can decrease photosynthesis and hinder growth rates. Some transport limitations can arise if the efficiency of gas transport from bubbles to the culture medium is constrained by bubble size, bubble density, the viscosity of the culture medium, and the dispersion and distribution of bubbles within the culture medium. Furthermore, there can be an additional risk of contamination from bacteria, fungi, or other microorganisms in the air. In addition, aeration requires air pumps, compressors, and other equipment, which are energy-intensive and can further reduce the overall economic viability of the system. Other drawbacks may include the complexity of cleaning and sterilization, and the fact that photobioreactors are limited to culturing only a few species, respectively.

[0010] Some prior art photobioreactor systems attempt to utilize porous membranes. However, these photobioreactor systems also have associated drawbacks, even if the porous membrane is hydrophobic. At industrial scale, the system's fluid pressure can exceed the liquid inflow pressure through the porous membrane, causing the liquid culture medium to leak through the material. In some cases, the presence of a biofilm can further reduce the liquid inflow pressure through the porous membrane. Biofilms can alter the surface properties of the membrane. If the biofilm is hydrophilic, it can reduce the hydrophobicity of the hydrophobic membrane, thereby decreasing the liquid inflow pressure. Furthermore, in some cases, the presence of cells and biofilms on the surface and / or pores of a hydrophobic porous membrane allows the liquid to move through the biofilm into the pores by capillary action, enabling the liquid culture medium to pass through the membrane. In addition, microbial cells and associated detritus from the culture can remain within the membrane, clogging the membrane's pores and reducing the membrane's gas permeability. Cells and detritus can also accumulate in the pores and are impossible to remove by washing, potentially contaminating subsequent cultures if the bioreactor is reused [Kishi et al. (2022) (https: / / doi.org / 10.1016 / j.algal.2022.102959)].

[0011] Overall, it is necessary to address some of the major problems present in the prior art, particularly the production of valuable products from biomass and cellular material, and to provide a simple and cost-effective solution to the problems posed by culturing large quantities of photosynthetic microorganisms in a system that facilitates effective gas exchange, enabling large-scale biomass production. These and other uses, features, and advantages of the present invention should be apparent to those skilled in the art from the teachings provided herein. [Overview of the Initiative]

[0012] In a first aspect, the present invention provides an abioreactor system for biomass production, the system is The system comprises at least one bioreactor unit having at least one liquid-containing compartment, the liquid-containing compartment being, (i) A first wall comprising a composite membrane that allows the movement of gases passing through, the composite membrane comprising at least one barrier layer and at least one reinforcing layer, (ii) A second wall comprising a material which is optically transparent to visible light and has substantially lower gas permeability than the first wall, wherein the first wall and the second wall cooperate to define a liquid-containing compartment within the bioreactor unit.

[0013] In a second aspect, the present invention provides a bioreactor unit suitable for incorporation into a bioreactor system, the bioreactor unit comprising at least one liquid-containing compartment, the liquid-containing compartment being (i) A first wall comprising a composite film layer that allows the movement of a gas passing through, the composite film comprising at least one barrier layer and at least one reinforcing layer, (ii) A second wall comprising a material that is optically transparent to visible light and has substantially lower gas permeability than the first wall, wherein the first wall and the second wall cooperate to define a liquid-containing compartment within the bioreactor unit, The liquid-containing compartment is equipped with an inlet and an outlet to allow for the circulation of liquid through the liquid-containing compartment.

[0014] In a third aspect, the present invention provides a process for the production of microbial biomass, the method comprising providing a bioreactor system as described herein, culturing one or more biomass-producing microorganisms in the system or bioreactor unit for a period of time sufficient to produce a certain amount of biomass, and optionally separating the biomass.

[0015] A fourth aspect of the present invention provides a photobioreactor system for the production of microbial biomass, the system comprising: A plurality of bioreactor units defining a circuit, each bioreactor unit comprising at least one liquid-containing compartment, wherein the liquid-containing compartment is (i) A first wall comprising a composite membrane that allows the movement of gases passing through, the composite membrane comprising at least one barrier layer and at least one reinforcing layer, (ii) A second wall comprising a material that is optically transparent to visible light and has substantially lower gas permeability than the first wall, wherein the first and second walls cooperate to define a liquid-containing compartment within the bioreactor unit, (iii) comprising an inlet and an outlet to allow circulation of the liquid culture medium through which it passes, Each liquid-holding compartment contains a volume of at least 100 liters, and each liquid-holding compartment is configured to withstand a liquid pressure greater than 100 millibars.

[0016] It will be understood that the various embodiments and aspects of the present invention described herein may be combined as appropriate, where they are not intrinsically incompatible.

[0017] The present invention is further illustrated by reference to the following attached drawings. [Brief explanation of the drawing]

[0018] [Figure 1a] A schematic diagram of a system according to one embodiment of the present invention is shown. [Figure 1b] A schematic diagram of a system according to an embodiment of the present invention, consisting of two or more bioreactor units, is shown. [Figure 1c] A schematic diagram of a system according to an embodiment of the present invention, consisting of two or more bioreactor units, is shown. [Figure 2a] A schematic diagram of a bioreactor unit according to an embodiment of the present invention is shown. [Figure 2b] A schematic diagram of a bioreactor unit according to an embodiment of the present invention is shown. [Figure 3] The image shows a cross-section of an arrangement according to another embodiment of the present invention, in which a linear bioreactor unit is composed of two parts, and the linear unit is inserted into a channel along direction c to define and enclose a chamber containing a controllable atmosphere. [Figure 4] This shows a cross-section of an arrangement according to another embodiment of the present invention, in which multiple bioreactor units are arranged on a panel, and an enclosed atmosphere chamber is located on one side of the panel. [Figure 5a] Figures 5ai, 5aii, and 5aiii illustrate liquid-containing compartments having different percentage surface areas in contact with the chamber. [Figure 5b] Figure 5bi shows a cross-sectional view of an embodiment of the present invention. Figure 5bi shows an embodiment of a bioreactor unit in which the second wall is a flat, planar surface. Figure 5bii shows an embodiment of a bioreactor unit in which the second wall is composed of a grooved surface. Figure 5biii shows an embodiment of a bioreactor unit in which the second wall is composed of a non-regular polygon. [Figure 5c] Figures 5ci and 5cii show cross-sectional views of embodiments of the present invention in which the second wall is made of a flexible film material. [Figure 6a] An embodiment of the present invention is shown, which includes a system of bioreactor units connected in series. [Figure 6b] An embodiment of the present invention is shown, which includes a system of bioreactor units connected in parallel. [Figure 6c] An embodiment of the present invention is shown, which includes a reconfigurable manifold and a system of bioreactor units connected in series and parallel. [Figure 6d] An embodiment of the present invention is shown, which includes a system of two chambers and a bioreactor unit connected in series. [Figure 7a] An embodiment of the present invention at a larger scale is shown, featuring manifolds with different flow configurations. [Figure 7b] An embodiment of the present invention at a larger scale is shown, featuring manifolds with different flow configurations. [Figure 8] An embodiment of the invention illustrating the main dimensions is shown. [Figure 9a] A cross-sectional view of an embodiment of the present invention is shown, illustrating different possibilities for the chamber structure. [Figure 9b] A cross-sectional view of an embodiment of the present invention is shown, illustrating different possibilities for the chamber structure. [Figure 9c] A cross-sectional view of an embodiment of the present invention is shown, illustrating different possibilities for the chamber structure. [Figure 10a] A schematic diagram of a different embodiment of the present invention is shown illustrating a different method for removing biomass and adding a liquid culture medium. [Figure 10b] A schematic diagram of a different embodiment of the present invention is shown illustrating a different method for removing biomass and adding a liquid culture medium. [Figure 11a] An experimental apparatus configured as one embodiment of the present invention is shown. Figure 11c illustrates the change in culture pH with respect to the CO2 concentration in the gas chamber. [Figure 11b] An experimental apparatus configured as one embodiment of the present invention is shown. [Figure 11c] This example illustrates the change in culture pH in response to the CO2 concentration in the gas chamber. [Figure 12a] This document shows an experimental setup configured to illustrate the difference in transmittance between a homogeneous polymer film and a composite film having a thin barrier layer. [Figure 12b] This document shows an experimental setup configured to illustrate the difference in transmittance between a homogeneous polymer film and a composite film having a thin barrier layer. [Figure 13] A cross-sectional view of an embodiment of the present invention is shown illustrating the percentage of the inner surface area of ​​the liquid-containing compartment located inside the chamber. [Figure 14]A partially disassembled embodiment of the present invention is shown, which includes multiple bioreactors having the same second wall. [Modes for carrying out the invention]

[0019] All references cited herein are incorporated in their entirety by reference. Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as those commonly understood by those skilled in the art to which this invention pertains.

[0020] The inventors have developed a gas-permeable bioreactor system suitable for producing biomass. In alternative embodiments, the bioreactor may be used to produce biomass or other bioproducts from phototrophic, heterotrophic, autotrophic, chemotrophic, or mixedtrophic organisms. Beneficially, the system comprises one or more bioreactor units suitable for biomass production, each bioreactor unit comprising a liquid-containing compartment capable of gas exchange with a controllable atmosphere via a composite membrane or other thin-film material having a certain level of permeability to the movement of transversing gas molecules. Preferably, the atmosphere is defined in a chamber adjacent to all or part of the fluid-containing compartment. The atmosphere in the chamber can be controlled to supply gas feedstocks of a specified composition and exhaust gases from industrial processes to the bioreactor unit. Embodiments of the present invention enable the specified device to include an atmosphere optimized to improve or maximize the survival of organisms in the bioreactor system, the growth rate of organisms, and / or biomass production and / or the production of specific biochemicals. In certain embodiments of the present invention, the bioreactor is a photobioreactor having a specific application for the production of biomass or other bioproducts derived from photosynthetic organisms, including photosynthetic microorganisms. It will be understood by those skilled in the art that the embodiments described herein that refer to a photobioreactor may, where appropriate, be equally applicable as bioreactors for the production of biomass or other bioproducts by non-phototrophic organisms.

[0021] Before further describing the present invention, some definitions are provided to aid in understanding the invention.

[0022] As used herein, the term “including” means that any of the enumerated elements are necessarily included, and other elements may be included at will. “Essentially consisting of” means that the enumerated elements are necessarily included, with elements that would substantially affect the fundamental and novel properties of the listed elements excluded, and other elements may be included at will. “Consisting of” means that all elements other than those listed are excluded. Embodiments defined by each of these terms are within the scope of the present invention.

[0023] The term “photosynthesis” refers to the complex biochemical process that occurs in green plants and other photosynthetic organisms, including photosynthetic microorganisms, such as (micro) algae and cyanobacteria. The phenomenon of photosynthesis utilizes energy from light to convert carbon dioxide and water into essential metabolites and oxygen. As used herein, the term “photosynthetic microorganism” refers to any organism capable of photosynthesis. The terms “phototrophic organism,” “phototrophic,” or “phototrophic” refer to any (micro)organism or process that can capture energy from light for any purpose, in particular organisms and processes that produce energy and / or use energy from electromagnetic waves (light) by photon capture to produce organic compounds. As mentioned above, the production of organic compounds by fixing inorganic carbon using energy from light is known as photosynthesis.

[0024] As used herein, the term "autotroph" generally refers to organisms that use energy from light (photosynthesis) or inorganic chemical reactions (chemosynthesis) to synthesize complex organic compounds using carbon from simple substances such as carbon dioxide.

[0025] The term "photoautotroph," as used herein, refers to an alternative term for organisms that use light energy to synthesize organic compounds from inorganic substances such as carbon dioxide and water. Photoautotrophs can perform photosynthesis, which, as used herein, is the process of converting light energy into chemical energy that can be stored in organic molecules. As further described, photosynthetic organisms and photoautotrophs are not limited to using photosynthesis alone, and many organisms may use photosynthesis or may be capable of photosynthesis. In addition, some organisms use light to provide cellular energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), etc., but are not necessarily able to fix carbon and produce organic compounds. The term "photoheterotroph," as used herein, refers to an organism that can generate cellular energy from light energy and produce ATP, but is unable to fix (sufficient) carbon dioxide or inorganic carbon into organic compounds. Photoheterotrophs are heterotrophs that require organic compounds as a source of carbon and energy. Generally, "heterotrophs" refer to organisms that cannot produce their own food and therefore depend on consuming other organisms or organic compounds to obtain the carbon and energy they need. Unlike typical autotrophs, heterotrophs cannot perform photosynthesis or chemosynthesis. Therefore, photoheterotrophs can produce ATP through a process called "photophosphorylation," using organic compounds such as sugars, amino acids, and fatty acids as a carbon source, along with light energy. The term "chemotrophs" is used to refer to organisms that can obtain energy by oxidizing compounds rather than utilizing light energy. Chemotrophs can extract energy by breaking down inorganic or organic compounds such as sulfur, iron, or ammonia through the process of chemosynthesis. Unlike typical phototrophs, chemotrophs can extract energy from chemical reactions in the absence of light.The term "phototrophic mixotroph" is used to refer to organisms and processes that can utilize two or more energy sources, but also include the generation of cellular energy from light and / or organic compounds. Phototrophic mixotrophs are referred to as "mixotrophic" or "mixotrophic organisms," meaning that they can utilize both organic and inorganic compounds as sources of energy and carbon. Mixotrophic organisms in general can be characterized by their ability to switch between autotrophic and heterotrophic modes depending on the availability of nutrients and the ecosystem conditions of the mixotroph.

[0026] Those skilled in the art will also recognize that references to the concentration or percentage of CO2 (carbon dioxide) in a liquid are not the same as references to the dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) in a solution, i.e., the concentration of dissolved CO2, as well as H2CO3 (carbonic acid), HCO3 - (Bicarbonate), and CO3 2- You will recognize that this refers to related inorganic forms such as carbonates. 。 Similarly, references herein to "gas concentration," etc., refer to gases in a liquid or aqueous context, such as ammonium ions (NH4) resulting from ammonia gas. + It is intended to include any and all ionic forms or compounds formed from sulfuric acid (H2SO4) as a result of sulfur oxides.

[0027] As used herein, the term “dissolved oxygen” (DO) refers to the amount of gaseous oxygen (O2) dissolved in an aqueous solution. Dissolved oxygen is expressed in mg·L. -1 It is possible to measure this. Dissolved oxygen saturation can also be expressed as the percentage of the maximum amount of O2 that can dissolve in an aqueous solution under stable equilibrium conditions. These conditions include temperature and pressure. For example, due to the presence of photosynthetic aquatic oxygen producers, an aqueous solution can become supersaturated with oxygen (i.e., reach a saturation greater than 100%).

[0028] As used herein, the term “translucent” has its usual meaning in the art and refers to a light-transmitting material that allows light to pass through and results in random internal scattering of light rays. This term is synonymous with “semi-transparent.”

[0029] As used herein, the term “transparent” has its ordinary meaning in the art and refers to a material that allows visible light to pass through, resulting in an object being clearly visible on the other side of the material, in other words, a material that can be described as substantially “optically clear.” All film and non-film materials, chamber walls, additional components, control structures, coatings, and other materials described herein may be substantially translucent or substantially transparent. Nevertheless, transparent materials may include tints or filters (e.g., color filters) that allow certain wavelengths of light to pass through preferentially over other wavelengths. Alternatively, transparent materials may include polarizing filters that remain optically transparent only with respect to polarized waves that can pass through.

[0030] The term "optically transparent" encompasses materials that are translucent and / or substantially transparent.

[0031] As used herein, the term “exhaust gas” means, in particular, gases produced as waste, by-products, or intended products from natural or human-initiated processes, where such gases are enriched with CO2 and / or O2 and / or H2 and / or N2 and / or CH4 compared to normal air, and / or deficient in CO2 and / or O2 and / or H2 and / or N2 and / or CH4. Such processes include, but are not limited to, combustion, manufacturing, industrial processes, power generation and / or heat generation, vehicles such as ships, aircraft and road vehicles, fermentation, biomass production, biomass processing, fuel production, fuel processing or conversion, refining, and waste treatment.

[0032] As used herein, the term “aeration” means the introduction of any or more gases into a liquid. Aeration may involve bubbling a gas through a liquid, which can be used for a variety of purposes, such as increasing the content of a gas, e.g., CO2; removing dissolved gases, e.g., O2; or adding any particular gas. Aeration is a type of aeration in which air is introduced into a liquid, and this aeration is typically achieved by bubbling.

[0033] As used herein, the terms “permeable” or “gas-permeable” mean a material that allows gases (referred to as “permeable materials”), particularly but not limited to oxygen (O2), carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrogen (N2), methane (CH4), and hydrogen (H2), to move from one side of the material to the other, either unidirectionally or bidirectionally. As used herein, the related terms “air permeable” and “semipermeable” are synonymous with “permeable,” and the two terms may be used interchangeably herein. Typically, this material is contained within a sheet, film, or membrane. Permeable or gas-permeable materials may be contained within composite materials, such as composite membranes.

[0034] As used herein, the term “composite film” refers to a gas-permeable film comprising multiple layers and / or materials. In a composite film, each layer or material can perform one or more specific functions. In a composite film, individual layers can be stacked and / or connected to form a single composite structure.

[0035] As used herein, the term “permeator” refers to a substance and / or molecule and / or component (such as a gas or multiple gases) that passes through a permeable material or membrane (such as a composite membrane). Permeator can also be used to refer to a single component in a mixture and / or multiple components in a mixture that have the ability to be transported across a membrane.

[0036] As used herein, the term “permeation material” refers to a substance and / or molecule and / or component (such as a gas or multiple gases) that has passed through a permeable material or membrane (such as a composite membrane). Permeation material may also refer to the product obtained after the permeation material has been transported through a gas-permeable membrane.

[0037] As used herein, the term “reinforcement layer” refers to any layer of a composite film that provides the composite film with the highest mechanical strength. Reinforcement layers typically include porous materials that may consist of randomly distributed fibers and / or nonwoven fibers and / or woven fibers, and / or polymer materials and / or metal / alloy and / or bio-based materials, or other orientations of fibers.

[0038] As used herein, the term “barrier layer” refers to any layer of a composite membrane that has the lowest permeability to any particular gas. Typically, the barrier layer can be optimized to suit the desired separation purpose.

[0039] The barrier layer may include non-porous or porous materials. A barrier layer containing porous materials may also be referred to as a "porous barrier layer." A barrier layer containing non-porous materials may also be referred to as a "non-porous barrier layer."

[0040] In certain embodiments, the barrier layer of the composite film may be impermeable to liquids and / or liquid-phase substances, and / or may have a specific surface geometry, and / or may be hydrophobic, and / or hydrophilic, and / or may be composed of a food-grade or food-contact processing material, and / or may have significant resistance to acidic and alkaline chemicals / substances, and / or resistance to UV light transmission.

[0041] As used herein, the term “interlayer” refers to any layer of a composite film that is not a barrier layer or a reinforcing layer. Typically, the interlayer has substantially negligible resistance to the transport of a desired gas and / or multiple gases through the composite film, relative to any barrier layer of such a composite film.

[0042] The intermediate layer may include porous or non-porous materials. An intermediate layer containing porous materials may also be referred to as a "porous intermediate layer." An intermediate layer containing non-porous materials may also be referred to as a "non-porous intermediate layer."

[0043] Interlayers can provide the composite film with any one or more suitable functionalities. For example, an interlayer can reduce concentration polarization to facilitate gas permeation through the composite film. Furthermore, the interlayer can also be optimized to facilitate the processing of the composite film, for example, to facilitate the deposition of a barrier layer. An interlayer that facilitates the processing of the composite film can prevent the deposition of the deposited / adhered barrier layer material into the pores of any subsequent porous layer, thereby facilitating the transport of permeable substances across the composite film. In certain embodiments, the composite film may comprise one or more interlayers for efficiently sealing and / or bonding any subsequent layers, in addition to any of the functions described above, without substantially hindering the permeation of permeable substances to any barrier layer of such a composite film. In certain embodiments, the interlayer can be optimized to provide additional functionalities, such as improving the mechanical properties of the composite film, and / or increasing resistance to fouling (preventing biofilm formation), and / or increasing durability, and / or imparting additional suitable functionalities (but not limited to aesthetic factors, and / or UV resistance). Furthermore, in certain embodiments, the composite film may include an intermediate layer for the purpose of protecting other layers of the composite film, such as a barrier layer.

[0044] As used herein, the term “selectivity” refers to a measure of the relative ease with which different permeable substances or gases can permeate a material or gas-permeable membrane. The selectivity (α) of a composite membrane can be mathematically expressed as the ratio of the permeability coefficients of two gases passing through the composite membrane.

number

[0045] In the formula, P Gas 1 and P Gas 2 These values ​​represent the permeability coefficients of gas 1 and gas 2 through the composite membrane, respectively. Higher selectivity (α) indicates a larger difference in permeability between the two gases, which affects faster gas transport performance.

[0046] According to the solubility-diffusion coefficient model, commonly used to describe the permeability of gases through membranes, the permeability of a gas through a membrane is the product of the gas's solubility coefficient (S) and diffusion coefficient (D) in the membrane material. The solubility coefficient refers to the gas's ability to interact or dissolve in the membrane material, while the diffusion coefficient represents the rate at which dissolved gas molecules pass through the membrane.

[0047] The selectivity of the barrier layer can extend to controlling gas permeation in a unidirectional and / or bidirectional manner while adjusting the permeation flux of different gases. In some embodiments, the barrier layer can facilitate the non-selective permeation of multiple gases, with different permeation fluxes and / or through different concentration regions within the layer material.

[0048] "Barrer" is a non-SI unit of gas permeability named after Richard Barrer. Barrer is commonly used in the fields of membrane science and technology to describe the permeability of gas separation membranes and other porous materials. For gas transport membranes, Barrer is used to represent the permeability of a material to a gas. Specifically, Barrer quantifies the amount of gas that can permeate through a material of a given thickness and surface area under specific conditions. The permeability coefficient in a high-density polymer is defined as the molar flux of gas (flux of permeation per unit area) normalized by the membrane thickness and the difference between the upstream and downstream partial pressures. Therefore, the higher the permeability of a given membrane material, the higher the expected gas transport across that membrane.

[0049] Therefore, the Barrer unit is a measure of the flux of gas flow through an area of membrane material of a certain thickness driven by a given pressure. Barrer is defined as follows.

Number

[0050] When comparing the permeabilities of different membrane materials, typically the thickness is set to 1. Therefore, mathematically, 1 Barrer is defined as the permeability of a material with a thickness of 1 centimeter through which 10 -10 cubic centimeters of gas pass through 1 square centimeter of the material per second under a pressure difference of 1 centimeter of mercury (1 cmHg) at standard temperature and pressure (0 degrees Celsius and 1 atmosphere).

[0051] Similarly, another unit used to characterize gas transport through a material or membrane is the "gas permeability unit" (GPU). 1 GPU is mathematically defined as the permeability of a material through which 10 -6 cubic centimeters of gas pass through 1 square centimeter of the material per second under a pressure difference of 1 centimeter of mercury (1 cmHg) at standard temperature and pressure (0 degrees Celsius and 1 atmosphere).

Number

[0052] GPU is commonly used in polymer science and engineering to describe the permeability of gases such as oxygen, carbon dioxide, and nitrogen through various polymers. Specifically, GPU is used in packaging and barrier applications where barrier properties are crucial for maintaining the quality and shelf life of food, pharmaceuticals, and other perishable products. The main difference between GPU units and Valor units is that the permeability or permeability coefficient characterized by Valor is the intrinsic permeability property of gas through a material or membrane. Permeability or permeability coefficient characterized by Valor was an earlier unit introduced to facilitate the comparison of materials for membrane gas separation. On the other hand, permeability characterized by GPU is a steady-state flux normalized by pressure and is directly related to the thickness of the material or membrane. Permeability characterized by GPU was introduced to characterize gas transport through membranes and to compare membrane suitability for mixed gas separation.

[0053] Gas permeability is limited to the Valor and GPU, but is not limited to cm 3 ·cm·cm -2 ·s -1 ·Pa -1 kmol·m·m -2 ·s -1 ·kPa -1 , m 3 ·m·m -2 ·s -1 ·kPa -1 , and kg·m·m -2 ·s -1 ·kPa -1 While gas permeability can be expressed in various units, the Valor is a more standardized and widely recognized unit in the field of materials science. The Valor is understood to be a common measure of gas permeability in current use, particularly through polymers and similar materials related to gas-permeable membranes.

[0054] The term "gas permeation flux" refers to a measure of the rate at which a particular gas can permeate a material, typically expressed in units of volume per unit area per unit time. While gas permeability and gas permeation flux are often used interchangeably, in practice they have slightly different meanings. Gas permeation flux is the rate at which a quantity of gas can pass through a material, while gas permeability is a measure of the inherent property of a material that allows gas to pass through. ISO 15105-1 specifies two methods for determining the gas permeability of single-layer plastic films or sheets and multilayer structures under differential pressure. One method uses a pressure sensor, and the other uses a gas chromatograph to measure the amount of gas permeating through a test specimen. Other equivalent measurements of gas permeability are known to those skilled in the art and can be considered equivalent to the Valor measurements described herein.

[0055] As used herein, the term “biomass” refers to any living or dead organism, including any part of an organism (including metabolites and by-products produced and / or released by the organism).

[0056] As used herein, “system” refers to a configuration of modular components, i.e., “modules,” that work together to provide the functionality necessary to operate as a bioreactor. A system may comprise one or more “units,” which are modular components that define the primary locations within the system for biomass propagation. A system may comprise an array or combination of multiple “units.”

[0057] As used herein, the term “chamber” also refers to “gas chamber” and / or “air chamber,” and these terms are interchangeable herein.

[0058] As used herein, the term “long” refers to a two-dimensional or three-dimensional shape having a length along a principal axis that is greater than its own length along any vertical axis.

[0059] As used herein, the term “fluid” refers to a fluid material, typically a liquid, and preferably a liquid culture medium, contained within a unit, and therefore within the device of the present invention. As defined above, “fluid” also refers to any gas and / or mixture of gases, preferably a gas atmosphere contained within a unit, and therefore within the device of the present invention.

[0060] As used herein, the term "flow rate" refers to the volume of fluid moving through a cross-section per unit time. Flow rate is measured in m 3 It can be expressed in many units, such as hours.

[0061] As used herein, the term “flow velocity” refers to the average velocity of a fluid across the cross-section of a passage through which it passes, averaged over a sufficiently long period of time such that varying the length of the period has a negligible effect on the result, and in a particular direction parallel to the motion of the fluid's movement. Flow velocity is expressed in m·s. -1 It can be expressed in many units, such as those listed above.

[0062] As used herein, the term “flow mode” refers to different flow behaviors. These behaviors are defined as laminar or turbulent. In laminar flow, the fluid moves along streamlines that do not intersect each other. There is no mixing of the fluids, and all movement across the streamlines is due to diffusion. In turbulent flow, the fluid is disordered, due to vortices, eddies, and counterflows. There is a lot of mixing in turbulent flow, and movement is no longer controlled by diffusion, due to the disordered nature of the fluids. The Reynolds number (Re) is a dimensionless number used to indicate the mode of flow. It is generally customary for laminar flow to have a low Reynolds number (Re < 2000) and turbulent flow to have a high Reynolds number (Re >= 4000). In transitional modes (2000 <= Re < 4000), the flow can be either laminar or turbulent, and this can only be known by “physical observation.”

[0063] The Reynolds number of a flow can be defined as follows:

number

[0064] Here, Re = Reynolds number, ρ = fluid density (kg / m³). 3 ), L = characteristic length (m) (e.g., hydraulic diameter in pipe flow), and μ = fluid viscosity coefficient (Pa·s).

[0065] As used herein, the term “liquid medium” has its ordinary meaning in the art and refers to a liquid used for growing organisms and containing organisms. A liquid medium may include one or more of the following: freshwater, saline, physiological saline, saltwater, seawater, wastewater, sewage, nutrients, phosphates, nitrates, vitamins, minerals, micronutrients, macronutrients, metals, digests, fertilizers, agricultural biomass, nutrient-rich liquids derived from agricultural biomass, microbial growth media, BG11 growth media, PYGV medium, and organisms. A liquid medium may also contain a carbon source for the organisms it contains, and often these carbon sources are glucose sources and / or monosaccharide sources and / or polysaccharide sources. Suitable carbon sources of this kind may include, but are not limited to, lignin, cellulose, hemicellulose, starch, xylan, polysaccharides, xylose, galactose, sucrose, lactose, glycerol, molasses or glucose, or derivatives thereof. Other suitable sources of carbon may include food waste, biomass waste, agricultural waste, and / or industrial fluid waste. Due to the high density of organisms that can be nourished in the device of the present invention, the term liquid culture medium is intended to encompass a wide range of viscosities, including substantially liquid, gel-like, or semi-solid compositions.

[0066] As used herein, the term “organism” refers to an organism that carries out life processes and typically possesses a variety of characteristics, such as cellular structure, proliferation (self-replication), growth, regulation, metabolism, and repair capabilities. Typically, an organism has fundamental attributes such as heredity controlled by nucleic acids and proliferation controlled by proteins. Organisms may include natural, wild-type, artificially engineered, genetically modified, hybridized, or other variants or isolates. Organisms suitable for use in the systems of the present invention typically include prokaryotes, eukaryotes (e.g., single-celled organisms such as yeast), and multicellular organisms (e.g., plants, animals). As used herein, “organism” also refers to and encompasses cells as defined herein, and it will be understood that the methods of this disclosure may be applied to any such cell or a plurality of cells. In certain embodiments of the present invention, an organism is a microorganism and is also referred to as a microbial organism. The systems and methods of the present invention are not intended to encompass human embryos or pluripotent stem cells derived from human embryos.

[0067] Where used herein, terms relating to the orientation of the devices of the present invention are generally used in their commonly held meanings, but are also intended to vary appropriately depending on the individual intent or configuration of the invention. Thus, terms such as upper, top, and upward may refer to a direction away from the center of the Earth, i.e., away from the direction of gravity. Similarly, terms such as lower, bottom, and downward refer to a direction toward the center of the Earth, i.e., toward the direction of gravity. Likewise, vertical / perpendicular can be defined as parallel to the direction of gravity toward the center of the Earth, and horizontal / horizontal can be defined as perpendicular to this force.

[0068] The term "mass transfer" refers to the movement of a substance from one place to another, driven by a concentration difference. The phenomenon of mass transfer is driven by diffusion, which is the movement of molecules from a high-concentration area to a low-concentration area. The rate of mass transfer is determined by the concentration gradient, the diffusion coefficient, and the physical properties of the system, such as temperature, pressure, and the presence of chemicals and other molecules. In relation to general bioreactors, including photobioreactors, as used herein, the term "mass transfer" refers to the movement of gases such as carbon dioxide, oxygen, and other gases, as well as nutrients and metabolites, within the culture medium and between the culture medium and the surrounding environment. In relation to single membranes, selective and / or non-selective membranes, or composite membranes, the term "mass transfer" refers to the movement of molecules or particles through the respective membranes and / or membrane barrier layers. Mass transfer through composite membranes can be selective, allowing specific molecules and particles to pass exclusively while blocking other molecules and particles, or it can occur non-selectively, allowing all molecules and particles to pass through at varying velocities or mass transfer rates. The rate of mass transfer across a membrane is not limited but is determined by several factors, including the membrane material, membrane thickness, porosity of the membrane if it is a porous membrane, concentration gradient across the membrane, the membrane's active surface area, and the physicochemical properties of the molecules or particles being transported.

[0069] As used herein, the term "pH" refers to a scale of 0 to 14 used to specify the acidity or basicity of an aqueous solution. The pH of a liquid medium is a critical parameter that needs to be controlled. The pH of a liquid medium affects the solubility of nutrients, the stability of pigments, and other biomolecules, which can impact the quality of the final product. Optimal pH conditions are necessary for growth, photosynthetic activity, and other metabolic processes that affect growth rate and biomass productivity. Therefore, maintaining a stable and optimal pH and temperature range is a critical parameter for photobioreactors and bioreactors.

[0070] Similarly, temperature can also affect the optimal growth rate, solubility, and other biochemical parameters in the culture medium, which together can influence microbial dynamics that determine the quality and safety of the final product. Temperature plays a significant role in photobioreactors and bioreactors by influencing microbial growth, metabolism, and photosynthetic efficiency. Each has an optimal temperature range for maximum growth and productivity, but deviations can lead to reduced biomass production or thermal stress. Temperature can also affect nutrient availability, uptake, and control of microbial contamination. Proper temperature control ensures operational efficiency, energy consumption, and the desired microbial dominance. Overall, maintaining the correct temperature is crucial for optimizing microbial performance, biomass production, and the overall success of the photobioreactor system.

[0071] Certain embodiments of the present invention utilize a general class of gas-permeable membrane bioreactors described in WO2017 / 093744, WO2018 / 100400, and WO2020 / 225709 (all of which are incorporated herein by reference) for the cultivation of photosynthetic and heterotrophic microorganisms, but are further adapted to provide application to a broader range of materials for use in the construction of bioreactor systems. This approach provides greater versatility in the selection of materials and components for the construction of bioreactor systems, as well as the use of less expensive or more advanced materials.

[0072] The configurations defined herein are particularly suitable for bioreactors consisting of elongated bioreactor units (e.g., based on tubular liquid circuits as described herein in certain embodiments), because maintaining homogeneous liquid culture conditions throughout the entire length of the bioreactor can be difficult.

[0073] The elongated reactor configuration allows key parameters of the culture to be controlled substantially uniformly across the entire volume of the culture. In embodiments of the present invention in which the culture medium contains photosynthetic microorganisms, the gas-permeable composite membrane allows for the uniform addition of gas, such as CO2, across the entire volume of the culture medium to provide a carbon source for phototrophic growth. The juxtaposition and orientation of the second wall and / or gas-permeable membrane layer of the bioreactor unit can be suitably modified to increase or decrease the gas transfer rate between the fluid-containable compartment and the gas atmosphere in the adjacent chamber.

[0074] A further advantage of this technology is the ability of gases produced through the activity of the culture to escape from the liquid medium and pass through the gas-permeable composite membrane, distributed evenly throughout the entire volume of the liquid medium. For example, in embodiments of the present invention involving photosynthetic microorganisms, O2 produced during photosynthesis, which is toxic to the culture at high concentrations, can always be removed evenly throughout the liquid medium in the bioreactor unit via the gas-permeable composite membrane.

[0075] The diffusion and dissolution of gases (e.g., CO2) across a membrane into a liquid medium can lower the pH of the liquid medium. This mechanism for controlling the pH of a liquid medium is simpler and less expensive than existing alternatives, which include aeration and the addition of buffers. In detail, when CO2 dissolves in water, it produces carbonic acid (H2CO3). + ) is formed, and bicarbonate ions (HCO3) are formed. - ) and hydrogen ions (H +) dissociates into . The presence of hydrogen ions leads to a decrease in pH, making the liquid medium more acidic. This mechanism provides a relatively simple and cost-effective method for controlling the pH of liquid medium compared to other alternatives such as aeration and the addition of buffers. Gas diffusion and dissolution occur naturally when the liquid medium and gas phase are in contact with each other through a gas-permeable membrane. No complex equipment or additional processes are required. Compared to aeration systems that require pumps, blowers, and mixing devices, utilizing gas diffusion for pH control can be more cost-effective. This eliminates the need for energy-consuming aeration equipment and reduces operating costs associated with maintenance and power consumption. In addition, gas diffusion and dissolution allow for continuous pH adjustment based on the concentration of gas present. As the gas permeates the membrane, the pH of the liquid medium can be gradually decreased. This continuous adjustment can provide better control and stability of pH compared to intermittent or batch methods. Gas diffusion and dissolution are relatively non-destructive to the system. Unlike the addition of buffers, which can alter the chemical composition of a liquid culture medium, gas diffusion allows for pH control without introducing additional components.

[0076] The advantages of the present invention, as mentioned above, relate to the high energy, operational, and capital costs associated with controlling gas concentrations in aeration and compression devices for gases such as CO2 (or air mixtures) in standard photobioreactors. The present invention partially enables more efficient gas transfer control in liquid media, including on a large scale, and offers greater versatility compared to systems that require devices to control aeration and compression of the supply gas directly administered to the liquid media. The operational complexity and extra weight associated with compression and aeration technologies are also avoided. Gases pressurized to lower pressures than would be required when using other photobioreactor technologies can also be used without requiring further pressure. Due to the nature of the present invention, the natural expansion properties of the gas mean that the supplied gas can be easily supplied and expanded, rapidly changing the composition of the entire chamber. This offers further advantages, as gas concentrations in the chamber can be controlled relatively easily on a large scale, and gas concentrations in the liquid media can be controlled on the same scale. In certain embodiments of the present invention, direct aeration of the liquid medium is not required, for example, via bubbling, for the supply of gas necessary for the growth and / or stirring and / or pH control of the culture.

[0077] The absence of necessary gas bubbling or aeration techniques also means that the nozzles, outlets, and inlets required for such techniques do not come into contact with the liquid culture medium or organisms, and therefore do not need to be cleaned. Such features can be difficult to clean, are often areas of microbial growth or debris collection, and can even become sources of contamination themselves through the introduction of contaminants by the input gas. Thus, the present invention allows for improved sterility and flexibility in process setup and shutdown, as pre- and post-use cleaning can be more effective.

[0078] Furthermore, the properties of the device of the present invention mean that cleaning and sterilization processes can be carried out effectively and efficiently. According to one embodiment of the present invention, a tubular / long configuration of a photobioreactor or liquid-containing compartment of a bioreactor containing and containing a large amount of liquid culture medium allows for the removal of blind ends, corners, edges, seams, and other gaps by enabling a substantially uniform cross-section of the bioreactor. Since such features provide areas where unwanted microorganisms and biofilms may adhere, or areas where debris, used liquid culture medium, or other residues may accumulate and are difficult to clean effectively, the present invention enables rapid and effective cleaning.

[0079] Another advantage of the present invention is to enhance the robustness and environmental resistance of the bioreactor contained within the assembly. The second wall of the fluid-containing compartment and the chamber wall may be configured to provide physical protection and / or insulation against external factors such as changing environmental or seasonal conditions. This insulation also reduces the energy required to maintain the temperature of the liquid culture medium contained in the bioreactor. Physical protection of the potentially fragile gas-permeable layer of the photobioreactor is also provided against factors such as weather, wind, or hail, or animal injury. Providing an additional barrier also acts to contain liquid leakage from the bioreactor into the environment.

[0080] Another advantage of the present invention is to enhance the robustness and environmental resistance of the photobioreactor contained within the unit. The walls of the fluid-containing compartment and / or chamber may be configured to provide physical protection and / or insulation against external factors such as changing environmental or seasonal conditions. This insulation also reduces the energy required to maintain the temperature of the liquid culture medium contained in the photobioreactor. Physical protection of the potentially fragile membrane of the photobioreactor is also provided against factors such as weather, wind, or hail, or animal injury. Providing an additional barrier also acts to contain leakage from the photobioreactor into the environment.

[0081] Insulation can also be provided by the present invention beyond the device itself. Some embodiments of the present invention may be configured to be installed on the roof or facade of a building, thereby intended to provide additional thermal insulation benefits to the building on which these embodiments are installed. For this purpose, the surface of the chamber in contact with the building may be replaced with or additionally include thermal insulation material, such as polymer foam, thermal insulation foam, cork, bitumen, fiberglass, or any other highly thermal insulation material and / or coating and / or composite material for construction.

[0082] Bioreactor system In one embodiment of the present invention, a bioreactor system is shown in Figure 1a. The bioreactor system 101 comprises at least one bioreactor unit 105. The bioreactor unit 105 comprises a liquid-containing compartment 102 and an atmosphere-enclosing chamber 103. The liquid-containing compartment 102 is located adjacent to the chamber 103 so that gas exchange can occur across a composite membrane 104. Gas flow is maintained continuously or intermittently through the chamber 103 via an inlet 110 and an outlet 106. The chamber 103 may be in gas communication with an auxiliary subsystem 121 which may have many functions, including, but are not limited to, optimizing the circulation of gas through the chamber 103. The liquid-containing compartment 102 may be liquid-communicated with an auxiliary subsystem 120 via an inlet line 108 and an outlet line 109, and the auxiliary subsystem 120 may have many functions, including, but not limited to, optimizing the circulation of the liquid culture medium through the liquid-containing compartment 102. The bioreactor unit 105 may function as a photobioreactor unit, in which case some or all of the walls defining the chamber 103 and / or the liquid-containing compartment 102 may be translucent and / or transparent to visible light or certain wavelengths of the electromagnetic spectrum required for photosynthetic activity to occur. Illumination 130 may come from the sun or from an artificial light source. Also, if sterilization of the bioreactor unit 105 is required during downtime, such as during a washing cycle, illumination 130 may provide a UV illumination (e.g., UV-C) light source. The orientation of the bioreactor unit 105 shown in Figure 1a is not limited, and it will be understood that it is equally suitable for the liquid-containing compartment 102 to be located at the bottom of the unit, or for other arrangements in which multiple liquid-containing compartments are combined with one or more chambers and arranged in series or in parallel.

[0083] In an alternative embodiment of the design, the liquid-containing compartment 102 may be a channel and / or conduit and / or hose and / or pipe and / or tube and / or duct and / or passage and / or line and / or any substantially elongated form.

[0084] In embodiments of the present invention, for example, in the embodiment shown in Figure 1b, the bioreactor system 101 may comprise a plurality of bioreactor units 105 arranged sequentially in series such that the liquid-containing compartment outlet line 109 and / or chamber outlet 106 from one unit can serve as an inlet line to an adjacent unit or a plurality of units. In this way, fluid communication between the liquid-containing compartments 102 and / or chambers 103 of adjacent bioreactors 105 is maintained so that a constant flow of liquid culture medium and / or gas can occur within the loop circuit. The supply of atmosphere to the chambers 103 may come from the same auxiliary subsystem 121 or may be controlled independently by separate auxiliary subsystems for each bioreactor unit 105 in the system 101. In one embodiment of the present invention, the bioreactor system shown in Figure 1b comprises a plurality of bioreactor units connected in series, in which case the atmosphere to the chambers 103 is controlled by the same auxiliary subsystem 121. Similarly, in this embodiment, the liquid in all liquid-containing compartments 102 of the bioreactor unit is circulated through the same liquid auxiliary subsystem 120.

[0085] In an alternative embodiment of the present invention, for example, in the embodiment shown in Figure 1c, the bioreactor system may comprise a plurality of bioreactor units 105 arranged in parallel, with an inlet line 108 providing a common inlet to the parallel-arranged bioreactor units 105 and one or more outlet lines 109 returning to an auxiliary subsystem 120. The supply of atmosphere to the chamber 103 may be the same for each bioreactor unit 105, or independently controlled, by a common auxiliary subsystem 121, or by a plurality of such auxiliary subsystems providing manifold supply via an inlet 110 and a return outlet 106. In the alternative embodiment, each of the parallel-arranged bioreactor units 105 may also be connected in series to an additional bioreactor unit.

[0086] Figure 2a shows a side view of the arrangement of a bioreactor unit 205 according to one embodiment of the present invention. The bioreactor unit 205 may be envisioned as a long-length configuration divided into a liquid-containing compartment 202 and a chamber 203 enclosing a gas-filled atmosphere. In the embodiment shown in Figure 2a, the flow of the atmosphere through the chamber 203 is shown in the direction of arrow b, while the liquid culture medium is shown to flow in a countercurrent through the liquid-containing compartment 202 along the direction of arrow a. In alternative embodiments, parallel flows of the liquid culture medium and gas atmosphere are also provided, and / or it will be understood that a mixture of countercurrent and parallel flows exists in the same unit 205 (this can occur if the liquid-containing compartment is configured to follow a meandering path through a single chamber). The liquid-containing compartment 202 is separated from the chamber 203 by a membrane or other gas-permeable material film 204. A structurally rigid enclosure 211 provides the remaining walls of the chamber 203, thereby defining the internal atmosphere enclosure. The enclosure 211 may optionally be made of a translucent or transparent material. The remaining walls(s) of the liquid-containing compartment 202 are provided by a structurally rigid second wall 207. In other embodiments, the second wall 207 is formed of a flexible or expandable material. In embodiments of the present invention where the bioreactor unit 205 is a photobioreactor unit, natural sunlight or artificial lighting 230 may be provided, and the enclosure 211 may be made of a translucent or transparent material. Figure 2b shows the arrangement of the bioreactor unit 205 according to one embodiment of the present invention in a side view. In the embodiment shown in Figure 2b, the flow of atmosphere through the chamber 203 is indicated in the direction of arrow b, and the liquid culture medium is indicated to flow parallel through the liquid-containing compartment 202 along the direction of arrow a. The orientation of the bioreactor unit 205 shown in Figures 2a and 2b is not restrictive, and it will be understood that it is equally appropriate for the liquid-containing compartment 202 to be located at the bottom of the unit.In alternative embodiments of the present invention, the flow of the atmosphere contained within the chamber may be in any direction with respect to the direction of flow within the liquid-containable compartment, including, but not limited to, parallel, countercurrent, perpendicular, and oblique angles.

[0087] Figure 3 shows an embodiment of the bioreactor system 301, which includes a bioreactor unit 305 comprising a single elongated liquid-containing compartment 302 and a single adjacent chamber 303. The embodiment in Figure 3 is a partially disassembled representation showing one method of assembling the bioreactor unit 305. A second wall 307 defines a semicircular channel to which a complementary semicircular extension of a gas-permeable membrane layer 304 is applied. The wall 307 may be formed of a structurally rigid or flexible material, assuming the final configuration of the wall 307 under positive hydraulic pressure exerted by the contents of the liquid-containing compartment 302 or the flow of contents through the liquid-containing compartment 302 (Figures 5ci and 5cii). The wall 307 and the membrane layer 304 are joined along a transverse seam to provide a fluid-tight seal longitudinally, thereby defining a liquid conduit 302 inside. The liquid-containing compartment 302 may be laid within the channel in a trunking or strip of tube 311, as indicated by the directional arrow C. The trunking 311 cooperates with the laid liquid-containing compartment 302 to define adjacent, aligned chambers 303 inside. The chambers 303 may be substantially airtight, or at least sufficiently non-porous, so that the atmosphere inside the chambers 303 is controllable with respect to its composition to facilitate gas exchange across the membrane layer 304 between the atmosphere inside the chambers 303 and the interior of the liquid-containing compartment 302.

[0088] In embodiments where the bioreactor unit 305 is used as a photobioreactor unit, one or both of the materials used to manufacture the wall 307 and / or trunking / chamber wall 311 are translucent or transparent to visible light. If the wall 307 is made from a translucent or transparent material, it is optional but not required that the film layer 304 be made from a light-transmitting material. In fact, an advantage of certain embodiments of the present invention is that composite or microporous materials that are not transparent to light are suitable for use in the manufacture of the film layer 304.

[0089] Figure 4 shows one embodiment of the bioreactor system 401 of the present invention, comprising a bioreactor unit 405 including three adjacent fluid compartments 402 containing a liquid medium and microbial cultures and / or organisms growing inside, for producing biomass harvested material. In the embodiment of Figure 4, the microbial cultures and / or organisms include photosynthetic microorganisms and / or macroalgae and / or aquatic plants, and thus the bioreactor system 401 is a photobioreactor. However, it will be understood that the bioreactor systems and embodiments of the present invention shown are not limited to such cases where non-phototrophic organisms are utilized. The liquid-containing compartment 402 is longitudinal and elongated, thereby allowing the flow of liquid culture medium through the liquid-containing compartment 402. The compartment 402 is defined by a rigid and / or flexible second wall 407 that provides mounting points, allowing multiple compartments 402 to be aligned substantially in parallel.

[0090] The composite membrane layer 404 is in contact with the atmosphere contained within the chamber 403, which is defined by the structural member 411. The member 411, in cooperation with the wall 407, can provide structural integrity to the unit 405, enclose the composite membrane layer 404, and provide protection to the composite membrane layer 404. The chamber 403 includes conduits extending in the same direction as all or at least a substantial portion of the liquid-containing compartment 402. This arrangement allows for an atmosphere whose gas composition can be controlled by an auxiliary subsystem (not shown) as needed and which can be arranged to be in contact with the composite membrane 404, thereby enabling gas exchange across the composite membrane layer 404 between the liquid-containing compartment 402 and the atmosphere in the chamber 403. In the embodiment shown in Figure 4, exemplary gas transfer of carbon dioxide and oxygen is shown to occur across the composite membrane layer 404.

[0091] It will be understood that the shape and configuration of walls 404 and 407 may vary depending on the desired performance characteristics of system 401. Thus, in certain embodiments, the channels defined by walls 404 and 407 may have a deeper or more enclosed cross-section, be non-circular (e.g., elliptical, square, or polygonal), or otherwise.

[0092] Embodiments of the present invention are illustrated in the cross-section of Figure 5a, which illustrates that the ratio of the internal surface area of ​​a liquid-containing compartment 502 having a wall 504 can be varied compared to the internal surface area of ​​a liquid-containing compartment including a wall 507.

[0093] In all of these embodiments, the bioreactor unit functions in a manner equivalent to that described in the embodiments shown in Figures 1 to 4. These arrangements demonstrate how the location of the liquid-containing compartment relative to the chamber can be varied to maximize the available surface area for gas transfer across the composite membrane when the atmospheric composition of the chamber is favorable, or alternatively, when it is necessary to maximize the exposure of the liquid-containing compartment to the outside, for example, to optimize lighting or to enable effective thermal control. It will be understood by those skilled in the art that the positioning of the liquid-containing compartment relative to the chamber can be varied to assume an intermediate position between any of the sides depicted in Figures 5ai, 5aii, and 5aiii, or a juxtaposition corresponding to either of those sides.

[0094] The embodiment of the present invention shown in the cross-section in Figure 5b illustrates alternative arrangements of a bioreactor unit in which the second wall (non-membrane layer) is planar (Figure 5bi), curved (Figure 5bii), or irregular (Figure 5biii).

[0095] In embodiments of the present invention, the compartments 602 may be connected to each other by U-shaped connectors, as shown in Figure 6a, to form a meandering flow circuit in series. Alternatively, if the compartments 602 are configured to operate in parallel, a liquid distribution inlet manifold may be provided, as shown in Figure 6b. Similarly, an outlet manifold may collect the outflow of culture medium from the parallel compartments 602. Alternatively, a mixture of U-shaped connectors and a liquid distribution manifold may exist, in which case the liquid-containing compartments are arranged both in series and in parallel. As illustrated in Figure 6c, the manifold may be reconfigurable to vary the number of liquid-containing compartments to be in parallel or in series during different operating modes. In further embodiments of the present invention, the first and second walls of the liquid-containing compartments may be molded to include bends to facilitate changes in direction, e.g., U-shapes, and / or curves, and / or angles. In alternative embodiments, as illustrated in Figure 6d, liquid-containing compartments 602 that are part of the same circuit may be in contact with different chambers. In certain embodiments, different chambers can be optimized to have different atmospheres, for example, these chambers can contain gases of different compositions or be under different pressures.

[0096] The bioreactor units described herein are particularly space-efficient, and units comprising multiple liquid-containing compartments can be arranged within a single chamber in series, parallel, or a combination of these approaches, with the outlet of one bioreactor flowing into another bioreactor to which the outlet is connected. For example, in certain embodiments, multiple bioreactor units may be arranged in series such that the flow within each bioreactor flows antiparallel to the one immediately preceding it, so that a liquid culture medium takes a winding path through several bioreactor units. When two or more bioreactor units are connected to each other in fluid communication, the connectors or conduits joining these bioreactors can be separate components that do not need to contain gas-permeable material.

[0097] In a system consisting of a fixed number of bioreactor units having liquid-containing compartments with the same cross-sectional area, arranging the units in parallel may be advantageous at a fixed flow rate, as this shortens the length of the path through which the liquid medium travels and thus reduces the pressure drop between the inlets and outlets of the connected liquid-containing compartments. Alternatively, increasing the number of bioreactor units in series can reduce the pump capacity required to achieve the desired flow rate in all units.

[0098] Furthermore, connectors can be used to connect the liquid-containing compartments of individual bioreactor units to other components, including the liquid-containing compartments of adjacent bioreactor units, inlets or outlets, manifolds, U-turns, or auxiliary subsystems, in a liquid-sealed manner. The connectors may include valves, typically butterfly valves, pinch valves, solenoid valves, or diaphragm valves, that either prevent or allow fluid to pass through the connector between one bioreactor and the next. Advantageously, this allows for several "shut-off points" within a system comprising multiple bioreactor units arranged in series. This enables the sharing of any hydrostatic stress caused by abruptly stopping the flow in the system between adjacent bioreactors and prevents pressure waves from propagating throughout the connected bioreactors. Otherwise, if the flow suddenly stops while all bioreactor units remain fluid-connected in the system, due to a pump failure or other reason, excessive stress can be placed on individual components due to a "water hammer" effect. Any means to mitigate such effects may be used in the system according to the present invention, as appropriate, such as pressure regulators, slow-closing valves, diverters, shock absorbers, and dampers. Including valves throughout the entire liquid system also allows for the separation of sections from each other as needed when maintenance is being performed. The connector may also provide ports for sensor probes or direct connections to inline sensors for sensing key performance parameters of the liquid culture medium. The connector may also include filters and / or meshes for capturing specific particles, beads, scrubbing beads, and / or molecules present in the liquid culture medium.

[0099] Figures 7a and 7b show a particular embodiment of the present invention in which the liquid-containing compartments of multiple bioreactor units are connected to a connector 771. In this embodiment, the multiple bioreactor units are arranged in four rows of bioreactor units (721, 722, 723, 724). Each row of bioreactor units consists of four bioreactor units, each with its own liquid-containing compartment connected in series. The four rows of bioreactor units are connected to a manifold at each end. In this embodiment, all of the bioreactor units share the same chamber 703.

[0100] In certain embodiments of the present invention, the connectors between bioreactors are easy to assemble and disassemble, allowing the bioreactor units to be quickly removed for repair or replacement during maintenance. This will increase ease of maintenance and reduce the operating costs of the system.

[0101] In certain embodiments of the present invention, the connector may include a structure formed within or positioned on the inner surface that promotes turbulence in the liquid medium flowing through the bioreactor system. Such a structure may include one or more of fins, ribs, baffles, surface textures, studs, or beadwork. Promoting fluid turbulence can facilitate mixing of the liquid medium, allow organisms in the liquid containment compartment to circulate so that they can take up light or nutrients more efficiently, and help prevent the formation of biofilms due to sedimentation, improve gas movement across the membrane, and / or improve thermal regulation by eliminating hot or cold zones.

[0102] It is intended that features may be introduced that allow for improved mixing of the liquid medium as it flows through the bioreactor system or bioreactor unit. In this regard, a static mixer can be installed in the bioreactor unit (either inside the bioreactor unit or inside one or more connectors between units) to increase turbulence in the liquid-containing compartment and facilitate mixing of the liquid medium and culture. These mixers are static and are designed to mix the moving fluid passing through them. For example, a static mixer may include a helical structure that obstructs the flow of the liquid medium.

[0103] Improved mixing and turbulence can also be achieved by increasing the Reynolds number of the flow. Increased turbulence results in eddies and vortices in the fluid that can move through the fluid boundary layer, bringing all parts of the liquid into more effective contact with the film. This can support the mass transfer mechanism by increasing the tendency of the gas to mix with the composite film surface, which can increase the effective surface area available for continuous gas transfer and improve the diffusion rate of the gas through the film.

[0104] In certain embodiments, the flow modes of the liquid culture medium beneficial for gas transfer include Reynolds numbers of about 200,000 or less, e.g., about 175,000, about 150,000, about 125,000, about 100,000, about 75,000, preferably about 50,000 or less, e.g., about 40,000, about 30,000, about 20,000, and typically about 10,000 or less. The Reynolds number may be at least 2,000, at least 4,000, at least 10,000, preferably at least 20,000, at least 30,000, at least 40,000, and optionally at least 50,000.

[0105] In addition to increasing the gas permeation flux, more turbulence in the flow can improve the efficiency of a cleaning process involving the passage of chemicals into liquid-containable compartments. In a larger embodiment of the design, turbulence in one section of the system can be increased by increasing the fluid velocity in that section without increasing the pressure difference between the system inlet and outlet. To enable this, the path of the liquid culture medium can be varied in a reconfigurable manifold to reduce the total path length of the fluid and the flow velocity in other parts of the system. Both of these reduce the pressure drop between the inlet and outlet. Figures 7a and 7b show one embodiment of the present invention having multiple bioreactor units arranged in four rows (721, 722, 723, and 724). In Figure 7a, the manifold is arranged so that all liquid-containable compartments are connected in series, meaning that the flow velocity is the same everywhere in the system and the path length is as long as possible. In Figure 7b, since 722, 723, and 724 are connected in parallel, the flow velocity in these columns is reduced, and the total distance the fluid travels is also reduced, so the pressure difference between the inlet and outlet will be lower. This will allow the flow velocity at the inlet (and in column 721) to be increased until the pressure difference between the inlet and outlet in Figure 7b is the same as the pressure difference in Figure 7a.

[0106] First wall-gas permeable composite membrane According to a particular embodiment of the present invention, the bioreactor unit comprises a first wall having a composite membrane that allows gas transfer between a liquid-containing compartment and an adjacent chamber containing an atmosphere of a controllable composition.

[0107] In certain embodiments, the composite film may comprise any combination of barrier layers(s), and / or intermediate layers(s), and / or reinforcing layers(s).

[0108] In a particular embodiment, the number of individual layers comprising the composite film may preferably be about 20 or fewer layers, for example, about 15, about 12, about 10, about 9, about 8, about 7, about 6, about 5, about 4, about 3, and typically about 2 or fewer layers. The number of individual layers comprising the composite film may preferably be at least about 2, at least about 3, at least about 4, at least about 5, at least about 6, at least about 7, at least about 8, at least about 9, at least about 10, at least about 12, and typically at least about 15 layers.

[0109] In certain embodiments, the composite membrane comprises a multilayer structure in which at least one layer is a barrier layer that is impermeable to liquids and selectively and / or non-selectively permeable to any gas / multiple gases. In certain embodiments, the composite membrane may exhibit a certain degree of asymmetry in the structure, where the arrangement of layers in the structure allows the membrane to define different physical properties on either side of the membrane. As a non-limiting example, each side of the composite membrane may have distinct properties that enhance performance in separating permeable gases and / or hydrophobicity.

[0110] In certain embodiments, if the composite membrane consists of at least one porous layer, the individual porous layers / multiple porous layers may typically be characterized by uniform pores or channels throughout the layer. For example, a composite membrane comprising a high-density barrier layer, a porous intermediate layer, and a porous reinforcing layer, where the pore diameter of the intermediate layer may range from 1 to several tens of micrometers, and the pore diameter of the reinforcing layer may range from several hundred micrometers. In other embodiments, the individual porous layers / multiple porous layers in the composite membrane may be characterized by non-uniform pore diameters, where the pore diameter increases or decreases along the penetration direction through each layer, leading to a "shrinkage" effect. As a non-limiting example, the composite membrane may consist of a high-density barrier layer, a high-density intermediate layer, and a porous reinforcing layer, where the pore diameter may be larger on one side and smaller along the thickness of the reinforcing layer. Furthermore, this gradient of pore diameters can be optimized to enhance mass transfer across the composite membrane.

[0111] In the context of gas transfer composite membranes, porosity refers to a measure of space or voids within the membrane structure or within individual layers of the composite membrane. Porosity represents the ratio of the volume of empty space (pores) to the total volume of the membrane and is characterized by the unit "%". Porosity is an important parameter because it affects the permeability and / or selectivity of the composite membrane and plays a role in determining the amount of gas that can pass through the composite membrane. Higher porosity can generally allow for increased gas permeability because there are more pathways available for gas molecules to move through the membrane. However, excessively high porosity can lead to a decrease in the mechanical strength and structural integrity of the membrane and can also cause liquid permeability. The porosity of a composite membrane can be controlled through various factors, including material selection, processing techniques, and post-processing processes. Tuning the porosity of a composite membrane helps optimize the performance of the composite membrane for specific gas transfer and / or separation applications, and can balance the need for high permeability with sufficient mechanical strength and stability.

[0112] In preferred embodiments, the composite film, or any of the individual porous layers constituting the composite film, may preferably have a porosity of about 60% or less, for example, about 50%, about 40%, about 30%, about 20%, and typically about 10% or less. The composite film, or any of the individual porous layers constituting the composite film, may preferably have a porosity of at least about 1%, at least about 10%, at least about 20%, at least about 30%, at least about 40%, and typically at least about 50%.

[0113] In the context of gas transfer composite membranes, pore size refers to the average diameter or average dimension of individual pores or openings within the composite structure or within individual layers of the composite membrane. Pore size is a crucial parameter because it represents the size of the empty space through which gas molecules can pass, and it directly affects the permeability and / or selectivity of the permeable substance (gas) through the composite membrane. Pore size determines which types of gas molecules can pass through the composite membrane and to what extent. Smaller pore sizes may restrict the passage of larger gas molecules, while larger pore sizes allow for the permeation of a wider range of gas molecules. The desired pore size depends on the separation requirements of the specific gas transfer and / or application.

[0114] In a preferred embodiment, the composite film, or any of the individual porous layers constituting the composite film, can preferably have an average pore diameter of about 1000 μm or less, for example, about 500 μm, about 400 μm, about 300 μm, about 200 μm, about 100 μm, about 50 μm, about 40 μm, about 30 μm, about 20 μm, about 10 μm, about 1 μm, about 0.1 μm, and typically about 0.01 μm or less. The composite film, or any of the individual porous layers constituting the composite film, can preferably have an average pore diameter that can be at least about 0.001 μm, at least about 0.01 μm, at least about 0.1 μm, at least about 1 μm, at least about 10 μm, at least about 20 μm, at least about 30 μm, at least about 40 μm, at least about 50 μm, at least about 100 μm, at least about 200 μm, at least about 300 μm, at least about 400 μm, and typically at least about 500 μm.

[0115] In certain embodiments, the composite membrane may be designed to selectively transport specific gases through the membrane while interfering with others, based on molecular size, affinity to the membrane material, and / or any other means. In alternative embodiments, the composite membrane may be designed to allow the movement of all gases non-selectively, with variable mass transfer or permeation flux, and at various concentration ranges within the membrane, depending on the type of gas. Such a membrane can consist of at least one barrier layer, which may be composed of a thin, high-density material on the top surface, followed by subsequent individual layers, such as intermediate layers / multiple intermediate layers, and reinforcing layers / multiple reinforcing layers beneath the intermediate layers. Overall, the thickness of the individual layers, and thus the overall thickness of the composite membrane, can be adjusted and optimized based on the desired performance within embodiments of the invention. For example, in a composite membrane comprising a barrier layer, intermediate layers, and reinforcing layers, the thickness of the intermediate layers may be about 1 to 2 times the pore diameter of the reinforcing layers for improved mass transfer efficiency. Furthermore, in some embodiments of composite membranes comprising a high-density barrier layer, a non-porous intermediate layer, and a porous reinforcing layer / multiple porous reinforcing layers, the thickness of the intermediate layer may be equal to or less than the thickness of the barrier layer for improved mass transfer efficiency.

[0116] In general, the thickness of individual layers within a composite membrane can play a significant role in determining the overall performance of the membrane as well as the gas transport and / or exchange parameters. Regarding selectivity, thinner barrier layers can allow for precise control of the permeability and selectivity of the composite membrane. By adjusting the barrier layer thickness, it is possible to match the membrane's performance to specific gas permeation behavior, achieving higher selectivity while minimizing permeability trade-offs. Conversely, thicker barrier layers may offer higher selectivity but can reduce gas permeation flux.

[0117] The gas-permeable composite membrane, viewed as a whole, can have any overall thickness, insofar as it allows for suitable gas movement across the gas-permeable composite membrane in order to enable the bioreactor to function effectively. Nevertheless, in certain embodiments, the first wall comprises a composite membrane having an overall thickness that is preferably about 5000 μm or less, for example, about 4900 μm, about 4000 μm, about 3000 μm, about 2000 μm, about 1500 μm, about 1000 μm, about 800 μm, about 600 μm, about 500 μm, about 400 μm, about 200 μm, about 100 μm, about 50 μm, about 20 μm, and typically 10 μm or less. The first wall preferably comprises a composite film having an overall thickness of at least about 5 μm, at least about 10 μm, at least about 20 μm, at least about 50 μm, at least about 100 μm, at least about 200 μm, at least about 400 μm, at least about 500 μm, at least about 600 μm, at least about 800 μm, at least about 1000 μm, at least about 1500 μm, at least 2000 μm, at least 3000 μm, at least 4000 μm, typically at least about 4900 μm. In other embodiments, the thickness of the liquid-containing compartment composite film layer may vary over the length of the liquid-containing compartment, for example, if the photobioreactor unit is connected to another unit or another object by a connector, the thickness may increase and / or decrease in the portion of the composite film closer to the connector compared to the composite film distal to the connector. The thickness of the composite membrane can also vary depending on the location of the liquid-containing compartment in the unit; for example, a photobioreactor unit located in a lower vertical position may use a thicker composite membrane layer to provide greater protection against expansion under increased hydrostatic pressure.

[0118] Similarly, the thickness of the reinforcing layer in the composite film can also affect the mechanical stability and resistance to mechanical stress of the reinforcing layer without interfering with mass transfer efficiency. In certain embodiments, the first wall preferably comprises a composite film having a reinforcing layer with a thickness of about 4900 μm or less, for example, about 4000 μm, about 3000 μm, about 2500 μm, about 2000 μm, about 1500 μm, and thicknesses of about 1200 μm, about 1000 μm, about 800 μm, about 500 μm, about 200 μm, about 100 μm, about 50 μm, and typically about 20 μm or less. The first wall preferably comprises a composite film with reinforcing layers of a thickness that may be at least about 10 μm, at least about 20 μm, at least about 50 μm, at least about 100 μm, at least about 200 μm, at least about 500 μm, at least about 1000 μm, at least about 1200 μm, at least about 1500 μm, at least about 2000 μm, at least 2500 μm, at least 3000 μm, and typically at least about 4000 μm. Ultimately, the ideal thickness of the reinforcing layer / multiple reinforcing layers can be determined based on a close balance between mechanical strength, impact on gas transport performance, hydrophobicity, and other specific requirements of the application. As a non-limiting example, thinner reinforcing layers may be preferred in applications where a stronger film may not be required. On the other hand, in some current embodiments, thicker reinforcing layers may be preferred to provide sufficient mechanical support and structural stability to withstand higher liquid-containable compartment pressures and / or bonding compatibility with the second wall.

[0119] In addition, the thickness of the intermediate layer within the composite film can also play a significant role in providing an optimized concentration profile for efficient gas transfer. In certain embodiments, the first wall preferably comprises a composite film having a porous intermediate layer with a thickness of about 4000 μm or less, for example, 3000 μm, about 2000 μm, about 1600 μm, about 1400 μm, about 1200 μm, about 1000 μm, about 800 μm, about 500 μm, about 200 μm, about 100 μm, about 50 μm, about 10 μm, about 1 μm, and typically about 0.1 μm or less. The first wall preferably comprises a composite film having an intermediate layer with a thickness that may be at least about 0.01 μm, at least about 0.1 μm, at least about 1 μm, at least about 10 μm, at least about 50 μm, at least about 100 μm, at least about 200 μm, at least about 500 μm, at least about 800 μm, at least about 1000 μm, at least 1200 μm, at least 1400 μm, at least 1600 μm, at least 2000 μm, and typically at least about 3000 μm.

[0120] Furthermore, in certain embodiments, the composite film preferably comprises a nonporous intermediate layer with a thickness of about 500 μm or less, for example, about 400 μm, about 300 μm, about 200 μm, about 150 μm, about 100 μm, about 50 μm, about 30 μm, about 20 μm, about 10 μm, about 1 μm, and typically about 0.1 μm or less. The composite film preferably comprises a nonporous intermediate layer / multiple nonporous intermediate layers with a thickness of at least about 0.01 μm, at least about 0.1 μm, at least about 1 μm, at least about 10 μm, at least about 20 μm, at least about 30 μm, at least about 50 μm, at least about 100 μm, at least 200 μm, at least 300 μm, and typically at least about 400 μm. The thickness of the nonporous intermediate layer may vary depending on the specific intended use, desired performance, and material composition in the intermediate layer. Overall, non-porous intermediate layers in gas transfer composite membranes can be essential for the fabrication of the composite membrane (i.e., the barrier layer), reduction of internal concentration polarization, optimization of the concentration profile, minimization of pressure drop, containment of leaks, sealing of the barrier layer to prevent delamination, and ensuring long-term stability and performance.

[0121] In one embodiment, for an optimized permeation flux for a particular gas, the thickness of the porous intermediate layer in the composite membrane may be preferably about 10 times or less, for example about 5 times, about 3 times, and typically about 2 times or less, the average pore radius of the reinforcing layer. For an optimized permeation flux for a particular gas, the thickness of the porous intermediate layer in the composite membrane may be preferably at least about 1 time, at least about 2 times, at least about 3 times, and typically at least about 5 times, the average pore radius of the reinforcing layer.

[0122] Furthermore, in certain embodiments, the first wall may be of any thickness, provided that it comprises a composite film having a barrier layer, which allows for suitable gas movement and acts as a liquid barrier in a liquid-containing compartment. In certain embodiments, the first wall may preferably comprise a composite film having a barrier layer with a thickness of about 1000 μm or less, for example, about 800 μm, about 500 μm, about 300 μm, about 200 μm, about 100 μm, about 50 μm, about 40 μm, about 30 μm, about 20 μm, about 10 μm, about 8 μm, about 5 μm, about 2 μm, and typically about 1 μm or less. The first wall preferably comprises a composite film having a barrier layer with a thickness that may be at least about 0.1 μm, about 0.5 μm, at least about 1 μm, at least about 2 μm, at least about 5 μm, at least about 8 μm, at least about 10 μm, at least about 20 μm, at least about 30 μm, at least about 40 μm, at least about 50 μm, at least about 100 μm, at least about 200 μm, at least about 300 μm, at least about 500 μm, and typically at least about 800 μm. The thickness of the barrier layer may vary depending on the specific application, desired performance, and the material composition in the barrier layer.

[0123] The thickness of the non-porous barrier layer can be determined by the intended use of the composite film. For example, a composite film with a thinner barrier layer may exhibit higher flux (i.e., permeation flux), while a thicker barrier layer may offer better selectivity with respect to specific permeators.

[0124] With respect to mass transfer, composite films with thinner barrier layers can minimize mass transfer resistance and allow for faster gas permeation through the composite film. The reduced resistance and shorter diffusion paths encountered by each gas molecule passing through the barrier layer material can lead to higher gas flux rates and, consequently, improved overall mass transfer efficiency. In certain embodiments of the present invention, the thickness of the barrier layer is utilized to adapt the composite film to enhance mass transfer efficiency to and from a liquid-containable compartment.

[0125] As used herein, the term “hydrophobic” refers to a parameter used to describe the degree to which a surface or material repels water. As used herein, the term “contact angle” or “water contact angle” refers to the angle formed between a water droplet and the surface of a material. This angle is a measure of the surface’s hydrophobicity; a high contact angle indicates a hydrophobic surface that repels water, while a low contact angle indicates a hydrophilic surface that attracts water. Furthermore, if a surface has a water contact angle greater than 90°, the surface is generally considered hydrophobic, indicating that the surface repels water and is resistant to wetting.

[0126] In some embodiments of the present invention, with respect to composite membranes, hydrophobicity also refers to the ability of a membrane surface to resist the passage of water molecules through the membrane surface, both as a whole composite membrane and / or as each of its individual layers. In certain embodiments of the present invention, a gas transport membrane is designed to be highly hydrophobic to prevent accumulation of the liquid phase on and / or within the composite membrane structure, where accumulation can block pores and reduce the gas permeation flux of the composite membrane. In other words, a hydrophobic surface refers to a material or surface that has a low affinity for water or other liquids, meaning that water molecules tend to form droplets and roll off the surface of the membrane. Hydrophobic membranes can also be optimized to prevent the transport of water vapor, which can hinder gas transport or lead to undesirable condensation. Hydrophobicity can be achieved by modifying and / or treating the surface of the composite membrane with a hydrophobic material, or by selecting materials with inherent hydrophobic properties to form the composite structure. Some examples of such materials, though not limited to them, include ethylene tetrafluoroethylene (ETFE), polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), which are inherently hydrophobic due to their low surface energy and lack of polar groups. Excessive hydrophobicity can also be detrimental to the performance of composite films, as in some cases, excessive hydrophobicity can prevent other substances, such as gases, from passing through the film. Therefore, the degree of hydrophobicity can be carefully controlled and optimized for the intended use of composite films in embodiments of the present invention to prevent biofilm formation and / or accumulation without hindering mass transfer of desired gases / multiple gases. The contact angle of a hydrophobic composite film can vary depending on the surface properties of the hydrophobic composite film and the measurement method used, in conjunction with other factors.

[0127] In certain embodiments of the present invention, any layer of the composite film can be hydrophilic. For example, any barrier layer of the composite film can be hydrophilic, any reinforcing layer of the composite film can be hydrophilic, and any intermediate layer of the composite film can be hydrophilic.

[0128] In certain embodiments, the contact angles of the surface of the first wall in contact with the liquid culture medium and / or the surface of the first wall in contact with the atmosphere inside the chamber may preferably be about 170 degrees or less, for example about 160 degrees, about 150 degrees, about 140 degrees, about 130 degrees, about 120 degrees, about 110 degrees, about 100 degrees, about 90 degrees, about 80 degrees, about 70 degrees, and typically about 60 degrees or less, for example about 50 degrees, about 40 degrees, about 30 degrees. The contact angles of the surface of the first wall in contact with the liquid culture medium and / or the surface of the first wall in contact with the atmosphere inside the chamber are preferably at least about 0 degrees, about 10 degrees, about 20 degrees, about 30 degrees, about 40 degrees, about 50 degrees, at least about 60 degrees, at least about 70 degrees, at least about 80 degrees, at least about 90 degrees, at least about 100 degrees, at least about 110 degrees, at least about 120 degrees, at least about 130 degrees, at least about 140 degrees, and typically at least about 150 degrees.

[0129] In certain embodiments, the contact angles of any surface of the composite film and / or any surface of any individual layers constituting the composite film may preferably be about 170 degrees or less, for example about 160 degrees, about 150 degrees, about 140 degrees, about 130 degrees, about 120 degrees, about 110 degrees, about 100 degrees, about 90 degrees, about 80 degrees, about 70 degrees, and typically about 60 degrees or less, for example about 50 degrees, about 40 degrees, about 30 degrees. The contact angles of any surface of the composite film, and / or any surface of any individual layer constituting the composite film, may preferably be at least about 0 degrees, about 10 degrees, about 20 degrees, about 30 degrees, about 40 degrees, about 50 degrees, at least about 60 degrees, at least about 70 degrees, at least about 80 degrees, at least about 90 degrees, at least about 100 degrees, at least about 110 degrees, at least about 120 degrees, at least about 130 degrees, at least about 140 degrees, and typically at least about 150 degrees.

[0130] In certain embodiments of the present invention, any layer of the composite membrane can be hydrophilic. For example, any barrier layer of the composite membrane can be hydrophilic, any reinforcing layer of the composite membrane can be hydrophilic, and any intermediate layer of the composite membrane can be hydrophilic. In another embodiment, the composite membrane comprises a barrier layer or any other layer, the surface of the barrier layer or any other layer, or the material itself, can be characterized by hydrophilic properties. In such embodiments, the composite membrane can be designed to enhance interaction with liquid molecules (such as liquid culture media) in a way that can affect the prevention of undesirable biofilm formation and / or accumulation without hindering the mass transfer efficiency of the composite membrane. Hydrophilicity can also be precisely tuned to improve the permeability and / or selectivity and / or durability of the composite membrane, thereby facilitating efficient separation and purification processes.

[0131] At least a portion of the composite membrane is permeable to the permeation of gases through the membrane. In this context, the phrase “at least a portion” means a region of the composite membrane that is large enough to allow gases / multiple gases to pass through its outer surface (i.e., the chamber atmosphere-side surface of the liquid-containable compartment). The gases may typically include, but are not limited to, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and water vapor, as well as nitrogen, nitrogen oxides, sulfur oxides, hydrogen, hydrogen sulfide, and / or methane. As used herein, permeability or permeability coefficient refers to the permeability of the individual layer of the composite membrane that has the lowest permeability. Within one embodiment of the present invention, for the composite membrane and / or for any individual layer of the composite membrane, the interpretation of permeability is defined by a value in Valor units, preferably attributable to the layer with the lowest gas permeability.

[0132] The bar can be expressed in the following SI units:

number

number

[0133] References to the permeability or permeability coefficient of composite films in this specification may also be considered references to the permeability of the least gas-permeable layer of the composite film in embodiments of the present invention. Permeability is directly related to the concentration gradient of the permeating substance (such as a gas), the inherent permeability of the material, and the diffusion coefficient of the permeating gas in the film material, including the individual layers of the composite material and the composite film material as a whole.

[0134] The oxygen permeability coefficient through the composite membrane is preferably about 2500 bars or less, for example, about 2000 bars, about 1500 bars, about 1250 bars, about 1000 bars, about 900 bars, about 800 bars, about 700 bars, about 600 bars, about 400 bars, about 300 bars, about 200 bars, and typically about 100 bars or less. The oxygen permeability coefficient through the composite membrane is preferably at least 50 bars, at least 100 bars, at least 200 bars, at least 300 bars, at least 400 bars, at least 500 bars, at least 600 bars, at least 700 bars, at least 800 bars, at least 900 bars, at least 1000 bars, at least 1250 bars, at least 1500 bars, and typically at least 2000 bars.

[0135] The oxygen permeability coefficient in SI units through the composite membrane is preferably about 8375 × 10⁻⁶. -16 mol·m·m -2 ·s -1 ·Pa -1 For example, approximately 6700 x 10 -16 mol·m·m -2 ·s -1 ·Pa -1 , about 5025×10 -16 mol·m·m -2 ·s -1 ·Pa -1, about 4187.5×10 -16 mol·m·m -2 ·s -1 ·Pa -1 , about 3350×10 -16 mol·m·m -2 ·s -1 ·Pa -1 , about 3015×10 -16 mol·m·m -2 ·s -1 ·Pa -1 , about 2680×10 -16 mol·m·m -2 ·s -1 ·Pa -1 , about 2345×10 -16 mol·m·m -2 ·s -1 ·Pa -1 , about 2010×10 -16 mol·m·m -2 ·s -1 ·Pa -1 , about 1340×10 -16 mol·m·m -2 ·s -1 ·Pa -1 , about 1005×10 -16 mol·m·m -2 ·s -1 ·Pa -1 , about 670×10 -16 mol·m·m -2 ·s -1 ·Pa -1 , and typically, about 335×10 -16 mol·m·m -2 ·s -1 ·Pa -1 or less. The oxygen permeation coefficient through the composite membrane is preferably at least 167.5×10 -16 mol·m·m -2 ·s -1 ·Pa -1 , at least 335×10 -16 mol·m·m -2 ·s -1 ·Pa -1 , at least 670×10 -16 mol·m·m -2 ·s -1 ·Pa -1, at least 1005×10 -16 mol·m·m -2 ·s -1 ·Pa -1 , at least 1340×10 -16 mol·m·m -2 ·s -1 ·Pa -1 , at least 1675×10 -16 mol·m·m -2 ·s -1 ·Pa -1 , at least 2010×10 -16 mol·m·m -2 ·s -1 ·Pa -1 , at least 2345×10 -16 mol·m·m -2 ·s -1 ·Pa -1 , at least 2680×10 -16 mol·m·m -2 ·s -1 ·Pa -1 , at least 3015×10 -16 mol·m·m -2 ·s -1 ·Pa -1 , at least 3350×10 -16 mol·m·m -2 ·s -1 ·Pa -1 , at least 4187.5×10 -16 mol·m·m -2 ·s -1 ·Pa -1 , at least 5025×10 -16 mol·m·m -2 ·s -1 ·Pa -1 , and typically at least 6700×10 -16 mol·m·m -2 ·s -1 ·Pa -1 can be.

[0136] The permeation flux is in units of m 3 ·m -2 ·s -1It is possible to measure using the following: Depending on specific conditions (but not limited to, the composition and formulation of the barrier layer, temperature, pressure difference, relative humidity, concentration gradient, and barrier layer thickness), the oxygen permeation flux through the composite film is preferably about 10 -2 m 3 ·m -2 ·s -1 For example, about 10 -3 m 3 ·m -2 ·s -1 , 10 -4 m 3 ·m -2 ·s -1 , 10 -5 m 3 ·m -2 ·s -1 , 10 -6 m 3 ·m -2 ·s -1 , 10 -7 m 3 ·m -2 ·s -1 , 10 -8 m 3 ·m -2 ·s -1 , about 10 -9 m 3 ·m -2 ·s -1 , about 10 -10 m 3 ·m -2 ·s -1 , about 10 -11 m 3 ·m -2 ·s -1 , about 10 -12 m 3 ·m -2 ·s -1 , about 10 -13 m 3 ·m -2 ·s -1 , and typically about 10 -14 m 3 ·m -2 ·s -1 The following may be true: Depending on specific conditions, the oxygen permeation flux through the composite membrane may be at least 10 -15 m 3 ·m -2 ·s-1 Preferably, at least 10 -14 m 3 ·m -2 ·s -1 , at least 10 -13 m 3 ·m -2 ·s -1 , at least 10 -12 m 3 ·m -2 ·s -1 , at least h10 -11 m 3 ·m -2 ·s -1 , at least 10 -10 m 3 ·m -2 ·s -1 , at least 10 -9 m 3 ·m -2 ·s -1 , at least 10 -8 m 3 ·m -2 ·s -1 , at least 10 -7 m 3 ·m -2 ·s -1 , at least 10 -6 m 3 ·m -2 ·s -1 , at least 10 -5 m 3 ·m -2 ·s -1 , at least 10 -4 m 3 ·m -2 ·s -1 , and typically at least 10 -3 m 3 ·m -2 ·s -1 It is possible.

[0137] The carbon dioxide transmission coefficient through the composite membrane is preferably about 10,000 bars or less, for example, about 7,500 bars, about 5,000 bars, about 4,500 bars, about 4,000 bars, about 3,500 bars, about 3,000 bars, about 2,500 bars, about 2,000 bars, about 1,500 bars, about 1,000 bars, about 800 bars, about 600 bars, about 400 bars, and typically about 200 bars or less. The carbon dioxide transmission coefficient through the composite membrane is preferably at least 100 bar, at least 200 bar, at least 400 bar, at least 600 bar, at least 800 bar, at least 1000 bar, at least 1500 bar, at least 2000 bar, at least 2500 bar, at least 3000 bar, at least 3500 bar, at least 4000 bar, at least 4500 bar, at least 5000 bar, and typically at least 7500 bar.

[0138] The permeability coefficient of carbon dioxide in SI units through the composite membrane is preferably about 33500 × 10⁻⁶. -16 mol·m·m -2 ·s -1 ·Pa -1 For example, approximately 25125 × 10 -16 mol·m·m -2 ·s -1 ·Pa -1 , about 16750×10 -16 mol·m·m -2 ·s -1 ·Pa -1 , about 15075×10 -16 mol·m·m -2 ·s -1 ·Pa -1 , about 13400×10 -16 mol·m·m -2 ·s -1 ·Pa -1 , about 11725×10 -16 mol·m·m -2 ·s -1 ·Pa -1 , about 10050×10 -16 mol·m·m -2 ·s-1 ·Pa -1 , about 8375×10 -16 mol·m·m -2 ·s -1 ·Pa -1 , about 6700×10 -16 mol·m·m -2 ·s -1 ·Pa -1 , about 5025×10 -16 mol·m·m -2 ·s -1 ·Pa -1 , about 3350×10 -16 mol·m·m -2 ·s -1 ·Pa -1 , about 2680×10 -16 mol·m·m -2 ·s -1 ·Pa -1 , about 2010×10 -16 mol·m·m -2 ·s -1 ·Pa -1 , about 1340×10 -16 mol·m·m -2 ·s -1 ·Pa -1 , and typically about 670 × 10 -16 mol·m·m -2 ·s -1 ·Pa -1 The following may be true: The permeability coefficient of carbon dioxide in SI units through the composite film is preferably at least 335 × 10⁻⁶. -16 mol·m·m -2 ·s -1 ·Pa -1 , at least 670 x 10 -16 mol·m·m -2 ·s -1 ·Pa -1 , at least 1340 × 10 -16 mol·m·m -2 ·s -1 ·Pa -1 , at least 2010×10 -16 mol·m·m -2 ·s -1 ·Pa -1 at least 2680×10 -16 mol·m·m-2 ·s -1 ·Pa -1 , at least 3350 × 10 -16 mol·m·m -2 ·s -1 ·Pa -1 , at least 5025 × 10 -16 mol·m·m -2 ·s -1 ·Pa -1 , at least 6700 x 10 -16 mol·m·m -2 ·s -1 ·Pa -1 , at least 8375 × 10 -16 mol·m·m -2 ·s -1 ·Pa -1 , at least 10050×10 -16 mol·m·m -2 ·s -1 ·Pa -1 , at least 11725 × 10 -16 mol·m·m -2 ·s -1 ·Pa -1 , at least 13400 × 10 -16 mol·m·m -2 ·s -1 ·Pa -1 , at least 15075 × 10 -16 mol·m·m -2 ·s -1 ·Pa -1 , at least 16750 × 10 -16 mol·m·m -2 ·s -1 ·Pa -1 , and typically at least 25125 × 10 -16 mol·m·m -2 ·s -1 ·Pa -1 It is possible.

[0139] Depending on specific conditions, the permeation flux of carbon dioxide through the composite membrane is preferably about 10 -1 m 3 ·m -2 ·s -1 For example, about 10 -2 m 3·m -2 ·s -1 , about 10 -3 m 3 ·m -2 ·s -1 , about 10 -4 m 3 ·m -2 ·s -1 , about 10 -5 m 3 ·m -2 ·s -1 , about 10 -6 m 3 ·m -2 ·s -1 , 10 -7 m 3 ·m -2 ·s -1 , about 10 -8 m 3 ·m -2 ·s -1 , about 10 -9 m 3 ·m -2 ·s -1 , about 10 -10 m 3 ·m -2 ·s -1 , about 10 -11 m 3 ·m -2 ·s -1 , and typically about 10 -12 m 3 ·m -2 ·s -1 The following may be true: Depending on specific conditions, the permeation flux of carbon dioxide through the composite membrane is preferably at least 10 -13 m 3 ·m -2 ·s -1 , at least 10 -12 m 3 ·m -2 ·s -1 , at least 10 -11 m 3 ·m -2 ·s -1 , at least 10 -10 m 3 ·m -2 ·s -1 , at least 10 -9 m 3 ·m -2 ·s-1 , at least 10 -8 m 3 ·m -2 ·s -1 , at least 10 -7 m 3 ·m -2 ·s -1 , at least 10 -6 m 3 ·m -2 ·s -1 , at least 10 -5 m 3 ·m -2 ·s -1 , at least 10 -4 m 3 ·m -2 ·s -1 , at least 10 -3 m 3 ·m -2 ·s -1 , and typically at least 10 -2 m 3 ·m -2 ·s -1 It is possible.

[0140] The water vapor transmission coefficient through the composite membrane is preferably about 40,000 bars or less, for example, about 30,000 bars, about 20,000 bars, about 10,000 bars, about 5,000 bars, about 1,000 bars, about 500 bars, about 200 bars, and typically about 100 bars or less. The water vapor transmission coefficient through the composite membrane is preferably at least 50 bars, at least 100 bars, at least 200 bars, at least 500 bars, at least 1,000 bars, at least 5,000 bars, at least 10,000 bars, at least 20,000 bars, and typically at least 30,000 bars.

[0141] The water vapor transmission coefficient in SI units through the composite film is preferably about 134,000 × 10⁻¹⁰ -16 mol·m·m -2 ·s -1 ·Pa -1 For example, approximately 100500 × 10 -16 mol·m·m -2·s -1 ·Pa -1 , about 67000×10 -16 mol·m·m -2 ·s -1 ·Pa -1 , about 33500×10 -16 mol·m·m -2 ·s -1 ·Pa -1 , about 16750×10 -16 mol·m·m -2 ·s -1 ·Pa -1 , about 3350×10 -16 mol·m·m -2 ·s -1 ·Pa -1 , about 1675×10 -16 mol·m·m -2 ·s -1 ·Pa -1 , about 670×10 -16 mol·m·m -2 ·s -1 ·Pa -1 , and typically about 335 × 10 -16 mol·m·m -2 ·s -1 ·Pa -1 The following is possible: The water vapor transmission coefficient in SI units through the composite film is preferably at least 167.5 × 10⁻⁶ -16 mol·m·m -2 ·s -1 ·Pa -1 , at least 335 × 10 -16 mol·m·m -2 ·s -1 ·Pa -1 , at least 670 x 10 -16 mol·m·m -2 ·s -1 ·Pa -1 , at least 1675 × 10 -16 mol·m·m -2 ·s -1 ·Pa -1 , at least 3350 × 10 -16 mol·m·m -2 ·s -1 ·Pa -1 , at least 16750 × 10 -16mol·m·m -2 ·s -1 ·Pa -1 , at least 33500 × 10 -16 mol·m·m -2 ·s -1 ·Pa -1 , at least 67000 × 10 -16 mol·m·m -2 ·s -1 ·Pa -1 , and typically at least 100500×10 -16 mol·m·m -2 ·s -1 ·Pa -1 It is possible.

[0142] Depending on the conditions, the permeation flux of water vapor through the membrane is preferably about 10 -1 m 3 ·m -2 ·s -1 For example, about 10 -2 m 3 ·m -2 ·s -1 , about 10 -3 m 3 ·m -2 ·s -1 , about 10 -4 m 3 ·m -2 ·s -1 , about 10 -5 m 3 ·m -2 ·s -1 , about 10 -6 m 3 ·m -2 ·s -1 , about 10 -7 m 3 ·m -2 ·s -1 , and typically about 10 -8 m 3 ·m -2 ·s -1 The following may be true: The permeation flux of water vapor through the composite membrane is preferably at least 10 -9 m 3 ·m -2 ·s -1 , at least 10 -8 m 3 ·m-2 ·s -1 , at least 10 -7 m 3 ·m -2 ·s -1 , at least 10 -6 m 3 ·m -2 ·s -1 , at least 10 -5 m 3 ·m -2 ·s -1 , at least 10 -4 m 3 ·m -2 ·s -1 , at least 10 -3 m 3 ·m -2 ·s -1 , and typically at least 10 -2 m 3 ·m -2 ·s -1 It is possible.

[0143] In addition, the water vapor permeability is also g·m -2 24h -1 It is possible to measure this. In these terms, the suitable water vapor permeability through the composite film is approximately 3200 g·m² at a thickness of 20 μm. -2 24h -1 Approximately 1200 g·m² at a thickness of 50 μm. -2 24h -1 , and approximately 800 g·m² with a thickness of 100 μm -2 24h -1 This is possible. In the composite film in this embodiment, the barrier layer may have a much lower thickness, even as low as about 1 μm. In such a composite film, g·m -2 24h -1 The water vapor permeability of this material can be much higher than the water vapor permeability described above.

[0144] If the composite film is permeable to sulfur dioxide (SO2), the sulfur dioxide permeability coefficient is preferably about 16,000 bars or less, for example, about 14,000 bars, about 12,000 bars, about 10,000 bars, about 9,000 bars, about 8,000 bars, about 7,000 bars, about 6,000 bars, about 5,000 bars, about 2,500 bars, and typically about 1,000 bars or less. The sulfur dioxide permeability coefficient is preferably at least 500 bars, at least 1,000 bars, at least 2,500 bars, at least 5,000 bars, at least 6,000 bars, at least 7,000 bars, at least 8,000 bars, at least 9,000 bars, at least 10,000 bars, at least 12,000, and typically at least 14,000 bars.

[0145] If the composite film is permeable to sulfur dioxide, the permeability coefficient of sulfur dioxide in SI units is preferably about 53600 × 10⁻¹⁰ -16 mol·m·m -2 ·s -1 ·Pa -1 For example, approximately 46900 x 10 -16 mol·m·m -2 ·s -1 ·Pa -1 , about 40200×10 -16 mol·m·m -2 ·s -1 ·Pa -1 , about 33500×10 -16 mol·m·m -2 ·s -1 ·Pa -1 , about 30150×10 -16 mol·m·m -2 ·s -1 ·Pa -1 , about 26800×10 -16 mol·m·m -2 ·s -1 ·Pa -1 , about 23450×10 -16 mol·m·m -2 ·s -1 ·Pa -1 , about 20100×10 -16 mol·m·m-2 ·s -1 ·Pa -1 , about 16750×10 -16 mol·m·m -2 ·s -1 ·Pa -1 , about 8375×10 -16 mol·m·m -2 ·s -1 ·Pa -1 , and typically about 3350 × 10 -16 mol·m·m -2 ·s -1 ·Pa -1 The following is possible: The permeability coefficient of sulfur dioxide in SI units is preferably at least 1675 × 10⁻⁶. -16 mol·m·m -2 ·s -1 ·Pa -1 , at least 3350 × 10 -16 mol·m·m -2 ·s -1 ·Pa -1 , at least 8375 × 10 -16 mol·m·m -2 ·s -1 ·Pa -1 , at least 16750 × 10 -16 mol·m·m -2 ·s -1 ·Pa -1 , at least 20100×10 -16 mol·m·m -2 ·s -1 ·Pa -1 , at least 23450 × 10 -16 mol·m·m -2 ·s -1 ·Pa -1 , at least 26800×10 -16 mol·m·m -2 ·s -1 ·Pa -1 , at least 30150×10 -16 mol·m·m -2 ·s -1 ·Pa -1 , at least 33500 × 10 -16 mol·m·m -2 ·s -1 ·Pa -1, at least 40200×10 -16 mol·m·m -2 ·s -1 ·Pa -1 , and typically at least 46900 × 10 -16 mol·m·m -2 ·s -1 ·Pa -1 It is possible.

[0146] When the composite film is permeable to sulfur dioxide under specific conditions, the permeation flux of sulfur dioxide is preferably about 10 -1 m 3 ·m -2 ·s -1 For example, about 10 -2 m 3 ·m -2 ·s -1 , about 10 -3 m 3 ·m -2 ·s -1 , about 10 -4 m 3 ·m -2 ·s -1 , about 10 -5 m 3 ·m -2 ·s -1 , about 10 -6 m 3 ·m -2 ·s -1 , 10 -7 m 3 ·m -2 ·s -1 Typically, about 10 -8 m 3 ·m -2 ·s -1 The following may be true: The permeate flux of sulfur dioxide is preferably at least 10 -9 m 3 ·m -2 ·s -1 , at least 10 -8 m 3 ·m -2 ·s -1 , at least 10 -7 m 3 ·m -2 ·s -1 , at least 10 -6 m3 ·m -2 ·s -1 , at least 10 -5 m 3 ·m -2 ·s -1 , at least 10 -4 m 3 ·m -2 ·s -1 , at least 10 -3 m 3 ·m -2 ·s -1 , and typically at least 10 -2 m 3 ·m -2 ·s -1 It is possible.

[0147] If the composite membrane is permeable to hydrogen sulfide (H2S), the hydrogen sulfide permeability coefficient is preferably about 12,000 bars or less, for example, about 10,000 bars, about 9,000 bars, about 8,000 bars, about 7,000 bars, about 6,000 bars, about 5,000 bars, about 2,500 bars, about 1,000 bars, and typically about 500 bars or less. The hydrogen sulfide permeability coefficient is preferably at least 100 bars, at least 500 bars, at least 1,000 bars, at least 2,500 bars, at least 5,000 bars, at least 6,000 bars, at least 7,000 bars, at least 8,000 bars, at least 9,000 bars, and typically at least 10,000 bars.

[0148] If the composite film is permeable to hydrogen sulfide, the permeability coefficient of hydrogen sulfide in SI units through the composite film is approximately 40200 × 10⁻¹⁰. -16 mol·m·m -2 ·s -1 ·Pa -1 Preferably, approximately 33500 × 10 -16 mol·m·m -2 ·s -1 ·Pa -1 For example, approximately 30150 × 10 -16 mol·m·m -2 ·s -1 ·Pa-1 , about 26800×10 -16 mol·m·m -2 ·s -1 ·Pa -1 , about 23450×10 -16 mol·m·m -2 ·s -1 ·Pa -1 , about 20100×10 -16 mol·m·m -2 ·s -1 ·Pa -1 , about 16750×10 -16 mol·m·m -2 ·s -1 ·Pa -1 , about 8375×10 -16 mol·m·m -2 ·s -1 ·Pa -1 , about 3350×10 -16 mol·m·m -2 ·s -1 ·Pa -1 , and typically about 1675 × 10 -16 mol·m·m -2 ·s -1 ·Pa -1 The following is possible: The permeability coefficient of hydrogen sulfide in SI units through the composite film is at least 335 × 10⁻⁶. -16 mol·m·m -2 ·s -1 ·Pa -1 Preferably, at least 1675 × 10 -16 mol·m·m -2 ·s -1 ·Pa -1 , at least 3350 × 10 -16 mol·m·m -2 ·s -1 ·Pa -1 , at least 8375 × 10 -16 mol·m·m -2 ·s -1 ·Pa -1 , at least 16750 × 10 -16 mol·m·m -2 ·s -1 ·Pa -1 , at least 20100×10 -16 mol·m·m -2·s -1 ·Pa -1 , at least 23450 × 10 -16 mol·m·m -2 ·s -1 ·Pa -1 , at least 26800×10 -16 mol·m·m -2 ·s -1 ·Pa -1 , at least 30150×10 -16 mol·m·m -2 ·s -1 ·Pa -1 , and typically at least 33500 × 10 -16 mol·m·m -2 ·s -1 ·Pa -1 It is possible.

[0149] If the composite film is permeable to hydrogen sulfide under specific conditions, the hydrogen sulfide permeation flux is preferably about 10 -2 m 3 ·m -2 ·s -1 For example, about 10 -3 m 3 ·m -2 ·s -1 , about 10 -4 m 3 ·m -2 ·s -1 , about 10 -5 m 3 ·m -2 ·s -1 , about 10 -6 m 3 ·m -2 ·s -1 , about 10 -7 m 3 ·m -2 ·s -1 , and typically about 10 -8 m 3 ·m -2 ·s -1 The following may be true: The permeate flux of sulfur dioxide is preferably at least 10 -9 m 3 ·m -2 ·s -1 , at least 10 -8 m3 ·m -2 ·s -1 , at least 10 -7 m 3 ·m -2 ·s -1 、 at least 10 -6 m 3 ·m -2 ·s -1 、 at least 10 -5 m 3 ·m -2 ·s -1 、 at least 10 -4 m 3 ·m -2 ·s -1 、 and typically, at least 10 -3 m 3 ·m -2 ·s -1 it can be.

[0150] When the composite membrane is permeable to molecular hydrogen (H2), the permeability coefficient of molecular hydrogen is preferably about 1600 Barrer or less, for example about 1400 Barrer, about 1200 Barrer, about 1000 Barrer, about 900 Barrer, about 800 Barrer, about 700 Barrer, about 600 Barrer, about 500 Barrer, about 250 Barrer, about 150 Barrer, and typically, about 100 Barrer or less. The permeability coefficient of molecular hydrogen can preferably be at least 50 Barrer, at least 100, at least 150, at least 250 Barrer, at least 500 Barrer, at least 600 Barrer, at least 700 Barrer, at least 800 Barrer, at least 900 Barrer, at least 1000 Barrer, at least 1200 Barrer, and typically, at least 1400 Barrer.

[0151] When the composite membrane is permeable to molecular hydrogen, the permeability coefficient of molecular hydrogen in SI units is preferably about 5360×10 -16 mol·m·m -2 ·s -1 ·Pa -1 or less, for example about 4690×10 -16 mol·m·m -2 ·s -1 ·Pa-1 、 approximately 4020×10 -16 mol·m·m -2 ·s -1 ·Pa -1 、 approximately 3350×10 -16 mol·m·m -2 ·s -1 ·Pa -1 、 approximately 3015×10 -16 mol·m·m -2 ·s -1 ·Pa -1 、 approximately 2680×10 -16 mol·m·m -2 ·s -1 ·Pa -1 、 approximately 2345×10 -16 mol·m·m -2 ·s -1 ·Pa -1 、 approximately 2010×10 -16 mol·m·m -2 ·s -1 ·Pa -1 、 approximately 1675×10 -16 mol·m·m -2 ·s -1 ·Pa -1 、 approximately 837.5×10 -16 mol·m·m -2 ·s -1 ·Pa -1 、 approximately 502.5×10 -16 mol·m·m -2 ·s -1 ·Pa -1 、 and typically, approximately 335×10 -16 mol·m·m -2 ·s -1 ·Pa -1 or less. The permeability coefficient of molecular hydrogen in SI units is preferably at least 167.5×10 -16 mol·m·m -2 ·s -1 ·Pa -1 、 at least 335×10 -16 mol·m·m -2 ·s -1 ·Pa -1 、 at least 502.5×10 -16 mol·m·m -2 ·s -1 ·Pa-1 , at least 837.5×10 -16 mol·m·m -2 ·s -1 ·Pa -1 , at least 1675×10 -16 mol·m·m -2 ·s -1 ·Pa -1 , at least 2010×10 -16 mol·m·m -2 ·s -1 ·Pa -1 , at least 2345×10 -16 mol·m·m -2 ·s -1 ·Pa -1 , at least 2680×10 -16 mol·m·m -2 ·s -1 ·Pa -1 , at least 3015×10 -16 mol·m·m -2 ·s -1 ·Pa -1 , at least 3350×10 -16 mol·m·m -2 ·s -1 ·Pa -1 , at least 4020×10 -16 mol·m·m -2 ·s -1 ·Pa -1 , and typically at least 4690×10 -16 mol·m·m -2 ·s -1 ·Pa -1 may be.

[0152] When the composite membrane is permeable to molecular hydrogen under specific conditions, the permeation flux of molecular hydrogen is preferably 10 -2 m 3 ·m -2 ·s -1 or less, for example, about 10 -3 m 3 ·m -2 ·s -1 , about 10 -4 m 3 ·m -2 ·s -1 , about 10-5 m 3 ·m -2 ·s -1 , about 10 -6 m 3 ·m -2 ·s -1 , about 10 -7 m 3 ·m -2 ·s -1 , and typically about 10 -8 m 3 ·m -2 ·s -1 The following may be true: The permeation flux of molecular hydrogen is preferably at least 10 -9 m 3 ·m -2 ·s -1 , at least 10 -10 m 3 ·m -2 ·s -1 , at least 10 -9 m 3 ·m -2 ·s -1 , at least 10 -8 m 3 ·m -2 ·s -1 , at least 10 -7 m 3 ·m -2 ·s -1 , at least 10 -6 m 3 ·m -2 ·s -1 , at least 10 -5 m 3 ·m -2 ·s -1 , at least 10 -4 m 3 ·m -2 ·s -1 , and typically at least 10 -3 m 3 ·m -2 ·s -1 It is possible.

[0153] If the composite membrane is permeable to molecular nitrogen (N2), the permeability coefficient for molecular nitrogen may preferably be about 1600 bars or less, for example, about 1400 bars, about 1200 bars, about 1000 bars, about 900 bars, about 800 bars, about 700 bars, about 600 bars, about 500 bars, about 250 bars, about 150 bars, about 100 bars, about 90 bars, about 80 bars, about 70 bars, about 60 bars, about 50 bars, about 30 bars, and typically about 20 bars or less. The molecular nitrogen permeability coefficient may preferably be at least 10 barers, at least 20 barers, at least 30 barers, at least 50 barers, at least 60 barers, at least 70 barers, at least 80 barers, at least 90 barers, at least 100 barers, at least 150 barers, at least 250 barers, at least 500 barers, at least 600 barers, at least 700 barers, at least 800 barers, at least 900 barers, at least 1000 barers, at least 1200 barers, and typically at least 1400 barers.

[0154] When the composite film is permeable to molecular nitrogen, the permeability coefficient of molecular nitrogen in SI units is preferably about 5360 × 10⁻¹⁶ -16 mol·m·m -2 ·s -1 ·Pa -1 For example, approximately 4690 x 10 -16 mol·m·m -2 ·s -1 ·Pa -1 , about 4020×10 -16 mol·m·m -2 ·s -1 ·Pa -1 , about 3350×10 -16 mol·m·m -2 ·s -1 ·Pa -1 , about 3015×10 -16 mol·m·m -2 ·s -1 ·Pa -1 , about 2680×10 -16 mol·m·m -2 ·s-1 ·Pa -1 , about 2345×10 -16 mol·m·m -2 ·s -1 ·Pa -1 , about 2010×10 -16 mol·m·m -2 ·s -1 ·Pa -1 , about 1675×10 -16 mol·m·m -2 ·s -1 ·Pa -1 , about 837.5×10 -16 mol·m·m -2 ·s -1 ·Pa -1 , about 502.5×10 -16 mol·m·m -2 ·s -1 ·Pa -1 , about 335×10 -16 mol·m·m -2 ·s -1 ·Pa -1 , about 301.5×10 -16 mol·m·m -2 ·s -1 ·Pa -1 , about 268×10 -16 mol·m·m -2 ·s -1 ·Pa -1 , about 234.5×10 -16 mol·m·m -2 ·s -1 ·Pa -1 , about 201×10 -16 mol·m·m -2 ·s -1 ·Pa -1 , about 167.5×10 -16 mol·m·m -2 ·s -1 ·Pa -1 , about 100.5×10 -16 mol·m·m -2 ·s -1 ·Pa -1 , and typically about 67 × 10 -16 mol·m·m -2 ·s -1 ·Pa -1The following may be true: The permeability coefficient of molecular nitrogen in SI units is preferably at least 33.5 × 10⁻⁶ -16 mol·m·m -2 ·s -1 ·Pa -1 , at least 67 × 10 -16 mol·m·m -2 ·s -1 ·Pa -1 , at least 100.5 × 10 -16 mol·m·m -2 ·s -1 ·Pa -1 , 167.5×10 -16 mol·m·m -2 ·s -1 ·Pa -1 , at least 201 × 10 -16 mol·m·m -2 ·s -1 ·Pa -1 , at least 234.5 × 10 -16 mol·m·m -2 ·s -1 ·Pa -1 , at least 268 × 10 -16 mol·m·m -2 ·s -1 ·Pa -1 , at least 301.5 × 10 -16 mol·m·m -2 ·s -1 ·Pa -1 , at least 335 × 10 -16 mol·m·m -2 ·s -1 ·Pa -1 , at least 502.5 × 10 -16 mol·m·m -2 ·s -1 ·Pa -1 , at least 837.5 × 10 -16 mol·m·m -2 ·s -1 ·Pa -1 , at least 1675 × 10 -16 mol·m·m -2 ·s -1 ·Pa -1 , at least 2010×10 -16 mol·m·m -2 ·s-1 ·Pa -1 , at least 2345 × 10 -16 mol·m·m -2 ·s -1 ·Pa -1 at least 2680×10 -16 mol·m·m -2 ·s -1 ·Pa -1 , at least 3015 × 10 -16 mol·m·m -2 ·s -1 ·Pa -1 , at least 3350 × 10 -16 mol·m·m -2 ·s -1 ·Pa -1 , at least 4020×10 -16 mol·m·m -2 ·s -1 ·Pa -1 , and typically at least 4690 × 10 -16 mol·m·m -2 ·s -1 ·Pa -1 It is possible.

[0155] When the composite membrane is permeable to molecular nitrogen under specific conditions, the permeation flux of molecular nitrogen is preferably about 10 -2 m 3 ·m -2 ·s -1 For example, about 10 -3 m 3 ·m -2 ·s -1 , about 10 -4 m 3 ·m -2 ·s -1 , about 10 -5 m 3 ·m -2 ·s -1 , about 10 -6 m 3 ·m -2 ·s -1 , about 10 -7 m 3 ·m -2 ·s -1 , and typically about 10 -8 m 3 ·m-2 ·s -1 The following may be true: The permeation flux of molecular nitrogen is preferably at least 10 -9 m 3 ·m -2 ·s -1 , at least 10 -8 m 3 ·m -2 ·s -1 , at least 10 -7 m 3 ·m -2 ·s -1 , at least 10 -6 m 3 ·m -2 ·s -1 , at least 10 -5 m 3 ·m -2 ·s -1 , at least 10 -4 m 3 ·m -2 ·s -1 , and typically at least 10 -3 m 3 ·m -2 ·s -1 It is possible.

[0156] If the composite membrane is permeable to methane (CH4), the methane permeability coefficient is preferably about 3500 barers or less, for example, about 3000 barers, about 2500 barers, about 2000 barers, about 1800 barers, about 1500 barers, about 1200 barers, about 1000 barers, about 900 barers, about 800 barers, about 600 barers, about 400 barers, about 200 barers, and typically about 100 barers or less. The methane transmission coefficient may preferably be at least 50 barers, at least 100 barers, at least 200 barers, at least 400 barers, at least 600 barers, at least 800 barers, at least 900 barers, at least 1000 barers, at least 1200 barers, at least 1500 barers, at least 1800 barers, at least 2000 barers, at least 2500 barers, and typically at least 3000 barers.

[0157] If the composite film is permeable to methane, the methane permeability coefficient in SI units is preferably about 11725 × 10⁻¹⁵ -16 mol·m·m -2 ·s -1 ·Pa -1 For example, approximately 10050 × 10 -16 mol·m·m -2 ·s -1 ·Pa -1 , about 8375×10 -16 mol·m·m -2 ·s -1 ·Pa -1 , about 6700×10 -16 mol·m·m -2 ·s -1 ·Pa -1 , about 6030×10 -16 mol·m·m -2 ·s -1 ·Pa -1 , about 5025×10 -16 mol·m·m -2 ·s -1 ·Pa -1 , about 4020×10 -16 mol·m·m -2 ·s -1 ·Pa -1 , about 3350×10 -16 mol·m·m -2 ·s -1 ·Pa -1 , about 3015×10 -16 mol·m·m -2 ·s -1 ·Pa -1 , about 2010×10 -16 mol·m·m -2 ·s -1 ·Pa -1 , about 1340×10 -16 mol·m·m -2 ·s -1 ·Pa -1 , about 670×10 -16 mol·m·m -2 ·s -1 ·Pa -1 , and typically about 335 × 10 -16 mol·m·m -2 ·s -1 ·Pa-1 The following may be true: The permeability coefficient of methane in SI units is preferably at least 167.5 × 10⁻⁶ -16 mol·m·m -2 ·s -1 ·Pa -1 , at least 335 × 10 -16 mol·m·m -2 ·s -1 ·Pa -1 , 670×10 -16 mol·m·m -2 ·s -1 ·Pa -1 , at least 1340 × 10 -16 mol·m·m -2 ·s -1 ·Pa -1 , at least 2010×10 -16 mol·m·m -2 ·s -1 ·Pa -1 , at least 3015 × 10 -16 mol·m·m -2 ·s -1 ·Pa -1 , at least 3350 × 10 -16 mol·m·m -2 ·s -1 ·Pa -1 , at least 4020×10 -16 mol·m·m -2 ·s -1 ·Pa -1 , at least 5025 × 10 -16 mol·m·m -2 ·s -1 ·Pa -1 , at least 6030×10 -16 mol·m·m -2 ·s -1 ·Pa -1 , at least 6700 x 10 -16 mol·m·m -2 ·s -1 ·Pa -1 , at least 8375 × 10 -16 mol·m·m -2 ·s -1 ·Pa -1 , and typically at least 10050×10 -16 mol·m·m-2 ·s -1 ·Pa -1 It is possible.

[0158] When the composite membrane is permeable to methane under specific conditions, the methane permeation flux is preferably about 10 -3 m 3 ·m -2 ·s -1 For example, about 10 -4 m 3 ·m -2 ·s -1 , about 10 -5 m 3 ·m -2 ·s -1 , about 10 -6 m 3 ·m -2 ·s -1 , and typically about 10 -7 m 3 ·m -2 ·s -1 The following may be true: The permeation flux of molecular methane is preferably at least 10 -8 m 3 ·m -2 ·s -1 , at least 10 -7 m 3 ·m -2 ·s -1 , at least 10 -6 m 3 ·m -2 ·s -1 , at least 10 -5 m 3 ·m -2 ·s -1 , and typically at least 10 -4 m 3 ·m -2 ·s -1 It is possible.

[0159] In certain embodiments, the composite membrane may consist of individual porous layers, each having any pore size and / or any porosity and / or any type of pore structure distribution. In such embodiments, the permeability coefficient of any gas through a composite membrane, where all individual layers of the composite membrane are porous, is preferably about 100,000,000 bars or less, for example, 10,000,000 bars, about 9,000,000 bars, about 8,000,000 bars, about 7,000,000 bars, about 6,000,000 bars, about 5,000,000 bars, about 4,000,000 bars, about 3,000,000 bars, and 2,000,000 bars, about 1,000,000 bars, about 500,000 bars, about 100,000 bars, about 10,000 bars, about 5,000 bars, about 1,000 bars, and typically about 100 bars or less. The permeability coefficient of any gas through a composite membrane, where all individual layers of the composite membrane are porous, is preferably at least 10 bars, at least 100 bars, at least 1,000 bars, at least 10,000 bars, at least 100,000 bars, at least 500,000 bars, at least 1,000,000 bars, at least 2,000,000 bars, at least 3,000,000 bars, at least 4,000,000 bars, at least 5,000,000 bars, at least 6,000,000 bars, at least 7,000,000 bars, at least 8,000,000 bars, and typically at least 10,000,000 bars.

[0160] In a preferred embodiment, the permeability coefficient in SI units of any gas passing through a composite film, where all individual layers of the composite film are porous, is preferably about 335,000,000 × 10⁻¹⁰ -16 mol·m·m -2 ·s -1 ·Pa -1 For example, approximately 33,500,000 × 10 -16 mol·m·m -2 ·s -1 ·Pa -1 , about 30,150,000×10-16 mol·m·m -2 ·s -1 ·Pa -1 , about 26,800,000×10 -16 mol·m·m -2 ·s -1 ·Pa -1 , about 23,450,000×10 -16 mol·m·m -2 ·s -1 ·Pa -1 , about 20,100,00×10 -16 mol·m·m -2 ·s -1 ·Pa -1 , about 16,750,000×10 -16 mol·m·m -2 ·s -1 ·Pa -1 , about 13,400,000×10 -16 mol·m·m -2 ·s -1 ·Pa -1 , about 6,700,000×10 -16 mol·m·m -2 ·s -1 ·Pa -1 , about 3,350,000×10 -16 mol·m·m -2 ·s -1 ·Pa -1 , about 1,675,000×10 -16 mol·m·m -2 ·s -1 ·Pa -1 , about 335,000×10 -16 mol·m·m -2 ·s -1 ·Pa -1 , about 33,500×10 -16 mol·m·m -2 ·s -1 ·Pa -1 , about 16,750×10 -16 mol·m·m -2 ·s -1 ·Pa -1 , and approximately 3,350 × 10 -16 mol·m·m -2 ·s -1 ·Pa -1The following may be true: The permeability coefficient in SI units of any gas passing through a composite film in which all individual layers of the composite film are porous is preferably at least 33.5 × 10⁻⁶ -16 mol·m·m -2 ·s -1 ·Pa -1 , at least 335 × 10 -16 mol·m·m -2 ·s -1 ·Pa -1 at least 3,350 × 10 -16 mol·m·m -2 ·s -1 ·Pa -1 at least 16,750 × 10 -16 mol·m·m -2 ·s -1 ·Pa -1 , at least 33,500 × 10 -16 mol·m·m -2 ·s -1 ·Pa -1 , at least 335,000 × 10 -16 mol·m·m -2 ·s -1 ·Pa -1 , at least 1,675,000 × 10 -16 mol·m·m -2 ·s -1 ·Pa -1 at least 3,350,000 × 10 -16 mol·m·m -2 ·s -1 ·Pa -1 , at least 6,700,000 × 10 -16 mol·m·m -2 ·s -1 ·Pa -1 at least 13,400,000 × 10 -16 mol·m·m -2 ·s -1 ·Pa -1 at least 16,750,000 × 10 -16 mol·m·m -2 ·s -1 ·Pa -1 , at least 20,100,000 × 10 -16 mol·m·m -2 ·s -1·Pa -1 , at least 23,450,000 × 10 -16 mol·m·m -2 ·s -1 ·Pa -1 , at least 26,800,000 × 10 -16 mol·m·m -2 ·s -1 ·Pa -1 , at least 30,150,000 × 10 -16 mol·m·m -2 ·s -1 ·Pa -1 , and typically at least about 33,500,000 × 10⁻¹⁶ -16 mol·m·m -2 ·s -1 ·Pa -1 It is possible.

[0161] In other embodiments, depending on specific conditions, the permeation flux for any gas passing through a composite membrane where all individual layers of the composite membrane are porous is preferably 10 3 m 3 ·m -2 ·s -1 For example, about 10 2 m 3 ·m -2 ·s -1 , about 10 1 m 3 ·m -2 ·s -1 , about 10 -1 m 3 ·m -2 ·s -1 , 10 -2 m 3 ·m -2 ·s -1 , 10 -3 m 3 ·m -2 ·s -1 , about 10 -4 m 3 ·m -2 ·s -1 , about 10 -5 m 3 ·m -2 ·s -1 , about 10 -6 m 3 ·m-2 ·s -1 , and typically about 10 -7 m 3 ·m -2 ·s -1 The following may be true: The permeation flux for any gas passing through a composite membrane where all individual layers of the composite membrane are porous is preferably at least 10 -8 m 3 ·m -2 ·s -1 , at least 10 -7 m 3 ·m -2 ·s -1 , at least 10 -6 m 3 ·m -2 ·s -1 , at least 10 -5 m 3 ·m -2 ·s -1 , and typically at least 10 -4 m 3 ·m -2 ·s -1 , at least 10 -3 m 3 ·m -2 ·s -1 , 10 -2 m 3 ·m -2 ·s -1 , at least 10 -1 m 3 ·m -2 ·s -1 , at least 10m 3 ·m -2 ·s -1 , at least 10 1 m 3 ·m -2 ·s -1 , and typically 10 2 m 3 ·m -2 ·s -1 It is possible.

[0162] In some embodiments, it is important that the gas-permeable material of the barrier layer is impermeable to the passage of liquid in order to prevent the liquid culture medium in the bioreactor from leaking to the outside. Loss of liquid culture medium resulting in chamber flooding would lead to a depletion of liquid volume in the liquid-containing compartment and would also hinder effective gas transfer from the chamber to the liquid-containing compartment. In some embodiments, any gas-permeable material and / or layer constituting the composite membrane can be porous (including microporous or nanoporous structures) or nonporous. A gas-permeable material is referred to as porous if gas particles can migrate through the porous structure by direct movement. In some embodiments, if the gas-permeable material is porous, it is important that the gas-permeable material is substantially impermeable to liquid for the reasons given above. A particular advantage of the present invention is that, because there is no corresponding requirement that the composite membrane be optically permeable (i.e., translucent or transparent), a wider range of gas-permeable membrane materials than previously considered can be utilized.

[0163] Any layer of a gas-permeable composite film may be a polymer, such as a chemically optimized gas-permeable polymer. Chemically optimized polymers may be advantageous over the corresponding unmodified polymer because these polymers are cheaper, more tear-resistant, tougher, more hydrophobic, extremely hydrophobic / superhydrophobic, antistatic, easier to process, less brittle, more elastic, more permeable to gases, and may be selectively permeable to specific gases. Chemical modification of polymers may be carried out in any way known to those skilled in the art, such as by modifying the chemical composition of monomers, main chains, side chains, and end groups, and / or by using different curing agents, crosslinking agents, fillers, vulcanization processes, manufacturing, and processing, and / or by using coatings and other methods.

[0164] Polymer chemical modifications can improve gas separation and / or permeability, enhancing the performance of any individual layer within a composite membrane, or simply the overall performance of the entire composite membrane. Some, but not limited to, chemical modifications that can be imparted to polymers for use in gas transfer composite membranes may include: 1. Crosslinking: The term "crosslinking" in polymers refers to the formation of chemical bonds between polymer chains, resulting in a three-dimensional network of interconnected polymer molecules. These bonds can be covalent or ionic and can be formed through various methods, such as chemical reactions, irradiation, or physical means such as heat or pressure. Crosslinking can improve the mechanical strength and thermal stability of the polymer matrix. In certain embodiments of the present invention, crosslinking may be used to reduce polymer chain mobility in a barrier layer or the least permeable layer and to increase the selectivity of a specific gas as desired. 2. Functionalization: The term "functionalization" of polymers refers to the process of introducing new functional groups or chemical sites onto the polymer backbone. This modification can alter the physical, chemical, and mechanical properties of the polymer, including its solubility, reactivity, thermal stability, and surface properties. Functionalization can be achieved through various methods such as grafting, copolymerization, crosslinking, and chemical modification. Functionalization can be used to improve the compatibility of polymers with other materials, enhance the adhesion of polymers to surfaces, improve the biocompatibility of polymers, or introduce novel functionality for specific applications. In certain embodiments of the present invention, adding functional groups to the polymer structure of a barrier layer or the least permeable layer can alter the surface properties of this layer, increase its selectivity, and thus improve the permeability of the composite film to a specific gas of choice (such as carbon dioxide and / or nitrogen and / or oxygen). 3. Blending: The term “blending” in relation to polymers refers to the process of combining two or more different polymers to produce a new material having properties that combine those of the individual polymers. In this process, polymers can be physically mixed to form a homogeneous blend. In certain embodiments of the present invention, blending any of the polymer materials in the layers of a composite film with another polymer or a suitable compatible substance can enhance the overall functionality of the composite film for its intended use. For example, blending the polymer in a barrier layer with a substance (e.g., zeolite and / or zinc-based compounds, etc., but not limited to these) can improve the selectivity, permeability, and / or resistance of the barrier layer to biofilms. In addition, as an example, blending the polymer in a reinforcing layer with a substance (e.g., another polymer, and / or a reinforcing agent, and / or a compatible agent, etc., but not limited to these) can improve the overall mechanical strength of the composite film, as well as the bonding compatibility of the second wall and / or a portion of the second wall. 4. Incorporation of Nanoparticles: In certain embodiments of the present invention, certain nanoparticles may be incorporated into the polymer matrix of any of the layers of the composite film, and the nanoparticles may modify the structure and / or composition and / or surface morphology of the polymer matrix, thereby enhancing its overall functionality for the intended use. As a non-limiting example, nanoparticles (including, but not limited to, silica-based nanoparticles, and / or graphene oxide-based nanoparticles, and / or titanium dioxide-based nanoparticles) may be tightly incorporated into the polymer matrix of the barrier layer to ensure sustainable performance and / or long life, and / or impart surface geometry and / or part of surface geometry. 5. Copolymerization: The term "copolymerization" refers to the process of combining two or more different monomers (the building blocks of a polymer) to form a single polymer chain. In this process, monomers react with each other in various ways, such as alternating copolymerization, block copolymerization, or random copolymerization, resulting in copolymers with unique properties and characteristics. Copolymerization can also be achieved through various methods, such as radical polymerization, anionic polymerization, cationic polymerization, or coordination polymerization, depending on the properties of the monomers and the reaction conditions. In certain embodiments of the present invention, copolymerization of any of the layers of a composite film can introduce different monomers into the polymer structure of each layer, modifying the properties of the polymer structure and thereby improving the overall functionality of the composite film for its intended use. As a non-limiting example, the polymer matrix of a non-porous intermediate layer in a composite film can be copolymerized with a fluoropolymer (such as PTFE) which can significantly increase the mass transfer efficiency across the composite film and / or parts of the composite film.

[0165] For composite membranes comprising a porous barrier layer, the porous barrier layer may consist of a "highly hydrophobic" or "superhydrophobic" coating, treatment, or surface. This highly hydrophobic surface can restrict the passage of liquids such as water or any other liquid contaminant while allowing the permeation of gases such as oxygen and carbon dioxide. The suitability of a porous barrier layer material as a liquid barrier with gas permeability is not limited to but depends on various factors, including specific application requirements, desired gas permeability, liquid barrier performance, and / or environmental compatibility. The term "highly hydrophobic" refers to a surface treated to elevate the concept of hydrophobicity to an extreme level exhibiting extremely high water-repellent or liquid-repellent properties. These treatments can result in a surface with self-cleaning capabilities that can effectively repel water droplets. Superhydrophobic coatings, treatments, or surfaces provide significant water-repellent and / or liquid-repellent properties to a porous surface, making the porous surface highly desirable for applications utilizing embodiments of the present invention, including self-cleaning and / or antifouling surfaces. Some of the methods commonly used for superhydrophobic treatment of porous polymer surfaces include, but are not limited to, the following: 1. Surface roughening: One such approach to achieving superhydrophobicity is to create a rough surface texture on a porous material. This may involve techniques such as etching, sandblasting, or electrochemical deposition, but is not limited to these. The rough surface traps air pockets, reduces the contact area with water / liquid, and enhances water and / or liquid repellency. 2. Coating with superhydrophobic materials: Superhydrophobic coatings can be applied to porous polymer surfaces to impart high liquid-repellent properties. These coatings typically consist of low surface energy materials such as fluoropolymers or nanoparticles that produce a rough surface texture, although these are not limited to superhydrophobic materials. The combination of surface roughness and low surface energy leads to superhydrophobic behavior. 3. Chemical Modification: Surface chemical modification may be employed to make porous materials superhydrophobic. This surface chemical modification may involve functionalizing the surface with specific compounds or altering the surface chemistry through reactions. For example, the introduction of perfluoro groups to the surface can significantly enhance the liquid repellency of the surface in certain embodiments of the present invention. 4. Hierarchical Structure: Creating a hierarchical structure by combining microscale and nanoscale features on a porous surface can contribute to superhydrophobicity. This can be achieved through techniques such as, but is not limited to, photolithography, nanoimprinting, or self-assembly methods. This hierarchical structure enhances surface roughness and air-trapping ability, leading to superior liquid repellency. 5. Self-assembly: Self-assembly techniques can be used to create superhydrophobic surfaces on porous materials, which may involve the spontaneous arrangement of molecules or nanoparticles into an ordered structure on the surface. Self-assembled monolayers or nanoparticle coatings can become superhydrophobic by altering their surface energy and structure.

[0166] In certain embodiments, the composite membrane comprising a porous barrier layer may be composed of a highly hydrophobic surface. Furthermore, increasing the hydrophobicity of the porous barrier layer can increase the liquid inflow pressure of the composite membrane. These may include, but are not limited to, the following materials: polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), ePTFE, polyurethane (PU), polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), polyethylene (PE)-polypropylene (PP) blends, polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyamide (PA), polyimide, cellulose acetate, polycarbonate (PC), polystyrene (PS), polyethersulfone (PES), polysulfone (PSU), polyacrylonitrile (PAN), polyethylene oxide (PEO), polyetheretherketone (PEEK), silicone rubber, fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP), polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), nylon 6,6 (PA6,6), nylon 6 (PA6), polybutylene terephthalate (PBT), ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), chitosan-based polymers, and cellulose-based polymers. Polymers, polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA), polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), polybenzimidazole (PBI), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polyoxyethylene (POE), polysulfide (PS), polyphenylene sulfide (PPS), polyethylene naphthalate (PEN), polyvinyl fluoride (PVF), polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), polyvinyl butyral (PVB), polyacrylamide (PAM), polypropylene carbonate (PPC), polyphthalamide (PPA), Libenzoxazole (PBO), polycaprolactone (PCL), polyoxyethylene (POE), polyvinyl acetate (PVA), polyvinylidene chloride (PVDC), polyvinyl formal (PVF), polyvinyl methyl ether (PVME), polyvinyl methyl ketone (PVMK), polystyrene sulfonic acid (PSS), polytriazole (PTA), polyoxymethylene (POM), polybenzimidazole (PBI), graphene-based additives / materials, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), carbon nanotubes.

[0167] In other embodiments, the composite membrane comprising the porous barrier layer may, but is not limited to, nanoporous polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), nanoporous polyphenylmethylsiloxane (PPMS), nanoporous polymethylphenylsiloxane (PMPS), nanoporous polydiphenylsiloxane (PDPS), nanoporous polymethylhydrosiloxane (PMHS), nanoporous polytrifluoropropylmethylsiloxane (PTFPMS), nanoporous polydiphenylsiloxane (PDPS), and nanoporous polymethylvinylsiloxane (PMVS). It may consist of porous silicone-based materials such as nanoporous polyoctylmethylsiloxane (POMS) and nanoporous poly(dimethylsiloxane-co-ethylene oxide) (PDMS-PEO), and / or certain nanoporous silicones and / or porous silicone nanostructures, and nanoporous polysiloxane-polyimide block copolymers, nanoporous polysiloxane-polycarbonate block copolymers, and / or nanoporous polysiloxane-polyether block copolymers may also be intended for use.

[0168] In certain embodiments, gas-permeable polymers are characterized by a rigid, strained, or twisted macromolecular backbone that creates multiple microvoids within the material structure. In certain embodiments, porous barrier layers may include intrinsically microporous (PIM) polymers characterized by a continuous network of interconnected voids having a width ranging from 1 to several tens of nanometers. These voids are typically formed by strained condensed ring arrangements interrupted by spirocenters.

[0169] In certain embodiments, increasing the hydrophobicity of any porous layer of the composite film can increase the liquid inflow pressure of the composite film and / or individual layers of the composite film. Liquid inflow pressure represents the pressure required to force the liquid into the pores and through the material.

[0170] In certain embodiments, composite membranes comprising a non-porous or high-density barrier layer may include, but are not limited to, any suitable gas-permeable material, including: poly(ethylene oxide), poly(butylene terephthalate), or poly(ethylene oxide), poly(butylene terephthalate) block copolymer (PEO-PBT) (e.g., 1000PEO40PBT60), silicones, polysiloxanes (e.g., polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)), fluorosilicones, organosilicones, silica-modified polymers, vinyl methylsiloxane (VMQ), phenylvinyl methylsiloxane (PVMQ), silicone oxide polymers, sulfonated polyether ether ketones (SPEEK), aminoorganicsilanes such as gamma-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (γ-APS), but are not limited to, cellulose (including vegetable cellulose and bacterial cellulose), polyimide, polyamide, cellulose acetate (celluloid), nitrocellulose, and cellulose esters.In addition, polycarbonate (PC), polyphenylene oxide (PPO), polymethylpentene (PMP), polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), ethylenetetrafluoroethylene (ETFE), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), polyurethane (PU), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polyetherimide (PEI), polyethersulfone (PES), polyacrylonitrile (PAN), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), ethylene vinyl alcohol (EVOH), thermoplastic elastomer (TPE), polylactic acid (PLA), polyhydroxyalkanoic acid (PHA), polycaprolactone (PCL), thermoplastic starch blend, polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), polybenzimidazole (PBI), polyethere -Telketone (PEEK), polysulfone (PSU), polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), polyoxymethylene (POM), polyisobutylene (PIB), polyisoprene (PI), polyacrylate (PA), polyvinyl acetate (PVAc), polybutadiene (PB), polychloroprene (CR), polyvinyl butyral (PVB), fluoroelastomer (FKM), hydrogenated nitrile butadiene rubber (HNBR), ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM), acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), polyphenylene oxide (PPO), polyphenylene sulfide (PPS), liquid crystal polymer (LCP), chlorinated polyethylene (CPE), poly(1-butene) (PB-1), and polytetramethylene ether glycol (PTMEG) are also intended for use.

[0171] In certain embodiments, the non-porous barrier layer within the composite film may be composed of a polysiloxane-based material. Polysiloxanes can be further optimized by chemical and / or mechanical modifications to enhance the performance of the composite film. Such modifications can, among other things, improve the gas selectivity and / or gas permeation flux of desired gases, such as carbon dioxide and / or oxygen. Thanks to Si-O bonding to the polymer structure, which facilitates higher bond rotation, enhances chain mobility, and thereby increases the level of permeability, polysiloxanes have been found to be good candidates for gas-permeable films. Polysiloxane elastomers (such as silicone rubber) are also flexible, UV-resistant, and elastic materials.

[0172] Furthermore, in a preferred embodiment, the composite film comprising a non-porous barrier layer may include a polysiloxane, optionally an optimized polysiloxane.These materials are, but are not limited to, polytrifluoropropylmethylsiloxane (PTFPMS), polydiphenylsiloxane (PDPS), polymethylvinylsiloxane (PMVS), polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), polyphenylmethylsiloxane (PPMS), polymethylphenylsiloxane (PMPS), polydiphenylsiloxane (PDPS), polymethylhydrosiloxane (PMHS), polyoctylmethylsiloxane (POMS), poly(dimethylsiloxane-co-ethylene oxide) (PDMS-PEO), polysiloxane Xan-polyimide block copolymer, polysiloxane-polycarbonate block copolymer, polysiloxane-polyether block copolymer, polyurethane-siloxane copolymer, polysiloxane-polystyrene copolymer, polysiloxane-acrylic copolymer, polysiloxane-epoxy copolymer, polysiloxane-polyamide copolymer, polysiloxane-polyurea copolymer, polysiloxane-polyester copolymer, polysiloxane-polyaniline copolymer, polysiloxane-polypyrrole copolymer, fluorosilicone rubber (FVMQ), silico Poly(dimethylsiloxane-co-phenylsiloxane), poly(dimethylsiloxane-co-phenylsiloxane), poly(dimethylsiloxane-co-phenylsiloxane), poly(dimethylsiloxane-co-phenylsiloxane), poly(dimethylsiloxane-co-phenylsiloxane), poly(dimethylsiloxane-co-phenylsiloxane), poly(dimethylsiloxane-co-phenylsiloxane), poly(dimethylsiloxane-co-phenylsiloxane), poly(dimethylsiloxane-co-phenylsiloxane), poly(dimethylsiloxane-co-phenylsiloxane), poly(dimethylsiloxane-co-phenylsiloxane), This may include polysiloxanes such as methylphenylsiloxane, poly(dimethylsiloxane-co-methylhydrosiloxane), poly(dimethylsiloxane-co-trifluoropropylmethylsiloxane), poly(dimethylsiloxane-co-diphenylsiloxane), polysiloxane-elastomer blends, polysiloxane-thermoplastic blends, silica-reinforced polysiloxanes, and / or other polysiloxane elastomers, graphene-based films, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), carbon nanotubes, and / or related materials.

[0173] Furthermore, the properties of the polysiloxane elastomer used in certain embodiments of the present invention are not limited to the molar mass (M) of the polymer chain. m ), the degree of dispersion in the polymer (the degree of dispersion of the ratio of weight-average molar mass to number-average molar mass), the temperature and duration of heat treatment during curing, the ratio of crosslinking agent to polysiloxane elastomer, the chemical composition of the crosslinking agent, and various end groups (but not limited to methyl-, hydroxy-, and vinyl-terminated elastomers) that can influence how the end-bonded polysiloxane structure is formed during crosslinking and / or coating can be optimized through chemical, mechanical, and process-driven interventions.

[0174] In one embodiment, the composite film or any layer of the composite film comprises an optimized polysiloxane, preferably optically transparent, translucent, or opaque, and / or highly resistant to UV irradiation, without impeding the permeability of a desired gas across the composite film.

[0175] In certain embodiments, a non-porous barrier layer within a composite membrane may be more effective than a porous layer in maintaining impermeability to liquids. In such embodiments, after prolonged use under pressure, the continuous structure and / or surface of the non-porous layer provides a robust barrier that more effectively prevents liquid infiltration than a porous layer. In addition, in other embodiments, in environments where biofilm formation is likely to occur, the non-porous barrier layer may offer significant advantages with respect to biofilms. Furthermore, biofilms can develop within the pores of a porous membrane, potentially compromising the integrity of the porous membrane and increasing the risk of leakage. In contrast, a non-porous barrier layer does not provide the same scaffolding for biofilms, maintaining the impermeability of the non-porous barrier layer and ensuring consistent gas permeability performance.

[0176] In certain embodiments, the composite membrane may include an intermediate layer that may contain non-porous and / or porous materials to facilitate the permeation of the desired gas. In preferred embodiments, the composite membrane having a porous intermediate layer may include, but is not limited to, any polyolefin such as polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), polybutene-1 (PB-1), and polyisobutylene (PIB); any fluoropolymer such as polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), ethylene tetrafluoroethylene (ETFE), polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), fluoroelastomer (FKM), and fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP); polyethylene terephthalate (PET); and polymilk Any polyester such as polyacid (PLA), polyhydroxyalkanoic acid (PHA), polycaprolactone (PCL), any polyamide such as nylon 6,6 (PA6,6), nylon 6 (PA6), nylon 11 (PA11), any polyimide (PI) such as thermoplastic PI, any polycarbonate and polyphenylene compound such as polycarbonate (PC), polyphenylene oxide (PPO), polyphenylene sulfide (PPS), any polyurethane such as thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU), polyether Any polyether such as ruether ketone (PEEK), polyoxymethylene (POM), polytetramethylene ether glycol (PTMEG), any polyacrylate such as polyacrylonitrile (PAN), any vinyl polymer such as polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), polyvinyl acetate (PVAc), polyvinyl butyral (PVB), any styrene resin such as polystyrene (PSy), acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), cellulose acetate Any cellulose derivatives such as (celluloid), nitrocellulose, and cellulose esters; any polyethers such as polyethersulfone (PES) and polyetherimide (PEI); any elastomers such as thermoplastic elastomer (TPE), polychloroprene (CR), hydrogenated nitrile butadiene rubber (HNBR), and ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM); polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), polymethylpentene (PMP), polyvinylidene chloride (PVDC), and polyisoprene (PyI);Polyacrylamide (PAM), polyethylene oxide (PEO), polystyrene sulfonate (PSS), polyoxymethylene (POM), poly(1-butene) (PB-1), polyvinyl formal (PVF), polyvinyl methyl ether (PVME), polyvinyl methyl ketone (PVMK), polytriazole (PTA), polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), polybenzimidazole (PBI), liquid crystal polymer (LCP), polyethylene chloride (CPE), polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), ethylene vinyl alcohol (EVOH), polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), polyethylene This includes polymers such as polyvinyl phthalate (PEN), polyvinyl fluoride (PVF), polyvinyl butyral (PVB), polypropylene carbonate (PPC), polyphthalamide (PPA), polybenzoxazole (PBO), polyoxyethylene (POE), polyvinylidene chloride (PVDC), polychlorotrifluoroethylene (PCTFE), ethylene chlorotrifluoroethylene (ECTFE), perfluoroalkoxy (PFA), tetrafluoroethylene-hexafluoropropylene-vinylidene (THV), and any other polymers, as well as related materials.

[0177] In certain embodiments, the composite membrane comprising a porous interlayer may comprise, but is not limited to, a thin metal foil, such as aluminum or stainless steel, which can provide excellent barrier properties, mechanical strength, and resistance to high temperatures and corrosive environments. In certain embodiments, the porous interlayer may comprise a glass fiber mat, which can provide high chemical resistance and channeling prevention, and can act as an additional or sole reinforcing layer for the membrane. In preferred embodiments, the porous interlayer may comprise a nonwoven fabric made of synthetic fibers (such as polyester, rayon, spandex, or acrylic fibers) or natural fibers (such as cotton, jute, hemp, linen, wool, or silk), which can provide better mass transfer management capabilities while maintaining structural integrity. In one embodiment, the porous interlayer may comprise any combination of the materials described above. For example, a combination of polymer and fabric, or a combination of polymer and metal foil, which can provide enhanced performance and enhanced specific functionality.

[0178] Furthermore, in certain embodiments, the composite film comprising a non-porous intermediate layer may include a polysiloxane, optionally an optimized polysiloxane.These materials are, but are not limited to, polytrifluoropropylmethylsiloxane (PTFPMS), polydiphenylsiloxane (PDPS), polymethylvinylsiloxane (PMVS), polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), polyphenylmethylsiloxane (PPMS), polymethylphenylsiloxane (PMPS), polydiphenylsiloxane (PDPS), polymethylhydrosiloxane (PMHS), polyoctylmethylsiloxane (POMS), and poly(dimethylsiloxane-co-ethylene oxide) (PDMS-P Polysiloxane-polyimide block copolymer, polysiloxane-polycarbonate block copolymer, polysiloxane-polyether block copolymer, polyurethane-siloxane copolymer, polysiloxane-polystyrene copolymer, polysiloxane-acrylic copolymer, polysiloxane-epoxy copolymer, polysiloxane-polyamide copolymer, polysiloxane-polyurea copolymer, polysiloxane-polyester copolymer, polysiloxane-polyaniline copolymer, polysiloxane-polypyrrole copolymer, fluorosiloxane Lycorn rubber (FVMQ), silicone-polypropylene glycol block copolymer, silicone-polyacrylate block copolymer, amino-functionalized polysiloxane, carboxy-functionalized polysiloxane, hydroxy-functionalized polysiloxane, alkoxy-functionalized polysiloxane, vinyl-functionalized polysiloxane, phenyl-functionalized polysiloxane, silanol-terminated polysiloxane, epoxy-functionalized polysiloxane, methacrylate-functionalized polysiloxane, ethyl acrylate-functionalized polysiloxane, poly(dimethylsiloxane-co-phenyl This may include polysiloxanes such as lusiloxane, poly(dimethylsiloxane-co-methylphenylsiloxane), poly(dimethylsiloxane-co-methylhydrosiloxane), poly(dimethylsiloxane-co-trifluoropropylmethylsiloxane), poly(dimethylsiloxane-co-diphenylsiloxane), polysiloxane-elastomer blends, polysiloxane-thermoplastic blends, silica-reinforced polysiloxanes, and / or other polysiloxane elastomers, as well as / or related thereto.In other embodiments, the non-porous intermediate layer may include, but are not limited to, chemically modified materials and / or mechanically modified materials, including those described above.

[0179] The properties of composite films can be adapted by adjusting the composition, thickness, and morphology of the different layers, making them versatile and effective tools for transmission applications. Due to the composite structure of composite films, such films may often be considered partially transparent (e.g., translucent or semi-transparent) and not completely transparent to light, which is why such films have previously been generally considered unsuitable for use in photobioreactor systems. However, advances in materials science and materials engineering have opened up the feasibility of developing gas-permeable composite films that can be highly translucent and / or nearly transparent. In certain embodiments, by optimizing the material selection, arrangement, and physical properties of the individual layers of the composite film, it is possible to fabricate the composite film to maintain or even enhance its functional performance while enabling significant light transmission.

[0180] In certain embodiments, the composite film may be any polyolefin such as polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), polybutene-1 (PB-1), polyisobutylene (PIB), any fluoropolymer such as polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), ethylenetetrafluoroethylene (ETFE), polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), fluoroelastomer (FKM), or any polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polylactic acid (PLA), polyhydroxyalkanoic acid (PHA), polycaprolactone (PCL), etc. Any polyamide such as polyester, nylon 6,6 (PA6,6), nylon 6 (PA6), nylon 11 (PA11), any polyimide (PI) such as thermoplastic PI, any polycarbonate and polyphenylene compounds such as polycarbonate (PC), polyphenylene oxide (PPO), polyphenylene sulfide (PPS), any polyurethane such as thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU), any polyether ether ketone (PEEK), polyoxymethylene (POM), polytetramethylene ether glycol (PTMEG), etc. Any polyacrylate such as polyethers and polyacrylonitrile (PAN), any vinyl polymer such as polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), polyvinyl acetate (PVAc), and polyvinyl butyral (PVB), any styrene resins such as polystyrene (PSy) and acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), any cellulose derivatives such as cellulose acetate (celluloid), nitrocellulose, and cellulose esters, any polyethersulfone (PES) and polyetherimide (PEI) Any elastomer such as lyether, thermoplastic elastomer (TPE), polychloroprene (CR), hydrogenated nitrile butadiene rubber (HNBR), ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM), polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), polymethylpentene (PMP), polyvinylidene chloride (PVDC), polyisoprene (PyI), polyacrylamide (PAM), polyethylene oxide (PEO), polystyrene sulfonate (PSS), polyoxymethylene (POM), poly(1-butene) (PB-1), polyvinyl formal (PVF),The device comprises a reinforcing layer (generally porous) which may be composed of polymers such as polyvinyl methyl ether (PVME), polyvinyl methyl ketone (PVMK), polytriazole (PTA), polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), polybenzimidazole (PBI), liquid crystal polymer (LCP), polyethylene chloride (CPE), polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), ethylene vinyl alcohol (EVOH), polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), polyethylene naphthalate (PEN), polyvinyl fluoride (PVF), polyvinyl butyral (PVB), polypropylene carbonate (PPC), polyphthalamide (PPA), polybenzoxazole (PBO), polyoxyethylene (POE), polyvinylidene chloride (PVDC), and related materials.

[0181] In certain embodiments, the reinforcing layer of the composite film may include, but are not limited to, porous ceramic materials such as alumina (Al2O3) or zirconia (ZrO2), which can serve as a high-temperature resistant, chemically stable, and mechanically tough reinforcing layer. In certain embodiments, the reinforcing layer may include, but are not limited to, metal / alloy screens or meshes made of materials such as aluminum, stainless steel, or other corrosion-resistant metals, or carbon fiber or glass fiber (fabric) mats, which can provide a robust support, good gas transfer distribution, dimensional stability, chemical resistance, and high mechanical strength. Furthermore, the reinforcing layer may include mats of synthetic (artificial) and / or natural fibers or filaments having a nonwoven and / or woven orientation. In other embodiments, the reinforcing layer may include nonwoven fabrics made of synthetic fibers (but are not limited to polyester, rayon, spandex, or acrylic fibers) or natural fibers (but are not limited to cotton, jute, hemp, linen, wool, or silk). In one embodiment, the reinforcing layer may include any combination of the aforementioned materials that can provide enhanced mechanical properties and specific functionalities.

[0182] In certain embodiments, the composite film may be flexible, meaning it may contain a durable material that can be bent or deformed without breaking or creasing. Flexibility determines its ability to withstand deformation under various harsh conditions. For example, some polymers, such as silicone rubber, have high elasticity and can be stretched or compressed without permanent deformation, making these polymers particularly durable.

[0183] Furthermore, in preferred embodiments, the reinforcing layer may provide adaptability in the context of sufficient mechanical properties, material compatibility, and / or ease of processing of the liquid-containing compartment. Similarly, the reinforcing layer within the composite film may be composed of a material that may include a combination of strength, pore size, porosity, and uniformity of pore distribution.

[0184] In certain embodiments, the composite film and / or the reinforcing layer provided within the composite film may preferably have a yield strength of about 10,000 MPa or less, for example, about 1,000 MPa, 500 MPa, about 250 MPa, about 200 MPa, about 150 MPa, about 100 MPa, about 50 MPa, about 40 MPa, about 30 MPa, about 20 MPa, about 10 MPa, about 5 MPa, about 4 MPa, about 3 MPa, about 2 MPa, about 1 MPa, about 0.5 MPa, and typically about 0.1 MPa or less. The composite film and / or reinforcing layer provided within the composite film may preferably have a yield strength of at least 0.01 MPa, at least 0.1 MPa, at least 0.5 MPa, at least 1 MPa, at least 2 MPa, at least 3 MPa, at least 4 MPa, at least 5 MPa, at least 10 MPa, at least 20 MPa, at least 30 MPa, at least 40 MPa, at least 50 MPa, at least 60 MPa, at least 70 MPa, at least 80 MPa, at least 90 MPa, at least 100 MPa, at least 200 MPa, at least 500 MPa, and typically at least 1000 MPa.

[0185] In certain embodiments, any layer of the composite film may include additives and / or combinations of additives incorporated into various compositions adapted to meet specific antibiofilm requirements. Some of these additives include, but are not limited to, materials such as zinc (Zn), silver (Ag), copper (Cu), ammonium compounds, natural essential oil compounds, chitosan, bismuth subsalicylate, and related materials.

[0186] The film or composite film can be fabricated by any method known in the art. Typically, the film or composite film can be fabricated through a multi-step process that depends on specific manufacturing processes, which may vary depending on the type of gas transfer or mass transfer composite film, the materials used, and the intended application. Optimization and customization of the manufacturing process are often required to achieve the desired film properties and performance. Typically, a composite film fabrication process may involve the following steps: 1. Material Selection: Selecting appropriate materials for the barrier layer, reinforcing layer, intermediate layer, and any additional layers, including but not limited to protective intermediate layers or coatings, is crucial for the overall stability and performance of the film. This material may possess the desired gas transfer or mass transfer properties, liquid barrier properties, mechanical strength, chemical resistance, and biocompatibility. 2. Substrate preparation: Prepare a substrate or reinforcing layer that can form a base that provides structural support to the film and on which additional layers can be coated. This may involve surface cleaning, treatment, or modification to enhance adhesion and compatibility with other layers. 3. Layer deposition: This step involves depositing an additional layer (but not limited to an intermediate layer or barrier layer) onto the prepared substrate. This can be achieved through various techniques such as casting, solution casting, coating, spin coating, immersion coating, deposition, vapor deposition, or electrochemical deposition. The barrier layer material is typically applied in liquid form and then cured or solidified to form a thin film or high-density film, or an ultrathin high-density coating. 4. Additional layer deposition: If necessary, additional layers, such as additional intermediate layers, protective intermediate layers, or coatings, may be applied to enhance the performance or functionality of the film. These layers may be deposited using techniques similar to those mentioned in the preceding step. 5. Layer bonding: When a composite film consists of multiple layers, the different layers can be bonded together using appropriate methods such as lamination, thermal pressing, or adhesive bonding. This can ensure the integrity and stability of the composite structure and / or the individual layers. 6. Post-processing: After the layers are assembled, the film may undergo post-processing, such as curing, drying, annealing, surface modification, or chemical modification, to improve the film's properties or to enumerate specific functionalities, durability, or performance. 7. Quality Control: Manufactured membranes undergo quality control checks to ensure dimensional stability, precision, gas transfer performance, mechanical strength, and other desired properties. These quality control checks may involve testing the membranes under specific operating conditions to evaluate their gas permeability, selectivity, and durability.

[0187] In certain embodiments, solution coating techniques such as immersion coating can be employed to produce composite films having an ultrathin layer or multiple ultrathin layers on any suitable layer (such as a reinforcing layer or intermediate layer). Immersion coating involves immersing a suitable layer acting as a “substrate” in a polymer solution, allowing the polymer solution to uniformly coat the surface. Generally, the selected polymer is diluted in a polymer solution homogenized in a water-insoluble solvent. As the substrate is withdrawn, a thin film / thin layer is formed, and then the layer solidifies due to solvent evaporation, resulting in a thin polymer layer on the substrate. This method is versatile and can be adapted to achieve specific properties by adjusting the polymer concentration in the solution and coating parameters. Post-treatment steps such as crosslinking or surface modification can further enhance the mechanical, chemical, and functional properties of the coated layer, optimizing the composite film for various applications.

[0188] In certain embodiments, dip coating may be used to produce composite films, including, but not limited to, ultrathin barrier layer composite films. Dip coating is particularly advantageous for producing ultrathin barrier layers due to its ability to produce a consistent and precise coating with high permeability. In some embodiments, but not limited to, post-treatment methods such as crosslinking, annealing, or surface modification can be applied to the dip-coated layer to further enhance the mechanical strength, chemical resistance, and functional properties of the dip-coated layer, thereby improving the performance and durability of the composite film.

[0189] Furthermore, techniques such as solution casting can be used to produce porous or micro / nanoporous barrier layers and / or any intermediate layers and / or any other layers that facilitate the functionality of the overall composite film in the intended use of the composite film. This technique involves preparing a polymer solution by dissolving a polymer in a suitable solvent and then casting the solution onto a flat substrate (e.g., onto any layer constituting the composite film) to form a uniform film. When the polymer solution is subjected to drying, the solvent evaporates and the polymer solidifies, resulting in a film with a porous structure. The pore size and pore distribution can be finely tuned, among other things, by adjusting the concentration of the polymer solution, the casting rate, and the solvent evaporation rate.

[0190] In certain embodiments, a solution casting method may be used to produce composite films, including, but not limited to, micro / nanoporous barrier layer composite films. In some embodiments, post-treatment steps such as thermal annealing, solvent vapor exposure, or surface modification may be applied to the cast polymer layer to further enhance the mechanical strength, chemical resistance, and functional properties of the cast polymer layer, thereby improving the overall performance of the composite film.

[0191] In addition, techniques such as “electrospinning” can be used in certain embodiments to produce any individual layers to be provided within a membrane and / or composite membrane. The term electrospinning refers to a versatile technique that can produce porous films or layers having fine fibers (both nanofiber and microfiber dimensions). The process begins with the preparation of a polymer solution by dissolving the polymer in a suitable solvent, with respect to the compatibility of the composite membrane. This solution is then loaded into a syringe connected to a metal needle or spinneret. An electric field is generated by applying a high voltage to the needle. As the voltage is increased, droplets of the polymer solution form at the tip of the needle and eventually stretch into a conical shape known as a “Taylor cone.” When the electric field strength reaches a critical point, a charged jet of the polymer solution is released from the Taylor cone, and the jet, through stretching and whipping motion, results in the formation of ultrathin polymer fibers. These fibers are collected on a grounded collector or an inversely charged collector to form a mat or film or layer of nonwoven fabric. During the process, the solvent in the polymer solution evaporates, solidifying the fibers and forming a porous structure. The resulting electrospun porous film or layer has a high surface area-to-volume ratio and an interconnected pore structure, making it suitable for a wide range of applications, such as those in the present invention (mass transfer, gas transfer). Optimization of electrospinning parameters and material selection are often necessary to achieve the desired form, porosity, and performance for specific applications.

[0192] In certain embodiments, post-treatment steps, such as crosslinking, annealing, or surface modification, may be applied to the electrospun porous film structure to enhance its mechanical and / or chemical and / or functional properties (e.g., hydrophobicity). These additional treatments can further adapt the performance and characteristics of specific individual layers or the composite film as a whole. In certain embodiments, electrospinning may be used to first produce a reinforcing layer (including, but not limited to, materials such as PMMA, ETFE, and PSy microporous structures), and then any intermediate layer may be electrospinned similarly on this already electrospinned reinforcing layer (including, but not limited to, materials such as PVDF, PTFE, and micro / nanoporous structures). Furthermore, in preferred embodiments, the bonded electrospinned intermediate and reinforcing layers may be coated and / or cast and / or sprayed and / or treated and / or thereby deposited with layers / multiple layers of a suitable material of a desired thickness to form a barrier layer for the composite film.

[0193] In certain embodiments, nanocomposite materials may be used to fabricate gas-permeable membrane materials and / or any layer of a composite membrane. Nanomaterials and nanostructures mixed with membrane materials can be used to increase the permeability of the membrane material, e.g., siloxane filled with nanoclay. Despite large nanolayer aspect ratios, the gas permeability of nanocomposite materials remains high, although it has been found that nanoclay (nanoparticles of layered mineral silicates) provides substantial polymer reinforcement. The random orientation of the clay nanolayers in the polymer matrix is ​​the cause of the lack of effective gas barrier properties, thereby enhancing the gas permeability of the polymer matrix.

[0194] Generally, cellulose, or plant cellulose, or bacterial cellulose can be used to create any layer of a membrane or composite membrane. These materials are inherently hydrophilic, meaning they have a high affinity for water. However, it may be possible to modify cellulose to make it hydrophobic by introducing hydrophobic groups or coatings onto its surface. Some of the methods used to make cellulose hydrophobic may be as follows: These methods may involve chemical modification, which may involve treating cellulose with a hydrophobic agent or functional group. This chemical modification can be achieved by using reagents that react with hydroxyl groups on the cellulose and introduce hydrophobic substituents. For example, in certain embodiments of the present invention, a reaction with an alkyl halide or silane may introduce a hydrophobic alkyl chain or silane group onto the cellulose surface, resulting in a hydrophobic surface. Another approach may be to apply a hydrophobic coating to the surface of the cellulose. This hydrophobic coating may be done by using a water-repellent hydrophobic polymer or coating. In certain embodiments of the present invention, a hydrophobic coating may be applied to the cellulose surface by employing techniques such as dipping coating, spray coating, or electrostatic deposition. Furthermore, plasma treatment, which may involve exposing cellulose to a low-pressure plasma environment, can also be used. This plasma treatment can modify the surface properties of cellulose, including making it more hydrophobic. Plasma treatment can also increase hydrophobicity by introducing functional groups or rearranging the surface structure. In addition, a thin hydrophobic layer can be deposited on the cellulose surface using vapor deposition techniques such as chemical vapor deposition (CVD) or plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD). This method may allow for precise control of the thickness and composition of the hydrophobic layer.

[0195] In another embodiment, the composite membrane contains bacterial cellulose. Although bacterial cellulose has the same molecular formula as plant cellulose, it possesses significantly different polymeric properties and characteristics. Generally, bacterial cellulose is more chemically pure and contains neither hemicellulose nor lignin. Furthermore, bacterial cellulose can be produced on a variety of substrates and, due to its high moldability during formation, can be grown into virtually any shape. In addition, bacterial cellulose has a more crystalline structure compared to plant cellulose, forming characteristic thin, ribbon-like microfibrils, which are significantly smaller than those of plant cellulose, making bacterial cellulose far more porous. Those skilled in the art will recognize several bacterial systems designed to optimize cellulose production, such as the cellulose biosynthetic systems of the genera Acetobacter, Azotobacter, Rhizobium, Pseudomonas, Salmonella, and Alcaligenes, which can be expressed in, for example, E. coli. Bacterial cellulose can be treated such that the surface of the bacterial cellulose provides a chemical interface that allows for bonding with molecules.

[0196] In a preferred embodiment, the liquid-containing compartment is provided in the form of a tube, pipe, hose, or any other suitable elongated form, including the length of a continuous composite membrane of a gas-permeable material fused to a second wall. Typically, in a particular embodiment, such an elongated tube or hose arrangement has a substantially uniform cross-sectional inner diameter over at least a large portion of the length of the arrangement, and optionally over the entire length of the arrangement. This cross-sectional profile may (but not necessarily) be round or circular, or it may be elliptical, oval, or a rounded polygon such as a square or rectangle. Preferably, the cross-section has no internal blind ends, sharp corners, edges, and other gaps. In other words, in a particular embodiment, for at least a large portion of the length of the bioreactor, the internal profile of the inner diameter of the liquid-containing compartment is substantially uniform with a substantially smooth surface. The interface between the bioreactor unit and the connector may include some small gaps and voids without compromising the overall uniformity of the liquid-containing compartment in the bioreactor system. End reinforcement can be used to reinforce the end portions of the liquid-containing compartment by having thicker walls or stronger materials attached to reinforce areas where the composite membrane layer contacts connectors for connecting the composite membrane layer to adjacent inlet / outlet lines or other bioreactor units. If necessary, similar reinforcement can be applied along the underside of the composite membrane layer. This reinforcement can be done in any preferred way, for example, by attaching a thicker layer of the same composite membrane material (e.g., using an adhesive method), or by attaching a stronger and / or thicker material, such as a flexible inelastic polymer or a thicker mesh, or by using more layers of thermosetting silicone adhesive tape, or by using more layers of self-curing (or UV-curing) silicone adhesive, or by adding microporous material sheets and / or films to the outside of the composite membrane layer (i.e., the side communicating with the chamber atmosphere).

[0197] In certain embodiments, the first and second walls may be joined or bonded to form a liquid-containing compartment. In the area where the walls are joined, and in certain sections of the first wall (i.e., the composite membrane), the individual layers of the composite membrane may be fused together to seal the pores of any porous layers of the composite material, e.g., intermediate layers and / or barrier layers. This process is performed to prevent liquid loss from the liquid-containing compartment through the porous layers of the composite material and to ensure a completely liquid-tight seal. In preferred embodiments, the process can also strengthen the connections between the individual layers of the composite material, reinforcing these areas and reducing the possibility of delamination over time. This fusion can be achieved by the application of adhesives and / or heat treatment and / or pressure treatment.

[0198] The first and second walls, i.e., the composite film layer and the second wall, may be joined and / or bonded by any of the following methods, but are not limited to: 1. Bonding: The first and second walls may be joined together using an adhesive that is fully food-grade or at least biocompatible, as can be done within embodiments of the present invention. Similarly, such an adhesive interface may also exist between the phases of the first and second walls in the form of an adhesive tape or double-sided adhesive tape. In certain embodiments of the present invention, a pressure-sensitive adhesive (PSA) tape may be used between the first and second walls, the PSA being a tape having an adhesive coating on one side that, when pressure is applied, adheres these tapes to a film or surface or material. Since these tapes can be easily applied and removed without leaving any residue or requiring additional curing time, these tapes can provide a simple and effective method for joining films. In addition, after application, the interface may be cured using heat-pressing techniques, or spontaneously cured at room temperature, or spontaneously cured at a specific temperature, or cured after irradiation with UV light (light including ultraviolet wavelengths) or other suitable wavelengths of light, or cured by the use of heat or pressure alone. In certain embodiments of the present invention, either a one-component or two-component epoxy may be used between the first and second walls. Furthermore, the epoxy may be adapted to cure at various rates and under various conditions, allowing for flexibility in the manufacturing and application processes. As used herein, the terms “adhesive interface” or “glue interface” also include the use of an amorphous (non-vulcanized) polymer that can bond the two walls by heat or humidified press. As used herein, the related terms “glue interface,” “adhesive,” and “adhesive interface” are synonymous, and the three terms can be used interchangeably. 2. Heat Pressing: The terms “heat pressing,” “hot pressing,” “thermal welding,” or “thermal sealing” used in the embodiments refer to the process of joining two materials, namely the first and second walls, by the application of heat, pressure, and temperature. Those skilled in the art will be familiar with suitable heat pressing techniques for this application. The exact temperature, pressure, surface treatment method, and duration (hours) required to join the first and second wall portions together will depend on the specific materials contained in the two components. 3. Mechanical Joining: In certain embodiments, the first and second walls may be mechanically clamped and / or crimped together using certain devices, but not limited to, clamps, clips, rails, crimps, or frames. Such methods apply pressure to firmly hold the walls in place and produce a temporary or permanent joint, depending on the configuration. Furthermore, the walls may be designed with interlocking mechanisms, such as hooks, loops, or tabs, that allow the walls to be mechanically joined together as a single unit. Those skilled in the art will be familiar with such interlocking features, which can provide a secure and cost-effective connection and may include, but not limited to, attributes such as closures, fasteners, or mounting points. In certain embodiments, mounting points may be applied using special tools or equipment that provide a secure and / or reversible method of joining or sealing the walls, which allows for manual or, when or where necessary, easy disassembly. In addition, gaskets can be utilized, typically made of elastomer materials such as rubber or silicone, which can provide a compressible and flexible sealing interface between the two walls. In a mechanically clamping context, gaskets can be used to create a seal and fix this seal in place. In certain embodiments, the gasket material may be selected based on its compatibility with the first and second walls, as well as the specific application of the invention. The gasket may be flexible enough to conform to the irregularities of the two wall surfaces and provide a reliable seal, while at the same time having sufficient strength and resilience to maintain the clamping force. In certain embodiments of the invention, clamping or fixing means may be integrated into one or more walls of the chamber. In these embodiments, the chamber may provide a surface or support for fixing a liquid-containable compartment on top, and in the same joint assembly, the first wall may seal to the second wall of the liquid-containable compartment, and the liquid-containable compartment may seal to the chamber. 4. Ultrasonic Welding (USW): The term “ultrasonic welding” refers to a process or technique used to join two walls together (within the embodiments) using high-frequency vibrations. Ultrasonic welding offers several advantages for joining polymer materials, or films, or surfaces, or porous membranes. Ultrasonic welding can enable high welding speeds, precise control of the welding process and geometric shape, and the ability to produce strong and consistent bonds. Ultrasonic welding is a non-contact method that does not require the use of adhesives or additional materials, resulting in a clean and visually aesthetic weld. However, the suitability of ultrasonic welding depends on the compatibility of these polymers or materials with the specific polymers or materials contained within each of the two walls, and with process parameters such as frequency, amplitude, and pressure. Several parameters play a crucial role in the ultrasonic welding process and affect the welding results. Proper parameter selection and control ensure consistent and reliable welding in the ultrasonic welding process. Some of the important parameters are described below: • Frequency: The term "frequency" refers to the number of vibrations per second, typically ranging from 20 to 70 kHz. Higher frequencies provide finer vibrations, which can result in better precision and smaller weld sizes between two walls. However, higher frequencies may require lower amplitudes and may be more sensitive to variations in material thickness. • Amplitude: The term "amplitude" refers to the maximum displacement of a vibrating tool or sonotrode. Amplitude can directly affect the energy delivered to the first and second walls during welding. Generally, higher amplitude can result in stronger welding, but excessive amplitude can cause material damage or inconsistent welding. Amplitude can be selected based on material properties and the desired welding strength between the two walls. • Pressure: In the context of ultrasonic welding, the term "pressure" refers to the force applied between materials or between two walls during welding. Pressure can ensure proper contact and promote intermolecular diffusion for effective bonding. The optimal pressure depends on the type, thickness, and surface conditions of the materials; insufficient pressure can result in weak or incomplete welding, while excessive pressure can lead to deformation or damage of the materials. • Welding Time: The term "welding time" refers to the duration of vibration and pressure applied to create a bond between two walls. Welding time depends on factors such as the type and thickness of the material and the desired bond strength. Welding time can be determined based on having a sufficient window for proper energy transfer, melting, and bonding on the material surface. Too short a welding time may result in a weak bond, while too long a welding time may, overall, cause excessive heating and degradation of the material contained within the two walls or within each of the walls. • Tool design and contact area: The shape and design of the sonotrode, actuator, or vibrating tool that applies vibration to each wall affects the distribution of energy and pressure during welding. The contact area between the tool and the material must be optimized for effective energy transfer and uniform bonding. • Cooling and solidification: Once the desired bond is formed between the two walls, a specific pressure value is maintained for a short period to cool and solidify the bonded interface. • Material properties: The material properties of the two walls, including melting temperature, thermal conductivity, and viscoelastic behavior, affect the ultrasonic welding process. Different or dissimilar materials require different process parameters to achieve optimal weld strength and quality.

[0199] It is important to take these parameters into consideration and to optimize them for each specific application and material combination within the embodiments of the present invention. 5. Unconventional Welding Techniques: In certain embodiments of the present invention, but not limited to them, the first and second walls may be joined using other unconventional welding methods such as "high-frequency welding" and "solvent welding." "High-frequency (RF) welding," also known as "dielectric welding," refers to the process of joining or bonding thermoplastic materials using electromagnetic energy. High-frequency welding involves generating a high-frequency electric field between two electrodes, causing polar molecules in the thermoplastic material to vibrate rapidly and generate heat. This heat softens and melts the contact surfaces, which then press together to form a strong bond. The materials cool and solidify, resulting in a durable and consistent bond. RF welding can provide fast cycle times and strong bonds, and in certain embodiments of the present invention, it is suitable for joining large or irregularly shaped components or surfaces, or walls. Specific equipment and parameters may vary based on the materials contained within the two walls and the desired bond strength. In addition, "solvent welding (SW)" refers to a process or technique used to join thermoplastic materials by applying a chemical solvent that softens the surfaces and fuses them together as a single unit. This process involves surface preparation, selection of a compatible solvent, application of the solvent to the surface, positional alignment of the softened areas, application of pressure to the softened areas, evaporation of the solvent, and solidification of the joint. Solvent welding can produce strong, seamless bonds in materials such as acrylic, polyvinyl chloride (PVC), and polystyrene. Factors such as solvent selection, surface preparation, and proper assembly techniques contribute to the success of solvent welding between two walls in a particular embodiment. When working with solvents, aspects such as a clean workspace, safety precautions, and proper ventilation are also important.

[0200] Fabricating heterogeneous polymers compatible with processes such as adhesive bonding and / or ultrasonic welding and / or other described bonding techniques can be challenging because the process may require, or depend on, molecular interdiffusion and chain entanglement between polymer materials contained within both walls. However, there are several strategies that can help improve compatibility and enhance bonding between heterogeneous polymers. Essentially, in certain embodiments, material compatibility between two walls for bonding can be achieved by selecting polymers or materials that are chemically similar or microstructurally similar (i.e., crystalline, semicrystalline, or amorphous). For example, in certain embodiments, the first wall may consist of acrylic / polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) such that it tends to form a strong bonding interface, and the second wall (i.e., the composite film, and / or any of the individual layers of the composite film) may consist of similar PMMA or microstructurally similar acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) and / or polystyrene (PSy). In certain embodiments, the first and second walls, or any suitably compatible constituent layers of the first and second walls, may be subjected to additional treatment with certain materials to increase their bond strength during adhesive bonding. Such methods may include flame treatment, plasma treatment, or surface polishing. In certain embodiments, other techniques may be used, including copolymerization, or combining dissimilar polymers to produce a homogeneous polymer blend / polymer that improves compatibility and bonding. Furthermore, certain compatibilizers that can improve the compatibility of dissimilar polymers may also be used as additives. Compatibilizers function by reducing interfacial tension and promoting molecular interactions between polymers, and compatibilizers may be added to one or more of the walls before the bonding process. In certain embodiments, surface treatment, or preparation of the surfaces of the two walls, may be crucial to promote bonding. Surface treatments such as plasma treatment or corona treatment can increase surface energy, enhance wettability between the two walls, and allow for better intermolecular interactions.In certain embodiments, within the context of ultrasonic welding, process optimization, or tuning welding parameters such as amplitude, pressure, and welding time, can help optimize the bond between two walls. Fine-tuning these parameters based on a specific combination of materials can enhance intermolecular interactions and improve the quality of the weld. In addition, in certain embodiments, applying a thin interfacial or adhesive layer to one or more of the walls can improve compatibility and bonding. The interfacial layer can be carefully selected to have good adhesion to both walls and act as a "bridge" between them. For example, a composite film may be coated with an additional adhesive thin layer to make the composite film more compatible with the second wall for bonding.

[0201] More specifically, if the first wall comprises a polysiloxane composite film layer, the first wall can be bonded to the second wall by using a silicone adhesive, which may be in liquid form, viscous liquid gel form, layer form, layered tape form, and / or can be cured below 22°C or above 22°C, or can be cured by pressure, or can be cured after irradiation with UV light (light including ultraviolet wavelengths) or other suitable wavelengths of light.

[0202] In an alternative embodiment, the silicone adhesive interface between the first wall and the second wall may consist of a thin layer of uncured polysiloxane and / or dimethylpolysiloxane (PDMS), which can be mixed with its crosslinking agent, quickly applied to the desired bonding area on the wall, and then pressed and heated to cure, thereby bonding the composite film layer to the second wall.

[0203] The composite film may include various combinations of layers depending on factors such as the required permeability, permeation flux, mechanical strength, anti-biofilm capacity, chemical resistance, durability, and other parameters or properties. Specific embodiments of the present invention may include, but are not limited to, a composite film comprising a combination of layers including: 1. Porous barrier layer + porous reinforcing layer: In this embodiment of the present invention, the porous barrier layer may act as an impermeable layer to the liquid phase up to a certain hydraulic pressure and / or perform other related functions. The porous reinforcing layer may substantially provide the mechanical strength of the composite membrane and / or bonding compatibility with the second wall and / or other related functions. 2. Non-porous barrier layer I + Non-porous barrier layer II + Porous intermediate layer + Porous reinforcing layer: In this embodiment of the present invention, non-porous barrier layer I may act as an impermeable layer to the liquid phase and / or a selective layer optimized to block undesirable gases and / or a selective layer optimized to increase the permeation flux for desired gases and / or other related functions. Non-porous barrier layer II may act as a selective layer and / or reduce the concentration gradient across the composite membrane and / or other related functions. A porous intermediate layer may facilitate the processing of the barrier layer by acting as a suitable substrate and / or other related functions. A porous reinforcing layer may substantially provide the mechanical strength of the composite membrane and / or bonding compatibility with the second wall and / or other related functions. 3. Non-porous barrier layer + porous intermediate layer + porous reinforcing layer: In this embodiment of the present invention, the non-porous barrier layer may act as an impermeable layer to the liquid phase and / or a selective layer optimized to block undesirable gases and / or a selective layer optimized to increase the permeation flux for desired gases and / or other related functions. The porous intermediate layer may facilitate the processing of the barrier layer by facilitating the transport of desired gases across the composite membrane and / or acting as a suitable substrate and / or protecting other layers of the composite membrane by absorbing UV irradiation and / or other related functions. The porous reinforcing layer may substantially provide the mechanical strength of the composite membrane and / or bonding compatibility with a second wall and / or other related functions. 4. Non-porous barrier layer + porous reinforcing layer: In this embodiment of the present invention, the non-porous barrier layer may act as an impermeable layer to the liquid phase and / or a hydrophobic layer. The porous reinforcing layer may substantially provide the mechanical strength of the composite membrane and / or bonding compatibility with the second wall and / or other related functions. 5. Porous Interlayer I + Non-Porous Barrier Layer + Porous Interlayer II + Porous Reinforcement Layer: In this embodiment, porous interlayer I may act as a protective layer. The non-porous barrier layer may act as an impermeable layer to the liquid phase and / or a selective layer optimized to block undesirable gases and / or a selective layer optimized to increase permeation flux for desired gases and / or other related functions. Porous interlayer II may facilitate the processing of the barrier layer by acting as a suitable substrate. The porous reinforcement layer may substantially provide the mechanical strength of the composite film and / or bonding compatibility with the second wall and / or other related functions.

[0204] Composite films can offer several advantages over gas-permeable films with a single layer intended for the same purpose. These advantages may include, but are not limited to, higher permeability, favorable mechanical properties, lower elasticity, reduced material usage, and easier handling.

[0205] In certain embodiments, the composite film may include a barrier layer that is significantly thinner than an equivalent single-layer gas-permeable film, which needs to be of a certain thickness for the barrier layer to be suitably used in the same applications as the composite film. In such embodiments, the resulting significant reduction in the thickness of the barrier layer in the composite film minimizes the length of the diffusion path, which allows for faster gas permeation, and increases the permeability of the barrier layer compared to an equivalent single-layer gas-permeable film.

[0206] In certain embodiments, the composite membrane may include a reinforcing layer having mechanical properties more advantageous than a single-layer gas-permeable membrane, such as higher strength and / or lower elasticity, but not limited to these. In certain embodiments, the desired gas permeability may be defined solely by the layer with the lowest permeability of the composite membrane (e.g., a barrier layer), allowing the materials and composition of other layers (e.g., reinforcing layers) to be optimized for the mechanical properties of the composite membrane. In such embodiments, the reinforcing layer may include a strong material and potentially include additional reinforcement to further increase the mechanical strength of the reinforcing layer. Furthermore, within these embodiments, the reinforcing layer may have a negligible effect on the overall gas permeability of the composite membrane, as long as it remains substantially porous. In contrast, the mechanical properties of a single-layer gas-permeable membrane are entirely defined by the single layer of the single-layer gas-permeable membrane. A single-layer gas-permeable membrane may typically require additional separate support layers, and / or components, and / or structures to withstand the required hydraulic pressure.

[0207] In a preferred embodiment, the liquid-containing compartment may be equipped with a composite membrane having low elasticity. This is advantageous because the composite membrane minimizes deformation or expansion of the liquid-containing compartment under hydraulic pressure and reduces changes in the volume of the liquid-containing compartment. In addition, a composite membrane with high mechanical strength will enhance the liquid-containing compartment's ability to withstand higher internal hydraulic pressures. Thus, the composite membrane can have superior mechanical properties, along with higher permeability, compared to a single-layer gas-permeable membrane.

[0208] In certain embodiments, the composite membrane may include a suitable reinforcing layer and / or any optional layer that can protect the barrier layer without impeding the permeability of the composite membrane, in order to facilitate handling of the composite membrane during the fabrication of the liquid-containable compartment. This allows for safer handling of the composite membrane and thereby reduces the risk of damage that may occur in the absence of such a layer. In contrast, a typical single-layer gas-permeable membrane may consist of a flexible, homogeneous, unreinforced, rubber-like material that is very difficult to handle and easily damaged.

[0209] The second wall According to a particular embodiment of the present invention, the bioreactor unit comprises a liquid-containing compartment assembled using a first wall having a composite membrane and a second wall that can perform one or more functions. The second wall may provide optical permeability to the interior of the liquid-containing compartment and, optionally, structural integrity.

[0210] In one embodiment, the second wall may be constructed from a rigid material having the necessary strength to bear the load and ensure the structural integrity of both the bioreactor unit and the liquid-containing compartment. The selection of this material ensures the stability and robustness of the bioreactor system. Alternatively, the second wall may be made from a flexible material capable of withstanding the hydraulic load generated by the flow within the liquid-containing compartment. This flexibility may allow the second wall to adapt to and respond to changes in pressure within the bioreactor unit without compromising the overall integrity of the bioreactor system.

[0211] In the case of a photobioreactor, where the unit incorporates light for the photosynthetic process, the second wall may include a light-transmitting material and / or a translucent material and / or a substantially transparent material. This selection allows for efficient light transmission into the liquid-containing compartment, promoting optimal growth conditions for the organism or process inside. In certain embodiments, the second wall is the only barrier to light entering the liquid medium, substantially increasing the amount of light that can reach the liquid medium compared to some alternative techniques known in the art. In certain embodiments, the second wall typically includes a material that is impermeable to liquid intrusion and resistant to oxidation, particularly when exposed to substances present in the liquid medium and washing fluid. This ensures the durability and long lifespan of the bioreactor unit.

[0212] Overall, the selection of materials for the second wall depends on the specific requirements of the bioreactor unit, including structural integrity, optical permeability, gas transfer, manufacturability, impermeability or relatively low permeability compared to the membrane wall, and resistance to oxidation. Choosing the appropriate material can play a crucial role in ensuring the efficient and reliable operation of the bioreactor system.

[0213] In a preferred embodiment, the second wall of the bioreactor unit may be made of a lightweight, rigid structural material, but is not limited to the following: • Not limited to, but including metals and metal alloys such as aluminum, stainless steel, titanium, copper, and their alloys. Glass, including soda-lime glass, laminated glass, tempered glass, borosilicate glass, reinforced glass, or glass polymer composite materials. • Commodity polymers or engineering polymers, including but not limited to acrylics, such as polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), polyethylene (e.g., HDPE), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), polycarbonate (PC), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polystyrene (PSy), nylon (PA), polyethylene terephthalate glycol (PETG), polyether ether ketone (PEEK), epoxy and urea formaldehyde (UF) resins, and blends thereof. Fiber-reinforced composite materials (FRP), including but not limited to, aramid fiber-reinforced polymers (AFRP) such as Kevlar®, or ceramic fiber-reinforced composite materials (Cr-FRP), and related materials, which can be combined with polymer matrices such as carbon fiber-reinforced polymers (CFRP), glass fiber-reinforced polymers (GFRP), epoxy, etc., to produce AFRP composite materials. • Wood and natural fiber-based materials, including marine plywood and wood / plant fiber reinforced materials (e.g., MhyDF) and polymers. Natural fibers such as jute, hemp, bamboo, or flax can be combined with various polymer matrices to produce sustainable and environmentally friendly composite materials. Similarly, natural fibers such as cellulose or sisal can be incorporated into cementitious matrices to produce natural fiber cement composite materials.

[0214] In a preferred embodiment, the second wall of the bioreactor unit may be made of a lightweight, flexible material, but is not limited to the following: Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and PVC film are transparent and flexible, and can offer good durability and chemical resistance. Polyvinylidene chloride (PVDC), known for its excellent barrier properties and transparency. • Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) provides good weather resistance, UV resistance, and thermal stability. Polyimide (PI) and PI films can offer exceptional thermal stability, chemical resistance, and superior mechanical properties that combine high transparency and flexibility. Polycarbonate (PC) and PC film are transparent, lightweight, and can provide high impact resistance. Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) and PMMA films can provide excellent optical transparency, and some can be easily thermoformed into various semi-rigid shapes. • Polyethylene (PE), such as high-density polyethylene (HDPE), low-density polyethylene (LDPE), or linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE), which can exhibit excellent transparency and flexibility. • Ethylene tetrafluoroethylene (ETFE), polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), and fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP). Fluoropolymers such as ETFE, PTFE, and FEP are noteworthy for their unique properties and find diverse applications in various use cases. ETFE films are particularly valued for their heat resistance, optical clarity, and strength, while PTFE and FEP films are known for their chemical resistance and low friction properties. Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) can provide good optical clarity, high tensile strength, and excellent dimensional stability. Polyethylene naphthalate (PEN), specifically PEN film, offers high transparency, heat resistance, and dimensional stability. PEN film can provide excellent performance in applications requiring superior barrier properties against gases and moisture. • Thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) that combines flexibility, transparency, and durability. Ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) provides good flexibility, transparency, and impact resistance. • Polyether ether ketone (PEEK), a high-performance material with good transparency and mechanical properties. Nanocellulose or cellulose materials derived from wood pulp, plant fibers, or bacterial sources can be transparent and flexible. In addition, these films are biodegradable and environmentally friendly. • Silicone rubber elastomer, Any of the above materials, or combinations of materials, including additives or combinations of additives incorporated into various compositions adapted to meet specific antibiofilm needs without affecting visible light transmittance. Some of these additives include, but are not limited to, materials such as zinc (Zn), silver (Ag), copper (Cu), ammonium compounds, natural essential oil compounds, chitosan, bismuth subsalicylate, and related materials.

[0215] The material comprising the second wall may be unreinforced or may include structural reinforcement, such as fibers, fabrics, mesh, or metal wires.

[0216] In certain embodiments, the second wall may include a composite material comprising one or more materials and / or material layers and / or adhesive layers and / or bonding layers and / or reinforcing structures. These materials, layers, and structures may have several advantages, including, but are not limited to, UV resistance / reflectivity / absorption, IR resistance / reflectivity / absorption, mechanical strength, chemical resistance, safety for food contact, hydrophobicity, and surface roughness. The layers of the composite film may be joined and / or laminated by any method known in the art. For example, in certain embodiments, the individual layers may be laminated using additional layers located between them that act as simple or functional adhesives providing high levels of weather resistance, insulation, and additional properties. In certain embodiments, the second wall of the composite material may include any rigid or flexible second wall material included above.

[0217] In certain embodiments, the composite material can be designed to include layers with special coatings or treatments that enhance the composite's resistance to UV irradiation, UV reflection and / or absorption, corrosion, hydrophobicity, and chemical exposure, thereby extending the lifespan of the second wall under harsh conditions. Specific arrangements and compositions of the layers can be adapted to meet the unique requirements of various applications, ensuring optimal performance under a wide range of structural and environmental conditions.

[0218] In certain embodiments, the second wall may include reinforcing structures within the composite material, including, but not limited to, embedded metal grids, woven fabrics, or meshes made from high-strength materials such as Kevlar or aramid fibers. These reinforcing elements may be strategically positioned to maximize load-bearing capacity and resistance to deformation under stress. These various layer-reinforcement combinations result in a second wall as a support that provides outstanding mechanical performance, durability, and resistance to environmental factors. In other embodiments, these reinforcing structures may also be positioned or mounted on the exterior of the second wall.

[0219] In certain embodiments, the composite material may include an outer layer made of a durable and weather-resistant polymer, such as polyethylene or polypropylene, and / or a fluoropolymer, such as ethylene tetrafluoroethylene (ETFE) or fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP), but not limited to these. Beneath the outer layer, there may be one or more layers of reinforcing material, such as fiberglass, carbon fiber, or bio-based fiber, to provide strength and rigidity to the second wall as a support. In addition, the inner layer may consist of a foam core or honeycomb structure to increase the overall strength of the second wall as a support while maintaining a lightweight profile. In certain embodiments, the inner layer of the second wall of the composite material may include a material that is safe for food contact, which would come into direct contact with the liquid in the liquid-containing compartment.

[0220] In various embodiments, the second wall may comprise a composite material comprising a number of layers. The composite material of the second wall may comprise about 10 layers or less, for example, about 9 layers, about 8 layers, optionally, about 7 layers or less, for example, about 6 layers, about 5 layers, and preferably, about 4 layers or less, for example, about 3 layers. The composite material of the second wall may comprise at least about 2 layers, about 3 layers, about 4 layers, about 5 layers, about 6 layers, or about 7 layers.

[0221] In certain embodiments, the second wall and / or the layer provided within the second wall of the composite material may preferably have a yield strength of about 10,000 MPa or less, for example, about 1,000 MPa, 500 MPa, about 250 MPa, about 200 MPa, about 150 MPa, about 100 MPa, about 50 MPa, about 40 MPa, about 30 MPa, about 20 MPa, about 10 MPa, about 5 MPa, about 4 MPa, about 3 MPa, about 2 MPa, about 1 MPa, about 0.5 MPa, and typically about 0.1 MPa or less. The second wall, and / or the layer provided within the second wall of the composite material, may preferably have a yield strength of at least about 0.01 MPa, at least about 0.1 MPa, at least about 0.5 MPa, at least about 1 MPa, at least about 2 MPa, at least about 3 MPa, at least about 4 MPa, at least about 5 MPa, at least about 10 MPa, at least about 20 MPa, at least about 30 MPa, at least about 40 MPa, at least about 50 MPa, at least about 60 MPa, at least about 70 MPa, at least about 80 MPa, at least about 90 MPa, at least about 100 MPa, at least about 200 MPa, at least about 500 MPa, and typically at least about 1000 MPa.

[0222] In certain embodiments, the surface of the second wall in contact with the liquid culture medium, and / or the surface opposite the second wall, may have a contact angle of about 160 degrees or less, for example, about 150 degrees, about 140 degrees, about 130 degrees, about 120 degrees, about 110 degrees, about 100 degrees, about 90 degrees, about 80 degrees, about 70 degrees, and typically about 60 degrees or less. The contact angle may preferably be at least about 30 degrees, at least about 40 degrees, about 50 degrees, at least about 60 degrees, at least about 70 degrees, at least about 80 degrees, at least about 90 degrees, at least about 100 degrees, at least about 110 degrees, at least about 120 degrees, at least about 130 degrees, at least about 140 degrees, and typically at least about 150 degrees.

[0223] In certain embodiments, the present invention may preferably include a second wall having an overall thickness of about 100 mm or less, for example, about 50 mm, about 20 mm, about 10 mm, about 5 mm, about 4 mm, about 3 mm, about 2 mm, about 1.5 mm, about 1 mm, about 800 μm, about 600 μm, about 500 μm, about 400 μm, about 200 μm, about 100 μm, about 50 μm, about 20 μm, and typically 10 μm or less. Preferably, the second wall has an overall thickness of at least about 5 μm, at least about 10 μm, at least about 20 μm, at least about 50 μm, at least about 100 μm, at least about 200 μm, at least about 400 μm, at least about 500 μm, at least about 600 μm, at least about 800 μm, at least about 1 mm, at least about 1.5 mm, and optionally, at least about 2 mm, about 4 mm, about 5 mm, about 6 mm, about 8 mm, or about 10 mm.

[0224] In certain embodiments, the present invention may preferably include a second wall comprising a composite material having an overall thickness of about 10 mm or less, for example, about 5 mm, about 4 mm, about 3 mm, about 2 mm, about 1.5 mm, about 1 mm, about 800 μm, about 600 μm, about 500 μm, about 400 μm, about 200 μm, about 100 μm, about 50 μm, about 20 μm, and typically 10 μm or less. Preferably, the second wall has an overall thickness of at least about 5 μm, at least about 10 μm, at least about 20 μm, at least about 50 μm, at least about 100 μm, at least about 200 μm, at least about 400 μm, at least about 500 μm, at least about 600 μm, at least about 800 μm, at least about 1 mm, at least about 1.5 mm, and optionally, at least about 2 mm, about 4 mm, about 5 mm, about 6 mm, about 8 mm, or about 10 mm.

[0225] In certain embodiments, the present invention may include a second wall comprising a composite material. The thickness of the composite material layer may preferably be about 10 mm or less, for example, about 5 mm, about 4 mm, about 3 mm, about 2 mm, about 1.5 mm, about 1 mm, about 800 μm, about 600 μm, about 500 μm, about 400 μm, about 200 μm, about 100 μm, about 50 μm, about 20 μm, and typically 10 μm or less. The thickness of the composite material layer is preferably at least about 0.1 μm, about 0.5 μm, at least about 1 μm, at least about 5 μm, at least about 10 μm, at least about 20 μm, at least about 50 μm, at least about 100 μm, at least about 200 μm, at least about 400 μm, at least about 500 μm, at least about 600 μm, at least about 800 μm, at least about 1 mm, at least about 1.5 mm, and optionally at least about 2 mm, about 4 mm, about 5 mm, about 6 mm, about 8 mm, about 10 mm.

[0226] In certain embodiments, at least a portion of the material used to manufacture the second wall will be optically transparent and / or translucent so as to allow for the effective transmission of light, so that when the organisms contained within the bioreactor unit are phototrophic or mixotrophic, these organisms can use light to perform photosynthesis for energy production and / or carbon fixation. Such transparency may also be useful to allow direct inspection of the inside of a liquid-containing compartment by an operator, for example, even when the cells do not require light. In some embodiments, the percentage of one or more areas of the optically transparent second wall may be less than or equal to 100%, for example, about 90%, about 80%, about 70%, about 60%, about 50%, about 40%, about 30%, or about 20%. The portion of the region permissible for visible light may be at least about 0%, at least about 10%, at least about 20%, at least about 30%, at least about 40%, at least about 50%, at least about 60%, at least about 70%, at least about 80%, or at least about 90%.

[0227] "Switchable glass," "smart glass," or "electrochromic glass," or similar materials may be used in the manufacture of the second wall of the present invention. These are materials whose light transmission properties change when voltage, light, or heat is applied (they may be rigid like glass, or flexible like a polymer film or coating, but are not limited to these). They may be particularly useful in areas with high light exposure, for example, to reduce damage to materials or microorganisms in liquid-containable compartments, such as photobleaching, as a result of high light exposure. Typically, smart glass materials change from a substantially translucent and / or reflective optical property (similar to a mirror finish) to substantially transparent, changing from blocking some (or all) wavelengths of light to allowing light to pass through. Examples of techniques that may be used to pursue the above include, but are not limited to, electrochromic, photochromic, UV transition glass, thermochromic, suspended particles, microblinds, prism-integrated glass, nanoparticle or mineral-integrated glass, and polymer-dispersed liquid crystal devices.

[0228] In certain embodiments, the second wall may include additional and specific treatments to optimize the performance of the second wall and maintain its transparency. Some common treatments or coatings for the second wall of a photobioreactor include, but are not limited to, the following: 1. Antifouling coating: An antifouling coating is applied to the inner surface of the second wall, tube, or liquid chamber to prevent fouling or biofilm formation. These coatings can be hydrophilic or hydrophobic, or have a low surface energy to inhibit the adhesion of microorganisms or other particles, making it easier to clean the chamber and maintain its optical clarity. 2. UV Stabilization: The transparent second wall in a photobioreactor unit is often exposed to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from a light source. UV stabilizers or additives can be incorporated into the material composition to enhance UV resistance and prevent decomposition, discoloration, or embrittlement caused by prolonged exposure to UV rays. 3. Chemical Resistance: Depending on the specific application and the properties of the material being processed, the transparent second wall may require chemical resistance to withstand exposure to various chemicals or cleaning agents. Selecting pipe materials with inherent chemical resistance or applying chemical-resistant coatings can help protect the transparency and structural integrity of the second wall. 4. Enhanced Optical Transparency: The transparent second wall is designed to efficiently transmit light to support the photosynthetic process. Surface treatment or coating can be applied to improve optical transmission properties, reduce light scattering, and increase light transmission through the second wall section. 5. Wavelength Modification: Filters can be applied to the second wall to modify or transform the wavelength of light entering the bioreactor. These filters can be used to block harmful wavelengths and / or enhance specific wavelengths beneficial to biological processes inside the reactor, or to transform wavelengths to optimize the efficiency of light utilization by organisms or processes within the bioreactor. 6. Thermal Stability: Photobioreactor units may operate at high temperatures, especially in certain industrial or research contexts. The second wall is coated with a more thermally stable material to provide moderate thermal stability, allowing it to withstand temperature fluctuations while maintaining the transparency and structural integrity of the second wall without warping or melting. 7. Surface Smoothness: A smooth inner and / or outer surface of the second wall can minimize light scattering, reduce the potential for dirt or particle accumulation, and improve the overall performance and lifespan of the photobioreactor system. Surface treatment or polishing can be applied to achieve the desired smoothness. 8. Hydrophobic coating: Applying a hydrophobic coating to the second wall can repel water, reduce moisture accumulation, and thereby help maintain the optical clarity of the wall and reduce the risk of contamination and biofilm formation.

[0229] It is important to note that in certain embodiments, the specific treatment required for the transparent second wall in the bioreactor unit may vary depending on the materials used, operating conditions, and the properties of the (micro)organisms or substances being treated.

[0230] Photobioreactor unit The chamber geometry varies depending on the overall configuration of the bioreactor unit. For example, in certain embodiments, the unit may comprise multiple liquid-containing compartments aligned in parallel (as shown in Figures 3 and 5) or a single liquid-containing compartment (as shown in Figure 4). Typically, the chamber would be of a suitable size and volume to allow for effective gas flow throughout multiple chambers connected to more bioreactor units and / or multiple chambers, to enable effective gas exchange across the first wall of the liquid-containing compartment(s), and to promote the production of microbial biomass within the liquid-containing compartment(s).

[0231] In certain embodiments of the present invention, multiple liquid-containing compartments may have the same first and / or second wall (see Figure 14).

[0232] In a particular embodiment, the length of the liquid-containing compartment, which is the distance between the inlet and outlet of the liquid-containing compartment of a single bioreactor unit, may be about 4000m or less, for example about 2000m, about 1000m, about 500m, about 300m, and optionally about 250m or less, for example about 200m, about 100m, about 75m, about 50m, about 25m, about 10m, about 9m, about 8m, about 7m, about 6m, about 5m, about 4m, about 3m, typically about 2m or less. The length of the liquid-containing compartment of a single bioreactor unit may be at least 0.1 m, at least about 0.3 m, about 0.5 m, about 1 m, preferably at least about 2 m, about 3 m, about 4 m, about 5 m, about 6 m, about 7 m, about 8 m, about 9 m, about 10 m, about 25 m, about 50 m, and optionally at least about 75 m. In the embodiment illustrated in Figure 8, the length is indicated by dimension D.

[0233] In certain embodiments, the width of the liquid-containing compartment of a single bioreactor unit may be about 5 m or less, for example, about 2 m, about 1 m, about 0.5 m, about 0.2 m, about 0.1 m, about 0.09 m, about 0.08 m, about 0.07 m, about 0.06 m, about 0.05 m, about 0.04 m, about 0.03 m, about 0.02 m, about 0.01 m, about 0.005 m, typically about 0.001 m or less. The width of the liquid-holding compartment may be at least about 0.001 m, about 0.005 m, about 0.01 m, about 0.02 m, about 0.03 m, about 0.04 m, preferably at least about 0.05 m, about 0.06 m, about 0.07 m, about 0.08 m, about 0.09 m, about 0.1 m, about 0.2 m, and optionally at least about 0.5 m. In the embodiment illustrated in Figure 8, the width is indicated by dimension B.

[0234] In a particular embodiment, the cross-sectional area of ​​the liquid-containing compartment perpendicular to the direction of flow of the liquid culture medium through the liquid-containing compartment is approximately 20 m². 2 For example, about 10m 2 , about 3m 2 Approximately 1 meter 2 , about 1×10 -1 m 2 , about 5×10 -2m 2 Approximately 1×10 -2 m 2 Typically, about 8 × 10 -3 m 2 For example, approximately 6 x 10 -3 m 2 , about 4×10 -3 m 2 , about 2×10 -3 m 2 , about 1×10 -3 m 2 , about 7×10 -4 m 2 , about 3×10 -4 m 2 , about 8×10 -5 m 2 This is possible. The cross-sectional area of ​​the liquid-containing compartment perpendicular to the direction of flow of the liquid culture medium through the liquid-containing compartment is at least about 5 × 10 -7 m 2 , about 1×10 -6 m 2 , about 1×10 -5 m 2 , about 8×10 -5 m 2 , about 1×10 -4 m 2 , about 3×10 -4 m 2 , about 7×10 -4 m 2 Preferably, at least about 1 × 10 -3 m 2 , about 2×10 -3 m 2 , about 4×10 -3 m 2 , about 6×10 -3 m 2 , about 8×10 -3 m 2 , about 1×10 -2 m 2 , about 1×10 -1 m 2 , and optionally, at least about 1m 2 This is possible. In the embodiment illustrated in Figure 8, the cross-sectional area is indicated by A.

[0235] In a particular embodiment, the volume of the liquid-containing compartment of a single bioreactor unit is approximately 40 × 10 6 L or smaller, optional selection, approximately 750 x 10 3 L or less, for example, approximately 100 x 10 3 L, about 5 x 10 3 L, about 5000L, about 1000L, about 500L, about 250L, about 100L, about 50L, about 40L, about 30L, about 20L, about 10L, about 8L, about 6L, about 5L, about 4L, about 3L, about 2L, about 1.5L, about 1.2L, about 1L, typically about 0.8L or less. The volume of the liquid-containing compartment of a single bioreactor unit may be at least about 0.0001L, about 0.001L, about 0.005L, about 0.01L, about 0.02L, about 0.03L, about 0.05L, about 0.1L, about 0.2L, about 0.5L, about 1L, about 2L, about 5L, about 8L, about 10L, about 20L, about 30L, about 40L, about 50L, and optionally at least about 100L, about 250L, or about 500L.

[0236] As discussed, in certain embodiments, multiple bioreactor units can be connected in series and arranged such that the flow direction of one liquid-containing compartment is opposite to the flow direction of the preceding compartment, creating a meandering path through the unit. The length over which the continuous liquid-containing compartments can be arranged so that they extend before such a change in flow direction occurs is about 4000m or less, for example, about 2000m, about 1500m, about 1000m, about 750m, about 500m, about 400m, about 300m, about 200m, about 100m, about 80m, about 60m, about 40m, about 20m, about 10m, about 5m, and about 1m. The lengths over which continuous liquid-containing compartments can be arranged to extend without such a change in flow direction are at least about 1 m, about 5 m, about 10 m, about 20 m, about 40 m, about 60 m, about 80 m, preferably at least about 100 m, about 200 m, about 300 m, about 400 m, and optionally at least about 500 m. In the embodiment illustrated in Figure 8, the length is indicated by dimension E. Not all liquid-containing compartments of bioreactor units connected in series without a change in direction need to share the same chamber. Generally, this length is chosen to be as long as possible before a change in direction occurs, but not to cause significant maintenance difficulties or excessive pressure differences between the system inlet and outlet. At a set flow velocity, the longer the path of fluid through the system, the higher the pressure at the inlet will be. This increases the maximum pressure that the liquid-containing compartments and connectors will need to withstand. This pressure is also proportional to the flow velocity, so this problem worsens when the flow velocity during cleaning is greater than the flow velocity during normal operation.

[0237] In a particular embodiment, a photobioreactor system comprising a liquid culture medium circuit may comprise a plurality of horizontally arranged photobioreactor units in an array comprising a series of units connected in series and with changing direction, a plurality of units arranged in parallel, or otherwise. The horizontal (width) dimension of the bioreactor array, measured perpendicular to the direction of the liquid culture medium flow, may be about 4000m or less, for example, about 2000m, about 1500m, about 1000m, about 750m, about 500m, about 400m, about 300m, about 200m, about 150m, about 100m, about 75m, about 50m, about 40m, about 30m, about 25m, about 20m, about 15m, about 10m, preferably about 5m or less. The width of the array may be at least about 0.5m, about 1m, about 2m, about 5m, about 10m, preferably at least about 15m, about 20m, about 25m, and optionally at least about 30m, about 40m, about 50m, about 100m, about 200m. In the embodiment illustrated in Figure 8, the width is indicated by dimension F. However, the liquid-containing compartments of the bioreactor units included in the array do not necessarily have to share the same chamber. The minimum horizontal dimension can obviously be greater than or equal to the horizontal width of a single bioreactor. This width dimension of the array should be selected so as to allow for the containment of a sufficient volume of liquid culture medium, but not so wide as to generate excessive pressure due to the need to change the flow direction multiple times.

[0238] Similarly, in certain embodiments, the liquid culture circuit may comprise multiple photobioreactor units arranged vertically or "stacked". The minimum height of the bioreactor array can obviously be greater than or equal to the height of a single bioreactor. The total height of the array may be about 100m or less, e.g., about 50m, about 25m, about 20m, about 10m, about 9m, about 8m, about 7m, about 6m, about 5m, about 4m, about 3m, about 2m, typically about 1m or less. The total height of the array may be at least about 0.15m, about 0.2m, about 0.3m, about 0.4m, about 0.5m, preferably at least about 1m, about 2m, about 3m, about 4m, about 5m, optionally at least about 6m, about 7m, about 8m, about 9m, about 10m. The height should be chosen so as to allow for the storage of a sufficient volume of liquid culture medium, but not so high as to cause excessive pressure and / or difficulty in maintenance.

[0239] In certain embodiments, the liquid culture circuit may comprise multiple photobioreactor units arranged side-by-side or vertically. The gaps left between these photobioreactor units, vertically or horizontally, may be approximately 1000 mm or less, e.g., approximately 500 mm, 250 mm, 100 mm, preferably approximately 50 mm or less, typically approximately 10 mm or less. The gaps between bioreactor units may be at least approximately 1 mm, approximately 5 mm, approximately 10 mm, approximately 50 mm, or at least approximately 100 mm. In embodiments where multiple liquid-containing compartments share the same chamber, this dimension can be considered to represent the gaps between the liquid-containing compartments. In some embodiments, no gaps may remain (i.e., adjacent bioreactors may be in contact). Generally, the gap size is selected to allow gas to circulate effectively between bioreactors. In the embodiment illustrated in Figure 8, the gap is indicated by dimension C.

[0240] In certain embodiments, during normal operation, the overall volume of the liquid-containing compartments of the photobioreactor system is not intended to be particularly limited, apart from the volume of the bioreactor unit and other parts of the system. In embodiments of the present invention, the volumetric capacity of the liquid-containing compartment(s) provided within the photobioreactor system is approximately 200 × 10⁻¹⁰ 6 L or less, for example, 20 x 10 6 L, about 1 x 10 6 The volume of liquid culture medium contained within the liquid-containing compartment of the photobioreactor system as a whole may be at least about 50 L, about 100 L, about 20 L, about 10,000 L, about 100,000 L, preferably at least about 20,000 L, about 50,000 L, about 5,000 L, typically at least 1,000 L.

[0241] In a particular embodiment of the present invention, the volumetric capacity of the entire liquid culture medium circuit, which includes a liquid-containing compartment of the photobioreactor unit and may also include auxiliary subsystems, pumps, opaque conduits, tanks, valves, and any other additional equipment / components, during normal operation is approximately 400 × 10⁻⁶. 6 L or less, for example, 200 x 10 6 L, 200 x 10 6 L, 20 x 10 6 L, about 1 x 10 6 The volume can be approximately 500,000L, 100,000L, preferably 50,000L or less, for example, 20,000L, 10,000L, 5,000L, typically 1,000L or less. The total volume of the liquid culture medium circuit during normal operation can be at least approximately 50L, 100L, 200L, 500L, 1,000L, 5,000L, 10,000L, preferably at least 20,000L, 50,000L, 100,000L, optionally at least 500,000L, 1,000,000L.

[0242] As discussed, in certain embodiments, multiple bioreactor units can be connected in series and arranged such that the flow direction of one liquid-containing compartment is substantially opposite to the flow direction of the preceding compartment. The number of bioreactor units that can be connected before such a change in direction occurs may be about 20,000 or less, e.g., about 10,000, about 5,000, about 2,000, about 1,000, about 500, preferably about 100 or less, e.g., about 50, optionally about 25 or less. The number of connected bioreactor units may be at least about 2, about 5, about 10, about 50, about 100, preferably at least about 500, about 1,000, about 2,000, about 5,000, optionally at least 10,000.

[0243] As discussed, in certain embodiments, multiple bioreactor units can be positioned such that the first wall of each liquid-containing compartment is exposed to the same chamber. In certain embodiments, the number of bioreactor units that can share the same chamber may be about 5,000,000 or less, e.g., about 1,000,000, about 100,000, about 50,000, preferably about 20,000 or less, e.g., about 10,000, about 5,000, optionally 2,500 or less. The number of bioreactor units may be at least about 2, about 10, about 100, about 500, about 1,000, about 2,500, preferably at least about 5,000, about 10,000, about 20,000, optionally at least 50,000, about 100,000.

[0244] Chamber In certain embodiments, the chamber is typically defined by a housing which may have one or more walls that can provide structural definition and support to the bioreactor unit. The chamber may be further defined by the juxtaposition of liquid-containing compartments with the housing, which cooperate to enclose a volume of gas-exchange composite membrane layer (first wall) and gas-communicated space. Preferably, the housing houses a portion of a liquid-containing compartment having at least one liquid-containing compartment oriented such that the first wall is exposed to the atmosphere inside the chamber and the second wall faces outward. In certain embodiments, the second wall is oriented toward the light source.

[0245] In certain embodiments of the present invention, the liquid-containing compartment is partially enclosed within the chamber. The internal or inward-facing surface area of ​​the liquid-containing compartment is considered to mean the inner region of the liquid-containing compartment that is in direct contact with the liquid culture medium. Preferably, this region is not considered to include the region that is open to form the entrance and / or exit of the liquid-containing compartment. The external or outward-facing surface of the liquid-containing compartment is considered to mean the opposite surface.

[0246] In some embodiments, the percentage of the internal surface area of ​​the liquid-containing compartment located inside the chamber may be about 100% or less, e.g., about 95%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 20%, typically 10% or less. The percentage of the internal surface area of ​​the liquid-containing compartment located inside the chamber may be at least about 1%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, preferably at least about 80%, optionally at least about 90%. The interior of the chamber housing is considered to mean the interior of the point of the liquid-containing compartment that is in direct contact with the atmosphere inside the chamber and is closest to the external environment. Figure 13 illustrates an embodiment of the present invention in cross-section with the percentage of the internal surface area inside the chamber annotated. Since the cross-sections of these embodiments are substantially uniform, this percentage is expressed as a percentage of length A out of the entire circumference (length A + length B) of the inner surface of the liquid-holding compartment.

[0247] In certain embodiments of the present invention, the internal surface area of ​​the liquid-containable compartment, including the first wall, may be about 99% or less of the total internal surface area of ​​the liquid-containable compartment, for example, about 95%, about 90%, about 80%, about 70%, about 60%, about 50%, about 40%, about 30%, about 20%, typically about 10% or less, for example, about 5%. The internal surface area of ​​the liquid-containable compartment, including the first wall, may be at least about 1%, about 5%, about 10%, about 20%, about 30%, about 40%, about 50%, about 60%, about 70%, preferably at least about 80%, and optionally at least about 90% of the total internal surface area of ​​the liquid-containable compartment.

[0248] In certain embodiments of the present invention, the internal surface area of ​​the liquid-containing compartment, including the second wall, may be about 99% or less of the total internal surface area of ​​the liquid-containing compartment, for example, about 95%, about 90%, about 80%, about 70%, about 60%, about 50%, about 40%, about 30%, about 20%, typically about 10% or less, for example, about 5%. The internal surface area of ​​the liquid-containing compartment, including the second wall, may be at least about 1%, about 5%, about 10%, about 20%, about 30%, about 40%, about 50%, about 60%, about 70%, preferably at least about 80%, and optionally at least about 90% of the total internal surface area of ​​the liquid-containing compartment.

[0249] In certain embodiments, the percentage of the outer surface of the first wall in direct contact with the atmosphere contained within the chamber may be about 99% or less, for example, about 95%, about 90%, about 80%, about 70%, about 60%, about 50%, about 40%, about 30%, about 20%, typically about 10% or less, for example, about 5%. The percentage of the outer surface of the first wall in direct contact with the atmosphere contained within the chamber may be at least about 1%, about 5%, about 10%, about 20%, about 30%, about 40%, about 50%, about 60%, about 70%, preferably at least about 80%, optionally at least about 90%.

[0250] In certain embodiments of the present invention, regardless of the number of liquid-containing compartments through which the chamber is in gas communication, or how the chamber may be connected to other chambers in the system, the width of the chamber may be about 200 m or less, for example, about 150 m, about 100 m, about 75 m, about 50 m, about 25 m, about 10 m, about 5 m, about 2 m, about 1 m, typically about 0.5 m or less. The width of the chamber may be at least about 0.001 m, about 0.005 m, about 0.01 m, about 0.05 m, about 0.1 m, preferably at least about 1 m, about 2 m, about 5 m, and optionally at least about 10 m.

[0251] In certain embodiments, the height of the chamber may be about 200m or less, for example, about 150m, about 100m, about 75m, about 50m, about 25m, about 10m, about 5m, about 2m, about 1m, typically about 0.5m or less. The height of the chamber may be at least about 0.001m, about 0.005m, about 0.01m, about 0.02m, about 0.05m, about 0.1m, typically at least about 1m, about 2m, about 5m, optionally at least about 10m.

[0252] In certain embodiments, the length of the chamber may be about 4000m or less, for example, about 2000m, about 1500m, about 1000m, about 750m, about 500m, about 400m, about 300m, about 200m, about 100m, about 80m, about 60m, about 40m, about 20m, about 10m, typically about 5m or less. The length of the chamber may be at least about 0.5m, about 1m, about 2m, about 5m, about 10m, preferably at least about 20m, about 40m, about 60m, about 80m, about 100m, optionally at least about 200m, about 300m, about 400m, about 500m.

[0253] In one particular embodiment, the volume of the chamber is approximately 200 × 10 6 m 3 For example, approximately 100 x 10 6 m 3 , about 50×10 6 m 3 , about 10×10 6 m 3 , about 5000×10 3 m 3 , about 600×10 3 m 3 , about 50×10 3 m 3 , about 7.5×10 3 m 3 Preferably, about 800m 3 For example, approximately 80m 3 Typically, about 10m 3 The following may be true: The volume of the chamber is at least about 1 × 10⁻⁶. -7 m 3 , about 5×10 -7 m 3 , about 1×10 -6 m3 , about 5×10 -6 m 3 , about 1×10 -5 m 3 , about 5×10 -5 m 3 , about 0.1×10 -3 m 3 , about 12.5×10 -3 m 3 Preferably, at least about 0.1 m 3 , about 10m 3 , about 80m 3 , about 7.5×10 3 m 3 Optionally, at least approximately 800m 3 It is possible.

[0254] According to a particular embodiment, the chamber is filled with a gas mixture containing CO2 at a higher concentration than the concentration of the liquid culture medium in the fluid-containing compartment, thereby increasing the concentration difference between the liquid culture medium and the surrounding atmosphere. In this way, the gas transfer rate of CO2 entering the liquid culture medium through the composite membrane is increased. The supply and control of the gas atmosphere within the chamber is maintained by gas connections to one or more auxiliary subsystems and / or atmosphere control modules in the system.

[0255] Because the CO2 in the liquid medium (all possible forms of CO2 that can be taken up by photosynthetic microorganisms) is consumed by the photosynthetic microorganisms contained within, and more CO2 passes across the composite membrane of the first wall from the atmosphere in the chamber to the liquid medium, the CO2 gas transfer rate will decrease over time as the concentration difference stabilizes toward equilibrium. To overcome the tendency toward equilibrium, a gas mixture containing CO2 can be continuously or intermittently delivered through the gas chamber inlet and a similar amount of gas removed through the outlet, typically using valves or controlled valves such as solenoid valves and / or butterfly valves and / or pressure-sensitive valves. Optionally, the outlet valve can be closed as the gas mixture is delivered to pressurize the gas chamber above the ambient standard atmospheric pressure, further increasing the gas transfer rate across the gas permeable membrane. If the CO2 concentration in the chamber is too high and exceeds the CO2 concentration of normal air, normal air can be introduced into the chamber in the same manner as described above to reduce the CO2 concentration in the chamber.

[0256] In a further embodiment, as described above, the CO2 concentration in the chamber can be maintained at the CO2 concentration of normal air by continuously adding normal air to the chamber.

[0257] In certain embodiments, the CO2 concentration of the gas in the chamber can be controlled to about 100% or less, for example, about 90%, about 80%, about 70%, about 60%, preferably about 50% or less, for example, about 40%, about 30%, about 20%, about 10%, about 5%, optionally about 4.8% or less, for example, about 4.6%, about 4.4%, about 4.2%, about 4%, about 3.8%, about 3.6%, about 3.4%, about 3.2%, about 3%, about 2.8%, about 2.6%, about 2.4%, about 2.2%, typically about 2%, about 1.9%, about 1.8%, about 1.7%, about 1.6%, about 1.5%, about 1.4%, about 1.3%, about 1.2%, about 1.1%. The CO2 concentration should be at least approximately 0%, approximately 0.01%, approximately 0.04%, approximately 0.1%, approximately 0.2%, approximately 0.3%, approximately 0.4%, approximately 0.5%, approximately 0.6%, approximately 0.7%, approximately 0.8%, approximately 0.9%, and approximately 1%, preferably at least approximately 1.1%, approximately 1.2%, approximately 1.3%, approximately 1.4%, approximately 1.5%, approximately 1.6%, approximately 1.7%, approximately 1.8%, and approximately 1.9%. In terms of type, it can be controlled to be at least approximately 2%, approximately 2.2%, approximately 2.4%, approximately 2.6%, approximately 2.8%, approximately 3%, approximately 3.2%, approximately 3.4%, approximately 3.6%, approximately 3.8%, approximately 4%, approximately 4.2%, approximately 4.4%, approximately 4.6%, approximately 4.8%, approximately 5%, typically at least approximately 6%, approximately 7%, approximately 8%, approximately 9%, and optionally at least approximately 10%.

[0258] In a particular embodiment of the present invention, the concentration of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the chamber is controlled to control the pH of the culture in the bioreactor unit. The CO2 source is introduced into or removed from the bioreactor unit via a control subsystem. If the culture pH is too high, controlled chamber inlet and outlet valves add a controlled amount of CO2 to the chamber, which is then absorbed by the microalgae culture through a composite membrane of a liquid-containable compartment. Typically, when CO2 dissolves in the culture medium, it forms carbonic acid (H2CO3). The carbonic acid then forms bicarbonate ions (HCO3) as shown in the following reaction. -) and hydrogen ions (H + It dissociates into ).

number

[0259] Hydrogen ions (H + The release of CO2 lowers the pH of the culture medium. pH probes and controllers continuously measure and monitor the pH of the culture medium. The controller is programmed to maintain the pH within a predefined optimal range. The pH control system operates as an automated feedback loop, and continuous pH measurement ensures real-time adjustment of the CO2 introduced into the chamber, providing a consistently optimal pH environment for the culture. This is advantageous over traditional methods of pH control that may involve chemical additives, as the materials for these traditional methods can be costly and the process of adding chemicals to the culture can introduce impurities.

[0260] In certain embodiments, in addition to providing CO2 consumed by photosynthetic microorganisms, an optional CO2 source can be added to the chamber to control the pH of the fluid. By adding a CO2 source to the chamber, the pH of the liquid can be maintained at about 14, about 13, about 12, about 11, about 10.5, about 10, preferably about 9.5, about 9, about 8, about 7, typically about 6 or less. The pH can be maintained at at least about 3, preferably at least about 4, about 5, about 6, about 7, about 8, about 9, typically at least about 10.

[0261] The gas mixture introduced into the gas chamber may also contain O2 at a concentration lower than that found in the liquid medium and / or lower than the atmospheric O2 level, in order to increase the rate of O2 deficiency from the liquid medium. This can be achieved with an auxiliary subsystem using an oxygen deficiency system. Alternatively, the rate of O2 transfer from the liquid medium to the chamber across the composite membrane can be increased by introducing an inert gas such as nitrogen, helium, argon, or methane and / or CO2 into the gas chamber to increase the O2 concentration difference between the atmosphere in the chamber and the liquid medium.

[0262] In certain embodiments, the O2 concentration of the gas in the chamber may be about 50% or less, e.g., about 30%, about 25%, about 20%, about 15%, about 10%, typically about 5% or less, e.g., about 4%, about 3%, about 2%, about 1%, preferably about 0.5% or less, e.g., about 0.4%, about 0.3%, about 0.2%, about 0.1%. The O2 concentration may be at least about 0%, about 0.01%, about 0.05%, about 0.1%, about 0.2%, about 0.4%, about 0.6%, about 0.8%, about 1%, about 2%, about 3%, about 4%, about 5%, preferably at least about 6%, about 7%, about 8%, about 9%, about 10%, optionally at least about 15%.

[0263] The gas can be moved into the chamber passively by gas expansion, or by using low-energy methods that reduce CO2 supply delivery costs, such as fans, blowers, turbines, or other impellers provided in a system, for example, in a supply line, supply / exhaust manifold, or auxiliary subsystem including atmosphere control. Alternatively, the gas can be compressed before being introduced into the gas chamber.

[0264] In certain embodiments, the internal environment of a chamber can be controlled by controlling the gas supply and / or exhaust within or to the chamber, respectively. For example, the humidity of the atmosphere inside the chamber can be controlled by the presence of a desiccant installed in the supply line, supply / exhaust manifold, or in an auxiliary subsystem including atmosphere control, or by a desiccant, material, or coating placed inside the chamber itself or in an attached system. For example, the atmosphere in the chamber can be circulated through a desiccant for dehumidification before being returned to the chamber, and typically the desiccant can be in the form of a honeycomb wheel. The humidity of the gas in the chamber can also be controlled by allowing the gas to pass through a cooled coil, forcing water vapor to condense, collect, and then remove. Humidity in the chamber can be controlled by using a supply / exhaust manifold to remove higher humidity air and replace it with a gas mixture having lower humidity.

[0265] In certain embodiments, the temperature of the chamber atmosphere can be controlled by one or more auxiliary subsystems by introducing a gas mixture whose temperature is lower or higher than the surrounding chamber atmosphere, or by the presence of cooling or heating components installed in the chamber and / or at the gas inlet and / or before the gas inlet. By controlling the temperature of the chamber atmosphere, it is also possible to control the temperature of the liquid culture medium inside the liquid-containing compartment. For example, the chamber atmosphere can be circulated to an air conditioning unit and / or an air heating unit before being returned to the chamber. Alternatively, the heating and / or cooling units can be comprised of the chamber itself or contained within the chamber itself, thereby allowing for more direct control of the temperature of the atmosphere already present in the chamber. In some cases, the gas mixture in the chamber can be recirculated within the same chamber or passed through a chamber in an adjacent bioreactor unit. Before returning the gas mixture to the chamber, the gas can be dried, cooled, heated, filtered, washed, and / or replenished with a suitable amount of the desired gas to adjust the composition of the gas mixture, and / or be cooled, heated, and / or further dried.

[0266] In certain embodiments, the support structure defining the chamber housing is typically composed of a rigid material capable of bearing loads and providing structural integrity to the bioreactor unit. In certain embodiments, the preferred material is also relatively impermeable to gas diffusion so as to allow for the maintenance of the atmosphere within the chamber volume. Preferably, the chamber walls are substantially gas-impermeable to prevent loss or contamination of the controlled atmosphere contained within, and the chamber as a whole is substantially airtight. The preferred material may also be relatively impermeable to gas diffusion so as to allow for the maintenance of the atmosphere within the chamber volume. It is not necessary for the chamber to be completely airtight and / or for the material to be relatively impermeable, insofar as the objective is achieved to allow for some degree of control of the internal atmosphere in terms of gas composition, temperature, humidity, pressure, etc. The chamber can also be fabricated from a flexible material alone, or from a combination of a flexible material and / or semi-rigid support members and / or an inflatable structure (which may be inflatable to provide additional structural support).

[0267] The materials for the support members and chamber walls may include: 1. Metals and metal alloys such as aluminum, steel, stainless steel, titanium, and copper. 2. Glass, including laminated glass or glass polymer composite materials. 3. Polymers including resins of acrylic, polyethylene (e.g., LDPE, HDPE), PVC, polypropylene, polycarbonate, polystyrene, nylon, epoxy, PVDF, PET, PETG, ETFE, and UF. 4. Fiber-reinforced composite materials, including carbon fiber reinforced polymers (CFRP) and glass fiber reinforced polymers (GFRP), 5. Geologically based materials such as concrete and rock, 6. Wood and natural fiber-based materials, including marine plywood and wood fiber reinforced materials (e.g., MDF).

[0268] Support members and / or chamber walls may be formed by rotational molding, injection molding, thermoforming, extrusion, casting, cutting, bending, welding, printing, or modular assembly, and may typically have a tubular or box-like cross-section. In embodiments of the present invention, support members may be formed as conduits, trunkings, or pipes with channels on their upper surfaces to accommodate the arrangement of liquid-holding compartments on the support members. Chamber walls may also consist of or be defined by structures or body assemblies of vehicles, industrial machinery, ships, spacecraft or aerospace vehicles, underwater vehicles, wall cavities, containers, greenhouses, underground chambers or partially underground chambers, semi-underground chambers, buildings, rooms in buildings, and / or houses.

[0269] In certain embodiments, UV additives and / or UV coatings or UV-based compounds may be used in the processing of chambers and / or chamber components. These UV additives are compounds that can be incorporated into materials to enhance their resistance to UV irradiation. These additives function by absorbing or reflecting harmful UV rays, thereby preventing material degradation and discoloration, and consequently extending their lifespan.

[0270] In some embodiments of the present invention, the bioreactor system may comprise an array of liquid-containing compartments and chambers substantially suspended above the ground and / or mounting surface, and / or substantially resting on the ground and / or mounting surface, and / or substantially anchored to the ground and / or mounting surface.

[0271] Figure 9a illustrates one embodiment of the present invention, comprising sheet metal cut and bent to construct the walls of the chamber 911. A central rib of the chamber serves to reinforce the structure and can be secured by bolting, welding, adhesive, or other preferred joining methods. The structure forms a channel in which a liquid-containing compartment 902 is seated with a composite membrane layer facing downward into the chamber 903.

[0272] Figure 9b illustrates an embodiment of the present invention, comprising a chamber composed of a combination of rigid and flexible materials. Pairs of U-shaped steel extend on both sides of the chamber, with beams intermittently spanning the gaps between the pairs of U-shaped steel. I-beams are supported on the bridging beams, and a liquid-containing compartment 902 is mounted on the I-beams. A seamless, flexible, substantially low-gas-permeable film material 911 is fixed along the bottom of the U-shaped steel, and the film material 911 is suspended between the two U-shaped steel, creating a chamber between the film material 911 and the bottom of the liquid-containing compartment 903.

[0273] Figure 9c illustrates one embodiment of the present invention, in which the chamber body is constructed from a rotationally molded polymer, such as LDPE with a UV-stabilizing additive. The upper surface of this component will then be finished and machined to include a final mounting location for the liquid-containing compartment 902. The upper portion of this component will also be removed to allow the composite film layer of the liquid-containing compartment to come into contact with the atmosphere inside the chamber 903. The internal geometry of the rotationally molded chamber will also include features that ensure the rotationally molded chamber is reasonably rigid to support the assembly while maintaining a single connected chamber 903.

[0274] In some embodiments, at least a portion of the material used to define the walls of the chamber may be transparent or translucent to allow effective transmission of light through the walls. The translucent / transparent portion that allows light to pass through the chamber can be composed of any suitable translucent / transparent material. The chamber may be constructed of a completely translucent / transparent material or may be supported on a support structure such as scaffolding or a frame, as described below. Preferably, the material is substantially gas-impermeable, tough, lightweight, and has good thermal insulation properties. Optionally, the material is supplied in sheets and / or films. In some embodiments, the material is nonflexible, non-elastic, transparent and strong, and includes, for example, glass, high-performance glass, low-iron glass with very high solar energy transmittance (Pilkington Sunplus®), glass composites, strengthened tempered glass composites, impact-resistant glass composites, low-reflectance glass, high-light-transmitting glass, double-glazed style glass and / or triple-glazed glass with or without vacuum / argon / air in between, or glass composites made of several layers of different materials to increase strength and / or light transmittance, or electrically switchable smart glass.

[0275] Photobioreactor Operation In embodiments of the present invention, the photobioreactor unit may be connected to an auxiliary subsystem that controls the supply and conditions of the liquid culture medium used. Depending on the application of the device, the auxiliary subsystem can be of any degree of complexity and can be composed of any type of auxiliary components. In preferred embodiments of the present invention, the photobioreactor unit is connected to an auxiliary subsystem that mainly consists of, but is not limited to, conduits for supplying gas and / or liquid culture media, reservoirs, tanks for liquid and gas, pressure vessels, low-pressure gas vessels / tanks, canisters, pumps for liquid culture media, biomass separators, sieves, vibrating sieves, centrifuges, impellers for any type of gas, gas and / or liquid filters, dehumidifiers, heat exchangers for liquid and / or gas, artificial lighting systems (especially in the absence of natural sunlight), liquid and / or gas temperature control systems, sensors, probes, housings for sensors and computer processors. The conduits and reservoirs (liquid and / or gas tanks) can be made of any type and any preferred material. The different features of the auxiliary subsystem do not need to be present together, but can be distributed to different parts of the system as a whole. For example, biomass separators, gas outlets and / or inlets for nutrients may be included in the connectors between individual bioreactors.

[0276] The pump can also be of any type, and typically the liquid pump is a positive displacement pump, such as a peristaltic pump, which can reduce the risk of contamination of the liquid medium and damage to the cells used, due to the peristaltic tube being the only component that comes into contact with the liquid medium. In some embodiments, a diaphragm pump (also known as a membrane pump) can be used. Diaphragm pumps can have the advantage of reducing the risk of cell damage and contamination because they produce relatively low friction with the liquid medium. In some other embodiments, a disk pump, a hollow rotating disk pump, a screw pump, a progressive cavity pump, and a gear pump can be used. Progressive cavity pumps can have the advantage of reducing cell damage while still being able to pump liquid at high flow rates because they produce relatively low friction with the liquid medium. In some other embodiments, a centrifugal pump can be used. Centrifugal pumps are known to cause high shear stress to organisms grown in the bioreactor unit, however, centrifugal pumps can be enlarged and / or modified to reduce the shear stress to an acceptable level.

[0277] Some embodiments of the present invention may include an auxiliary subsystem that, for any advantageous purpose, may include mixing and / or reducing biofilm formation and / or avoiding sedimentation of organisms in the liquid medium and / or facilitating higher gas permeability through the first wall, continuously and / or intermittently circulating the liquid medium and / or fluid through the liquid-containing compartment(s) during normal operation. The average fluid velocity of the liquid medium and / or fluid in the liquid-containing compartment(s) during normal operation is approximately 10 m·s -1 For example, approximately 5 m·s -1 , about 4m·s -1 , about 3m·s -1 , about 2.5m·s -1 , about 2m·s -1 , about 1.5m·s -1 Typically, about 1 m·s -1The following may be true: The average flow velocity is at least about 0.01 m·s. -1 , about 0.05m·s -1 , about 0.1m·s -1 , about 0.2m·s -1 , about 0.3m·s -1 , about 0.4m·s -1 , about 0.5m·s -1 , about 0.6m·s -1 , about 0.7m·s -1 , about 0.8m·s -1 Approximately 0.9 m·s -1 , about 1 m·s -1 , about 1.5m·s -1 Preferably, at least about 2 m·s -1 , about 2.5m·s -1 Optionally, at least approximately 3 m·s -1 It is possible.

[0278] The maximum hydraulic pressure that a liquid-containing compartment can withstand is a key performance characteristic that contributes to the maximum possible average flow rate of the liquid culture medium. The maximum hydraulic pressure also contributes to the maximum possible circuit length of a liquid culture medium system with multiple liquid-containing compartments. The higher the hydraulic pressure that a liquid-containing compartment can withstand, the more photobioreactor units can be connected in series and operated. Embodiments with longer circuit lengths and / or more liquid-containing compartments connected in series allow for more efficient pumping as a system of the same volume, but having more units in parallel would require a higher liquid culture medium volumetric flow rate to maintain the same flow rate in the liquid-containing compartments. Furthermore, embodiments with longer liquid circuits and / or more units connected in series would also have a larger proportion of the total volume of the liquid culture medium circuit contained within the liquid-containing compartments. This would result in a higher proportion of this volume of circuit being exposed to light at all times, improving the efficiency of the system. The hydraulic pressure tolerance of embodiments of the present invention is fundamental to taking advantage of the above benefits and enabling systems large enough to operate viably on an industrial scale.

[0279] In certain embodiments, the maximum operating hydraulic pressure in the fluid storage compartment circuit may be approximately 10 bar, 9 bar, 8 bar, 7 bar, 6 bar, 5 bar, 4 bar, 3 bar, 2.5 bar, 2 bar, 1.5 bar, and typically less than or equal to 1 bar. The maximum operating hydraulic pressure may be at least approximately 0.01 bar, 0.05 bar, 0.1 bar, 0.2 bar, 0.5 bar, 1 bar, 1.5 bar, and preferably at least approximately 2 bar. Preferably, the hydraulic pressure may be at least 0.01 bar and a maximum of 10 bar. Typically, the hydraulic pressure may be at least 0.05 bar and a maximum of 7 bar. Optionally, the hydraulic pressure may be at least 0.1 bar and a maximum of 5 bar.

[0280] In certain embodiments, the maximum hydraulic pressure that the liquid storage compartment can withstand may be approximately 10 bar, 9 bar, 8 bar, 7 bar, 6 bar, 5 bar, 4 bar, 3 bar, 2.5 bar, 2 bar, 1.5 bar, and typically less than or equal to 1 bar. The maximum hydraulic pressure that the liquid storage compartment can withstand may be at least approximately 0.01 bar, 0.05 bar, 0.1 bar, 0.2 bar, 0.5 bar, 1 bar, 1.5 bar, and preferably at least approximately 2 bar. Preferably, the hydraulic pressure may be at least 0.01 bar and a maximum of 10 bar. Typically, the hydraulic pressure may be at least 0.05 bar and a maximum of 7 bar. Optionally, the hydraulic pressure may be at least 0.1 bar and a maximum of 5 bar.

[0281] Some embodiments of the present invention may include an auxiliary subsystem which may, for any advantageous purpose, continuously and / or intermittently circulate gas through the chamber(s) of the bioreactor unit(s) during normal operation, including facilitating the mixing and / or higher permeability of gas through the first wall. The average gas velocity of gas in the chamber(s) of the bioreactor unit(s) during normal operation is approximately 10 m·s -1 For example, approximately 5 m·s -1 , about 4m·s -1 , about 3m·s -1 , about 2.5m·s -1 , about 2m·s -1 , about 1.5m·s -1 Typically, about 1 m·s -1 The following may be true: The average flow velocity is at least about 0.01 m·s. -1 , about 0.05m·s -1 , about 0.1m·s -1 , about 0.2m·s -1 , about 0.3m·s -1 , about 0.4m·s -1 , about 0.5m·s -1 , about 0.6m·s -1 , about 0.7m·s -1 , about 0.8m·s -1 Approximately 0.9 m·s -1 , about 1 m·s -1 , about 1.5m·s -1 Preferably, at least about 2 m·s -1 , about 2.5m·s -1 Optionally, at least approximately 3 m·s -1 It is possible.

[0282] In a particular embodiment, the pressure in the chamber(s) provided within the bioreactor system can be controlled to about 10 bar or less, for example, about 8 bar, about 6 bar, about 4 bar, about 2 bar, about 1 bar, about 0.5 bar, about 0.2 bar, about 0.1 bar, about 0 bar, about -0.1 bar, typically about -0.2 bar or less. The pressure in the chamber may be at least about -1 bar, about -0.5 bar, about -0.2 bar, about -0.1 bar, about 0 bar, about 0.1 bar, about 0.2 bar, preferably at least about 0.5 bar, about 1 bar, about 2 bar, about 5 bar.

[0283] In a particular configuration, the maximum pressure the chamber can withstand may be about 10 bar or less, for example, about 8 bar, about 6 bar, about 4 bar, about 2 bar, about 1 bar, about 0.5 bar, about 0.2 bar, about 0.1 bar, about 0 bar, about -0.1 bar, typically about -0.2 bar or less. The maximum pressure the chamber can withstand may be at least about -1 bar, about -0.5 bar, about -0.2 bar, about -0.1 bar, about 0 bar, about 0.1 bar, about 0.2 bar, preferably at least about 0.5 bar, about 1 bar, about 2 bar, about 5 bar.

[0284] Organisms contained within the liquid-containing compartment of a photobioreactor system described in a particular embodiment are typically capable of performing photosynthesis or other reactions that depend on the presence of an electromagnetic energy source. Any microorganism capable of photosynthesis is referred to herein as a photosynthetic microorganism. In a preferred embodiment, the photosynthetic microorganism is selected from microalgae (such as green algae, cyanobacteria, golden algae, and red algae), phytoplankton, dinoflagellates, diatoms, bacteria such as Spirulina, and cyanobacteria. The microorganism may be wild-type, genetically modified, and / or genetically engineered. A single device according to an embodiment of the present invention may contain one or more different types of organisms.

[0285] Additional strains of Haematococcus sp., Haematococcus pluvialis, Chlorella sp., Chlorella autotraphica, Chlorella vulgaris, Scenedesmus sp., Synechococcus sp., Synechococcus elongatus, Synechocystis sp., Arthrospira sp., Arthrospira platensis, Arthrospira maxima, Spirulina sp., Chlamydomonas sp., Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, Dysmorphococcus sp. Geitlerinema sp. Lyngbya sp. Chroococcidiopsis sp. Calothrix sp. Cyanothece sp. Oscillatoria sp. Gloeothece sp. Microcoleus sp. Microcystis sp. Nostoc sp sp., Anabaena sp., Phaeodactylum sp., Phaeodactylum tricornutum, Dunaliella salina, Arthrospira platensis, Nannochloropsis sp.Synechococcus marinus is a typical microorganism in embodiments where the liquid medium passing through the channel in the device includes seawater, saltwater, or brine. Other possible organisms of this kind include members of the group such as Bracteococcus, Chlorella, Parachlorella, Prototheca, Pseudochlorella, and Scenedesmus. Other possibilities include Achnanthes orientalis, Agmenellum, Amphiprora hyalina, Amphora coffeiformis, Amphora coffeiformis linea, Amphora coffeiformis punctata, Amphora coffeiformis taylori, Amphora coffeiformis tenuis, Amphora delicatissima, Amphora delicatissima capitata, Amphora sp., Anabaena, Ankistrodesmus, Ankistrodesmus falcatus, Boekelovia hooglandii, Borodinella sp., Botryococcus braunii, Botryococcus sudeticus, Bacteococcus minor, Bacteococcus medionucleatus, Carteria, Chaetoceros gracilis, Chaetoceros muelleri, Chaetoceros muelleri subsalsum, Chaetoceros sp., Chlorella anitrata, Chlorella Antarctica, Chlorella aureoviridis, Chlorella candida, Chlorella capsulate, Chlorella desiccate, Chlorella ellipsoidea, Chlorella emersonii, Chlorellafusca, Chlorellafusca var. vacuolata, Chlorella glucotropha, Chlorella infusionum, Chlorella infusionum var. actophila, Chlorella infusionum var. auxenophila, Chlorella kessleri, Chlorella lobophora (strain SAG 37.88), Chlorella luteoviridis, Chlorella luteoviridis var. aureoviridis, Chlorella luteoviridis var. lutescens, Chlorella miniata, Chlorella minutissima, Chlorella mutabilis, Chlorella nocturna, Chlorella ovalis, Chlorella parva, Chlorella photophila, Chlorella pringsheimii, Chlorella protothecoides (including any one of strains UTEX 1806, 411, 264, 256, 255, 250, 249, 31, 29, 25), Chlorella protothecoides var. acidicola, Chlorella regularis, Chlorella regularis var. minima, Chlorella regularis var. umbricata, Chlorella reisiglii, Chlorella saccharophila, Chlorella saccharophila var. ellipsoidea, Chlorella salina, Chlorella simplex, Chlorella sorokiniana, Chlorella sp.Chlorella sphaerica, Chlorella stigmatophora, Chlorella vanniellii, Chlorella vulgaris, Chlorella vulgarisf tertia, Chlorella vulgaris, autotrophica, Chlorella vulgaris, viridis, Chlorella vulgaris in vulgaris, Chlorella vulgaris in vulgarisf tertia, Chlorella vulgaris, vulgarisf viridis, Chlorella xanthella, Chlorella zofingiensis, Chlorella trebouxioides, Chlorella vulgaris, Chlorococcum infusionum Chlorococcum sp. Chlorogonium Chroomonas sp. Chrysosphaera sp. Cricosphaera sp. Crypthecodinium cohnii Cryptomonas sp sp.、Dunaliella sp.、Dunaliella bardawil、Dunaliella bioculata、Dunaliella granulate、Dunaliella maritime、Dunaliella minuta、Dunaliella parva、Dunaliella peircei、Dunaliella primolecta、Dunaliella salina、Dunaliella terricola tertiolecta, Dunaliella viridis, Eremosphaera viridis, Eremosphaera sp., Ellipsoidon sp., Euglena, Franceia sp., Fragilaria crotonensis, Fragilaria sp., Gleocapsa sp., Gloeothamnion sp., Haematococcus pluvialis, Haematococcus sp., Isochrysis aff galbana, Isochrysis galbana, Lepocinclis, Micractinium, Micractinium (UTEX LB 2614), Monoraphidium minutum, Monoraphidium sp., Nannochloris sp., Nannochloropsis salina, Nannochloropsis sp., Navicula acceptata, Navicula biskanterae, Navicula pseudotenelloides, Navicula pelliculosa, Navicula saprophila, Navicula sp., Nephrochloris sp., Nephroselmis sp., Nitschia communis, Nitzschia alexandrina, Nitzschia communis, Nitzschia dissipata, Nitzschia frustulum, Nitzschia hantzschiana, Nitzschia inconspicua, Nitzschia intermedia, Nitzschia microcephala, Nitzschia pusilla, Nitzschia pusilla elliptica, Nitzschia pusilla monoensis, Nitzschia quadrangular, Nitzschia sp., Ochromonas sp., Oocystis parva, Oocystis pusilla, Oocystis sp., Oscillatoria limnetica, Oscillatoria sp., Oscillatoria subbrevis, Parachlorella kessleri, Pasheria acidophila, Pavlova sp., Phagus, Phormidium sp., Platymonas sp., Pleurochrysis carterae, Pleurochrysis dentate, Pleurochrysis sp., Prototheca wickerhamii, Prototheca stagnora, Prototheca portoricensis, Prototheca moriformis, Prototheca zopfii, Pseudochlorella aquatica, Pyramimonas sp., Pyrobotrys, Rhodococcus opacus, Sarcinoid chrysophyte, Scenedesmus armatus, Schizochytrium, Spirogyra, Spirulina platensis, Stichococcus sp., Synechococcus sp., Tetraedron, Tetraselmis sp., Tetraselmis suecica, Thalassiosira weissflogii, and Viridiellafridericiana, Euglenophyceae, Prasinophyceae, Eustigmatophyceae, Bacillariophyceae, Prymnesiophyceae, Pinguiophyceae, Dinophyceae, Trebouxiophyceae, Bicosoecophyceae, Katablephariophyceae, Chlorophyceae, Haptophyceae, Raphidophyceae, Chysophyceae, Coscinodiscophyceae, Alveolata, Bangiophyceae, Rhodophyceae, Schizotrium sp., Crypthecodinium sp., Phaeodactylum sp. and Odontella sp., Odontella aurita, Botryococcus genus, Botryococcus sudeticus, Botryococcus braunii, Chlamydomonas sp., Chlamydo. monas caudata, Chlamydomonas ehrenbergii, Chlamydomonas elegans, Chlamydomonas moewusii, Chlamydomonas nivalis, Chlamydomonas ovoidae, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, Chlamydomonas mundane, Chlamydomonas dehoryana, Chlamydomonas cuieus, Chlamydomonas Includes Chlamydomonas noctigama, Chlamydomonas auiato, Chlamydomonas marvanii, and Chlamydomonas proboscigera. In some embodiments, such an organism is Haematococcus sp., Haematococcus pluvialis, Chlorella sp., Chlorella autotraphica, Chlorella vulgaris, Scenedesmus sp., Synechococcus sp., Synechococcus elongatus, Synechocystis sp., Arthrospira sp., Arthrospira platensis, Arthrospira maxima, Spirulina sp., Dysmorphococcus sp., Geitlerinema sp., Lyngbya sp., Chroococcidiopsis sp., Calothrix sp., Cyanothece sp., Oscillatoria sp., Gloeothece sp., Microcoleus sp., Microcystis sp., Nostoc sp., Nannochloropsis sp., Anabaena sp., Phaeodactylum sp., Phaeodactylum It could be one or more of the following: tricornutum, Dunaliella salina, some Arthrospira platensis, some Nannochloropsis sp., and Synechococcus marinus.Prototheca, Chlorella, Parachlorella, Pseudochlorella, Scenedesmus, Amphora sp., Anabaena, Chlorella aureoviridis, Chlorella vulgaris, Dunaliella sp salina、Euglena、Haematococcus pluvialis、Haematococcus sp.、Nannochloropsis salina、Nannochloropsis sp.、Nitschia communis Oscillatoria sp.、Scenedesmus armatus、Schizochytrium、Spirogyra、Spirulina platensis、Stichococcus sp., Synechococcus sp., Tetraedron, Tetraselmis sp., Euglenophyceae, Odontella aurita, Botryococcus genus, Chlamydomonas sp., Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, Porphyridium cruentum, Porphyridium sp. is also available.

[0286] The names N. frigida, Nitzschia kerguelensis, N. lacuum, Phaeodactylum sp., Phaeodactylum Tricornutum, Nitzschia sp., Cyclotella sp., and Cyclotella meneghiniana belongs to Bacillariophyceae and Coscinodiscophyceae.

[0287] Plant species, particularly aquatic plant species including several green algae, can be cultured using the devices and methods according to the present invention. The entire plant organism may be used as appropriate. Suitable species may include members of the Araceae family, spotless water meal, rootless duckweed, Lemnaceae, Lemna thalli, Lemna trisulca, Spirodela sp., Landoltia sp., Lemna gibba, Lemna minor, Lemna aequinoctialis, Lemna valdiviana, Lemna obscura, Spirodela polyrhiza, Wolfia arrhiza, Wolfia sp., and Spirodela sp. Lemnaceae, Wolfia arrhiza, and Wolfia sp. are particularly intended.

[0288] Plankton is a general term for the microscopic animal and microbial communities of the ocean. Examples for use in this invention include coccolithophores, dinoflagellates, metazoan zooplankton, and protist zooplankton, in particular Emiliana sp. such as Emiliana huxleyi.

[0289] Some photosynthetic organisms, whether natural strains, genetically modified, or genetically engineered, may have the ability to take in air pollutants such as NO2 (and other NOx such as NO, N2O2, N2O3, N2O5), SO2 (and other SOx such as S2O2, SO, SO3), VOCs, NH3, or "greenhouse" gases other than CO2, such as N2O. In that case, these gases can be transported into a chamber and then transferred to a liquid medium by permeating a composite membrane of the first wall. These gases may also originate from and / or be contained within exhaust gases.

[0290] The liquid medium and / or gas temperature control can be of any type known to those skilled in the art, and typically includes cooling and / or heating components appropriately installed around a portion of the conduit, and / or on the tank, and / or around the bioreactor unit section, and / or before the gas inlet of the chamber, and / or inside the chamber, and / or around or inside the reservoir. The cooling and / or heating components can be of any type, and preferably include a heat exchange mechanism performed by a liquid-containing compartment, and / or the chamber of the bioreactor unit, and / or a heat exchanger in fluid communication with the system. The heat exchanger can be any suitable type, such as a shell-and-tube heat exchanger, a plate heat exchanger, a double-tube heat exchanger, a tube-in-tube heat exchanger, or an air conditioning unit (AC), such as a heat exchanger between liquid and gas, a heat exchanger between two liquids, or a heat exchanger between two gases. In particular, heat exchange is envisioned to be used to maintain an optimal liquid medium temperature for photosynthetic microorganisms. Excess heat from the liquid medium generated by physiological processes or high ambient temperatures or irradiation can be used to heat household or industrial water, or excess heat can be removed using water from water sources such as drainage, rainwater, sewage, and / or wastewater. Alternatively, cooling fluids can be recycled using cooling towers, coolers, or other equipment to lower the temperature of the liquid, maintaining a temperature below that of the liquid medium. Similarly, the liquid medium and / or gas can be heated, if necessary, using heat generated from household or industrial heat sources, or from other suitable equipment such as gas boilers, electric boilers, heat pumps, or immersion heaters. Heat exchange is preferably performed at this location in the auxiliary subsystem before the liquid medium and / or gas reaches the bioreactor unit(s).

[0291] In some embodiments, water or other coolant can be sprayed or applied to the exterior surface of the bioreactor unit as a fog, spray, droplet, or mist to provide thermal control of the system by evaporation and / or any other suitable means. This is particularly beneficial in hot climates where midday temperatures can affect the suitable operating range of organisms cultured in the bioreactor system. The coolant spray / fog system may be under the control of an auxiliary subsystem that monitors the temperature of the liquid culture medium inside the liquid-containing compartment. Alternatively, or in addition, the coolant spray / fog system may be supplied to an auxiliary subsystem that can monitor the temperature inside the chamber. A combination of both setups is also feasible. The spilled coolant can be recovered and recycled. Water vapor contained in the chamber atmosphere can be collected as a condensate contained in the auxiliary subsystem and / or via a dehumidifier and sent for use in the coolant spray / fog system.

[0292] In some other embodiments, the liquid culture medium temperature is controlled by controlling the temperature of the gas atmosphere within the chamber by conduction and / or convection and / or any other preferred means. The temperature of the gas atmosphere within the chamber is controlled by an auxiliary subsystem and can be heated and / or cooled by any preferred means. Typically, the atmosphere is cooled by a ventilator provided within the auxiliary subsystem connected to the chamber via an inlet and outlet. In some embodiments, heat can be generated by an electric heater that converts electric current into heat. Infrared transmission through transparent or translucent conduits can also be a method of heating the liquid culture medium.

[0293] Artificial lighting systems can be used, including any type of artificial light source known to those skilled in the art, preferably including LEDs, and typically the artificial light source is designed and / or controlled to emit electromagnetic radiation (light) of a specific wavelength corresponding to the photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) needs of any phototrophic microorganism housed within the device, and / or to stimulate specific biological activity, thereby increasing the production of a specific product in the biomass, for example by using LEDs that emit a specific wavelength. For example, an LED-based light source emitting wavelengths of approximately 620 nm to 750 nm (red light) can stimulate the production of pigments that primarily absorb red light, such as the pigment phycocyanin, in some organisms. The artificial lighting system may be provided within a bioreactor unit and / or bioreactor system comprising an array or strip of LEDs or optical fibers. The intensity and quality of light emitted by the lighting system can be automatically controlled (according to input from any type of sensor, such as PAR sensors, humidity sensors, temperature sensors, chemical sensors, pH sensors, etc.) to stimulate the physiological activity of specific microorganisms and / or respond to environmental changes and / or increase or modify biomass production. Similarly, the amount of light transmitted through the “switchable” or “smart glass” material described above (whether natural or artificial light) can be automatically controlled for similar reasons.

[0294] In some embodiments, the artificial lighting system may provide wavelengths of light that can be used to sterilize or disinfect some or all of the bioreactor unit and / or chamber(s) of the present invention. This may be or may be added to a cleaning, disinfection, or sterilization process, as described below. In particular, such a lighting system may generate ultraviolet (UV) radiation that can kill or damage bacteria and other undesirable contaminants.

[0295] According to one particular embodiment of the present invention, when the biomass concentration in the liquid medium contained within a liquid-containing compartment reaches a desired level, a three-way valve and / or a plurality of valves guide the flow to a biomass separator that separates at least a portion of the biomass from the liquid medium, the separated biomass proceeding to a receptacle for further processing, while the liquid medium is guided back to the bioreactor unit(s). The biomass separator is used to separate biomass from the liquid medium of the bioreactor unit(s). The biomass separator may also be used to separate metabolites from the liquid medium. Suitable separators can be classified into two categories: mechanical and non-mechanical. Mechanical biomass separators separate biomass from the liquid medium (liquid phase) using physical forces such as centrifugation, filtration, and sedimentation. Mechanical biomass separators have the advantages of being fast, efficient, and scalable. Mechanical biomass separators can process large quantities of biomass and separate it into different fractions with high purity and quality. However, mechanical biomass separators also have some drawbacks when used with delicate biological or cellular materials, as mechanical separation can destroy cells or reduce biomass values ​​by causing mechanical stress or abrasion. In such cases, it is preferable to utilize non-mechanical biomass separators that rely on the gravity, electrical, or optical properties of cells to separate biomass from liquid culture media (liquid phase). Exemplary non-mechanical biomass separators may include one or more of gravity separators, membrane filters, adsorption columns, and cell sorting (e.g., FACS). Those skilled in the art will understand that a suitable biomass separation device is selected for the type of organism intended for cultivation in the bioreactor of the present invention.

[0296] Before returning the liquid culture medium filtered by the biomass separator to the bioreactor unit(s), it may be necessary to regenerate the liquid culture medium. In some cases, the liquid culture medium contains metabolites produced by the cultured organisms, and often, an excess of such metabolites causes a decrease in growth; therefore, these metabolites may need to be destroyed to maintain an optimal growth rate. Such metabolites can be removed using, among any preferred means, filtration systems, UV treatment, and / or chemical treatment. Alternatively, the liquid culture medium filtered from the biomass separation process can be discarded. This action of directing the flow to the biomass separator can be performed continuously and / or periodically and for a predetermined period before the valve changes the flow path to the bioreactor unit(s) again. This timing can be optimized with respect to each application, the microorganisms used, the surrounding environment, and the physical location of the device. In another embodiment, instead of a binary switch, the valve can change the opening of the channel, thereby controlling the flow rate and amount of liquid culture medium delivered to the biomass separation process.

[0297] Nutrients can be introduced continuously and / or periodically into the system, directly into the reservoir and / or any other suitable part of the bioreactor system. Water and / or biological fluids in the liquid culture medium, or washing fluids, can be introduced in the same manner.

[0298] All sorts of other system components can be utilized; for example, a controllable pressure valve or pressure regulator can be placed in the bioreactor system, in this example the pressure valve can control the volume change of the bioreactor unit(s) through the effect of changes in the pressure of the liquid or gas. Some valves can control the flow rate to the bioreactor unit(s).

[0299] One or more sensors can be fully or partially embedded in the bioreactor unit, the tank or conduit auxiliary subsystem, and / or in the control or support structure, and / or mounted on the inside or outside of the outer layer, or on the surface of additional internal components. The sensors can enable monitoring of the environment inside the system, particularly within the liquid-containing compartment, to enable control of parameters including, but not limited to, the flow rate of the liquid medium, the quality of the liquid medium, nutrient levels, temperature, biomass extraction rate, gas mixture, and illumination intensity, and / or optical shielding to reduce the risk of photobleaching. The purpose of this control is to optimize the photosynthetic efficiency of photosynthetic microorganisms contained within the device, and / or stimulate specific metabolic / microbial activities, thereby optimizing the efficiency of biomass production, and / or modifying the composition of the biomass.

[0300] Embodiments of the present invention and / or auxiliary subsystems may include, for example, built-in sensors that can be used to monitor chemical concentrations such as CO2 concentration and / or O2 concentration in liquid culture medium and / or chamber atmosphere, and / or temperature and other environmental and biological parameters such as toxicity levels, and / or biomass concentration and / or total cell density and / or live cell density and / or biological activity in liquid culture medium.

[0301] Similarly, sensors can enable monitoring of the gas atmosphere inside the bioreactor unit's chamber to allow control of parameters including, but not limited to, gas flow rate, quality, atmosphere, composition, temperature, optical clarity, and humidity. These sensors can communicate with auxiliary subsystems. Optionally, auxiliary air, and / or CO2-enriched air, and / or other gases can be introduced into the chamber inlet as needed.

[0302] For example, during system installation, vents may be installed in the supply or exhaust conduits to remove gases that have accidentally entered the hydraulic system (i.e., unwanted gases trapped within the liquid-containing compartment), typically located at the highest point in the system to facilitate the removal of the unwanted gases. Such gases may be discharged to the outside (i.e., outside the...

Claims

1. A bioreactor system for biomass production, wherein the system is The bioreactor unit comprises at least one liquid-containing compartment, the liquid-containing compartment being: (i) A first wall comprising a composite film that allows the movement of gas through, wherein the composite film comprises at least one barrier layer and at least one reinforcing layer, (ii) A bioreactor system comprising a second wall, the second wall comprising a material that is optically transparent to visible light and has substantially lower gas permeability than the first wall, the first wall and the second wall working together to define the liquid-containing compartment within the bioreactor unit.

2. The system according to claim 1, wherein the liquid-containing compartment is provided with an inlet and an outlet to allow circulation of the liquid through the liquid-containing compartment.

3. The system according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the liquid-containing compartment is configured to withstand a liquid pressure greater than 50 millibars, typically greater than 100 millibars, preferably greater than 500 millibars, or optionally greater than 1 bar.

4. The barrier layer is made of a gas-permeable polymer material, according to any one of claims 1 to 3.

5. The system according to any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the barrier layer is substantially nonporous.

6. The system according to claim 4 or 5, wherein the gas-permeable polymer barrier layer is composed of a material selected from silicone, polysiloxane, polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), fluorosilicone, organosilicone, VMQ (vinyl methylsiloxane), PVMQ (phenyl vinyl methylsiloxane), silicon dioxide polymer, sulfonated polyether ether ketone (SPEEK), aminoorganosilanes such as gamma-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (γ-APS), poly(ethylene oxide), poly(butylene terephthalate), poly(ethylene oxide), poly(butylene terephthalate) block copolymer (PEO-PBT), cellulose (including plant cellulose and bacterial cellulose), cellulose acetate (celluloid), nitrocellulose, or cellulose ester.

7. The system according to any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein the composite film further comprises at least one intermediate layer.

8. The system according to any one of claims 1 to 7, wherein the first wall and the second wall cooperate to define the inward surface of the liquid-containing compartment within the bioreactor unit, and the inward surface of the first wall and / or the second wall is substantially hydrophobic.

9. The system according to claim 8, wherein the inward-facing surface has a contact angle with water greater than 90 degrees.

10. The system according to claim 8, wherein the inward-facing surface of the first wall has a contact angle with water greater than 90 degrees.

11. The system according to any one of claims 1 to 7, wherein the first wall and the second wall cooperate to define the inward surface of the liquid-containing compartment within the bioreactor unit, and the inward surface of the first wall and / or the second wall is substantially hydrophilic.

12. The system according to any one of claims 1 to 11, wherein the first wall and / or the second wall are made of a material having a yield strength of 0.5 MPa or more, 1 MPa or more, 1.5 MPa or more, 2 MPa or more, 5 MPa or more, 10 MPa or more, or 20 MPa or more.

13. The system according to any one of claims 1 to 12, wherein the second wall is made of a structurally rigid material.

14. The system according to any one of claims 1 to 13, wherein the second wall is made of a material selected from high-density polyethylene (HDPE), acrylic, PVC, ETFE, PTFE, silicone rubber, polycarbonate, epoxy resin, or glass (including laminated glass).

15. The system according to any one of claims 1 to 14, wherein the liquid-containing compartment has a long configuration.

16. The system according to any one of claims 1 to 15, wherein the at least one bioreactor unit further comprises a housing housing a portion of the at least one liquid-containing compartment, the housing cooperating with the portion of the at least one liquid-containing compartment to define a chamber having an atmosphere inside, and the at least one liquid-containing compartment is oriented such that the first wall is exposed to the atmosphere inside the chamber.

17. The system according to any one of claims 1 to 16, wherein the at least one bioreactor unit comprises a plurality of liquid storage compartments.

18. The system according to claim 17, wherein the plurality of liquid storage compartments are in fluid communication with each other and are connected in series with each other.

19. The system according to claim 18, wherein the plurality of liquid storage compartments are arranged in parallel.

20. The system according to any one of claims 1 to 19, further comprising an auxiliary subsystem, the auxiliary subsystem being in fluid communication with the liquid compartment in the at least one bioreactor unit.

21. The system according to claim 20, wherein the auxiliary subsystem comprises a pump for maintaining the circulation of the liquid through the liquid-containing compartment.

22. The system according to claims 20 and 21, wherein the auxiliary subsystem comprises a biomass recovery device.

23. The system according to any one of claims 20 to 22, wherein the atmosphere in the chamber may be at a pressure higher or lower than atmospheric pressure.

24. The composition of the atmosphere in the chamber can be controlled by an atmosphere control subsystem, and the atmosphere control subsystem is (i) O ２ Increasing or decreasing the concentration, and / or (ii) CO ２ Increasing or decreasing the concentration, and / or (iii) The system according to any one of claims 20 to 23, configured to modify the composition of the atmosphere in the chamber by adding or removing steam containing water vapor.

25. The aforementioned barrier layer is (i) an oxygen permeability of at least 100 bar, at least 200 bar, at least 300 bar, at least 400 bar, at least 500 bar, at least 600 bar, at least 700 bar, at least 800 bar, at least 900 bar, at least 1000 bar, at least 1250 bar, at least 1500 bar, and at least 2000 bar, and / or (ii) The system according to any one of claims 1 to 24, having a carbon dioxide permeability of at least 200 barers, at least 400 barers, at least 600 barers, at least 800 barers, at least 1000 barers, at least 1500 barers, at least 2000 barers, at least 2500 barers, at least 3000 barers, at least 3500 barers, at least 4000 barers, at least 4500 barers, at least 5000 barers, and at least 7500 barers.

26. The aforementioned barrier layer is (i) at least 10 －１５ m ３ ·m －２ ·s －１ preferably at least 10 －１４ m ３ ·m －２ ·s －１ at least 10 －１３ m ３ ·m －２ ·s －１ at least 10 －１２ m ３ ·m －２ ·s －１ at least h10 －１１ m ３ ·m －２ ·s －１ at least 10 －１０ m ３ ·m －２ ·s －１ at least 10 －９ m ３ ·m －２ ·s －１ at least 10 －８ m ３ ·m －２ ·s －１ at least 10 －７ m ３ ·m －２ ·s －１ at least 10 －６ m ３ ·m －２ ·s －１ at least 10 －５ m ３ ·m －２ ·s －１ at least 10 －４ m ３ ·m －２ ·s －１ and typically at least 10 －３ m ３ ·m －２ ·s －１ of the oxygen permeation flux, and / or (ii) at least 10 －１３ m ３ ·m －２ ·s －１ , at least 10 －１２ m ３ ·m －２ ·s －１ , at least 10 －１１ m ３ ·m －２ ·s －１ , at least 10 －１０ m ３ ·m －２ ·s －１ , at least 10 －９ m ３ ·m －２ ·s －１ , at least 10 －８ m ３ ·m －２ ·s －１ , at least 10 －７ m ３ ·m －２ ·s －１ 6]] , at least 10 －６ m ３ ·m －２ ·s －１ , at least 10 －５ m ３ ·m －２ ·s －１ , at least 至少10 －４ m ３ ·m －２ ·s －１ , at least 10 －３ m ３ ·m －２ ·s －１ , and typically at least 10 －２ m ３ ·m －２ ·s －１ , of carbon dioxide permeation flux, the system according to any one of claims 1 to 25.

27. The system according to any one of claims 1 to 26, wherein the barrier layer has a thickness of at least 0.1 μm, at least 1 μm, optionally at least 5 μm, and preferably at least 10 μm.

28. The system according to any one of claims 1 to 27, wherein the liquid-containing compartment includes a liquid growth medium.

29. The system according to claim 28, wherein the system comprises microorganisms or algae selected from photoautotrophs, chemotrophs, and mixotrophs.

30. The aforementioned microorganisms or algal organisms include cyanobacteria, Protobacteria, Spirochaetes, Gram-positive bacteria, green filamentous bacteria such as Chlorophilixia, Plantomycetes, Bacteroides cytophaga, Thermotoga, Aquifex, halophilic bacteria, Methanosarcina, Methanobacterium, Methanococcus, and Thermococcus. Slime molds such as celer, Thermoproteus, Pyrodictium, Entamoebae, and Mycetozoa; ciliates; Trichomonads, Microsporidia, Diplomonads, Excavata, Amoebozoa, Choanoflagellates, Rhizaria, Foraminifera; radiolarians; diatoms. The system according to claim 29, selected from one or more of the following: Stremenopiles, brown algae, red algae, green algae, ice algae, Haptophyta, Cryptophyta, Alveolata, Glaucophage, phytoplankton, plankton, Percolozoa, Rotifera, and cells or individuals of animal, fungal, or plant origin.

31. The system according to any one of claims 1 to 30, wherein the liquid-holding compartment(s) comprises a volume of at least 100 L, typically at least 1,000 L, preferably at least 5,000 L, and optionally at least 10,000 L.

32. The system according to any one of claims 1 to 31, wherein the bioreactor is a photobioreactor.

33. A bioreactor unit suitable for integration into a bioreactor system, wherein the bioreactor unit comprises at least one liquid-containing compartment, and the liquid-containing compartment is (i) A first wall comprising a composite film layer that allows the movement of a passing gas, wherein the composite film comprises at least one barrier layer and at least one reinforcing layer, (ii) A second wall comprising a material which is optically transparent to visible light and has substantially lower gas permeability than the first wall, wherein the first wall and the second wall cooperate to define the liquid-containing compartment within the bioreactor unit, The liquid-containing compartment is provided with an inlet and an outlet to enable the circulation of liquid through the liquid-containing compartment, in a bioreactor unit.

34. The bioreactor unit according to claim 33, wherein the barrier layer is made of a gas-permeable polymer material.

35. The bioreactor unit according to any one of claims 33 or 34, wherein the barrier layer is substantially non-porous.

36. The bioreactor unit according to claim 34 or 35, wherein the gas-permeable polymer barrier layer is composed of a material selected from silicone, polysiloxane, polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), fluorosilicone, organosilicone, VMQ (vinyl methylsiloxane), PVMQ (phenyl vinyl methylsiloxane), silicon dioxide polymer, sulfonated polyether ether ketone (SPEEK), aminoorganosilanes such as gamma-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (γ-APS), poly(ethylene oxide), poly(butylene terephthalate), poly(ethylene oxide), poly(butylene terephthalate) block copolymer (PEO-PBT), cellulose (including plant cellulose and bacterial cellulose), cellulose acetate (celluloid), nitrocellulose, or cellulose ester.

37. The bioreactor unit according to any one of claims 33 to 36, wherein the first wall and the second wall cooperate to define an inward surface of the liquid-containing compartment within the bioreactor unit, and the inward surface is substantially hydrophobic.

38. The bioreactor unit according to claim 37, wherein the inward-facing surface has a contact angle with water greater than 90 degrees.

39. The bioreactor unit according to claim 37, wherein the inward-facing surface of the first wall has a contact angle with water greater than 90 degrees.

40. The bioreactor unit according to any one of claims 33 to 36, wherein the first wall and the second wall cooperate to define an inward surface of the liquid-containing compartment within the bioreactor unit, and the inward surface is substantially hydrophilic.

41. The bioreactor unit according to any one of claims 33 to 40, wherein the first wall and / or the second wall are made of a material having a yield strength of 0.5 MPa or more, 1 MPa or more, 1.5 MPa or more, 2 MPa or more, 5 MPa or more, 10 MPa or more, or 20 MPa or more.

42. The bioreactor unit according to any one of claims 33 to 41, wherein the second wall is made of a structurally rigid material.

43. The bioreactor unit according to any one of claims 33 to 42, wherein the second wall is made of a material selected from high-density polyethylene (HDPE), acrylic, PVC, ETFE, PTFE, silicone rubber, polycarbonate, epoxy resin, or glass (including laminated glass).

44. The bioreactor unit according to any one of claims 33 to 43, wherein the liquid-containing compartment has a long configuration.

45. The bioreactor unit according to any one of claims 33 to 44, further comprising a housing that houses a portion of the at least one liquid-containing compartment, the housing cooperating with the portion of the at least one liquid-containing compartment to define a chamber having an atmosphere inside, and the at least one liquid-containing compartment being oriented such that the first wall is exposed to the atmosphere inside the chamber.

46. The bioreactor unit according to any one of claims 33 to 45, wherein the at least one bioreactor unit comprises a plurality of liquid storage compartments.

47. The bioreactor unit according to claim 46, wherein the plurality of liquid storage compartments are in fluid communication with each other and are connected in series with each other.

48. The bioreactor unit according to claim 46, wherein the plurality of liquid storage compartments are arranged in parallel.

49. The aforementioned barrier layer is (i) an oxygen permeability of at least 100 bar, at least 200 bar, at least 300 bar, at least 400 bar, at least 500 bar, at least 600 bar, at least 700 bar, at least 800 bar, at least 900 bar, at least 1000 bar, at least 1250 bar, at least 1500 bar, and at least 2000 bar, and / or (ii) A bioreactor unit according to any one of claims 33 to 48, having a carbon dioxide permeability of at least 200 barers, at least 400 barers, at least 600 barers, at least 800 barers, at least 1000 barers, at least 1500 barers, at least 2000 barers, at least 2500 barers, at least 3000 barers, at least 3500 barers, at least 4000 barers, at least 4500 barers, at least 5000 barers, and at least 7500 barers.

50. The aforementioned barrier layer is (i) at least 10 －１５ I understand ３ ・m －２ ・s －１ Preferably, at least 10 －１４ I understand ３ ・m －２ ・s －１ , at least 10 －１３ I understand ３ ・m －２ ・s －１ , at least 10 －１２ I understand ３ ・m －２ ・s －１ , at least h10 －１１ I understand ３ ・m －２ ・s －１ , at least 10 －１０ I understand ３ ・m －２ ・s －１ , at least 10 －９ I understand ３ ・m －２ ・s －１ , at least 10 －８ I understand ３ ・m －２ ・s －１ , at least 10 －７ I understand ３ ・m －２ ・s －１ , at least 10 －６ I understand ３ ・m －２ ・s －１ , at least 10 －５ I understand ３ ・m －２ ・s －１ , at least 10 －４ I understand ３ ・m －２ ・s －１ , and typically at least 10 －３ I understand ３ ・m －２ ・s －１ , the oxygen permeation flux, and / or (ii) at least 10 －１３ I understand ３ ・m －２ ・s －１ , at least 10 －１２ I understand ３ ・m －２ ・s －１ , at least 10 －１１ I understand ３ ・m －２ ・s －１ , at least 10 －１０ I understand ３ ・m －２ ・s －１ , at least 10 －９ I understand ３ ・m －２ ・s －１ , at least 10 －８ I understand ３ ・m －２ ・s －１ , at least 10 －７ I understand ３ ・m －２ ・s －１ , at least 10 －６ I understand ３ ・m －２ ・s －１ , at least 10 －５ I understand ３ ・m －２ ・s －１ , at least 10 －４ I understand ３ ・m －２ ・s －１ , at least 10 －３ I understand ３ ・m －２ ・s －１ , and typically at least 10 －２ I understand ３ ・m －２ ・s －１ A bioreactor unit according to any one of claims 33 to 48, having a carbon dioxide permeation flux.

51. The bioreactor unit according to any one of claims 33 to 50, wherein the barrier layer has a thickness of at least 0.1 μm, preferably at least 1 μm, optionally at least 5 μm, or optionally at least 10 μm.

52. The bioreactor unit is a photobioreactor unit, according to any one of claims 33 to 51.

53. A process for the production of microbial biomass, the process comprising growing a microbial culture in a system defined in any one of claims 1 to 32.

54. The process according to claim 53, wherein the system comprises a liquid culture medium contained in a liquid-containing compartment, the liquid culture medium generating a positive liquid pressure greater than 50 millibars, typically greater than 100 millibars, preferably greater than 500 millibars, or optionally greater than 1 bar.

55. The process according to any one of claims 53 or 54, wherein the microbial biomass is obtained from microorganisms or algae selected from photoautotrophs, chemotrophs, and mixotrophs.

56. The aforementioned microorganisms or algal organisms include cyanobacteria, Protobacteria, Spirochaetes, Gram-positive bacteria, green filamentous bacteria such as Chlorophilixia, Plantomycetes, Bacteroides cytophaga, Thermotoga, Aquifex, halophilic bacteria, Methanosarcina, Methanobacterium, Methanococcus, and Thermococcus. Slime molds such as celer, Thermoproteus, Pyrodictium, Entamoebae, and Mycetozoa; ciliates; Trichomonads, Microsporidia, Diplomonads, Excavata, Amoebozoa, Choanoflagellates, Rhizaria, Foraminifera; radiolarians; diatoms. The process according to claim 55, comprising selecting one or more cells obtained from Stremenopiles, brown algae, red algae, green algae, snow algae, Haptophyta, Cryptophyta, Alveolata, Glaucophytes, phytoplankton, plankton, Percolozoa, Rotifera, and individuals of animals, fungi, or plants.

57. A photobioreactor system for the production of microbial biomass, wherein the system is A plurality of bioreactor units defining a circuit, each bioreactor unit comprising at least one liquid-containing compartment, wherein the liquid-containing compartment comprises, (i) A first wall comprising a composite film that allows the movement of gas through, wherein the composite film comprises at least one barrier layer and at least one reinforcing layer, (ii) A second wall comprising a material that is optically transparent to visible light and has substantially lower gas permeability than the first wall, wherein the first wall and the second wall cooperate to define the liquid-containing compartment within the bioreactor unit, (iii) comprising an inlet and an outlet to allow circulation of the liquid culture medium passing through, A photobioreactor system in which the liquid-containing compartments encompass a volume of at least 100 L, and each liquid-containing compartment is configured to withstand a liquid pressure greater than 100 millibars.

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